Initial Environmental Examination
June 2012
Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project – Additional Financing
National Roads
Prepared by the Road Development Authority, Ministry of Ports and Highways for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 5 June 2012) Currency unit – Sri Lankan rupee (SLR)
SLR1.00 = $0 .0076917160 $1.00 = SLR 130.010000
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADT – average daily traffic AC – asphalt concrete AP – affected person BIQ – basic information questionnaire CEA – Central Environmental Authority CSC – construction supervision consultant DA – Department of Archeology DoAS – Department of Agrarian Services DoF – Department of Forestry DoI – Department of Irrigation DS – Divisional Secretary DSD – Divisional Secretariat Division DWLC – Department of Wild Life Conservation EA – Executing Agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMoP – environmental monitoring plan EMS – environment method statement EO – Environment Officer ES – Environment Specialist GN – Grama Niladhari GND – Grama Niladhari Divisions GRC – Grievance Redress Committee GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism GSMB – Geological Survey and Mining Bureau IEE – initial environmental examination LA – local authority LHS – left hand side MOPH – Ministry of Ports and Highways MSL – mean sea level NEA – National Environmental Act NRCP (PC) – Northern Road Connectivity Project (Provincial Component) NP – North Province NGO – nongovernment organization PD – Project Director PIU – Project Implementation Unit RE – Resident Engineer REA – rapid environmental assessment RHS – right hand side ROW – right-of-way TOR – terms of reference
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m – meter
NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Contents
Executive Summary ...... vi
Chapter 1 - Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Project Background and Justification ...... 1 1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study ...... 1 1.3. Objective of the IEE Report ...... 3 1.4. Structure of IEE Report ...... 3 1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations ...... 4 1.6. Methodology ...... 5
Chapter 2 - Description of the Project ...... 7 2.1. Type of the Project ...... 7 2.2. Category of the Project ...... 7 2.3. Need for the Project ...... 8 2.4. Location ...... 9 2.5. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 11 2.6. Size and Magnitude of Operation ...... 11 2.7. Cost for the Project ...... 13 2.8. Proposed Schedule for the Implementation ...... 13
Chapter 3 - Description of the Existing Environment of the project affected area .... 14 3.1. Description of the Existing Condition of Subprojects Roads ...... 14 3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of Subprojects Roads ...... 17
Chapter 4 - Screening of the Potential Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 56 4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage ...... 56 4.2. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Associated With Operation Period ...... 68
Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 71 5.1. Institutional Arrangements ...... 71 5.2. Capacity Building ...... 72 5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 72
Chapter 6 - Environment Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan ...... 75
Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 77 7.1. Public Consultation ...... 77 7.2. Consultation Findings ...... 78 7.3. Information Disclosure ...... 79
Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 80
Chapter 9 - References ...... 82
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Annexures
A. Typical cross sections B. Topographical maps C. Drainage – catchment maps D. Environment Management Plan E. Environment Monitoring Plan F. Public consultation
Attachments 1. CEA Consent letter for BIQ 2. Culvert list 3. Bridge list 4. Material Extraction Sites 5. Inundation Sections
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Executive Summary
1. Introduction
Project Background and the Justification 1. The proposed Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Northern Road Connectivity Project (NRCP) includes rehabilitation and upgrading of 117.5 km of five A, B & AB Class National roads located within Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts of North Central and Northern Provinces of Sri Lanka. 2. The dilapidated conditions, lack of drains, poor alignments, narrow road sections structurally damaged culverts, bridges and causeways of the subproject roads contributes to high vehicular operation cost, long travel time and high transport cost. Main objective of developing these seven roads with standard two/ four lane status is to assist the existing and predicted traffic flow in the area in future. In addition the road network is mainly seen as a tool for poverty alleviation, allowing war affected people in the area to directly access other areas of the country to engage in a number of social and economic activities. Additionally this project will improve and strengthen the National Highways Network efficiency in Sri Lanka thereby establishing a smooth traffic flow, reduce costs and travel time incurred by users of the road network, increase lifetime of the roads by appropriate, periodic maintenance and consequently contributing to economic development of the country.
Extent and Scope of the Study 3. The Environmental Assessment was carried out as a requirement of the Feasibility Study for a total of 117.5 km 2 A, 1 AB and 2 B class roads located within Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts in NCP and NP. The project comprises a total area of 177.17 ha over a project stretch of 117.5 km with an average strip of 15 to 27.2 m width. Scope of the study was determined by stipulations given in the ADB, IEE outline and include field data collection, Public consultation, Assessment of potential environmental impacts and development of preventive and/or mitigation measures for significant impacts, preparation of BIQs, REAs, EMPs, EMoP and finally the IEE report
Objective of the IEE Report 4. Main objective of this IEE report is the preparation of a comprehensive account of the current environment condition of the project affected area of NCP & NP. Accordingly a single consolidated IEE report will be submitted for ADB to facilitate their decision making.
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Methodology 5. Field observation of the roads located within NCP and NP was carried out during the period from February to April 2012. A line transect survey was carried out along all the proposed roads about 25 m either side and direct observations were made to identify road side trees, important flora, fauna, water resources, land use pattern, environmentally sensitive and protected areas. Other reliable information was collected from villagers and respective authorities during public consultation meetings. Secondary information for the report was gathered from printed materials and other sources of Government Departments, Authorities, Ministries, NGOs and relevant websites etc.
2. Description of the Project
Type of the Project 6. Proposed roads for rehabilitation and upgrading are existing National roads. The carriageways of the entire road or selected sections are insufficient to cater the present and predicted traffic demands. Therefore selected roads are proposed to widen and improve to standard two or four lane status with 6.6.m – 14.0 m carriageway, shoulders on both sides and earth or line drains where required.
Category of the Project 7. According to BIQ and Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) proposed project roads fall in to un-prescribed category. CEA consent for 2 subprojects under un-prescribed category has been already obtained. BIQs for the rest of the 3 subproject roads were prepared and submitted to CEA for Environment clearance. According to information regarding BIQs and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA rest of these 3 subproject roads will be categorized under un-prescribed category. Based on the REA Checklist of ADB classification, NP roads are categorized under environment category B. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.
Need for the Project 8. The conflict that prevailed for nearly three decades in the country has destroyed and damaged the road network of NP, EP and part of NCP of Sri Lanka. In general rehabilitation and improvement of proposed roads are necessary due to dilapidated conditions, existing traffic demands and expected traffic growth due to rapid economic development in the future. Apart from that rehabilitation of these roads is essential to increase road safety and transport efficiency in these areas. Other than road improvement it will also aim at contributing to infrastructure development at national level and help to uplift the living conditions of the people in the area.
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Location 9. A total of 5 subproject roads located within Anuradhapura, Jaffna and Mannar districts of NCP and NP of Sir Lanka has been identified for the improvement. Out of these, 3 roads are located within 3 DSDs of Anuradhapura district (Medawachchiya, Kebithigollewa and Padaviya), a single road in 3 DSDs of Mannar district (Madu, Nannaddan, Mannar) and 1 road in 2 DSDs of Jaffna district (Jaffna,Kayts). Analysis of Alternatives 10. All roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to other parts of the country. Even without the proposed rehabilitation and improvement, these roads will continue to be a main and convenient transportation link with National and Provincial road networks in NP and NCP. Although the proposed subproject roads are located in close proximity to environment sensitive areas, impacts associated with construction stage are temporary, short term and can be managed by adhering to EMP of the project. Although some roads will require land acquisition, there will only be resettlement activities within the same premises but no relocation. Since most of the projects are located in urban semi urban and rural areas of Jaffna, Mannar and Anuradhapura districts, impacts will be much higher than the current project if new roads are constructed as alternatives. On the other hand, there are no existing roads that can be developed as alternatives to the proposed subprojects. Therefore, examination of alternatives to the project‘s location, design, technology, and components would not be necessary. Thus, the proposed improvements will be the better option for existing and proposed traffic demand in the area.
Size and the Magnitude of Operation 11. Road improvement works under NRCP will involve rehabilitation and upgrading of five A, B and AB class National roads in NP and NCP of Sri Lanka. They do not generally involve new road construction except where there is a special need to re-route or realign a section of road. The proposed road formation width standards and Rights of Way (RoW) are discussed in detail in the section of Engineering Assessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. For 2/4 lane standards the existing road platform is to be widened along the existing centreline to provide proposed carriageways, cycle lanes, earth or line drains incorporated with paved shoulder and soft shoulders at both sides of the carriageway.
Cost for the Project 12. The total cost estimated for major items associated with the proposed subprojects works (including earth work, pavement, drainage structures and ancillary work) were established by application of appropriate unit rates to estimated work item quantities derived from results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects. Finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 3 – Cost estimates of: Detail Design and Final Report of the project.
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Proposed Scheduled for the Implementation 13. Proposed Feasibility and Detailed Engineering Design of the subproject roads will be completed in July 2012. Once Detailed Designs and Bid Documents are completed, tenders will be awarded to successful contractors at the beginning of 2013. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Design and for civil works. Improvement works are scheduled to be completed within two years.
3. Description of the Existing Environment
3.1. Description of the existing condition of subproject roads 14. Proposed roads for the improvement pass through urban, semi urban and rural agricultural villages of Anuradhapura, Jaffna and Mannar districts. Land use beside the roads include business premises of medium and small scale, residential areas, home gardens, large extent of paddy fields, forests, scrublands and chena cultivations. AB021 and AB019 roads pass through coastal areas of the Jaffna district and consists of fishing villages and coastal habitats like mangrove strips, mangrove forest and other coastal habitats. Numbers of large, medium and small scale fresh water tanks are also located beside some of the proposed roads (eg. A029, B211, B283). 15. Terrain of the roads are flat and alignment mainly straight with a few curves. Current condition of some road sections is fairly good for transportation but most of the sections are not at a satisfactory level due to their dilapidated condition. Most of the cross drainage including bridges and causeways are also structurally damaged, blocked and not in a functional situation. In addition number of inundation sections are located along B211 at different locations. Daily traffic volumes of some road sections are high due to several reasons such as connection of other national and provincial roads as well as the presence of important religious sites along the road (AB19). 16. Majority of people in subproject affected areas are farmers and mainly depend on paddy cultivation (Eg. A029, B283, B211, A014). Large irrigation schemes located besides these roads such as Padaviya tank (B211) and Yodha wewa (A014) assist in paddy cultivation. Other than agriculture, fishing is a major income generation activity of the people living around some road sections (E.g. AB19). Apart from paddy and fishing some people engage in business, small and medium scale industries, chena cultivations and animal husbandry. Additionally small percentages of people are engaged in government and private sector occupations. 17. Environmentally sensitive areas located within the proposed roads include Padaviya Sanctuary (B211), Waduwagama forest (A029), Vankalai Ramsar site, Sanctuary (A014) and Jaffna lagoon (AB19). Construction material resources such as gravel mining sites as well as metal quarries are located beside B283 road at different locations. In addition human elephant conflict exist along the A029 road Other than above environmentally sensitive areas, several public sensitive places such as schools, government institutions, post offices, hospitals as well as religious places (temples, kovils, churches, and mosques) are located beside the subproject roads.
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3.2. Description of the environment condition of subproject roads 18. Following section describes the current situation of physical, ecological, economic and social background of the sub-project affected areas of Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts in brief. Physical Resources 19. Topography: Geology and Soil: The project area is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and topography is slightly undulating with elevations ranging from 0 - 150 m and sometimes nearly 2000 m at the highest parts. Geology of Anuradhapura is highly crystalline, and belongs to the ancient continent, Gondwanaland. Quaternary and Miocene limestone are predominant in the Jaffna peninsula and are of Phanerozoic era. Highly Karstic and permeable Miocene limestone aquifers are present along the coastal belt of Mannar district. Reddish Brown Earth, Low Humic Gley, Red Yellow Latosol & Regosol soils, Solodized- Solonetz, Solonchaks & Grumusol soils are the common soil types in the area. 20. Climate: Agro climatically the area falls into low country Dry Zone of Sri Lanka and the climate is characterized by high temperature and low rainfall. Mean annual rain fall is below 1500 mm. Majority of rainfall occurs during theNorth East monsoon (December-February), and rest is experienced during the Second Inter Monsoon (October to November). A small amount of rain is received during South West monsoon (May to September). This area receives sufficient rainfall by cyclones and depressions in some years. Annual average temperature of the area ranges from 24 - 33oC. Temperature is warm throughout the year and records highest from May to August. Relative humidity varies between 70 - 82% within the year. 21. Air quality and Noise: No baseline survey has been carried out to measure air quality of the areas recently due to the war condition. According to available information in 1999, concentration of ambient air quality parameters in the project area are well below NAAQS. Since the project area is free from large scale industries, high emissions of air pollutants could not be observed. However dust emanation from gravel roads during the dry season, operation of vehicles, burning of forest patches for Chena cultivation, wood and kerosene burning stoves can temporally impact on local air quality. However since the project area is rich in vegetation; all such emissions will be very well dissipated. 22. Water Resources: Tanks, streams, and springs are the main sources of surface water in the project area and are the main storage for rain water during the whole year. These are mainly used for the purpose of agricultural activities. Water for cultivation is also obtained from agricultural wells by lift irrigation. Ground water in the project area is mainly use as a source of drinking water. Ground water in coastal areas is brackish due to salt water intrusion, and is therefore mainly used for the purpose of industrial activities. Availability of shallow ground water is seasonal and is abundant during heavy rains. Quality of ground water varies with the available compounds and substances.
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Ecological Resources 23. Natural vegetation of the sub-project affected areas mainly consists of tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forests, Dry Monsoon Forest, Riverine Dry Forest and Coastal habitats such as lagoons and Mangrove Forest. Environment sensitive areas located within the proposed roads include Padaviya Sanctuary (B211), Waduwagama forest (A029), Vankalai Ramsar site, Sanctuary (A014) and Jaffna lagoon (AB19). These sites are characterised by a number of habitats such as freshwater, shallow brackish water, inter-tidal mudflats, lagoons, mangroves and sea grass beds with high biodiversity. All these habitats are housed by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial floral and faunal species. Economic Development 24. Land Use: Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, and covers 11% of the whole country‘s land surface. Mannar district covers approximately 3% of the total land area and Jaffna district covers 1.58 % of the total land area of the country. Land use of the project area mainly consist of inland water bodies, fishing villages, residential areas, business premises, government and private sector buildings, religious places, agricultural areas, and several natural habitats including coastal habitats, lagoons, small islands, mangrove strips, forest patches, and scrub forests. The pattern of human settlement around subproject roads varies mostly from rural, semi- urban to urban. 25. Agriculture: Agriculture is one of the key economic sectors in the project area providing livelihoods for many families. Paddy production is the major agricultural activity in the area and is cultivated under rain fed system including main irrigation schemes, medium and small tanks in Maha season (during North East monsoon period). In addition to paddy, perennial crops, vegetables and fruits are cultivated during the whole year using seasonal tanks and underground water. Perennial crops such as Palmyra and Coconut are significant plantations in the project area. 26. Fishing: Apart from agriculture, the economy of the area predominantly revolves around fishing. This industry provides many employment opportunities to thousands of people. Deep sea and lagoon fisheries are common in Mannar and Jaffna districts while inland fishery is common in Anuradhapura district. Exclusively traditional fisheries methods such as ―Prawn cage‖ are practiced in the Jaffna lagoon. 27. Industries: Other than agriculture and fisheries, the industrial sector plays a considerable role in economic development of the people in the area. There are some major industries in the Jaffna district but functioning with limited capacity. Other than that people depend on Small and Medium, Cottage and Service industries. Tourism is another emerging industry in these areas because of many tourist attractions such as Irrigation tanks, wetlands, sanctuaries, sandy beaches, ancient temples, monastic sites and statues of Lord Buddha. 28. Animal Husbandry: Livestock sector is an important component of the farming system of the project affected areas which generates additional income, employment opportunities and highly nutritious food. Majority of people in the area depend on Poultry, Goat and Dairy farming while a small percentage of people depend on animals such as sheep, pig, turkey, gini fowl, duck and rabbit.
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29. Infrastructure Facilities: Except in some rural villages, electricity and tele- communication facility are available for most parts of the area. Tele-communication facility is mainly obtained through wireless tele-communication services. Most families in the project area receive water from common, open and tube wells. However drinking water is a main problem in coastal areas due to salinity. Pipe borne water facility is available to limited areas and pit latrines, sewage canal systems and proper garbage dumping sites are restricted to urban centres. Many development projects are currently underway to develop infrastructure facilities in the district. Social and Cultural Development 30. Population and Community: Selected roads for improvement run through 3 DSDs of Anuradhapura, 2 in Jaffna and 3 in Mannar. Population of the area represent all ethnic groups (Sinhalese, Muslims, Tamils and Burger) and religious groups (Buddhist, Hindus, Muslims, Roman Catholics and Christians) in the country. Majority of the people in Anuradhapura district is Sinhala Buddhist while In Mannar and Jaffna it is Tamil. 31. Health and Educational Facilities: Provincial general hospitals, base hospitals, district hospitals, peripheral units, rural hospitals, central dispensaries, maternity homes and dispensaries assist in providing health services to the area. Generally the education level was fairly good with literacy rate being around 90% in 2007. Many government schools and teachers contributed in this regard. However education and health sectors of Mannar and Jaffna districts have been adversely affected by the conflict that prevailed. Cultural Archaeological and Historical Significance 32. There are many Cultural Archaeological and Historically Significant places in Anuradhapura, Jaffna and Mannar districts. Anuradhapuara is considered as the first historical capital of Sri Lanka and today is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The history of Mannar district goes back to the ancient times even before the Mahavansa was written. Primary Buddhist attractions in Anuradhapura are the Atamasthana and the main historical and religious places in Mannar district include Tirukketheeswaram kovil, Ketheeswaram Hindu temple, Pesalai and Madu Church, Other than that the principal sea port Matota was recorded as an important ancient port in the Indian Ocean. Jaffna district is also rich with many historical, Archaeological and culturally significant places such as Delft Island, Dutch Church, Nagadeepa temple, Vaddukkoddai church and Chulipuram Paralai Pillaiyar Kovil.
