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Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including Five New Records to Iraq

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Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including Five New Records to Iraq Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), 11-24 International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology Volume 5 ● Number 6 (June-2018) ● ISSN: 2349-8080 (Online) Journal homepage: www.ijcrbp.com Original Research Article doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2018.506.002 Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including Five New Records to Iraq Talib O. Al-Khesraji* Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Iraq *Corresponding author. Article Info ABSTRACT Date of Acceptance: Macrofungi specimens were collected from Tikrit and Dujail districts of Salahadin 09 May 2018 Governorate (North Central Iraq) between 2017 and 2018. Ten Basidiomycota macrofungal species (Agrocybe praecox, Clitocybe flavidella, Conocybe deliquescens, Date of Publication: Coprinopsis romagnesiana, Lentinus tigrinus, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Parasola plicatilis, 06 June 2018 Psathyrella candolleana, P. spadiceogrisea, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus) belonging to 9 K e yw or ds genera, 6 families and 2 orders were recorded. Five of these species are new to macromycota of Iraq. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the recorded Agaricales fungal taxa are given. Macrofungi Basidiomycota Polyporales Introduction few species are plant pathogens (Devi and Shrivastava, 2016). Macrofungi are among the Macrofungi (or macromycetes) are fungi that most important organisms on the planet (Mueller produce fruiting bodies visible to naked eye and Bills, 2004). They perform a vital role in both (Mueller et al., 2007) and can also be defined as agro and natural ecosystems (Ex.: in cycling of fungi that form macroscopic fruiting bodies nutrients, decomposing of plant and animal (Hawksworth et al., 1995; Bates, 2006) or fungi remains, as biofertilizers and in bioremediation) with fruiting bodies greater than one centimeter in (Redhead, 1997; Gadd, 2001). Beside of this, they diameter (Redhead, 1997). Mushrooms, puffballs, are used as food, medicine and sources of stinkhorns, bracket fungi, toadstools, coral fungi pharmaceutical active compounds (Redhead, 1997; and truffles are well known examples of Chang and Miles, 2004; De Silva et al., 2013). macrofungi. Most macrofungi are included in Basidiomycota or Ascomycota (Mueller et al., Salahadin Governorate (North Central Iraq / North 2007). These fungi are saprobic or mutualistic but of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq) is one of the most T. O. Al-Khesraji (2018) / Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including 11 Five New Records to Iraq Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), 11-24 rural province in Iraq and the arable land covers Dujail (33051′0″N44014′0″ / 65 Km North half of the governorate total area (24,751 Km2). It Baghdad) and Tikrit (34036′36″N43040′48″ / 180 is divided into 8 districts (Al-Shirkat, Al-daur, Km North Baghdad) districts of Salahadin Baiji, Balad, Dujail, Samaraa, Tikrit and Tooz). Governorate (Fig. 1), between 2017 and 2018. The Topography of this governorate includes foothills in fungal specimens were photographed in their north eastern parts and desert and steppe in natural habitat and necessary data on habit, habitat, southwest. Most of southwest parts of the locality and season were recorded. Macroscopic governorate receive low levels of precipitation (such as colour, size and surface texture of the cap, (175-225mm per year) but more precipitation spore print, gills colour, spacing, attachment to occurs in hilly areas (250-350mm per year). So, stipe, size, colour and surface texture of the stipe agriculture in the governorate depends on irrigation and presence or absence of volva and annulus) and from Tigris River. Salahadin province is rich in microscopic (such as basidium size, number of vegetation, including tree species (like Salix sp., spores per basidium, spore size and size and shape Populus spp., Pinus sp. and several fruit trees of cystidia if present) features were reported. species) with various shrub and herb species. This Cotton blue in lactophenol and 3% KOH were used vegetation richness is expected to harbour a wide for microscopy. Identification of the specimens was variety of macrofungi. Information on these fungi accomplished according to relevant literatures, from Salahadin Governorate is very poor, thus the keys and monographs (Richardson and Watling, aim of this study was to identify and document the 1997; Keirle et al., 2004; Noordeloos et al., 2005; macrofungi present in two districts (Dujail and Kuo, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011a-c, Tikrit) from Salahadin Governorate and to provide 2017; Schafer, 2010; Kaur et al., 2014; Adhikari, a new contribution to Iraqi macromycota. 