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Vegetarianism and Veganism in Adolescence Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism Review Article ISSN: 2056-8339 Vegetarianism and veganism in adolescence: Benefits and risks Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo1* and Ieda Regina Lopes Del Ciampo2 1Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil 2Medicine Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil Abstract Vegetarianism and veganism are a broad terms that encompasses a diverse and heterogeneous range of dietary practices that avoid flesh foods. This food practice has been known for many centuries and, in last years, demand for vegetarian food have increased notably. Reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet include potential health benefits, economic status, religious and sociopolitical, ecological, ethical, environmental, etc, and many studies have shown health benefits associated with vegetarian diets. This article presents some characteristics related to the consumption of food of plant origin and its repercussion on the body and health of the adolescent. Introduction Nutritional needs during adolescence are influenced by the onset of puberty with associated increased growth rate and changes in body Vegetarianism is a broad term that encompasses a diverse and composition and organ systems. The recommended dietary energy heterogeneous range of dietary practices that avoid flesh foods (meat, requirements in adolescents are defined to maintain health, promote poultry, seafood) and their products, while vegetarian diet is defined optimal growth and maturation, and support a desirable level of as a “diet consisting wholly of vegetables, fruits, grains, nuts, and physical activity [11,12]. sometimes egg or dairy products” [1]. This food practice has been known for many centuries and, in last years, the number of consumers Vegetarian diets can meet nutrient needs for growth and following a vegetarian diet and the demand for vegetarian food have development when they are carefully planned with attention. In general increased notably in many countries [2]. vegetarian diets are rich in fibre, iron, folic acid, magnesium, vitamins According to the American Dietetic Association the vegetarian diet C and E, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, other can be classified into three main types: 1) strict vegetarianism: excludes phytochemicals and antioxidants. However, these diets are low in all kinds of animal food; 2) lactovegetarianism: in addition to vegetables calories, total fat, n-3 PUFA, calcium, iodine, zinc, vitamins B12 and includes milk and dairy products; 3) ovolactovegetarianism: in addition D [1,13]. to vegetable includes milk, dairy products and eggs [3]. While there is a range of health benefits associated with a vegetarian Reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet are varied and include diet, there are potential risks as well. If vegetarian diets are not well- potential health benefits, economic status, religious and sociopolitical, planned, there may be an increased potential for specific nutrient ecological, ethical, and environmental issues related to allocation of deficiencies [2]. In addition to potential nutrient deficiencies, there is resources and animal rights [4,5]. The decision to use a vegetarian diet concern about the consistente pattern associating vegetarianism and for health reasons might be strongly influenced by public perceptions of disordered eating behaviors in adolescents [14]. the health advantages, and clinical and epidemiological research studies have shown health benefits associated with vegetarian diets [1,6]. The With a good planning and careful attention, vegetarian can include types and composition of vegetarian diets also are varied and have in their diets all essential nutrientes [6]. In general, it has been observed important implications for the growth and development of adolescents. that vegetarians had lower risks of obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, cancers (especially colon and prostate Adolescence is widely recognized as the stage of development cancer) and fatal ischemic heart disease, thanks to protective substances that occurs between childhood and adulthood and is characterized found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, seaweed, seeds, whole grains, across cultures and species by the onset of puberty as well as unique vegetable oils and other plant-based foods [15]. neurobiological, social, and cognitive development [7]. It is a time to explore new roles and lifestyles, establish independence, and expres a unique identity. Interest in alternative lifestyles and diets, including vegetarianism, is a growing phenomenon in this age group. *Correspondence to: Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo, Department of Puericulture