4. Screening of the potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures 33. Potential adverse environmental impacts and generic issues as identified during the above activities are summarised in Table 1.
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Table 1 Potential Environmental Impacts Issues of concern Anticipated Impacts Proposed mitigation Measures Pre-Construction and Construction Stage Acquisition of land based on the design Loss of land, other private properties requirements. Provide adequate compensation Land Acquisition and income generation activities based on LAA, NIRP and RAP for those who lose property. Land selection should be done in accordance with Impacts on Public inconvenience, Soil erosion , local laws, regulations and in close consultation with Temporary Use of waste accumulation and deterioration of LAs away from environmental and public sensitive Lands scenic beauty of the environment areas. Removal by close coordination with line agencies, Removal of Public Public inconvenience and accidental employment of trained and experienced workers, Utilities damage restoration of utilities immediately to avoid public inconvenience Soil erosion, lowering of river beds, Suitable material extraction sites should be identified Extraction, destruction of river banks, reduction of subject to environmental requirements, construction Transportation and sand replenishment of coastal beaches, materials should not exceed carrying capacity of Storage of coastal erosion , creation of breeding trucks, use of tarpaulin covers over transported Construction sites for mosquitoes, damage to minor materials, avoid storage of materials around Materials roads and increase dust and noise sensitive locations etc. nuisance Use roads of adequate capacity for heavy trucks, Effect on local road Increase traffic, public inconvenience obtain permit from LAs to use local roads, make net work and damage to roads provision to maintain roads which are used for
construction activities as part of the contract. Deterioration of road side ecology, Exclude areas which are close to public and Impact to public health and scenic environment sensitive, re-use of debris and residual Solid waste disposal beauty in the area, causing blockage of spoil materials wherever possible, dump materials and sanitation natural water flow paths, provide should not spread which interfere with sensitive
favourable habitats for vectors of sites, provision of proper drainage and sanitation diseases. facilities Workforce should be aware of water conservation, Use of water sources and construction pollution and minimization of water usage, avoid activities close to water bodies may Effect on Water entering waste water directly in to water bodies, affect water sources used by local Resources construction works affecting water bodies have to be communities and lead to deteriorate the undertaken during dry season, storage of quality of water construction materials away from water bodies Provision of suitable drainage facilities, proper Soil erosion Decrease of infiltration of rain water, treatment of clearing and filling areas against flow sedimentation and acceleration of surface runoff, lowering acceleration, reduce removal of trees / green cover siltation of river beds. destruction of river banks vegetation, establishment of erosion control etc. measures, construction of cross drainages during dry season. Increasing embankment height of particular sections Blockage of existing drainage paths, Temporary floods with construction of new cross drainages, stagnation of water in roads, effect on reconstruction of existing culverts, causeways and ecology, soil erosion bridges with sufficient capacity Effect on Flora, Disturbance to wild animals, impact to Strict attention on worker force regarding disturbing
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Issues of concern Anticipated Impacts Proposed mitigation Measures Fauna and their migration paths, loss of faunal and floral surrounding habitats, flora and fauna including habitats habitats hunting of animals and fishing, avoid removal of trees as much as possible, adhere to the guidelines and recommendation made by CEA and DoF regarding removal of road side trees. Loss of native species and species Biodiversity diversity by introduction of invasive Organize awareness programme to work force conservation and species, top soil erosion, seed bank regarding biodiversity, its conservation, and sustainable natural depletion by extraction of material. importance, avoid introduction of alien species resource Disturbing of breeding, foraging, and during construction related activities , use of natural management migrating behaviour of wild fauna by resources in a sustainable manner. noise and vibration Prior consultation and consent should be taken from Protection of DA for construction work close to Archaeological Impact on cultural values, archaeological, sites. If any structures are discovered on the site, archaeological significant sites, impact cultural and religious necessary steps should be taken to inform to on tourism places Engineer and DA immediately as mentioned in the EMP. Avoid rush hours for material transportation, Inconvenience to road users and schedule movement of large trucks and plant in off- possibilities of accidental risk, delays in peak traffic times, identify alternative roads to avoid Disruption of Traffic travel time, increased noise and exhaust traffic congestions through urban centres, advance emissions, disturbance to pedestrians notice to public about the schedule of construction and public etc. Briefing and training of workers on safety Accidental risk to general public and precautions, use of licensed and trained plants and Personal safety workers vehicle operators, provide safe working practices, safety wears and first - aid facility Location of crushers and hot mixed plants should be Deterioration of air quality due to dust Impact from Dust, selected away from residential and environmental and other emissions, disturbance to Noise and Vibration sensitive areas, maintenance of machinery and general public and impact to their equipment in a good condition, limit working time for properties activities that create noise etc. Design of bridges should conform to the requirements of the „Bridge Design Manual‟ of RDA , Effect on existing Accidental damage to culverts, bridges avoid storage of construction materials and disposal drainage and other irrigation structures. of debris around cross drainage and natural flow paths, provision of temporally drainage facilities to construction site
Operation Period Reduction of air pollution compared to Enforcement of traffic rules, proper maintenance Air Quality and Noise the current situation. Better air quality programme after rehabilitation process, relevant and lesser noise emission. traffic signs should be placed at relevant locations. Impact to pavements and road side drains. obstruct maintenance activities Implementation of rules and regulations, routine Encroachment of of roads, view range of travellers and checking by RDA of MOPH to remove unauthorized RoW impact to movement of pedestrian. structures from RoW increase accidental damage to vehicles xv
Issues of concern Anticipated Impacts Proposed mitigation Measures and road users. Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules and Increased number of accidents due to regulations, installation of warning signs, regulatory convenient riding surface and new Safety of Road Users signs and information signs as well as provision of geometry. bus bays, pedestrian crossings, side walks, etc. at
appropriate locations. Change of water flow direction, impact Avoid improper disposal of debris and garbage into Drainage to carriage way, cross drainages and side drainages and periodical maintenance of Congestions road edges drainage structures.
5. Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism
5.1. Institutional Arrangements 34. RDA is the Executing Agency for the Project and has responsibility of implementing the overall EMP. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established within the RDA, will be responsible for overall contract administration and supervision regarding implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental Provisions included in Contract Document. In practice, detailed implementation of EMP will involve Contractors, CSCs, PIU, ESD of RDA and PD of RDA. Contractors will be responsible to implement all mitigation measures during the construction period, especially to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with construction activities. CSCs will be responsible to provide daily supervision to the contractor for implementation of EMP and reporting it to the PIU on monthly basis. ESD established within the RDA will be responsible for monitoring implementation of the EMP during the construction phase. CEA which is responsible for overall environmental management in the country, will periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by PIU/ESD and provide guidance and advice if and when required.
5.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism 35. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) provides an effective approach to resolve issues made by affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project cycle. This mechanism will be established by the project proponent; RDA to address any grievances presented by APs. Most of the environmental impacts are construction related complaints and managing them is mainly the contractor's responsibility. However, these grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project by careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding project activities. All environmental impacts that could arise during the construction phase can be easily mitigated through adhering to mitigation measures addressed in EMP by the contractor and by careful supervision of CSCs /ES, the representatives of RDA and CEA.
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6. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans
6.1. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 36. The EMP has been prepared to ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on environment. This was developed based on best practices for environmental management and includes potential impact as a result of project activities, proposed mitigation measures, responsible party to implement and supervise those and feasible cost measures to be taken to reduce potential significant adverse impacts at an acceptable level.
6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 37. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate any negative impact to the overall environment quality, an EMoP has been prepared. This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, location, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject during which monitoring should be conducted. EMoP will be a useful tool to monitor implementation of mitigation measures included in EMP.
7. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure Public Consultation 38. Providing information at an early stage to the public especially to APs will ensure community awareness and avoid conveying misinformation to APs. Public consultation for the proposed roads/sections was carried out during the period from February to April 2012. During these discussions participants generally expressed their views about the project including current environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas
Consultation Findings 39. All the proposed subproject roads are very essential link roads to other national and provincial roads in the area. These roads provide access to the interior part of Anuradhapura and Mannar districts as well as coastal areas of Jaffna district. Therefore improvement of these roads is very essential for all other development activities in the area and directly contributes to poverty alleviation in respect of income generation through employment opportunities in various fields such as agriculture, fishing, tourism and other industrial activities.
Information Disclosure 40. In accordance with ADB‘s Information Disclosure policy, RDA will submit the final IEE report and EMP to ADB for disclosure on ADB‘s website. This will ensure that RDA will provide relevant environmental information to ADB Board consideration for project appraisal. If the IEE is carried out in accordance with ToR provided by CEA, information should be made available to the general public in three languages (Sinhala, Tamil and xvii
English). This will ensure incorporating affected peoples‘ concerns and inputs into project design and implementation.
8. Conclusion and recommendations Construction activities associated with proposed subprojects do not expect to cause significant environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected areas. Although environmental sensitive areas of Padaviya sanctuary (B211), Vankalai RAMSAR site and sanctuary (A014) are located in the subproject affected areas, land acquisition, removal of trees or any other impacts to those sites will not be expected through the project. Potential negative environmental impacts that have been identified during the study are temporary and can be managed properly by adopting proposed migratory measures in the EMP. However anticipated positive social and environmental impacts of the project will clearly out lie negative impacts of the project. Therefore the proposed road improvement project is environmentally acceptable. CEA consent for 3 subprojects under un-prescribed category have been already obtained and BIQs for rest of 4 subproject roads were prepared and submitted to CEA.
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1. Project Background and Justification 1. The proposed Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of the Northern Road Connectivity Project (NRCP) includes rehabilitation and upgrading of 117.5 km of five A, B & AB Class National roads located within Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts of the North Central Province (NCP) and Northern Province (NP) of Sri Lanka. The Government of Sri Lanka has received a loan from Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Road Project Preparatory Facility (RPPF ADB Loan 2080) and intends to apply a portion to undertake preparatory activities for additional financing of on-going NRCP ADB Loan 2639. 2. Dilapidated condition, lack of drains, poor alignments, narrow road sections structurally damaged culverts, bridges and causeways of the subproject roads contributes to high vehicular operation cost, long travel time and high transport cost. Main objective of developing these seven roads with proper two/ four lane status is to cater to the existing and predicted traffic flow in the area in future. In addition the road network is mainly seen as a tool for poverty alleviation, allowing war affected people in the area to directly access other areas of the country to engage in a number of social and economic activities. Additionally this project will improve and strengthen the National Highways Network efficiency in Sri Lanka thereby establishing a smooth traffic flow, reduce costs and travel time incurred by users of the road network, increase lifetime of roads by appropriate, periodic maintenance and consequently contributing to economic development of the country. 3. Out of the 5 roads/sections selected for improvement, 3 are (A029, B283 and B211) located in 3 Divisional Secretariat Divisions (DSD) in Anuradhapura district of NCP. A single road section (A014) is located within 3 DSDs of Mannar district of NP and one road/section is located within 2 DSDs in Jaffna district of NP. The roads/ sections proposed for the Environmental Assessment are illustrated below. 29.60 km long Madu road to Mannar: A section from Medawachchiya- Mannar - Talaimannar (A014) Road 10.90 km long Kebithigollewa to Waduwegama: A section from Vavuniya - Horowupathana (A029) Road 20.27 km long Jaffna to Kayts: Entire section of Jaffna - Pannai - Kayts (AB19) Road 25.35 km long Medawachchiya to Kebithigollewa: Entire section of Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa (B283) Road 31.40 km long Kebithigollewa to Padaviya: Entire section of Kebithigollewa – Padaviya (B211) Road
1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study 4. The Environmental Assessment was carried out as a requirement of Feasibility Study for a total of 117.5 km 2 A, 1 AB and 2 B class roads located within Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts in NCP and NP. The project comprises a total area of 177.17 ha over the project
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stretch of 117.5 km with an average strip of 15 to 27.2 m width. The general extent of five subprojects are mentioned in Table 2.
Table 2 General extent of the subprojects Road Total area Road Name Length (Km) Width (m) Number (Ha) A 029 Vavuniya – Horowupathana 10.90 15.00 16.35 B 283 Medawachchiya – Kebithigollewa 25.35 15.00 38.03 B 211 Kebithigollewa – Padaviya 31.40 15.00 47.03 A 014 Medawachchiya - Mannar – Talaimannar 29.60 15.00 44.4 AB 19 Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts 20.275 15.6 31.36 Total area 177.17 5. The scope of the study was determined by stipulations given in the ADB, IEE outline. This include: Field data collection regarding physical, social, economic and environment background Public consultation with affected people and other relevant authorities Preparation of Basic Information Questionnaires (BIQs) and submission to CEA (Central Environmental Authority) for environment clearance Preparation of REA (Rapid Environment Assessment) checklists for ADB categorization Assessment of potential Environmental impacts and development of preventive and/or mitigation measures for significant impacts, Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMoP) Preparation of institutional requirements and grievance redress mechanism Preparation of consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report 6. Proposed improvement works under the project are generally envisaged to involve: Widening to standard 2/4 lane status Realignment to alleviate small radius curves. Upgrading existing condition of the road with proper surfacing associated with Asphalt Concrete. Provisions of road side drainage, improvement of culverts, causeways, bridges and other hydrological structures where necessary. Installation of traffic warning signs, provision of pedestrian crossings, bus bays and parking where necessary.
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1.3. Objective of the IEE Report 7. Main objective of this IEE report is the preparation of a comprehensive account of the current environment condition of the project affected area of NCP & NP. Accordingly a single consolidated IEE report will be submitted for ADB to facilitate their decision making. 8. In detail, the consolidated IEE report will address current Physical, Ecological, Economic and Social background of subprojects, anticipated environmental impacts that will arise due to project activities, necessary measures that have to be adopted to mitigate them and public views and suggestions regarding the project etc. Furthermore this IEE report includes suitable EMP and EMoP with recommended institutional arrangements for monitoring activities for identified environmental issues.
1.4. Structure of IEE Report 9. In order to fully meet all requirements, the IEE report generally follows the ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003. Structure of the IEE report is organized as follows: Introduction: Provides an identification of the project and project proponent, RDA and an explanation of purpose of the IEE. It also presents the organization of the IEE, applicable environmental regulations and an explanation of the extent of the IEE study. Description of the Project: In accordance with the ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003, this section provides detailed description of the project, need of the project, project location, and magnitude of operation, environmental category of the project and implementation schedule. Description of the Environment: Provides a description of potentially affected environment. The description is based on available documentation, statistical data, and meetings with government authorities, AP, field surveys and investigations. Screening of the Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: Provides an assessment of potential impacts of the proposed road development in the light of existing conditions, together with recommended actions to prevent and/or otherwise mitigate unavoidable impacts expected to be incorporated as integral parts of the Project. Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism: Provides a description of responsible parties to implement, administration and supervision of the project, address concerns, complaints and grievances of affected population regarding environmental performance of the project. Environmental Management Plan: Provides a plan for implementing recommended mitigation measures for addressing environmental issues and specifies responsible agencies, location and timing for implementing mitigation measures. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure: Information on public participatory workshops and consultations with experts and local administration is presented in this section.
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Conclusions and Recommendations: Ultimate conclusions and recommendations which are finalized by the consultant are stated here with analysis of currently available data.