2014; Desjardin et al., 2015; O′Reilly, 2016; Lee et al.,2017; Melzer, 2017; Suliaman et al., 2017). Materials and methods Identified specimens are kept in the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, The macrofungi specimens were collected from Tikrit University, Iraq. A B C Fig. 1: Maps of study area. A, Iraq and districts of Salahadin Governorate ; B, C, study area. Results and discussion deliquescens, Coprinopsis romagnesiana, Lentinus tigrinus, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Parasola Ten Basidiomycota macrofungal species belonging plicatilis, Psathyrella candolleana, P. to 9 genera, 6 families and 2 orders (Agrocybe spadiceogrisea, and Volvopluteus gloiocephalus) praecox, Clitocybe flavidella, Conocybe were reported for the first time from Salahadin T. O. Al-Khesraji (2018) / Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including 12 Five New Records to Iraq Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), 11-24 Governorate. Five of these species (P. species are given. papilionaceus, C. deliquescens, C. flavidella, C. Kingdom : Mycetae romagnesiana, and P. plicatilis) are new to Iraqi Phylum : Basidiomycota macromycota. All recorded fungal species are Class : Agaricomycetes saprotrophic in habitats, five of which (C. flavidella, Order : Agaricales C. romagnesiana, P. papilionaceus, P. plicatilis and Family : Bolbitiaceae V. gloiocephalus) are rarely observed in study area. Species : Panaeolus papilionaceus Below, description and distribution of the identified (Bull. ex Fries) Quelet (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: P. papilionaceus. A-D, fruiting bodies in habitat; E-G, fruiting bodies in lab.; H, gills; I, J, spore print; K-N, basidia; O, spores; P, cheilocystidia. T. O. Al-Khesraji (2018) / Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including 13 Five New Records to Iraq Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), 11-24 Macroscopic features: Cap: 1-3 cm across, conical Pleurocystidia absent, cheilocystidia many, capitate, to bell-shaped or hemispherical when young, clavate, subcylindrical, lageniform. Habit and expanding to broad bell-shaped at age and habitat: singly or gregariously on cow dung; fruiting sometimes cracked at maturity, gray, brown gray or spring and winter. Al-Efri village / Al-Alam City / sometimes olive-brown, surface smooth, margin Tikrit district. This species occurs on different kinds splitting at age. Gills: attached to stipe, crowded or of dung (horse, camel, donkey, cow) (Gerhardt, close, unequal, grayish when young then black at 1996; Mohammed et al., 2017). Here is the first maturity, mottled with white edges. Stipe: 3-10 cm detailed report on P. papilionacious from Iraq. P. long, 1.5 -2.5 mm thick, cylindric, central, equal, papilionaceus was found in Argentina (Niveiro and Reilly, 2016), Guatemala׳solid, some time enlarged toward the base or apex, Alberto, 2012), Europe (O white, brown gray or pinkish brown, pruinose. Spore (Florea et al., 2012), India (Amandeep et al., 2015), print black. Nigeria (Mohammed et al., 2017), North America (Kuo, 2007), Greece (Polemis et al., 2012) and Microscopic features: Basidia: 25 -37.5 X 12.5- Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2008). 13.5 µm, 4- spored, spores 12.5- 15 X 10 - 11.5 µm, elliptical or lemon-shaped with broad apical germ Species : Conocybe deliquescens Hauskn. pore, smooth, black or blackish brown. and Krisai. (Fig. 3). Fig. 3: C. deliquescens. A, fruiting body in habitat; B, C, fruiting body in lab.; D, E, deliquesced gill; F, basidium; G, spores of 4-spored basidium; H, I, spores. T. O. Al-Khesraji (2018) / Ten Previously Unreported Basidiomycota Macrofungi from Salahadin Governorate Including 14 Five New Records to Iraq Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. (2018) 5(6), 11-24 Macroscopic features: Cap 1 -1.5 cm wide, 0.5- smooth. Cystidia not distinguished. Habit and 1.5 cm height, conical to conco- cylindrical, whitish habitat: saprotrophic, solitary, grassy areas, at first, brown to rusty brown in age, smooth, slimy. gardens. Locality: University campus / Tikrit city / Gills: whitish when young, becoming brown to Tikrit district. March –May. This is the first report rusty brown in age, close, deliquescent. Stipe: up to of C. deliquescens from Iraq. The species was 8 cm long, up to 0.3 cm thick, central, hollow, reported from Turkey by Sesli and Denchev cylindrical with swollen base, bent at maturity, (2008). white. Family : Pluteaceae Microscopic features: Basidia: 4- spored, 25-30 Species : Volvopluteus gloiocephalus (DC.) × 10-12.5 µm, spores 8-14 × 6-9 µm, ellipsoidal, Vizzini, Contu & Justo (Fig. 4). Fig. 4: V. gloiocephalus. A, B, fruiting bodies in habitat; C, basidium; D, spores. Macroscopic features: Cap 5 cm across, convex, Family : Psathyrellaceae greyish brown. Gills:
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