and Furthermore, during adolescence, both males and females have a Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of São Paulo University, São Paulo, heightened sensitivity about their appearance and often experience Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] pressure to conform to a cultural ideal, resulting in body dissatisfaction and experimentation with various weight loss methods [8]. Adolescents Key words: vegetarianism, veganism, adolescence, nutrition may adopt eating patterns, such as vegetarianism, as a way to establish Received: December 06, 2018; Accepted: December 28, 2018; Published: an identity, expres values, and assert control over their lives [9,10]. January 02, 2019 Integr Food Nutr Metab, 2019 doi: 10.15761/IFNM.1000239 Volume 6(1): 1-4 Del Ciampo LA (2019) Vegetarianism and veganism in adolescence: Benefits and risks Energy seeds, whole grains, and soy protein also bind with nonheme iron to form insoluble complexes and reduce its absorption [21,22]. Daily energy needs during adolescence vary according to sex and pubertal spurt, and can be easily obtained with any type of diet. Some strategies used to increase iron absorption include Until the age of 14 years 2500 calories are sufficient for both sexes. supplementation with ascorbic acid and avoidance of large intakes of However, boys over 15 years require 3000 calories while 2300 calories tannin-containing teas. Thus the bioavailability of iron in a vegetarian are sufficient for girls. It is important to note that a diet with a high diet can be enhanced by consuming ascorbic acid during a meal fiber content may provide a sense of fullness before an adequate amount containing iron. Other organic acids in fruits and vegetables (citric, energy is ingested, and vegetarian diets that contain less than 15% of malic, lactic and tartaric acids), as well as carotenes andretinol, also calories from fat can adversely impact on growth and development of enhance non-haem iron absorption [18]. Good plant sources of iron children and adolescentes [16,17]. include legumes, dried fruits, soy, green leafy vegetables, bulgur, blackstrap molasses, and wheat germ. The widespread fortification of Protein enriched breads, cereals, and pasta products has helped increase iron Protein is necessary for growth, imune function and tissue repair intake for adolescents. and its quality is determined by amino acid composition. The difference Zinc between proteins of plant and animal origin is the concentration of essential amino acids, and protein needs of vegetarians are met when Zinc is found in foods of both animal and plant origin and its the diet includes a variety of plant foods and caloric intake is adequate recommendations are 8 mg/day for adolescent aged 10 to 13 years, [18]. Animal foods are considered complete or high-quality proteins while for adolescent females and males aged 14 to 18 years are 9 mg/day because they contain all nine essential amino acids while plant-based and 11 mg/day, respectively [20]. Good plant sources of zinc include foods are usually deficient in one or more of the essential amino whole grains, legumes, wheat germ, and nuts. Cereals are the primary acids. The deficit of one plant food can be overcome by combining it source of zinc for adolescents that consume vegetarian diets without with a complementary plant food that provides adequate amounts of milk. Zinc deficiency can be associated with growth impairment and the limited essential amino acid. Vegetarians should consume a wide an increased risk of infections, particularly diarrhea and pneumonia variety of vegetables to obtain all the daily necessary amino acids [19]. [23,24]. The daily requirement for protein is 1.0 g/kg for individuals aged 10 Sulphuramino acids, cysteine-containing peptides, hydroxy and 14 years, while adolescents older than 14 years require 0.8 /kg [20]. acids (present in fruits) and other organic acids present in fermented The major plant food sources of protein are beans, lentils, cereals, nuts food may all increase zinc absorption. As with iron, procedures that and seed, and each variety has diferent composition of essential amino activate the endogenous phytases present in cereals and pulses, like acids and digestibility. milling, sprouting, soaking, and sour-dough leavening, increase the Omega-3 fatty acids bioavailability of zinc [18]. Fats should represent 35% of the daily caloric intake for the Phytates found in larger quantities in vegetarian diets bind zinc adolescent. Vegetarian diets generally are rich in omega-6 fatty acids, and reduce its bioavailability. Certain food preparation techniques, but marginal in omega-3 fatty acids, unless the diet includes fish, eggs, such as the soaking of sprouting beans, grains, and seeds, as well as or generous amounts of algae. Omega-3 fatty acids,
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