1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations 10. A large number of recurrent and non-recurrent activities under road and rail development are presently not covered by the National Environmental Act (NEA)1. However rehabilitation of existing national roads do not fall within the category of ―Prescribed Projects‖ listed in Gazette Extra-ordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and subsequent amendments, which needs to go through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and subsequent conditional approval from CEA of Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource (MENR). These may, however be subjected to an environmental review, if the Project Approving Agency; CEA deem it necessary. National laws and regulations that can be relevant to the project are briefly described in Table (Table 3) below. Table 3 Applicable national laws and regulations relevant to the project Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content The NEA is a framework environmental statute that makes National Environmental Act No.47 of provision for protection, management and enhancement of 1980, Amendment No.56 of 1988, and environment, for regulation, maintenance and control of quality of other Amendments environment and for the prevention and control of pollution by implementing the proposed project. This act regulates any un authorized construction within the Coast Conservation Act No 57 of 1981 coastal zone, by making it mandatory to obtain permits for any development activity falling within the coastal zone. National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulates maximum allowable noise levels for construction Regulations No. 01 of 1996 activities during proposed project activities National Environmental (Protection & Provides standards for discharging effluents into inland surface Quality) Regulations, No. 01 of 1990 water during proposed project activities. An act to amend the fauna and flora protection ordinance (Chapter 469) of 1938, which provide for the protection and conservation of fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and their habitats; for the prevention Fauna and Flora Protection Act (1993) of commercial and other misuse of such fauna and flora and their habitats for conservation of biodiversity of Sri Lanka; and to provide for matters connected there with or incidental thereto. Felling of Trees Control Act No. 09 of This Act sought to prohibit and control felling of specified trees 1951 as Amended through Act No. 30 of (mainly intended to stop indiscriminate felling of specified trees) in 1953 the country. Control, regulation and development (including conservation and Water Resources Board Act No. 29 of utilization) of water resources; prevention of pollution of rivers, 1964, Amendment No.42 of 1999 streams and other water resources; formulation of national policies relating to control and use of water resources. An act to make provisions for enhancement and substances of productive capacity of soil, to restore degraded land for prevention Soil Conservation Act, No. 25 of 1951 and mitigation of soil erosion, for conservation of soil resources Amended in 24 of 1996 and protection of land against damage by floods, salinity, alkalinity and drought and to provide for matters connected there with or incidental thereto. To provide control of explosions and regulations of matters Explosive Act No. 36 of 1976 connected with explosive activities. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act The Act addresses management, regulation, conservation and 1996 development of fisheries and aquatic resources during proposed
1Central Environmental Authority, 2003.National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation. 5
Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content project activities. An ordinance for protection of areas subjected to damage from Flood Protection Ordinance No. 04 of floods. This includes declaration of flood areas, preparation of 1924 schemes for flood protection and other rules and regulations regarding flood in the country. Regulates exploration for minerals, mining, transportation, Geological Survey and Mines Bureau processing, trading in export of mineral products and usage of (GSMB) Act No. 33 of 1992 quarries and sand mines in the country. Provision of laws relating to Motor Vehicles and their use on Motor Traffic Act, No 14, 1995, Amended highways including provisions relating to insurance against third by Act No. 05 of 1998 party risk The Act dealing with allocation and control of Crown lands In Sri Crown Land Ordinance Act No. 1947 Lanka for private and government activities. An Act to formulate policies and programmes in regard to subjects of irrigation, reservoirs, water resources management and Irrigation Act No. 23 of 1983 prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water recourses. Promotion, construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes, drainage and flood control in the country. Regulates and control actions and methods taking place within the Regulations of Local Authorities command area relevant to government laws and regulations. Source: Compiled by the Consultant
11. Following table (Table 4) indicates key clearance and permits that should be obtained for the proposed project Table 4 Key clearance and permits need for the project activities Relevant Project stage Clearance and permits Activity Agency Environment Clearance Implementation of the project CEA Clearance for development Pre-Construction Implementation of the project CCD Stage activities in coastal areas (Although Operation of quarries, borrow clearances and Industrial Mining License (IML) areas and other material GS&MB approval should be extraction sites obtained during pre- Operation of quarries, Environmental Protection construction stage it crushers, borrow areas CEA License (EPL) is valid throughout (material extraction sites) the project cycle. Explosive Permits Blasting activities MoD However this should Operation of metal quarries, Local Government Authorities Local be renewed before crushers, borrow areas, Trade License Authorities(LAs) expiry date) disposal sites, labour camps DS, DoF, Approval for removal of trees Widening of the CW DWLC, CEA Construction of bridges, Consent from relevant DoI, DoAS, Construction stage culverts and other drainage government agencies PDoI systems
1.6. Methodology 12. Environmental Assessment of the project has been performed in accordance with following policies and guidelines: Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual (ESCM) of RDA, ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003, Policy and Legal Framework of Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and
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Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997). 13. Also the report has been prepared conforming to the requirements of ―Environmental Framework‖ established for NRCP. 14. Field observation of the roads located within NCP and NP was carried out during the period from February to April 2012. A line transect surveys was carried out along all the proposed roads about 25 m either side from the centreline. However this specified area of investigation was expanded beyond 25 m, when the impacts were considered as special and significant i.e. Impacts regarding hydrology, ecology and social issues. Direct observations were made to identify road side trees, important flora, fauna, water resources, land use pattern, environmental sensitive and protected areas. 15. In certain occasions information was collected from villages and respective authorities to understand the general social and environmental background of the project affected areas including existing social and environmental problems. At the same time information was collected to prepare BIQs for Environment clearance. Public consultation meetings were carried out for each and every road with affected parties to get their current perception on the project and those views and suggestions are incorporated in the reports. This information is also used to address Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). 16. Secondary information for the report was gathered from printed materials and other sources of Government Departments, Authorities, Ministries, Non-Government Agencies (NGOs) and relevant websites etc. 17. Common EMP (Annex D) and EMoP (Annex E) were prepared for the project and were included in the consolidated IEE report and also in the Bid documents. 7
Chapter 2 - Description of the Project
1.1. Type of the Project 18. A total of 5 subproject roads including two A class roads (A029, A014), two B class roads (B 283, B211) and oneAB class road (AB19) have been identified within Anuradhapura, Jaffna and Mannar districts of NCP and NP of Sir Lanka. These are existing National roads and the proposed project activities will involve rehabilitation and upgrading of these roads. 19. Existing carriageways of entire road or selected sections are insufficient to cater to the present traffic flow in subproject affected areas. Therefore selected roads are proposed to be widened as standard two or four lane status with 6.6.m – 14.0 m carriageway, shoulders on both sides and earth or line drains where required as indicated in Table 5. Table 5 Details of proposed subprojects Proposed Proposed Hard Soft Road Number Length (Km) Existing RoW (m) Existing CW (m) RoW (m) CW (m) Shoulders(m) Shoulders (m) A 029 10.90 9-12 15.00 5.20 6.6 1.0 1.0 B 283 25.35 17 - 21 15.00 5.60 6.60 1.0 1.0 B 211 31.35 15 - 19 15.00 5.90 6.60 1.0 1.0 A 014 29.60 13 - 17 15.00 4.70 7.00 1.0 1.0 AB 19 20.275 10-12 15.6 4-5.5 6.6 1.5 1.0
1.2. Category of the Project 20. According to BIQ and Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) the proposed project roads fall in to un-prescribed category. 21. CEA consent for 2 subprojects (A014, AB19) under un-prescribed category have been already obtained through letter No. 08/EIA/Trans/03/04 Vol II dated 3rd September, 2009 (Attachment 1). BIQs for rest of 3 subproject roads were prepared and submitted to CEA for Environment clearance. According to information regarding BIQs and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri Lanka) rest of these 3 subproject roads will be categorized under un-prescribed category since this is a rehabilitation and improvement project. 22. Based on REA Checklist of ADB classification, NP roads are categorized under environment category B. Therefore potential environment impacts associated with the proposed project are less adverse than category A. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.
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1.3. Need for the Project 23. The conflict that prevailed for nearly three decades in the country has destroyed and damaged the national, provincial and rural road network of NP, EP (Eastern Province) and part of NCP of Sri Lanka. Some of these roads were mainly used for the purpose of military activities and transportation by general public was very limited. Therefore the roads were subjected to a long period of underinvestment and insufficient maintenance which resulted in further destruction. 24. Conditions such as poor alignments, narrow road sections, rough surfaces, pot holes with water stagnated areas, structurally damaged drainage facilities have led to high vehicle operating costs and long travel times which result in unnecessarily high transport costs These may also impede the delivery of social services of these areas and opportunities for rural population to fully engage in economic and social activities. Since a majority of people in NP and NCP engage in agriculture activities and fisheries, good transportation facility is essential for them to access commercial centres in semi urban and urban areas. Apart from that rehabilitation of these roads is essential to increased road safety, transport efficiency and access to other infrastructure facilities. Further road improvement will positively impact on tourism industry of the area which will positively impact on living standards of the people. 25. In 2009, after the war, several development programmes (eg.Uthuru Wasanthaya and Maga Neguma) were initiated by the Sri Lankan Government to improve infrastructure facilities of the war affected areas. Proposed project will therefore aim at contributing to the infrastructure development at national level and help to uplift the living conditions of war affected people in the North. Since many projects are underway to develop the North, it is also expected to divert additional vehicles to these areas thereby rapidly increase traffic volumes in future. Therefore improvement of proposed subprojects is really essential. Current and projected Average Daily Traffic (ADT) in another 20 years of the proposed roads are summarised in Table 6.
Table 6 Average Daily Traffic Based on Traffic Counts and traffic forecasts Current ADT Traffic Forecasts (ADT) Road Road Name Section volumes 2012 2022 2032
Medawachchiya - Mannar - A014 (47+000 to 76+600) 2836 6,551 9143 Talaimannar A029 Vavuniya - Horowupathana (24+000 to 34+900) 746 2041 2,757 (00+000 to 14+765) 2009 6,355 9,808 AB019 Jaffna - Pannai - Kayts (14+765 to 20+900) 501 1,728 2,718
B211 Kebithigollewa - Padaviya (00+000 to 31+345) 1283 3,278 4,475 Medawachchiya - ( 00+000 to 12+600) 1614 4,280 5,,864 B283 Kebithigollewa (12+600 to 25+350) 1487 4,029 5,489 Source: Traffic Engineering study NRCP- National (2012)
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1.4. Location 26. A total of 5 subproject roads located within Anuradhapura, Jaffna and Mannar districts of NCP and NP of Sir Lanka has been identified for improvement. Out of these, 3 roads are located within 3 DSDs of Anuradhapura district (Medawachchiya, Kebithigollewa and Padaviya), a single road in 3 DSDs of Mannar district (Madu, Nannaddan, Mannar) and 1 road in 2 DSDs of Jaffna district. (Jaffna,Kayts). 27. List of roads with starting, end points and their administrative boundaries are indicated in Table 7. General locations map of the proposed projects is shown in Figure 1 and location maps at 1:50,000 scales are provided for each road section separately as Annexure B and Hydrological maps are given as Annexure C.
Table 7 Subproject roads located within different DS & PS divisions of NP and NCP. Road Length Divisional Road Name Province District Local Authority No (Km) Secretary
Medawachchiya - Madu Madu PS A-014 Mannar – 29.6 North Mannar Nannaddan Nannaddan PS Talaimannar road. Mannar Mannar MC Medawachchiya - Medawachchiya North Anuradh Medawachchiya B-283 Kebithigollewa 25.35 PS Central apura road. Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa PS Kebithigollewa - North Anuradh Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa PS B-211 31.35 Padaviya road. Central apura Padaviya Padaviya PS Vavuniya – North Anuradh A-029 Horowupathana 10.90 Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa PS Central apura road.
Jaffna - Pannai – Jaffna Jaffna MC AB-19 20.275 North Jaffna Kayts road. Kayts Kayts PS Total length 117.5 km
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Figure 1 General Location Map of Project Roads / Sections
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1.5. Analysis of Alternatives 28. All roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to other parts of the country. In general rehabilitation and improvement of proposed roads are necessary due to existing traffic demands, dilapidated conditions and expected growth in traffic due to rapid economic development in future. 29. Even without proposed rehabilitation and improvement, these roads will continue to be a main and easy transportation link with National and Provincial road networks in the NP and NCP. Although the proposed subproject roads are located in close proximity to environment sensitive areas, road improvement works will be restricted to the existing road corridors of particular locations. Therefore land acquisition will not be required from those areas. The impacts associated with construction stage are temporary, short term and can be managed by adhering to the EMP of the project. 30. Within the proposed project, some roads require partial land acquisition due to minor realignment (eg.B283). There are some roads that require no land acquisition at all (eg.A014). (Refer: Resettlement Action Plan, Volume 8). 31. If new roads have to be constructed as alternatives, impacts will be much higher than the current project. Since most of the projects are located in urban and semi urban areas of Jaffna, Mannar and Anuradhapura districts more lands have to be acquired, and many people have to be resettled/ relocate which ultimately affect their income generation, living standards and social background. Furthermore other infrastructure facilities will also be affected more compared to the current project Therefore the government will have to spend considerable amount of money for compensation and new road construction activities. If new roads are constructed, impacts related to natural environment is also high compared to the current project. On the other hand, there are no existing roads that can be developed as alternatives to proposed subprojects 32. Therefore, examination of alternatives to subproject‘s location, design, technology, and components would not be necessary. Thus, the proposed improvements will be the better option for existing and proposed traffic demand in the area.
1.6. Size and Magnitude of Operation 33. Road improvement works under NRCP will involve rehabilitation and upgrading of seven A, B and AB class National roads in NP and NCP of Sri Lanka. They do not generally involve new road construction except where there is a special need to re-route or realign a section of road. 34. Proposed road formation width standards and Rights of Way (RoW) are discussed in detail in the section of Engineering Assessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. The proposed 5 roads will be developed to 2 lane standards. For the 2 lane standards, existing road platform is to be widened along the existing centre line to provide proposed carriage ways, cycle lanes, earth or line drains incorporated with paved shoulder and soft shoulders at both sides of the carriage way. 35. It is proposed that on most of the roads horizontal alignments will follow existing road centrelines. Where irrigation canals exist along the roads in either LHS/ RHS, the centreline
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should be shifted accordingly. In general road carriageway widths vary between 4.00 and 6.7 m and RoW width being 9.0 to 19.0 m. Shoulder widths vary between1.0 m to 1.5 with majority being 1.00 m. Road formation width is generally 6.6 m to 14.0 and road RoW between 15 m to 27.2 m. 36. The dimensions (cross-sections) given to each road are dependent on projected traffic volume (Table 6). The civil works will entail repair and extension of existing cross drainage structures (Refer Appendix 2: for Bridges and Culverts Schedule) to accommodate new road cross section as detailed in construction drawings (Refer: Annex C: Typical Cross- Sections). 37. The general scope of work for the National roads comprises: Initial repairs to the existing road surface to prepare it for resurfacing or overlay: these repairs may include bituminous patching, crack sealing, carriageway edges and shoulder repairs where traffic damage or erosion has occurred, cleaning of side drains and road culverts. In all cases recommended improvements entail overlaying existing pavement with a base or levelling course, designed for the projected number of Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA‘s) over design life of the road, and resurfacing. Where a pavement is found to be severely deteriorated, broken or uneven, existing surface would first be scarified and reshaped before applying the pavement surface. Work will also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture. In some cases roads will have pavement widening varying between 1.00 m and 3.00 m and/or shoulder widening varying between 0.50 m and 1.50 m. These widening activities will in most cases involve earthworks, pavement construction, overlaying of the existing pavement and bitumen surfacing. Work will also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture (Culvert and Bridge list Attachment 2 & 3). Improvements will be carried out to roadside drains, culverts and bridges. Where existing structures are sound then culverts will be lengthened and bridges widened to suit the new road width. Where the condition of culverts and/or bridges is poor, the structure will be replaced. Minor realignment may be made to alleviate small radius curves. Widening will be carried out on insides of curves for most roads. Known black spots will be alleviated and in some cases minor adjustments may be made to vertical alignment if visibility is considered a problem. This will include approaches to bridges and railway crossings on embankments. Improvements works will include where technically appropriate correction of irregularities in road cross-section and severe undulations in the longitudinal profile. Bridge repairs, re-decking, widening and in some cases replacement of structure of a bridge are the main rehabilitation activities with respect to 13
structures. More than two-thirds of structural work entails reconstruction of bridges. Balance work includes structural renovation of substructure and superstructure elements together with installation/repair of guardrails and improvement of causeways and vented drifts.
1.7. Cost for the Project 38. The total cost estimated for major items associated with proposed subprojects works (including earth work, pavement, drainage structures and ancillary work) were established by application of appropriate unit rates to the estimated work item quantities derived from the results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects. The finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 3 – Cost estimates of: Detail Design and Final Report of the project.
1.8. Proposed Schedule for the Implementation 39. Present Feasibility and Detailed Engineering Design of the subproject roads will be completed in July 2012. Once Detailed Designs and Bid Documents are completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractors at the beginning of 2013. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Design and for civil works. Improvement works are scheduled to be completed within two years.
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Chapter 3 - Description of the Existing Environment of the project affected area
1.1. Description of the Existing Condition of Subprojects Roads B 211: Kebithigollewa - Padaviya road (31.4 Km) 40. The proposed road starts from 4 way junction of Kebithigollewa town (end point of B283 road) with ribbon type developed business area (about 200m) and then passes through residential area of kebithigollewa. Rest of the section runs through rural agricultural villages of Pahalagama, Ithalawiddawewa, Mahanetiyawa, Rambakepuwewa, Samadhigama, Galawewa, Thammennawa, Hearath Halmillewa, Kahatagollewa, Konwewa, Kuda Bellankadawala, Maha Bellankadawala, Punchimudagama, Bogashandiya, Boraluwala up to Padaviya. Land use pattern beside the road includes business premises, home gardens and residences, large extent of paddy fields, scrublands and chena cultivations. Additionally number of seasonal tanks are located beside the road {Ihalagollewa, Kudakatuweragollewa, Mahanetiyawa, Pahala Herath Halmillewa etc.), while several tank bund are connected to the proposed road at several locations. Large irrigation scheme of Padaviya tank is located around 16.5 km (LHS) of the road within Padaviya sanctuary. Main irrigation canal of the tank crosses the road within the Padaviya town boundary. A total of 31.4 km road ends at Padaviya town 41. Environment sensitive area of Padaviya Sanctuary is located LHS of the road from 16.1 km (Mora Oya) to 27.5 km (Bogashandiya). The road is located outside of the sanctuary and in some locations it is adjacent to the proposed road {Refer annex B: Topographic maps of the road (3.1-3.3)}. Large extent of private lands, residences, home gardens, and agricultural lands are located in the sanctuary area of the road. 42. Terrain of the road is flat and the alignment mainly straight with a few curves in the initial section. The current situation of the road surface is fairly good for transportation up to 9.00 km. However rest of the section is not at a satisfactory level due to the dilapidated condition. Insufficient capacity of cross drainages could also be observed at different locations along the road. The road gets inundated around water spills of Weli Agara (4.9 km), Pudalugaswewa (17.00 km) and Meegaskada (19.00 km) during heavy rains. Several pubic sensitive places are scattered from Kebithigollewa to Padaviya and include two government schools {Mahanetiyawa (5.9 km: R), Bellankadawala (22.4 km: R)} other important government buildings {sub post office / Kahatagahawewa (17.2 km: R), base hospital / Padaviya (29.2 km: L) and pradeshiya sabah / Padaviya (19.8 km: R)}, few religious places {two temples (25.2 km: R), Isipathanaramaya (28.5 km: L) and a church (28.3 km: R). In addition number of government buildings are concentrated to Padaviya town.
A029: Vavuniya - Horowupathana road (10.9 Km) 43. The proposed road section starts from 24.00 Km post of Vavuniya – Horowupathana road, around 4 way junction of Kebithigollewa town. The road runs through semi urban area of Kebithigollewa and rural agricultural areas of Iyaththige wewa, Kirikitiyawa, Girirajapura 15
and Waduwagama. Land use beside the road includes medium and small scale business premises, home gardens and residences, paddy fields, chena cultivations, scrublands and forest at the end section. The road passes Kebithigollewa town with ribbon type developed business premises about 300m, and then passes through residential area within town boundary. Kebithigollewa bus stand and clock tower are located around 25.1 km (RHS) of the road. Rest of the section up to 30.00 km mainly runs through home gardens, residences, intermittently distributed small seasonal tanks, paddy fields and chena cultivations. A seasonal tank of Iyaththigewewa is located at 27.00 km of the road. Large extents of paddy fields are located around 27.1 and 28.5 kms. The road crosses branches of Yan Oya around 27.7 km and 28.7 km chainages. Environment sensitive area of Waduwegama forest is located beside the road from 30.00 km to 34.90 km. A total of 10.90 km road ends around 34.90 km within Kebithigollewa DSD. 44. Terrain of the road is flat and the alignment is mainly straight with a few curves. Current situation of the road surface up to 27.5 km is fairly good and the rest up to 34.5 km is highly dilapidated. Most of the cross drainages are structurally damaged, blocked and not in a functional situation. Majority of people in the area are farmers and mainly depend on paddy cultivation. Since forested areas are located around these agricultural villages, human elephant conflict is a common incidence in this area. Two government building {Office of Department of Forest (25.6 km), single govenment school (1.9 km: L) and a temple at Iyaththigewewa (27.1 km)} are the public sensitive locations observed along the project road.
B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road (25.9 Km) 45. The proposed road starts close to the 154 km post of A009 road (within Medawachchiya town boundary) and runs through a number of villages including Medawchchiya, Isenbessagala, Thammennawa, Dachchigama, Mahadiwulwewa, Etaweeragollewa, Kumbukgollewa, Ethakada, Hirallugama, Gonameriyawa and Kebithigollewa. Land use beside the road includes home gardens and residences, large extents of paddy lands, scrublands, chena cultivations, scattered business premises, small & medium scale seasonal tanks and their catchment areas. Numbers of gravel mining sites, metal crushers as well as metal quarries are located beside the road at different locations. Therefore huge quantities of construction materials are supplied to NCP, NP and EP for roads and other infra-structure development programmes from these areas. A total of 25.4 km road ends at 4 way junction of Kebithigollewa town of A029 Vavuniya – Horowpathana road. 46. Terrain of the road is flat and the alignment is mainly straight with a few curves. Current situation of the existing road is fairly good and in a motorable condition. Four government schools {Ihalathammennawa (3.00km: L), Mahadivulwewa (5.5km: R), Ataweeragollewa (8.8km: R), and Athakada (12.00 km: R)}, central Dispensary/Athakada (11.9 km: L), Education Office/Kebithigollewa (24 km: L) and two locally important temples {Sri Gonameriyawa Temple (20.2 km: L) and Kebithigollewa Temple (24.1 km: L)} are located beside the road. Other than that several large, medium and small scale tanks are located beside the road at different locations {Mahadivulwewa (5.3 km: R), Ataweeragollewa (9.4 km: R), Athakada (12.3 km: L) and Kebithigollewa tank (23.2 km: L). Therefore majority
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of people in the area are farmers and mainly depends on paddy cultivation. They also engage in chena cultivations, fishing and animal husbandry. Additionally small percentages of peoples engage in business, government and private sector occupations. There are no environment sensitive areas beside the proposed road section.
A014: Medawachchiya - Mannar – Talaimannar road (30.0 Km) 47. The section of A014 road starts from 47.00 km post of Madhu road junction and runs through number of agricultural villages including Madhu, Periyapandiviriththan, Kaddaiyadpam, Thampanaikulam, Thambalaponnayakulam, Katkidantakulam, Murungan, Yodha wewa, Mathottam, Vannamotte, Uyiliankulam, Nochchikulam up to Vankalai. Initial section of the road passes through paddy & chena cultivations, residences of rehabilitated people, bare lands and scrub forests. The population density of the proposed road seems to be low. Murungan town is the main commercial centre in the project area with ribbon type developed business premises and government buildings. Therefore people surrounding the proposed road section frequently visit Murungan town for their daily needs and to obtain government services. Yodha wewa is the main irrigation scheme of the area and is located from 61.00 km to 66.00 km (RHS) of the road. More than 3.00 km of the tank bund of Yodha wewa runs parallel to the proposed road. People of this area mainly depend on paddy cultivation and fishing industry under Yodha wewa irrigation scheme. The road passes through large extents of paddy fields in Yodha wewa, Mathottam, Vannamotte, and Uyiliankulam (61.00 -75.00 km), Nochchikulam areas and several fishing villages around Yodha wewa. A total of 30.00 km road terminates at Thirucashwaram Kovil junction around 77.00 km post. 48. Terrain of the road is flat and the alignment is mainly straight. Current situation of the existing road is fairly good and in a motorable condition. Many public sensitive locations including four government schools {Sinhala maha vidyalaya / Madu (47.8 km), Roman Catholic Tamil school / Kaddaiyadpam (50.3 km), government school / Murungan (61.8 km: L), Roman Catholic Tamil school / Mathottam (68.8 km: L)}, buildings of Murungan town area {market (60.3 km: L), veterinary surgeon office (61.1 km: L), police station (61.4 km: L), hospital (61.5 km: L)}, Yodha wewa district fertilizer store (62.00 km: L) agrarian service centre (62.3 km: L), irrigation office (62.3 km: L)} and several religious places {Sri Bodhi raja viharaya (47.3 km: R), two churches (47.6 km: R & 52.3 km: R) and Purana viharaya (59.5 km)} are located beside the road. Vankalai Ramsar site and Sanctuary are the highly environment sensitive areas located RHS of the road from 74.00 km up to end section. Large numbers of water birds frequently inhabit water stagnated areas of this sanctuary.
AB19: Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts Road (20.4 Km) 49. The proposed Jaffna – Ponnai – Kayts (AB19) road starts roundabout of AB21 close to Jaffna fort. The initial section of the road (about 4.3 km) runs through Jaffna lagoon and then enters to Kayts Island close to Allaippidi junction. Several small islands, mangrove strips and mangrove forest patches are located close/at the vicinity of this section. The Jaffna lagoon is mainly used for fishing activities by fishing community in the area. 50. The road then runs parallel and very close to the Jaffna lagoon up to 6.00 kms (RHS) and enters to a plane area. Then road enters to a residential area of Manomman (7.8 km) 17
and runs up to 4 way junction of Nagadeepa (11.6 km) through Tharikkattuban junction (12.2 km) & water stagnated area with no residences. The daily traffic volume up to Nagadeepa junction (11.6 km) is very high due to visit of large number of pilgrims in Nagadeepa temple. Scattered residences, water stagnated areas, scrub forests, abandoned houses, chena cultivations and paddy fields are located beside the road of Ponnankandy area (12.3 to 14 km). The section between Suruvil junction/Paravanai (14.20 km) up to 3 way junction of Kayts (18.1 Km) runs through residential and agricultural areas of Paravanai and Naranthanai. Large number of abandoned/damaged residences and government buildings could be observed in Naranthanai area. The road then enters to Kayts town area around 18.5 km. Number of government and private sector buildings, religious places (18.5 km to 19.5 km) and ribbon type developed business premises (about 100 m beside the road) are located at the end section of the road. A total of 20.4 km road ends at 3 way junction of Kayts town and close to Kayts Jetty. 51. Terrain of the road is flat and alignment is mainly straight. Current situation of the road including initial section as well as from 12.2 km up to Kayts town boundary is not at a satisfactory level. Four locally important churches at Naranthanai (16.1 km: L) and Kayts (18.5 km, 19.1 km: R & Rev. Joseph Church 19.4 km: L) are the locally important religious places located beside the road. Other than that two government schools {Roman Catholic Tamil Boys school (19.00 km: L) & St Anthony‘s School (19.1km: R)}, base hospital (18.6 km: L), assistant governor‘s office (18.7 km: L), National Saving Bank (18.9 km: L), police station (19.2 km L), post office (19.3 km: R) and pradeshiya sabha office (19.5 km: R) are located within Kayts town area.
1.2. Description of the Existing Environment of Subprojects Roads 52. Following section describes the current situation of physical, ecological, economic and social background of the sub-project affected areas of the district in brief.
3.2.1. Anuradhapura District
Physical Resources
Topography, Geology and Soil 53. Anuradhapura district is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and bordered by 7 districts: Vavuniya, Trincomalle, Polonnaruwa, Matale, Kurunegala, Puttalam and Mannar. Selected roads for the improvement run through 3DSD s of Anuradhapura District (Padaviya, Kebithigollewa and Medawachchiya). 54. Topography of the district is slightly undulating with elevations ranging from 150 m to nearly 2000 m at the highest parts. Geology of major part of the district is highly crystalline, formed by metamorphosis of well-bedded sediments in an old geosyncline and is belong to ancient continent, Gondwanaland. Geology of North Western boundary of the district overlain by Pleistocene and Miocene. 55. There are five rock types within the district which are generally in Central and Eastern parts of the district consist with Highland series. Western part of the district consists with Vijayan series rocks of Precambrian and Palaeozoic eras. West of Vijayan series rocks
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consist of Pleistocene and post Pleistocene sand and gravel of coastal nature. Further small extents of Miocene limestone of marine sedimentary origin overlain by quaternary deposits. 56. Reddish Brown Earth – Low Humic Gley association is the most commonly distributed soil in this district. Reddish Brown Earth component of this association is better drained and occupies upper parts of the undulations that almost exclusively make up the landscape in the district. Poorly drained Low Humic Gley soil covers the lower parts of the same undulations. Phosphate in Eppawala (Use for the production of phosphate fertilizer and chemical industry), Mica in Kebithigollawa, lime stone in Palagala to Horowpathana and pink quartz in Palagala DSD are the major mineral types found in the area.
Climate 57. According to the geographical location, Anuradhapura district belongs to low country Dry Zone of Sri Lanka where annual rainfall is less than 1500 mm. Major rainfall peaks is called Maha rains which falls during North-East monsoons (December-February). As the Maha rains fade away, a dry season sets where there is little or no rain. The second rainy season experienced during the Second Inter Monsoon (October to November). A small amount of rain is received during the South West monsoon (May to September). Extremely heavy rains bought by cyclones and depressions during some years. 58. The temperature of the district is warm throughout the year and is 27.3oC. It shows little variation over the year with rainfall. Highest temperature is recorded from March to May and August to September and is 29 - 30 0C. Temperature becomes low in December to January and is 26 0C. Relative humidity of the district varies between 70 - 82% within the year. During South Western monsoons the wind speed accelerates to 12 km/hr. or rises further to 16 km/hr. Evaporation rate of water from a free water surface is 35 mm/week and varies from place to place.
Air quality and Noise 59. According to the information available at National Building Research Organization, concentration of particulate matter in Anuradhapura area in 1999, are well below NAAQS (Table 08). However, no recent data is available on air quality in the Anuradhapura district. Therefore it is very important to measure current air quality parameters of the project area
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Table 8 Air quality at Anuradhapura meteorological Department in May 1999 PM10 Maximum Date Start time (hrs.) Run time (hrs.) Concentration permissible (µg/m3) level (µg/m3) 25/05/99 18.00 24 30 100 26/05/99 19.00 24 29 - 27/05/99 19.00 24 37 - 28/05/99 18.40 24 20 - 29/05/99 19.20 24 16 - 30/05/99 19.10 24 33 - 31/05/99 19.15 24 45 - 02/06/99 17.10 24 39 - 03/06/99 17.15 24 37 - 04/06/99 18.45 24 37 - Source- NBRO 60. Noise level measurements within the project area are not available. Since the proposed road sections are located mainly within semi-urban, rural residential and agricultural areas, noise levels may be below than the permissible levels.
Water Resources 61. Tanks, streams, and springs are the major surface water resource in the district and are main storages of rain water during the whole year. Major irrigation tanks found in the district are Kala wewa, Basawakkulama wewa, Nuwara wewa and Tissa wewa which were built during ancient times. Many other rulers constructed a number of large tanks such as Padaviya, Nachchaduwa, Kantale Mahawilacchiya wewa which further expanded the irrigation network. Other than the mentioned reservoirs many ponds are fed by a network of subterranean channels have been constructed to supply water to the district. Eg: Kala Oya and Kalankuttiya Oya supply water to the Southern boundary of the district. Eastern boundary runs along the right bank watershed area of Nelu Oya along Yan Oya. Modaragam Aru and Kal Aru nourish the Western region of the district. Other than the above mentioned perennial tanks, there are 2600 small and medium scale tanks located in the district. These are commonly known as village tanks and are mainly used for the purpose of agricultural activities. Following table (Table 9) shows the water resources observed beside the proposed subproject roads during the field survey.
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Table 9 Water resources (seasonal tanks) within sub –project affected areas Road name Water resources B 211: Kebithigollewa - Padaviya road. Ihalagollewa seasonal tank Kuda katuweragollewa seasonal tank Mahanetiyawa, Pahala Herath Halmillewa Irrigation scheme of Padaviya tank A029: Vavuniya - Horowupathana road Iyaththigewewa seasonal tank Branches of Yan Oya B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road. Mahadivul wewa Ataweeragollewa wewa Athakada wewa Kebithigollewa tank 62. Ground water is mainly used for the purpose of drinking. At present it has expanded for agricultural activities in dry season as well. Shallow ground water fluctuates with rains (abundant during and after Maha rains up to end of February). It is more in well-drained upper slopes of catena than poorly drained lower slope and found to be better where the rock is quartzite/ highly weathered/ moderately and fractured compared to sites with un- weathered rocks. Large number of surface water resource located within Anuradhapura district helps stabilize the ground water resources. 63. The geology beneath unconsolidated overburden of the district is composed of crystalline rocks, which are hard and nonporous. Hence the availability of deep ground water is very limited. Depth of the ground water level is varies within the range of 5 m -8 m. Quality of ground water varies with the available compounds and substances of the district. (i.e. Hardness due to elements such as Calcium and Magnesium and salinity due to Chloride). Fluoride and Iron contents in ground water have been found to be high in the district and results in lowering the water quality.
Ecological Resources 64. Natural vegetation in Anuradhapura district and sub-project affected areas mainly consists of tropical dry mixed evergreen forest. Forest cover in the district is 24% of land area and has under gone drastic changes due to human interference over thousands of years. 65. According to the moisture content available in rain and soil, there are two types of forest in the district namely dry and moist. The dry forest type, which is widespread in the district, consists of species such as Manilkara hexandra (Palu), Chloroxylon swetenia (Buruta), Bridelia retusa (Ketakala), Syzigium cumini (Madan), Vitex pinnata (Mille) and Berya cordifolia (Halmille) etc. The moist type is found some DS divisions, which are closer to rivers, near water holes and in uplands adjacent to tanks. Alseodaphne semicarpifolia (Wewarana), Berrya cordifolia (Halmilla), Diosyros malabarica (Thimbiri), Terminalia arjuna (Kubuk), Madhuca longifolia (Mee) and Schleierera oleosa (Kone) are the common trees in wet and moist areas. 66. When considering the vertebrates fauna, fresh water fish species such as Anguilla bicolor bicolor (Anda), Mystus vittatus (Ankutta), Channa striata (Lula), Plotosus canius 21
(Magura), and Puntius titteya (Tittaya) are common in this district. Kelaarts toad, Hourglass tree frog, Common branded caecitian and Small eared toad are the amphibian species recorded in Anuradhapura district. Serpent reptiles and Tetrapod reptiles recorded in this area include Earth snake, Bronzeback, Common whip snake, Russell‘s viper, Saw scaled viper, Common wolf snake and Merrem‘s hump noses etc,. Out of 427 bird species recorded in Sri Lanka, many are reported to be present in this district because of availability of food resources, favourable whether condition during migration season and various habitats such as riverine forests, tanks and villus in Wilpattu area. Among mammals spotted deer, Palm squirrel, Porcupines, Hare and Indian gerbil are the commonest mammals in the district. Endemic species such as Red faced Malkoha and Purple faced leaf monkey are other abundant mammals in this area. 67. Padaviya Sanctuary and Waduwagama forest are the environment sensitive areas located beside the proposed subproject roads of B211 and A029 respectively. However both roads are located outside the above sites.
Economic Development
Land Use and Agriculture 68. Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, covering an area of 738953 ha that covers 11% of the whole country‘s land surface. Compared to other district of the country the largest area of inland water (515 km2) belongs to the Anuradhapura district. Pattern of human settlements around the roads varies from rural to semi- urban. The district economy is predominantly centred on paddy cultivation. As per the land utilization in 2008, 128,719.79 ha and 59,084.05 ha were used for paddy and chena cultivation respectively. Following table shows the land use pattern in 4 DSD s in Anuradhapura with available data.
Table 10 Land use pattern in 4 DSD s in Anuradhapura District Anuradhapura Land use type Padaviya Rambewa Kebithigollewa Medawachchiya District (ha) Abandoned tanks 5256.56 10 - - - Marsh lands 1479.5 41 - - - Chena 59084.1 434 3905 - - Forest 233284 13325 3949 240 312 Ac Home gardens 69207.1 1970 3962.5 - Paddy 128720 4577 15179.9 4680 85Ac Coconut 948.89 1520 891.5 - - Water spring 231.06 - - - - Scrublands 164682.5 405 - - - Water channels 4502.07 388 - - - Tanks and Reservoirs 49166.05 6947 - - - other 5825.9 403 - 33570 - Total land area 738953 ha 305.07 35349.4 38500 488 Ac 69. Cultivation of the district heavily depends on irrigation tanks such as Nuwara wewa, Kala wewa, Basawakkulama, Nachchaduwa tank and Thisa wewa built by ancient kings. In 2008 alone, 812,554 hectares were cultivated in the district under main irrigation schemes and paddy harvest grown amounted to 12,357 metric tons. Other than those 14 large tanks,
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19 medium tanks and 2569 small tanks are distributed within the district. In addition to paddy cultivation, 6,324 hectares was cultivated with vegetable and additional crops. 70. Majority of the people in the area are farmers and largely depend on paddy cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry including cattle, goat and poultry farming is also common in the district. (Figure 2 And Table 11) In 2008 it self-annual milk production of the district was 11,61176 litters. Figure 2 Animal husbandry in Anuradhapura District in 2007
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000 Number
200000
100000
0
Table 11 Animal husbandry in some project affected DSDs in 2009
DSD s
/ hens /
cows
Milkcows Milkcows
buffolows of No pigs
No of No goats Chick Padaviya 538 6943 1923 2342 1674 204 18783 Rambewa 11100 - 7310 - 8077 98 19944
Industries 71. Apart from agriculture, the economy of the Anuradhapura district predominantly revolves around tourism, inland fisheries, small scale industries and some large scale industries. According to recent estimates 24,592 of the population are employed in various industries. Out of them 7632 persons are employed in 3453 small scale industries, while 9710 persons are employed in 53 large scale industries. However compared to other districts, industrial contribution in the district is low. 72. At present, most of the population in the district depends on tourism industry. Significant number of local and foreign tourists visits Anuradhapura throughout the year. The reason behind this is ancient Sri Lankan culture. Irrigation tanks, ruins of castles of several emperors, ancient temples, monastic sites, statues of Lord Buddha are the main places, where local and foreign visitors are attracted.. Traditional items such as kitchenette appliances, cultural foods, Sinhala clothes, ornaments etc are sold by local people around 23
these places. The main constraint for development of tourism and other commercial activities of the Anuradhapura district is poor road net-work (narrow and dilapidated roads). Therefore development of road net-work to a higher standard is vital to develop tourism and other commercial activities of the district. Eco-tourism is another popularizing industry in this area 73. Fishing is another industry which is centred around inland waters. At present there are 6707 fishing families in the district and the average daily catch is 5465 Mt.
Infrastructure Facilities 74. Except in some rural villages, electricity is available in most parts of the district. The Village Electrification Development Programme is currently being operated to supply electricity for the people who are not covered by the National Electricity Network. In 2009 the government has spent Rs. 19,577,456 on rural electrification projects. 75. Other than electricity, tele-communication facility is available in most of the areas in the district. Pipe borne water facility is available to limited areas and pit latrines, sewage canal systems and proper garbage dumping sites are restricted to the urban sector of this district. RDA and Provincial Road Development Authority (PRDA) engage in construction and maintenance of many roads in the district and help people to solve their transport problems. Many road development projects are currently underway to improve the transport sector in the district. 76. Electricity is available in all most all parts of the subproject areas. Telecommunication facility is mainly obtained through wireless telecommunication services. Common wells have been constructed mainly for domestic and agricultural purposes and water is obtained through pipelines. Many government and private banks engage in commercial activities in the district.
Social and Cultural Development
Population and Community 77. A total of 22 DSDs and 19 PSDs are located within the Anuradhapura district. Selected roads for the improvement run through 4 DS divisions of the district. Population of Anuradhapura district by 2008 was 886,945 and represent all ethnic and religious groups in the country. On a community basis 808,859 Sinhalese (91.20%), 72,289 Muslims, 4,502 Tamils and 1,295 others are present. The above population belongs to five religious groups (90% Buddhist, 0.5% Hindus, 8.4% Muslims, 0.8% Roman Catholics and 0.3% other Christians). Table 12 indicates population sizes of 4 DSDs of Anuradhapura district.
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Table 12 Population sizes of subproject affected DSDs of Anuradhapura district Populati No of DSD Buddhist Hindu catholic Islam Sinhala Tamil Muslim on families Kebithigollewa 23258 6959 - - - - 21,057 31 2170 Rambewa 38532 11489 33387 25 111 5009 33495 28 5009 Padaviya 33737 6700 23112 85 - 24 33707 13 3 Medawachchiya 50141 - 46065 172 682 3222 47303 195 2643 Anuradhapura 886945 238769 803459 3844 7128 186 808859 4502 72289 District 78. Total labour force in the district in 1997 was 67600 (87.6 %). Currently, most of the people in the district engage in fishing and agriculture activities. Fisheries itself provides many employment opportunities for people in the district. Agriculture is mainly based on major food crops such as paddy, coconut, Palmyra and some subsidiary food crops. Other than that, small scale industries such as pottery, grinding mills, Palmyra products, jewellery manufacturing and carpentry; provide considerable amount of employments opportunities for the people in the district. 79. Majority of people in the project area are farmers and mainly depend on paddy cultivation under Rambewa, Mahakanadarawa, Padaviya, Kebithigollewa and Weli Oya. Others engage in business, chena cultivations, fishing and animal husbandry. A small percentage of people engage in government and private sector occupations
Health and Educational Facilities 80. A total of 60 hospitals are distributed in different locations of the district. These include a single Provincial general hospital, 03 Base hospitals, 4 District hospitals, 5 Peripheral units, a single Prison hospital, 23 Rural hospitals, 5 Central dispensary and Maternity homes and 18 Dispensaries. Out of these, the Provincial general hospital is located at Anuradhapura and 03 Base hospitals are located at Tambuthtegama, Kebithigollewa and Padaviya. 81. During the last four years, the health sector in Anuradhapura district received unprecedented boost. From 2006 to 2009, P.S.D.G institution, World Bank and other funding institutions have provided a total of Rs. 833 million for assistance of health development activities. These funds were allocated for construction and renovation of hospitals, provision of health facilities, procure modern equipment and upgrade technology, improve standards and facilities at centres dealing with prevention of communicable diseases and for improvement of transport facilities. Accordingly one surgical hospital, 3 base hospitals, 4 district hospitals, 7 central hospitals, 24 rural hospitals and 20 clinics were established in the district. At the same time, district was provided with 474 doctors, 504 nurses, and 423 health service personnel. Hospital bedding capacity was increased to cater to 2987 patients. Apart from that certain amount of money was spent for the development of Indigenous Medical Services. 82. Generally education level of the district is fairly good (Literacy rate is 90.5%). Within the district altogether 585 schools including 549 government schools, a single special education unit and 35 Pirivenas were distributed in 2008. Student population amounts 262, 40 with 1312 teachers serving in these schools. Following table (Table 13) shows number of students, teachers and no of schools located within project influence DSDs 25
Table 13 Details of education within project influence DSDs DSD No of students No of teachers No of schools Kebithigollewa (2010) 4647 290 - Rambewa 6807 451 31 Padaviya 4200 233 16 Medawachchiya 1865 594 - Anuradhapura District (2008) 544 83. Schools and other government officers located beside the proposed subproject roads are illustrated in Table 14
Table 14 Public sensitive locations beside the project roads Road name Chainage Public sensitive locations /government buildings 5.90 km (R) Mahanetiyawa Government school 22.40 km (R) Bellankadawala Government school B 211: Kebithigollewa - Padaviya road. 17.20 km (R) sub post office Kahatagahawewa 29.20 km (L) Base Hospital Padaviya 19.80 km (R) Padaviya Pradeshiya Sabah 25.60 km Office of Department of Forest A029: Vavuniya - Horowupathana road. 1.90 km (L) Government School of Iyaththigewewa 3.00 km (L) Ihalathammennawa Government school 5.50 km (R) Mahadivulwewa Government school 8.80 km (R) Ataweeragollewa Government school B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road. 12.00 km (R) Athakada Government school 11.90 km (L) Athakada Central Dispensary 24.00 km (L) Education Office of Kebithigollewa 143.80 km (R) Ikirigollewa Muslim Government School A009: Kandy - Jaffna Road. 145.70 km (R) Sangilikanadarawa Maha Vidyalaya, 146.00 km (L) Wahamalgollewa sub post office
Cultural Archaeological and Historical Significance 84. Anuradhapura is the first historical capital of Sri Lanka and today is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, From the 4th century BC, Anuradhapura was the capital city of Sri Lanka and until the beginning of 11th century it remained one of the most stable and durable centres of political power and urban life in South Asia. Although according to historical records the city was founded in 4th century BC, the archaeological data put the date as far back as 10th century BC. 85. Primary Buddhist attractions in Anuradhapura are the Atamasthana or the 8 main places of worship located within the Anuradhapura town boundary. These eight places include Sri Maha Bodhi, Lovamahapaya, Ruwanwelisaya, Thuparamaya, Abayagiriya, Jetavanaramaya, Mirisavetiya and Lankaramaya. In addition to the Atamasthana, Mihinthalawa was a thick jungle area inhibited by wild animals and was a hunting ground reserved for the royals. All this changed in 250 BC when the son of the Indian Emperor Asoka, Mahinda Maha Thero arrived at the Missaka Pauwa. Initially it was the Mahinda
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Maha Thero‘s residence, but later Mihinthale became a main centre for Theravada Buddhism. Sigiriya is rock fortress located away from Anuradhapura town. King Kassaypa made his kingdom at the top of the ―Sigiriya‖. It is a culturally significant place that is because it was nominated for eighth wonder of the world. Another important location is Isurumuniya built by King Devanampiyatissa. The carving of Isurumuniya lovers on the slab has been brought from another place and placed there. Thantirimale, Avukana, Vijithapura and Thalagulu Viharaya are also very important religious, historical, cultural and archaeological sites located within the district. 86. However none of the above mentioned Cultural, Archaeological and Historically significant sites are located in close proximity to the proposed subproject roads. But several locally important Buddhist temples are located beside the proposed roads and are listed below (Table 15)
Table 15 Locally important religious places located along the subproject roads Road name Chainage Religious places 25.20 km (R) Two temples B 211: Kebithigollewa - Padaviya road. 28.50 km (L) Isipathanaramaya 28.30 km (R) church A029: Vavuniya - Horowupathana road. 27.10 km (L) Temple in Iyaththigewewa 20.20 km (L) Sri Gonameriyawa temple B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road. 24.10 km (L) Kebithigollewa Temple
3.2.2. Mannar District 87. Mannar district is one of the five administrative districts of NP and surrounded by Puttalam, Anuradhapura, Vavuniya , Mullaitivu, Kilinochchi districts and long coastal area in the western part. The district covers 2002.7 Sq.km, which is approximately 3% of the total land area of Sri Lanka. The conflict that prevailed in the Northern region of the country for the last 30 years have destructed the large region including environment of Mannar district. Administratively Mannar district divided in to 5 DSD‘s: Mannar town, Manthai West, Madhu, Nanattan and Musali. Of these selected roads for rehabilitation runs through three DSD‘s (Mannar town, Madhu and Nanattan).
Physical Resources
Topography, Geology and Soil 88. Mannar district is located within the first peneplane which ranges from 0-125 m. The land area sits at low elevations which is less than 30 m from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). Terrain of the district is flat and gently undulating. Geology of the district consists with highly Karstic and permeable Miocene limestone aquifers which are present along the Northern and North Western coastal belt from Puttalam to Mullaitivu. In this belt the limestone aquifer is overlain at many places by permeable and comparatively thin quaternary sand and silty 27
clay deposits. In the North Western coastal belt extending from Puttalam to Mannar, the limestone aquifer is overlain by a 60 to 100 m thick Quaternary sand and clay sequence. 89. According to agricultural soil classification, major soil groups identified in the district are Reddish Brown Earth, Low Humic Gley, Red Yellow Latosol & Regosol soils, Solodized- Solonetz, Solonchaks & Grumusol soils (Figure 3). Regosol soil is mainly found in Mannar Island. Yellow red latosol found distinctively in coastal regions. The dark clay soil (Grumosol), covers around 12% of the total land area, and is ideally suited for paddy cultivation. Figure 3.Soil Distribution in Mannar District
16000 14000 12000
10000 8000
Ext in Ha in Ext 6000 4000 2000 0
Climate 90. Mannar district falls within low country dry zone and the climate is characterized by high temperature and low rainfall. The mean annual rain fall is below 1250 mm (642.8 mm in 2007). Majority of rain fall (nearly 60%) occurs during North East monsoon from October to December. The month of February, March and May to July are dry with very little rainfall. The mean annual temperature range from 240C to 330C and the highest temperatures are normally recorded during the month of May and August. Relative humidity of the district varies from 65 % to 86 % during the day.
Water Resources 91. Mannar district is located within the Northern river basin region and the Mahaweli inter basin region of the country. The district has a marine coastline of 163 km, fresh water area of 4867 ha and a brackish water area of 3828 ha. Water sources of the district are mainly used by the people for the purpose of drinking, irrigation, fishing and other industrial activities. 92. Rivers originating from the central hills such as Aruvi Aru (the second longest river in Sri Lanka), Nay aru, Parangi aru and Chippi aru run through Mannar District. The major
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agricultural reservoirs in the district are Gaint tank, Akaththimuippu, Viyadikulam, Mullikulam, Periyapandivirichan, Chenamaruthamadu tanks and Maruthamadhu Anicut etc. Mannar has artesian springs and aquifers which supply fresh water and it was used in successful cultivation in the past. Out of the total requirement of water in coastal region, more than 90% is obtained as groundwater. 93. There are many major, medium and minor fresh water tanks in the district (table 16 and17). The proposed A014 road runs through major irrigation tank called Giant tank (around 61.00 to 66.00 km). The command area of the tank is 24,438 acres (9,984 ha) and accounts for 5% of the total area of the district. It has the capacity to irrigate to 2005 acre land in Mannar division. There are 372 minor tanks available in the district with the total irrigable area of 14,368 ha. Dug wells and tube wells provide supplementary irrigation for crop cultivation. Table 16 Major Tanks in Mannar District Name of Major Tanks D.S. Division Irrigable Area (Acs) Giants Tank Manthai, Nanattan, Mannar 24,439 Akkathymurippu Kulam Musali 6,234 Viyadi Kulam Musali 1223 Sub Total 31,896
Table 17 Medium (Provincial) Tanks in Mannar District Irrigable Area Catchment Area Name of Tank Capacity (Ac./Ft) (Ha) (Sq.M1) (Sq.Km) Adampan Kulam 580 161.8744 4.50 11.65 Kurai Tank 2,062 303.5 9.60 24.86390 Marutha madu Anicut 410 226.6242 2.67 6.91527 Periyamadu Kulam 5,780 303.5 142.00 367.77858 Welmaruthamadu 2,766 303.5145 156.00 404.04 Periyapandivirichchan Kulam 2,816 245.2397 32.40 83.91568 Thatchanamaruthamadu Tank 1,141 214.4836 43.00 111.36957 Mullikulam 1,500 151.8 12.67 33.81 Total 17,055 1,911 403 1,044
Air Quality and Noise 94. No baseline survey was carried out to measure the air quality of Mannar district during past few decades. At present, most of the land area of the district is covered with forest and scrublands. Although there are a few small scale industries in the district, effect of them on air quality is very low. However vehicular traffic found within Mannar town can affect air quality to some extent. But apparently, air quality standards in the area are within the national ambient air quality standards.
Ecological Resources 95. Mannar district is unique in its vegetation and wildlife contrasting with the rest of Sri Lanka. Out of the total land area of 1996 Sq. km in Mannar district, over 50% is covered with forest. Forests types in the district are Dry Monsoon Forest, Riverine Dry Forest and Mangrove Forest which is usually associated with river mouths and lagoons. There are five forest reserves and 12 state reserves within the district which extend 40,697.07 and 53490.9 hectares respectively (Table 18 & 19). The important wetlands within the district are Adams 29
bridge, Palk bay, Vankalai and Giant tank. These characterized by a number of habitats such as freshwater, shallow brackish water inter-tidal mudflats, sand banks, lagoons and Sea grass beds. All these habitats provide feeding, breeding and nursery grounds for variety of plants and animal species. Table 18 Forest Reserves In Mannar District Extent in Name of FR/PR D.S.Division (Hec) Ninthavil FR Manthai west 7,720.35 Madhu FR Madhu 8,261.23 Madhu PR Madhu 14,164.30 Mavellu FR Musali 437.07 Veppal FR Nanattan 10,114.12 Total 40,697.07 Source: District Statistical Hand Book-2009, Mannar (FR: Forest Reserve, PR: Proposed Reserve)
Table 19 State Forest in Mannar District D.S Division Name of Forest Extent(ha Musali Chilavathurai 3237.55 Pannai Vedduwan 13529.37 Marichchukaddi 7284.5 Manthai West Sinnapandivirichchan 259 Periyapandivirichchan 4856.33 Palampiddy 4573.04 Vellankulam 6977.33 Parappukadanthan 4977.74 Madhu Iranai Iuppaikulam 7228.49 Coastal Area Vellankulam 162.87 Arippu 202.34 Chilavathurai 202.34 Total 53490.9
Source: District Statistical Hand Book-2008, Mannar
96. Mannar Island is considered as a paradise of birds. According to published data, more than 150 bird species have been recorded from Mannar Island and adjoining main lands. Adam‘s Bridge and Mannar Island are situated on one of the bird migration routes in the country. Talaimannar beach, the Periya Kalapuwa area, Giants Tank, Kora Kulam and the lagoon between Thoddaveli and Pesalai are other locations where birds are abundant. The shallow depths and muddy substrates support prawns, small fish species and clupeids, while more open ocean species found towards Mannar Island. The famous Mannar pearl bank is also located within the Palk Bay. 97. Giant tank sanctuary, Vankalai sanctuary and Madu road sanctuary are the important protected areas found within the district. Large numbers of butterflies, amphibians, reptiles , large and small mammals (Elephant, Toque monkey, Ring tailed civet cat, Spotted deer, Wild boar, Black tipped Mongoose, Grey mongoose) inhabit in these areas. The aquatic macrophytic vegetation is dominated by floating species such as Nelumbo nucifera and Nymphaea stellata and is found in reservoirs such as Giant‘s tank. The arid zone forests and
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dry scrubland are the major vegetation types that can be observed in surrounding landscape of Giant tank. The Vankalai sanctuary is located RHS of A014 road at 74 km to 78.4 km. 98. The Vankalai Sanctuary is the 4th Internationally Important Wetland of Sri Lanka, declared through a Gazette notification dated September 9, 2008 and upgraded as a Ramsar site in 2010. It is located North-West of Sri Lanka (8°56‘N 079°55‘E) and covers an area of 4,839 ha. The sanctuary consists of several ecosystems, range from arid-zone thorn scrublands, arid-zone pastures and maritime grasslands, sand dunes, mangroves, salt marshes, lagoons, tidal flats, sea-grass beds and shallow marine areas. Due to the integrated nature of shallow wetland and terrestrial coastal habitats, this sanctuary is highly productive, supporting high ecosystem and species diversity. The site provides excellent feeding and living habitats for more than 20,000 water birds during migratory season, including Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Penelope), of which Vankalai Sanctuary supports 1% of the population of the latter two species. 99. The coastal and marine ecosystems are important for over 60 species of fish, marine turtles, and rare species such as Dugongs (Dugong dugon). These ecosystems provide important spawning and feeding grounds for juvenile fish species such as Trevally (Caranx spp.), Snappers (Lutjanus spp.), and host a number of threatened species, such as Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Dugongs (Dugong dugon), and Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Vankalai Sanctuary sustains livelihoods of fisheries-dependent communities in the area. Part of the Vankalai Sanctuary is an archaeological site because it is partly located in the major port of ancient Sri Lanka, dated from 6th century BC to 13th century AD. The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWLC) is directly responsible for managing this diverse and culturally rich wetland.
Economic Development
Land Use and Agriculture 100. Total land area of Mannar district is 2002.07 Sq. km (202,206.79 ha). Out of the total area, 1991.00 Sq.km area is covered by land and the rest is (11 Sq. km) inland waters. Over 50% of land area in the district (131,046 ha) is covered with forest reserve. The rest of the land is occupied by human settlements, industries, roads and cultivation. The land available for cultivation is 33,334 ha (19%) and mainly consists of paddy, subsidiary crops, homestead land and fruit crop lands. Out of the total cultivable land 62% of paddy, 16% of Palmyra, 7% of coconut and 9% of highland crops are cultivated in the district. Following table (Table 20) shows the land use pattern in Mannar district and project DSDs in detail.
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Table 20 Land Use Pattern - Mannar District – 2007 Mannar Nanattan Manthai West Mannar District Category Musali Hec) Madhu Hec) Hec) Hec) Hec) Hec) Agricultural Lands Major 1,775 4,742 2,280 4,150 1,875 14,822 Paddy Minor - 25 225 1,400 1,705 3,355 Rain fed 100 125 330 535 210 1,300 Cashew 200 - 1,768 - 80 2,048 Perennial Coconut 2,010 134.3 175 71 13 2,403.3 Crops Palmyra 3,360 1,700 220 680 40 6,000 Highland Crops 1,589 189 352 804 472 3,406 Forest Reserve - - 14,613 8,132 - 22,745 State Lands - - 10,527 22,576 33,103 - - 438 7,727 8,165 - - 6,072 22,454 28,526 Others - 3,240 6,211.36 16,987 12,069 38,507.36 Residential Water Bodies,& Plantations 13,654. 4,841 4,211 4,350 10,769 37,826. and Barren Lands Total 22,688 14,996 47,422 44,836 72,263 202,206
Agriculture: 101. Agriculture is one of the key economic sectors in the district providing livelihoods for over 15000 families. Over 50% of the population in Mannar are involved in paddy cultivation. Paddy harvest is mainly obtained from Nanattan, Adampan and Musali areas. Gaint tank in Mannar DSD, Akaththimuippu, Viyadikulam, Maruthamadhu Anicut in Musali DSD, Mullikulam Tank, Periyapandivirichan, Thadchanamarutha madu in Madhu DSD, Priyamadu, Velimaruthamadu, Koorai, Adampankulam in Manthai West are the major irrigation reservoirs in the district which support agricultural activities. The Giant‘s tank itself irrigates about 11000 ha of paddy land and feeds 162 minor tanks. At the end of the monsoon season, it irrigates an additional 2500 ha. Akathimuripu is another major tank on the left bank of Aruvi Aru with a cultivated area of roughly 2,800 ha and an additional 225 ha. Minor tanks provide water for around 6053 ha. Table.21 indicates the Aswedumised extent of paddy in project affected DSDs in Mannar 2008.
Table 21 Aswedumised extent of paddy according to the DSDs of Mannar district – 2008 DS division Aswedumised extent (Hectares) By Irrigation Rain fed Total Major Minor Mannar Town 2,075 20 388 2483 Madhu 450 1175 110 1735 Nanattan 4840 942 1226 7008 Total 14,822 4,149 4,109 23,080 Source: Statistical Branch Mannar 2010
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102. Other than paddy, crop distribution in the district is mainly Palmyra, Coconut and several subsidiary crops (kurakkan, maize, sorghum, green gram, cow pea, dhal, manioc, sweet potatoes, onion and chillies) during Yala and Maha seasons (Figure 4). Variety of soil types found within the district is suitable for these food crops. For example Grumusol (clay soil) has a high potential for paddy cultivation averaging 4.7 – 5.4 MT per ha. Regosol soil which is mainly found in Mannar Island is good for vegetables, Palmyra and coconut. Yellow red latosol soil which is found distinctively in coastal regions of Mannar is good for vegetables, horticulture and other field crops. Reddish brown earth soil is also good for field crops, vegetables, horticulture and forestry.
Figure 4 Production of subsidiary crops in Yala/ Maha 2009 in Mannar district 350
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100 ProductionMt. in 50
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103. Animal husbandry provide considerable amount of income and employment opportunities for the people in terms of cattle and cow milk production (227,979 l), eggs and meat production from chickens, ducks, pigs, goat and sheep (table 22 and 23). Table 22 Livestock population of Mannar District in 2009 (Nos) District Cattle Buffaloes Goats Pigs Poultry Turkey Gini Fowl Ducks Rabbits Others Mannar 15274 1,448 6691 30 46,660 96 172 376 25 40 Total in NP 77,215 2,805 95531 244 598,946 1,863 1,045 1,701 408 153
Source: Dept. AP & H, NP
Table 23 Milk, egg & meat production in Mannar district in 2009 Milk ( litres/day) Eggs ( Nos / Meat ( Kg/day) Other products ( District Cow Milk Buffalo Milk Day) Beef Mutton Chicken Curd Ghee Mannar 2,068.00 134.00 4,280.00 1,930.00 285.00 2,373.00 87.00 38.00 Total in NP 76,129.00 264.00 143,589.00 7,271.26 2,129.52 17,904. 1,770 149 Source: Dept. of AP & H, NP 33
Industries 104. Prior to the conflict, the economy of Mannar district was mainly based on agriculture, fishing and salt production industry. At present agriculture and fishing are the two major income generation activities found within the district. Although there are some large scale industries (Table 24), they produce below capacity due to lack of labour, infrastructure facilities and damage occurred during war. For an example the Mannar saltern industry produced around 4,000 MT (Metric Tons) of salt annually prior to the war but the production has reduced dramatically buy now. Currently this company supplies limited quantities of salt for fishing industry & dry fish production, Pesalai ice production centre, multi-purpose cooperative societies and private sector for their consumption. 105. Although Mannar has a large fishing population, absence of local boat manufacturing industry within the district has given rise to several problems associated with fisheries. The capacity of ice production in Pesalai ice factory has also reduced due to age of the factory, damage occurred due to war and neglected maintenance.
Table 24 Large Scale Industries in Mannar – 2010 Description Type of Employees Source of If not functioning Location ofIndustry Industry Skill Un skill Energy why Saltern Salt Periya kadai 15 35 Fuel Ice factory Ice Keeri 04 02 Electricity Ice factory Ice Siruthoppu 06 02 Electricity 90% Establishment Ice factory Ice Moor Street 03 02 Electricity work completed Canning Factory Tin Fish Pesalai 25 70 Not function Poultry Food Poultry Pesalai 14 32 Not function Factory Food Source: Divisional Secretariat – Mannar Town. 106. Apart from that there were 902 Small / Medium Industries, 297 Cottage Industries and 174 Service industries which provide employment to around 2333 people (Figure 5 )
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Figure 5 Small and medium scale industries in Mannar district - 2010
2% 2% 2% 7% 2% 1% Animal Production 20% Agriculture 5% Handloom 0% Carpentry 3% 0% Aluminium Fabrication Food Based Construction Chemical Production Engineering Services 56% Jewellery Tailoring Other industry
Fishing Industry 107. Fishing is a major contributor to the local economy in Mannar and provides livelihood for large portion of population in Mannar and Musali divisions. Over 50% of the population rely heavily on fishing activities. There are about 9679 active fishermen in 41 fishing villages in Mannar district and the annual fish production is around 8500 MT. Out of that 15% fish production is utilized for dry fish production, 5% for local consumption and the remaining 80% is transported to other districts. The district has been playing a crucial role supplying sea foods such as prawns, crabs, cuttlefish and sea cucumbers to other parts of the country. Variety of fishing methods such as lagoon, coastal and off shore fishing and obtaining other marine products through diving is practiced by fisherman. However, most of the fishing is now concentrated to coastal areas. Marine fishing area stretches from Thavenpiddy to Mullikulam in the east and Talaimannar to the south. Inland fishing was abandoned during the years of conflict and offshore fishing is constrained by the restrictions placed on multi- day boats, due to security reasons. In addition, majority of anchorage facilities are damaged or destroyed. These reasons have directly impact on reduction in fish production, fisheries livelihoods and other supporting private businesses like lubricants, batteries and boat and out-board motor repairs.
Mineral industry: 108. Mannar district is built up of limestone of Quaternary and Miocene complex. The district has been recognized as an excellent place for providing raw materials for cement, tile, brick and pottery industries. For example, Montmorillonite clay is available in various parts of Mannar, particularly in Murunkan, and is the only place in Sri Lanka where this kind of clay can be obtained. This clay is used in making cement and it was transported to Kankasanthurai Cement Factory before destruction of railway network due to war. 35
Tourism Industry: 109. Since there are plenty of tourism attraction sites on the district, it has a high potential to develop the tourism industry. The wetlands and sanctuaries such as Madhu and Giant Tank play a major role for attracting wildlife lovers and naturalists, especially bird watchers. Beautiful beaches like Talaimannar village, important archaeological sites such as Catholic churches built by the Portuguese, the Adam‘s Bridge and important religious centres like ―Tirukketishvaram Hindu Temple―, Madu Church are the other places which attract both local and foreign visitors.
Infrastructure Facilities 110. For a variety of reasons, water supply and sanitation are key issues faced by the people who live in Mannar. Since the district is located in the driest part of the country, many areas suffer shortages of potable water, especially during the dry season. People living along the Mannar coasts are particularly affected because of the salinity of well water. This situation has worsened due to the armed conflict. Most of the wells were abandoned and disused by people for a long period of time. Although, there are 44% individual wells and 57% common wells throughout the district, they need to be repaired or reconstructed immediately. Additionally, more deep tube wells will be necessary to reach fresh aquifers. Another difficulty faced by Mannar residents is lack of telecommunication services. Land phones are disconnected in nearly all parts of the district except in Mannar town. Although, the internet connectivity exists (via dial-up only), it is extremely slow. Credit facilities are also in poor condition, largely due to the local situation that prevailed where business turnover was poor and this affected the farmers, fishermen as well as local businessmen in the district. Electricity is available many areas of the district and the present situation of supply is at a satisfactory level. 111. The existing transport infrastructure in the Mannar district is very poor. However, several projects are now in progress to improve this sector. Major projects established recently are the construction of new Mannar bridge and improvement of causeways and connecting roads by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Apart from that, Mannar has an ancient port which needs to be expanded into a large harbour. It is estimated that the present 'Sethusamudram Project' by the Indian Government will bring 90% of the shipping traffic very near to Mannar Harbour. 112. Several studies have shown that there is a potential to exploit oil under the sea off Sri Lanka‘s North West Coast, particularly in Mannar Basin. The Petroleum Ministry had called for bids from international oil companies for exploration of petroleum hydrocarbons in Blocks 2, 3 and 4 in the Mannar Basin. This will certainly give Mannar district an identity in the country‘s economic landscape.
Social and Cultural Development
Population and Community 113. Mannar district is divided into 5 DSD‘s namely Madhu, Mannar, Manthai West, Musali and Nanattan. These DSDs are further sub-divided into 153 GND‘s. According to 1981 census, total population in the district was 106235. Out of them 53.37% was male while
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46.59% was female. Population density of the district was 53 person /sq. km. Out of the total population of the district, most were Sri Lankan Tamils, The rest was Indian Tamils, Sri Lankan moor, Sinhalese, Burgher, Malay and other ethnic groups (Figure 6.). The religious (Hindus, Muslims, Catholics and Christians) wise population of the district follows the same pattern. Figure 6 Population distribution in Mannar district (census – 1981) 60000
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0 Sinhalese Indian Sri Lankan Sri Lankan Burgher Malay other Tamil Tamils moor
114. The estimated population from year 2006 to 2009 in Mannar district is illustrated in Table 25. This reduction of the population sizes is mainly because, the civil war. The war has lost people‘s lives and displaced many. Some have fled to other parts of the country. Hence obtaining accurate demographic data is difficult. Table 25 Population of Mannar district by DSDs 2006 - 2009 D.S.Division 2006 2007 2008 2009 Mannar 47,600 51,249 51,579 54,345 Manthai West 18,954 26,741 ** 7,850 Madu 12,687 4,498 2,507 2,623 Total 103,671 103,688 75,755 93,961 Source: Statistical Hand Book -2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 200 District Planning Secretariat, Mannar
Employment: 115. Total labour force in Mannar 1997 was 67600 of which about 87.6% were employed. Currently, most of the people engage in fishing and agriculture activities. The fisheries itself provides a lot of employment opportunities for the people. Agriculture is mainly based on major food crops such as Paddy, Coconut, Palmyra and some subsidiary food crops. Other than that, small scale industries such as pottery, grinding mills, Palmyra products, jewellery manufacturing and carpentry, provide considerable amount of employment opportunities to the people in the district.
Health and Educational Facilities 116. There was one base hospital, four district hospitals, one peripheral unit, two central dispensaries, maternity homes and one rural hospital in the district. But some of them are 37
not functioning by now (Table.26 & 27). There is one central Ayurvedic hospital in Thalvupadu, Mannar Town DSD, and few free Ayurvedic hospitals in Mannar Town DSD and Musali DSD.
Table 26 Information regarding the hospitals by DSD of Mannar District– 2007 DS Division Hospital BH Mannar / DH Thalai Mannar / PU Pesalai / CD & MH Erukalampiddy/ PMCU Mannar Town Thiruketheeswaram* Manthei West DH Adampan /RH Vidathalthivu Madhu PMCU Periyamadhu*/PMCU Iranaillupaikulam/PMCU Priyapandiviricahn* Musali DH Chilavathurai*/ PMCU Marichukaddy* Nanattan DH Murunkan/ CD & MH Vankalai Source: Ministry of Health Sri Lanka (* indicates hospitals not functioning) Table 27 Medical / Health Institutions in Mannar District- 2009 Curative Care Institutions District General Hospital 1 Divisional Hospital 9 Primary Medical Care unit 6 Chest Clinic 1 STD Clinic 1 Grand Total 18 Preventive Care Institutions HC 41 School Dental Clinic 3 MOH 4 AMC 1
Education facilities: 117. The entire district is divided into two educational zones namely Mannar and Madhu. In Mannar Educational Zone (Mannar, Nanattan, Musali) there are about 77 schools while in Madhu Educational Zone (Manthei West, Madhu, Mannar) there are 42 schools. Out of them only 98 schools are functioning of which 3 are National and 95 are Provincial schools (Table 28). The education sector was also adversely affected by the conflict. Many of the original structures are damaged or destroyed. The total number of teaching positions for both zones is 1303. However, currently there are only 799 positions filled, leaving 38% of teaching appointments vacant. Table 28 Schools by Type and Status by Mannar District, 2010 Functioning Schools Temporary Closed Re Recently Grand Sub Sub Opening lAB 1C II RI lAB 1C II RI Displaced Total Total Total School 8 14 39 37 98 1 1 7 12 21 33 43 119 Source: Ministry of Education, NP 118. Following table (29) shows schools, hospitals and other government institutions located along the A014 road.
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Table 29 Government Institutions located along the A014 road Road name Chainage Public sensitive locations /government buildings 47.80 km Sinhala Maha Vidyalaya Madu 50.30 km Roman Catholic Tamil school Kaddaiyadpam 61.80 km (L) Government school, Murungan 68.80 km (L) Roman Catholic Tamil school Mathottam A014: 60.30 km (L), Market, Murungan Medawachchiya - 61.10 km (L), Veterinary Surgeon Office, Murungan Mannar – 61.40 km (L), Police station, Murungan Talaimannar road. 61.50 km (L) Hospital, Murungan 62.00 km (L) District Fertilizer Store, Yodha wewa 62.30 km (L) Agrarian Service Centre, Yodha wewa 62.30 km (L) Irrigation office, Yodha wewa
Cultural Archaeological and Historical Significance 119. Mannar is rich with 127 historical, archaeological and culturally significant places. The history of the district goes back to the ancient times even before the Mahavansa was written. Mannar was the place where Hanuman, the monkey warrier mentioned in Ramayana arrived in Lanka with his troops. He built a bridge to cross the Mannar gulf from Rameswaran and today it is known as Adams Bridge. As shown by the ocean scientists this bridge is sunk to-day in the deep sea and need to be preserved as a cultural heritage. 120. There are several historical and religious places such as Tirukketheeswaram and Madhu church in mainland in Mannar. The Madu Church is one of the ancient churches in Asia and is located near Murunkan. The Hindu Culture in the District is personified in ancient temple at Thiruketheeswaram, which was in a dilapidated condition for a long time. This temple was built near the ancient port of Manthai, which was an entry point for Arab traders. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of the temple had been undertaken with funds provided by the Government. Nearly 100,000 pilgrims from all parts of the Island visits this place annually. The temple provides necessary facilities to the pilgrims,. As mentioned in Ramayanaya, the Ketheeswaram Hindu temple which was built by Rama is also located near the town of Mannar, and is one of the five ancient Sivan temples around the Island . Apart from that the Pesalai Church (largest church in Sri Lanka), Madu Church, Kali Temple (ancient Christian Churches) are also located in Mannar district. Other than those 133 Hindu temples, 142 Churches, 56 mosques and 3 Buddhist temples are located in the district. Following table (30) shows locally important religious places located beside the A014 road. Table 30 Religious places located beside the A014 road Chainage Religious places 47.30 km (R) Sri Bodhi raja Viharaya 47.60 km (R Church, Madu 52.30 km (R) Church 59.50 km Purana Viharaya, Murungan 121. The principal sea port Mahatitta / Mantai or Matota which is located opposite the modern Mannar town, was recorded as the largest and most important port in the Indian Ocean. In ancient times traders from East Asia and Mediterranean countries met and engaged in trading oyster pearls and elephant tusks etc in this port. This place is also considered as a transit centre of the Indo-Arians. The Pandyan princess who was brought here as Vijaya‘s queen also landed at this port. The port of Talaimannar, which is the 39
terminus of the Railway from Talaimannar. Nearly 18 miles by sea from this port, a ferry service was operated to India - Dhanuskody. Apart from this port, the Aravi aru / Arippu has greater significance, since it is the place where king Vijaya landed in the country with his group. The Giant tank / Mahamattaka which was built by king Dhatusena (455-473), is also an important place found in the district.
3.2.3. Jaffna District 122. Selected roads for the improvement are distributed within four DSDs of Jaffna district. These are Jaffna, Valikamam West (Chankanai), Valikamam South West (Sandilipai) and Island North (Kayts) DSDs.
Physical Resources
Topography, Geology and Soil 123. Jaffna district is located in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka and occupies most of the Jaffna peninsula. It has an area of 1,025 Sq. km out of which 929 Sq. km is land and the rest (96 Sq. km) is inland water. General topography of Jaffna district is flat and slightly undulating and arises up to 35‘ from MSL. The topography of Chankanai / Valikamam West DSD is even and rises gradually from the sea coast and is located near the Indian Ocean (Palk Strait) on the North West, North and Jaffna Lagoon on the South. It has a coast line of 12 km of which 4 km faces the Indian Ocean and the rest faces the Jaffna lagoon. 124. Geological formations of Quaternary and Miocene limestone are predominant in the Jaffna peninsula and are of Phanerozoic era. Prominent rock types in Miocene geological formation are limestone, sand rocks whereas rock types in quaternary geological formation are gravel, partly ferruginized, red brown earth, sand, beach and dunes sand, brown and grey sand, alluvial and lagoon deposits and clay silt, 125. Soil of this area is physio-graphically grouped into KARST plain and COASTAL plain. The most common soil type in the district is Latosol. Well drained, brown to dark brown, derived from clay loam deposits of variable depth underlain by lime stone. The soil composition of the district is shown in Figure 7. Soil of the district is commonly suitable for cultivation of perennial and seasonal crops.
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Figure 7 Distribution of soil types in Jaffna district
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0 Sandy Alluvial Alkaline Latosol Calcic Red Red Coral Regasoals Yellow Yellow Limestone Lattesol Lattesol
126. According to Indian geological opinion part of the district falls within the Petroleum belt of Naively of South India which crosses the Palk Straight and falls into Mannar Gulf.
Climate 127. Agro climatically the district falls into low country dry zone of Sri Lanka which is further categorized into DL3 and DL4 Zones. Climatically Jaffna district is hot with a temperature ranging from 270 C to 320 C. The highest temperature is normally recorded in April and May. Average annual rainfall of the district is below 1500 mm. 128. The district receives the highest rainfall (around 80 to 85%) by North East monsoon which is also known as Maha /Major season (December-February), and the rest is experienced during Second Inter Monsoon (October to November). During this period, there is a possibility of experiencing minor cyclones as well. A small amount of rain is received during the South West monsoon/ Yala season (May to September) period and is generally dry. However localized sporadic rainfall events can also be observed during this period. (Yala season). Wind velocity is relatively high during the month of May and June. High temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and its direction are the important factors determining post population dynamics and crop performance in the area.
Water resources 129. Streams and inland tanks are the major fresh water resources in the district. Most of them are seasonal which gets dried during dry season. Rainfall is the main source of water and is percolated into the soil and stored underground, which is used for agriculture and other purpose during dry season. Therefore the water table in the area goes deeper during dry season and rises up during rainy season. Due to natural geological underground formation, ground water is available at depths of 6 to 14 meters. Groundwater is used for drinking purposes through dug wells and water for cultivation is obtained from agricultural wells (abandoned) by lift irrigation. 41
130. Other than that there are many (Kulams) ponds in the district which are now mostly silted, constructed primarily to provide lift irrigation and as funnel for subterranean aquifers. There are 494 minor tanks in the district with the total Irrigable Area of 9,662 ha. Number of farm families benefited by these tanks are 10,066. Jaffna lagoon which is of a length of 15 km is an important water resource in the project area. It is boarded at the widest part at Pannai (Eastern) and ends at Kayts (Western) allowing netted openings to maintain water level and salt concentration in the lagoon. This becomes an ideal ―Closed Home‖ salt water lake for fish, prawns and shrimps culture. 131. Although Jaffna district does not have rivers, channel named Valukkai Aru (seasonal river) is present in the district. Length of this channel is 5000 feet and total area is 49 km2. It rises from Vasavilan, running along many areas (Tellipalai, Ambanai, Alaveddy, Kandaroddai, Uduvil, Sandilipai, Navali) and ending at Arali barrage in Vali West division. 132. So far no comprehensive hydrological survey has been carried out to assess the quantity and quality of water available in the district. However well water in most residential areas is brackish since the district is located close to sea and lagoons. In some areas water has been extracted excessively, resulting in risk of salt water intrusion into the fresh water.
Air Quality and Noise 133. Since the project area is free from large scale industries, emissions which deteriorate air quality could not be observed. However dust emanation from deteriorated gravel roads , emissions from operation of vehicles, domestic activities, burning of forest patches, burning wood and kerosene stoves etc... can deteriorate the air quality of the project area temporarily However as the project area is rich in vegetation; all such emissions will be very well dissipated. 134. According to Schedules I and II of National environmental (Noise Control) regulations No.1 1996 (924/12), the study area belongs to ―Low noise area‖.
Ecological Resources 135. Ecological resources belonging to the Jaffna district are typical to the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The forest type in the district is Dry Monsoon Forest and consists with semi deciduous vegetation. Other than that, Mangrove forests are also present along intertidal sheltered coastlines, usually associated with river mouths and lagoons. Vegetation usually consist of Rhyzophora species. The freshwater inland tanks, ponds and streams within the district housed for many aquatic floral and faunal species. Several marshy lands could also be observed in the district. The coastal area of the district consists of high biodiversity with many aquatic faunal and floral species such as fish, alga and marine grass species. However most of above habitats have been modified or destroyed mainly due to the civil war that prevailed for about 30 years in the district. 136. With respect to floral and faunal distribution different types of habitats including scrub forest, mangrove strips, forest patches, chena cultivations, home gardens, paddy fields and water bodies (both marine and inland) can be observed within the project area . Major environment sensitive area located along the AB021 and AB019 is Jaffna lagoon. This area belongs to bird migratory pathway and several winter and summer migrants arrive
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during end of August and from March to April respectively. The lagoon is also famous for several commercially important fish species. Thiruvadinilai beach in Chankanai area is another environmental sensitive site of the district. 137. Main identified problems related to environment pollution in the district are solid waste disposal, soil mining and agrochemical usage. In particular, solid waste is a major problem as population density is high in urban and suburbs in the district. There is a huge garbage disposal site of Jaffna MC located around 5.4 km (R) of AB21 road. Apart from that municipal solid waste (including sewerage) and Pradeshiya Sabah wastes is dumped at Kallundaiveli. Improper solid waste disposal practices form bad odour, reduce scenic beauty and provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and other insects. Therefore proper solid waste management is essential. 138. Recently water scarcity has been an increasing problem in the district due to salt water intrusion, sudden development of infrastructure of the city and increasing temperature resulting in drought condition. Soil mining is taking place at ponds, bare lands (mainly in Kaddudai G.N division) and mining of sand takes place in coastal areas of Kalundaiveli and Navaly. This sand is mainly used for the purpose of road construction. However this may induce seawater erosion during rainy season, loss soil fertility and increasing saline condition of drinking water wells.
Economic Development
Land Use 139. The total area of the district is 1025. Sq. km which is 1.58 % of the total land area of the country. Out of that 929 km is land area and the remaining area consists of inland water (96.00 Sq. km). Majority of the land area of the district consists of residential areas, saline and barren lands and forests. The total land area available for cultivation in 2009 was 362.93 sq. km and mainly consists of Paddy, Palmyra and several perennial crops. Following figure (8) shows the land use pattern of the district in 2009.
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Figure 8 Land use pattern of Jaffna district in 2009
Paddy 2% 6% 7% Arable Crops 4% Fruit Crops 11% 2% Coconut Palmyrah 3% 21% Economic Trees
Rocky Lands 12% Sandy and Syrup Jungles
Saline, Alkaline and Barren Lands 3% 1% Buildings, Roads and other 16% Homestead Lands 12% Area under Inland Water
Land which cannot be cultivatable due to present situation Land got damaged in permanent crops
Source: District Statistical Hank Book - Jaffna. – 2009
140. AB021 and AB19 roads passes through various manmade land use types (fishing villages, residential areas, business premises, government and private sector buildings, religious places, agricultural areas, chena cultivations, plantation crops) and several natural habitats (coastal habitats, lagoons, small islands, mangrove strips, mangrove forest patches, large extent of bare lands and scrub forests). The land use pattern in each DSD of the project area are summarised in Table 31. Table 31 Land Use Pattern in project affected DSDs of Jaffna District Nature of Land Jaffna DSD (Ha) Chankanai DSD Sandilipai DSD Kayts Total area 1700 4,730 4,740 4511 Land area 1085.1 2,613 2,085 - Water area 614.9 2,117 2,655 - Agricultural land 46 1,357 1,037 400 Other crops 20 1,499 1,175 115 Forest land 0 184 339 0 Other (Sea Shore/ Crown 203 170 279.2 - land/ Hazard land)
Agriculture 141. Agriculture is the major source of income generating activity in the Jaffna district and around 70% of families are engaged in this sector. The district has a high potential for paddy production and is cultivated under rain fed system in Maha season (during the North
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East monsoon period). The total Aswedumised extent of paddy lands in 2009/Maha season in Jaffna district was 13,102.00 ha. Out of which nearly 8000 ha was cultivated and the total paddy production was 12,893 Mt. However about 2000 ha of paddy land has identified as marginal due to salinity problem. Other than that conflict prevailed in NP has severely affected the major and minor irrigation systems and distribution canals. 142. Other than paddy, perennial crops, vegetables and fruits are cultivated during the whole year using underground water. Perennial crops such as Palmyra and Coconut are significant plantations in the district. Other than paddy, variety of vegetables (Beans, Tomato, Brinjals, Cabbage, Beetroot, Bitter Gourd, Snake Gourd, Okra, Pumpkin, and subsidiary food crops such as Gingerly, Chilli, Green gram, Onion, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Kurakkan) are cultivated during Maha and Yala season. Out of these, district has high potential for red onion cultivation. In general these subsidiary crops are cultivated in the paddy land after harvesting period. Other than above crops Grapes, Mango, Jack Fruit, Plantain, Lime, Orange, Papaya, Pomegranate, Guava, Passion Fruit, Pine Apple are the major fruit types cultivated in the district.
Animal Husbandry 143. Livestock sector is an important component of the farming system of the district which generates additional income, employment opportunities and high nutritious food (milk, milk products and meat) for the poor people of this area. Majority of the people in the area depend on Poultry (295,576), Goat (69,489 of goats) and Dairy farming (56,497 of cattle). Other than that animals such as sheep, pigs, turkey, gini fowl, ducks and rabbits are reared in small quantities :4223 (Figure 9 and Table 32). Agriculture – Livestock integrated farming system is very famous in this area from ancient time. Most of the people are traditionally have one or two cows, goats and few birds (Turkeys, Quils, and Pigeons) at their premises. Since thousands of acres of grazing lands are available in the district, there is a tendency of improving dairy farming. Poultry farming is also a developing area due to availability of poultry meals and marketing opportunities.
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Figure 9 Animal Husbandry in Jaffna District - 2009
1%
13% Cattle rearing
16% Goat rearing
Poultry farming 70%
Other (sheep, pigs, ducks and rabbits
Table 32 Livestock Population in project affected DSDs of Jaffna district In– 2010 Type of Animal husbandry Jaffna DSD Chankanai DSD Sandilipai DSD Kayts DSD No. of Milk Cows 250 3,654 1,031 348 No. of other Cows 230 2,446 1,015 1390 Cattle Rearing 2010 No. of Calves 20 948 430 410 Total 500 7,048 2,476 2148 No. of She Goats 763 4,556 1322 1083 Goat Rearing 2010 No. of He Goats 315 2,241 1,435 400 Total 1078 6,482 2,757 1483 No. of Cock Birds 2286 2,927 2,532 1349 No.of Chickens 4229 4244 6,915 1191 Poultry Farming 2010 No. of Laying Hens 7934 14,287 - 3005 No. of Broiler 4669 8,750 - 1400 Total 19118 30,208 39,205 6945 Source: Dept. AP & H, NP
144. Cattle are mainly reared for milk and manure. Unwanted male and culled animals are sold for meat purpose. The vast majority of milk producers in the division are peasant farmers who first satisfy their family requirements and then sell any surplus milk. Goats are multipurpose animals and are reared for producing milk, meat, skins and hair. Poultry is mainly for eggs and meat. The total amount of milk, eggs, meat and other productions of Jaffna district in 2009 are indicated in Table 33.
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Table 33 Livestock production in Jaffna district in 2009 Production type Amount Cow Milk 38,967 Milk (litres/day) Buffalo Milk 82,256 Goat Milk 3,191 Beef 3,775 Meat ( Kg/day) Mutton 1,608 Chicken 5,263 Curd 1,213 Other products Ghee 91.5 ( Litres/day) Yoghurt 6 Others 16.5 Eggs (Nos / Day) 120,192.00 Source: Dept. of AP & H, NP
Fishing 145. Apart from Agriculture, fishing industry plays a major role in the economy and provides many employment opportunities to the people living in the district. In 2009 there were18197 active fisherman, 18258 fishing families and number of people dependent on it was around 20,715. Total fresh and dried fish production of the district in 2009 was 11,978 and 735.54 Mt respectively. Around 4406 mechanized and non- mechanized fishing crafts, 8 ice plants, 102 fishing landing sites, 1 fishery harbour (in Tellipalai DSD), 10 anchorage point and.116 fishery Co-operative Societies helped in this regard. Details of fishing Industry in project affected DSDs in 2010 is summarised in following table (Table 34). Table 34 Details of Fishing Industry in project affected DSDs in 2010 Jaffna Chankanai Sandilipai Kayts Factor DSDs DSD DSD DSD Fishing Families 3437 1632 1,956 - No. of Active Fishermen 4484 2650 1,490 - Fish Production (Mt) 500.4 - 3373.6 7672.93 Dried Fish Production (Kg) 75.9 - - - Fishery Co-operative Society 7 12 15 - Ice Plants 4 - - - Mechanized fishing craft 259 - 264 128 Non-mechanized fishing craft 340 229 213 239 Fishing landing sites 5 8 05
146. According to Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources of Sri Lanka, Jaffna district is divided into 14 fisheries inspector Division. At present both marine and brackish water fishing (mainly pawn fishing) are practiced in Jaffna. However many people depend on marine fisheries. Two types of marine fishing methods (i.e. deep sea and lagoon fishing) take place in the district. Mechanized FRP boats & traditional nets (Cash Net Fishing) are used for deep sea fishing while Vallam, outboard motors & traditional Vallam (Non Mechanized boats and Vallam) are used in lagoon fishing. Specific catches in deep sea 47
fishing include Valai, Skate, Soodai, Shark, Seer, Seela and Rock fish while prawns, Crabs, Kayal, Sirayal & Thiral are the specific fish catches in lagoon fishing. 147. Mathakal thurai, Kusamanthurai, Chavatkaddu, Anaikottai and Navaly are some areas famous for fishing in the district. Exclusively traditional fisheries methods (i.e. wooden crafts with sail and mat, Small Kalangaddy and ―Prawn cage‖) are practiced in Ponnalai,Moolai, Vaddukkoddai and Araly areas of the Jaffna lagoon. Fish vendors, dry fish producers market their catches in Manipay market, Chankanai market and Pandatheruppu market. 148. Some decades ago, fishery was one of the major income generation activities of the people living along the coastal belt of the Jaffna district. Number of fishing families in 2003 were above 15,000 and the total fish production was around 21,000 Mt. Compared with the year 2003, the total number of fishing families has been increased up to 20,000 by 2009, however there is a considerable reduction of the total fish production (11,978 Mt.) in the district (Figure 10). However this industry was heavily affected during war period and natural catastrophes including Tsunami in 2004 and ―Nisha Cycolone in 2008. These disasters caused extensive damage to many deep sea areas (eg. Chulipuram) and to the fishing materials. Government of Sri Lanka has taken several steps to rehabilitate this sector.
Figure 10.Fishing families and fresh fish production in Jaffna district 2003 - 2009 25,000
20,000
15,000 Fishing families (No)
Number 10,000 Total fish production (Mt) 5,000
0 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 Year
Source: Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources & D.F.E. Note: - DFEO - District Fisheries Extension Office – No data Available for 2006 due to war condition.
149. At present deficiency of Infrastructure facilities, decline in fish catches, damaged Jetties are the major problems associate with fishing. To solve these problems, increasing the number of infrastructure, getting permanent locations for fisheries cooperatives, preventing intrusion of Indian fisherman and taking measure to sustainable fishing are suggested. Apart from that establishment of fishery harbours, improvement of Sea shore
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facilities, supplement of instruments, create store facilities are essential for the development of fishing in the district.
Other Industries 150. Apart from the agriculture and fisheries, the industrial sector plays a considerable role in economic development of people in Jaffna. The major industries in the district were centred on production of Cement, Arrack, Boat Building and Fishing Net many of which were destroyed during the war period hence not functioning properly at present (Table 35). Table 35 Major Industries in Jaffna District - 2009 Industries Product Location Nature Sri Lanka Cement Factory Cement Kankesanthurai Not functioning Sri Lanka Cement Factory Cement Jaffna Not functioning Industrial sheds & developed plots Achchuveli Industrial Estate for various small & medium Atchuchuveli Not functioning industries Palmyra Distillery Industries Arrack Thikkam Functioning Karainagar Boat Yard Boat Building Karainagar Functioning Fishing Net Factory Fishing Net Kurunagar Functioning
151. Other than large scale industries people in the district depend on small & medium industries, cottage industries and service industry. The number of medium & small, cottage and service industries in the district are 1411 and their distribution in project affected DSDs are illustrated in Table 36.
Table 36 Number of Industries in each DSDs Industry Jaffna DSD Chankanai DSD Kayts DSD Medium & Small Scale Industry 132 452 20 Cottage Industry 103 30 22 Service Industry 30 80 27
Tourism 152. Tourism is another sector that can be developed in the Jaffna district. There were no visitors to Jaffna before 2008 due to the civil war in the country. However this condition changed after the re-opening of A9 road. Jaffna Public Library, Nagadeepa temple and kovil, Dambakola patuna temple, Dutch Church are few potential tourist sites where both local and international tourists are attracted. The main tourist attraction sites in project affected DSDs and their importance are summarised in Table 37.
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Table 37 Main tourist attraction sites in project affected DSDs and their importance DSD Tourists attraction site Importance In the 1980‟s it was one of the biggest library in Asia, containing over 97,000 Jaffna Public Library. books and manuscripts. The architecture of the building was Indo-Saracenic style Jaffna DSD Belief that Lord Buddha visited Nagadeepa during his second visit to the Nagadeepa Vihara country to resolve a conflict between 'Naga' tribesmen. 'Naagapushani Amman' Belief that the old statue of God in this kovil emerged from the earth, kovil thousands of years ago. Thiruvadinilai Spiritual One of the important Spiritual beaches in the Jaffna district for Hindus. Paralai beach Vinayagar Temple‟s water cutting ceremony is also celebrated at this beach. Very ancient and large church in this area and considered as a significant Dutch Church Chankanai archaeological point by the Department of Archaeology in SL. DSD Chulipuram Paralai One of the ancient and historical temples in Jaffna district. Pillaiyar Kovil Ponnalai Varatharaja One of the big, famous and ancient Hindu Vaisnawa temple in the Jaffna Perumal Kovil district. Many racial and religious tourists visit to this temple. Mathagal - Buddhist female Monk Sangamithai reached this Place firstly in Sri Sampilthurai Sangamithai Lanka with a Branch of Sree Mahabodhi Tree. Temple
Sandilipai Kalaiyodai Amman DSD Belief that “Kannaki Amman” god rests in tiredness in this place Temple Nunasai and Mathagal- There are 7 holes in the temple pond with unknown deepness Murugan temples Kayts DSD No such tourist attraction sites
153. Since the district consists of many natural landscapes including lagoons, coastal beaches, marsh lands which are rich in biodiversity and scenic beauty it has high potential for ecotourism. On the other hand, ancient marine and brackish water fishing practices, small scale industries like handloom, Coir, Carpentry, Pottery, Agriculture has the potential to attract eco-tourists. Therefore development of AB19 and AB021 will greatly help to improve the tourism sector in the district.
Infrastructure Facilities Transport 154. There are 4 National highways (9.51 km), 11 A class roads (279.73 km), 31 B class roads (220.58 km) and 198 C & D Class roads (571.79 km) in the district. Various modes of transportation are (busses, three wheelers, vans, motor cycles and bicycles) are used by people. But bicycles are the convenient mode of transportation for many people. Lorries, trucks, tractors and other heavy vehicles are used for transportation of goods and heavy materials. At present problems related to roads are damage occurred during war, rush in transport services, stagnation of water, pot hole patching, encroachment and garbage disposal on the roadsides. At present many repairing and reconstruction road projects are being implemented as a part of the ―Uthuru Wasanthaya‖ project.
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Electricity 155. Before the conflict situation electricity supply to Jaffna district was derived from Laxapana power supply scheme. After being disconnected in 1990, Jaffna peninsula got electricity from generators. However this is not at a satisfactory level. In 2009 there were 101,979 electricity consumers in the district. Therefore many development projects are being undertaken in the district to fulfil the electricity demand. Communication 156. Telephone and postal services play a major role in communication service in this area. There are about 30 main Post Offices and 142 sub Post Offices in the district. Sri Lanka telecom co-operation; the main government body and many private wireless telephone services render telecommunication services to the area. Water supply 157. Most of the families in the district get water facilities from common, open and tube wells. However drinking water is a main problem in coastal areas of the district due to salinity. Therefore people of these areas have to travel long distances to draw drinking water. Ground water is taken for the purpose of drinking by pipe lines in urban areas. Although there are many small ponds in Jaffna, water is available only in the rainy season. Therefore agricultural activities are restricted to certain months of the year. To overcome drinking water problems many water schemes has been provided by the government of Sri Lanka. These are maintained by PS and National Water Supply and Drainage Board. Other than that some villages get water facilities from Bowser, which is maintain by Pradeshiya sabhas. Infrastructure facilities available in in project affected DSDs are summarised Table 38. Table 38 Infrastructure facilities in project affected DSDs in 2010 Jaffna Chankanai Sandilipai Kayts Infrastructure facility DSD DSD DSD DSD No. of Families with Electricity 9593 - 10,500 All Electricity No. of Families without Electricity 1307 - - - A class roads 7 3 2 1 Roads B class roads 4 3 7 1 C, D and E class roads 528 349 253 35 main post offices 3 3 2 1 Postal Service sub post offices 8 10 12 7 Ponds/ Small tanks 28 43 31 16 Water Supply Number of open wells 6184 8,802 8445 1250 Number of tube wells 371 367 571 - 158. The infrastructure facilities in the Jaffna district had been badly damaged during the war period and are not at a satisfactory level compared to the other parts of the country. Certain amount of this damage has been repaired or reconstructed fully. Different types of projects have been implemented by the Government, NGO‘s and various funding sources selecting suitable villages to develop infrastructure. World Bank and ADB provide support to develop infrastructure and the housing needs of the district. Table 39 indicates some of the projects undertaken by various NGOs.
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Table 39 Implemented NGOs Project NGO Nature of Work World Bank Development of infrastructure especially road development and water supply. ADB Funding for housing projects Issued of Livelihood items to the IDP‟s, Issued Bicycles for Resettled School TRRO Children & Occupants, Tree Planting programmes, Renovation of Nonguthari Chanel UNHCR Grants for Shelter items, Issued Non Food Relief Items for IDP‟s PARCIC Supplement of Poultry, Cattle, Fishing Gear Supplement of Sports Equipments, School Equipments & Shoes, Child SOND awareness Programmes 159. Other than that there are many Community Based Organizations (Rural Development Societies, Women Rural Development Societies, Community Centres, Farmers Organization, Fisheries Co- operative Societies and Sports Clubs) providing various types of services to public. The families attached to these organizations receive assistance from non- government organizations to uplift their living standard, saving habits, unity and self- confidence. Various government and private commercial centres Including Rural Banks, Samurdhi Banks, State and Private Banks assist in financial matters with this regard. Table 40 shows the service institutions located beside the AB021 and AB19 project roads
Table 40 Service institutions located beside AB021 and AB19 project roads Road name Chainage Service institute 9.40 km (L) Institute of Technology, Vaddakoddai 0.50 km (R) Proposed prison complex, Navanthurai 1.10 km (R) Children park, Navanthurai AB021: Jaffna - Ponnalai - Point Pedro road 1.65 km (L) Market, Navanthurai 3.00 km (L) Jetty & small harbour, Kakathive 8.70 km (R) Post Office, Vaddakoddai 10.00 km (L/R) Police station of Vaddakoddai 18.70 km (L) Assistant Governor‟s Office, Kayts 18.90 km (L) National Saving Bank, Kayts AB19: Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts Road 19.20 km (L) Police Station, Kayts 19.30 km (R) Post Office, Kayts 19.50 km (R) Pradeshiya Shaba Office, Kayts
Social and Cultural Development
Population and Community 160. Jaffna district is one of the 25 administrative districts of Sri Lanka and is divided into 15 DSDs, each headed by a Divisional Secretary (Assistant Government Agent). The DSDs are further sub-divided into 435 GN Divisions (villages). Jaffna district has 17 local authorities of which one is a Municipality, three are Urban Councils and the remaining 13 are PS. Parts of the district were transferred to newly created Mullaitivu district in September 1978 and Kilinochchi district was carved out of the southern part of Jaffna district in February 1984. 161. According to 1981 census the population of the District was 831,800 (Including Kilinochchi District which was part of Jaffna District in 1981). The population of the district is almost exclusively Sri Lankan Tamil (99.9% of the population in Jaffna district) while Sri Lankan Moor and Sinhalese comprises of 0.1%0.0042%.
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Table 41 Population Distribution among project affected DS 1981—2009 (in nos) D.S.Division 1981 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 Island North(Kayts) 37583 11334 14323 15798 25144 14638 13975 13835 16257 Jaffna 78128 39291 43462 42516 53090 51539 64270 54156 55469 Valikamam South 56657 39209 42935 51650 54481 54002 62201 62995 61922 West(Sandilipai) Valikamam 47620 33178 35837 41636 46169 46687 50207 49993 50776 West(Chankanai) Source: Statistical Hand Book - 2003, 2005 - 2009 District Planning Secretariat, Jaffna. 162. The Statistics shows that people are differently employed in various fields. Most of the families are engaged in agriculture and fisheries. Other than those, there are government employees, co-operative employees, those engaged in foreign employment and self- employed persons. On the basis of income, people below poverty line receive 2,500 rupees monthly income. These people get relief from government by means of Samurdhi funds. Rest of the people is above the poverty line and is mainly engaged in Government and private sector employments.
Health and Educational Facilities
Health 163. The health services of project affected DSDs are at a satisfactory level. The first Co- operative Hospital of Asia was established in Chankanai DSD in Moolai during the 1930 and was used as a teaching hospital for the Northern Private Medical college students. When considering health facilities, Jaffna teaching hospital is the only tertiary care institution which comes under the administration of Central Ministry of Health. All other curative institutions (Base hospitals, Divisional hospitals, Primary Medical Care units, Cancer Unit and Chest Clinic) come under the administration of Regional Director of Health Services, Jaffna. In the preventive sector under each MOH there are clinic centres which provide Maternal and Child Health care services mainly. Table: 42 shows the medical and Health Institutions in Jaffna District in 2009.. Table 42 Medical / Health Institutions in Jaffna District, 2009 Health Institution Number Curative Care Institutions Teaching Hospital 1 Base Hospital Type A 2 Base Hospital Type B 2 Divisional Hospital 22 Primary Medical Care unit 16 Chest Clinic 1 STD Clinic 1 Grand Total 45 Preventive Care Institutions GHC 4 School Dental Clinic 2 MOH 2 AMC 1 Total 54 53
164. In addition to Western system of medicine, Ayurvedic systems are also functioning in the District of Jaffna under the supervision of the Regional Director of Health Services. Under Ayurvedic system there are 01 District Ayurvedic Hospital, 02 Rural Ayurvedic Hospitals and 09 Ayurvedic Central Dispensaries. In addition, there are 30 Free Ayurvedic Dispensaries under Local Governments. 165. Like other sectors in the district, the health services were badly damaged due to destruction of infrastructure, displacement of health staff and reluctance of health personnel to serve in the conflict affected areas during the war period. The health status of the people has also deteriorated due to frequent displacements, physical & psychological disabilities, loss of family members, food insecurity and spread of communicable diseases. Before 2009 hospitals in the district faced many difficulties in getting medicines and services since the A9 road acted as the main supply route for Jaffna peninsula. However after opening the A9 road, the hospitals in the district function normally. Apart from that the government of Sri Lanka has taken necessary steps to rebuild the health services of the district with the financial assistance of many international funding agencies.
Education 166. Jaffna District had the advantage of an excellent education system introduced primarily by the British. The American Mission and several other missions also established a chain of English schools. Finally, Hindu schools were established and cherished by the majority Hindu population. Prior to the civil war, the city had one of the highest literacy rates within Sri Lanka. Like other sectors the education system of the district was affected during the war period. The total number of teachers and students in Jaffna in 2010 was 6972 and 122515 out of whom many are Tamils. There were 489 schools in the district in 2010, however only 415 were functioning. (4 National schools, 405 Provincial schools and 6 Private Schools). The rest was temporarily closed due to the war condition. The educational level of the people of Jaffna district in 2010 is illustrated in Table 43.
Table 43 Education Level in Jaffna district- 2010 Graduates G.C.E. G.C.E. B.Com O/L A/L B.Sc B.Sc Dip. & MBBS B.A & Qualified Qualified (Science) (Maths) Others B.B.A 4685 3157 75 97 47 347 101 153 167. Table 44 shows the details of the education sector in project affected DSDs. The Chankanai division has the first English Education Institute which was established in 1823 and still continuous as a Private English College. In addition there is a Technical Engineering College, Institute of Nursery Studies & Institute of Gender Development at Moolai. Table 44 Details of education sector in project affected DSDs Jaffna Chankanai Sandilipai Kayts
DSD DSD DSD DSD Number of schools 31 32 40 15 Numbers Students 19271 10,988 13,068 2815 Numbers of Teachers 910 500 668 179 Student Teacher Ratio 430 22 20 16
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168. A total of five government schools and a single hospital are located beside the proposed roads (Table 45). Table 45 schools and hospitals located beside the AB21 and AB19 roads Road name Chainage Public sensitive locations /government buildings 8.00 km (R) Government School, Nagendramadam AB021: Jaffna - Ponnalai - 9.70 km (R) Jaffna collage, Vaddakoddai Point Pedro road 9.40 km (L) Institute of Technology, Vaddakoddai 19.00 km (L) Roman Catholic Tamil Boys school, Kayts AB19: Jaffna - Pannai – 19.10 km (R) St Anthony‟s government School, Kayts Kayts Road. 18.60 km (L) Base Hospital of Kayts
Cultural Archaeological and Historical Significance 169. Jaffna city, along with the rest of the Jaffna peninsula was a part of the Kingdom of Tambapanni in 543 BC. Ancient Sinhala chronicles including Mahavamsa describes Jaffna city as a vital part of the island nation. It says exotic tribes such as the Yakkhas strictly inhabiting the centre of the island and the Nagas who worshiped Snakes inhabited the Northern, Western and Eastern parts of the island, therefore historically referred to as "Nagadipa". Excavations that were conducted during 1918 and 1919 in the Jaffna city, revealed coins that dated back to 2000 B.C, suggesting that the Northern part of Sri Lanka was a "flourishing" settlement prior to the arrival of Prince Vijaya. 170. A lot of people in Jaffna follows Hindu tradition and celebrate festivals and Hindu ceremonies. In 2009 there were about 2373 Hindu Temples, 221 Churches, 11 Mosques and 1 Buddhist Temples in the district. Out of these there are many culturally and archeologically important places in the District. These include the Dutch Church, Nagadeepa temple, Paralai Vinayagar temple, Ponnalai Varatharajapperumal temple, Vaddukkoddai church, Chulipuram Paralai Pillaiyar Kovil. Table 46 shows the places of worship in project affected DSDs in 2010. Table 46 Places of Worships by DS Divisions - 2010(Nos) DS Division Jaffna DSD Chankanai DSD Sandilipai DSD Kayts DSD Hindu Temple 71 188 124 33 Church 25 5 28 10 Mosque 11 4 - - Buddhist Temples 1 - - - 171. 'Nagadeepa' is probably a recognized landmark in the Jaffna peninsula for Buddhists because they believe that Lord Buddha visited this place during his second visit to Sri Lanka to resolve a conflict between 'Naga' tribesmen. 'Naagapushani Amman' kovil is another historically important site in Nagadeepa. 172. The Delft Island is believed to be one of the main archeologically important places in Jaffna district. It still bears evidence of Portuguese and Dutch influence having two forts built during Portuguese and Dutch period. Limestone can be seen everywhere in the island and walls of the houses have been raised with these stones. The other important sights in Delft island is the "growing rock' where Christians believe Adam left his footprints in there. The island also has the ruins of a few old temples. The above mentioned sites attract thousands of local and foreign visitors daily. (Refer Table 37 for other cultural and archaeological tourist 55
attraction sites in the district). The culturally and historically important locations found along the AB021 and AB19 are illustrated in following table. (Table 47) Table 47 culturally and historically important locations found along the AB021 and AB19 Road name Chainage Religious places 0.30 km (R) Hindu Kovil AB021: Jaffna - Ponnalai - 1.10 km (R) Hindu Kovil Point Pedro road 5.10 km (R) Hindu Kovil, Kalundal 8.80 km (R) Church, 11.60 km Nagadeepa temple 16.10 km (L) Church, Naranthanai AB19: Jaffna - Pannai – 18.50 km R & Rev Joseph Church Kayts Road 19.10 km R & Rev Joseph Church 19.40 km (L) Church, Kayts. 173. Other than cultural and archeologically important places, the Jaffna people valued and safeguarded their inherited customs and traditions. Jaffna proudly safeguarded a very rich cultural tradition of music and dancing, essentially South Indian in nature and origin. The district has number of Artists, Musicians, Drama artist, Dancers, Folk dancers, Sculptors, Drawing artist, Writers and poets. Culture and Art of the district are associated with the human soul and life. Eg. Art of dancing known as koothu: a combination of dancing, singing and beauty, is able to reveal the feelings of the mind and emotions of beauty. This art is famous in coastal areas of the Jaffna Division and Passaiyoor. Other than that folk dance in ―Vadamody‖, sculpturing at Village Araly, ―Cultural Peravai‖ in Chankanai DSD are other significant cultural events in the district. Several organizing groups such as Jaffna DS Cultural Council, Tamil Cinema Society etc. work for the cultural development of Jaffna district. These councils are engaged in assisting in development of arts on the divisional level and continues to engage in composing new art and cultural dimensions.
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Chapter 4 - Screening of the Potential Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures
174. The proposed work under NRCP will involve rehabilitation and upgrading of existing 5 A, B and AB class National roads/sections up to standard 2 lane status with pavements, improvement of road surface, construction of side drains & embankments, widening or replacement of culverts, cause ways bridges etc. During the construction phase, activities such as removal and re-establishment of public utilities, removal of road side trees, mining of gravel and sand, quarrying of metal, transportation of construction materials, disposal of construction waste, establishment of construction material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, vehicles and equipment service yards and other facilities will have to be implemented. These activities can cause several negative impacts to the existing environment of the project area in several ways. Therefore feasible mitigation measures have been suggested to avoid or minimize anticipated impacts while enhancing the positive environmental impacts through following section. These measures should also need to be included to contract conditions and specification of the subproject roads.
1.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage
4.1.1. Resources mobilization 175. Mobilization of resources for the project construction activities such as space, human capital and physical resources is a major task that should be carried out at an early stage of the project. Acquisition of lands for the proposed RoW, construction of material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, offices are the activities that require considerable amount of space. Therefore availability of land for construction related activities is very important. Adequate provision should also be made to mobilize the construction equipment, vehicles and other construction materials.
4.1.2. Land acquisition and removal of structures from the proposed RoW
Outline and impacts 176. Since proposed roads/sections are to be widened to cater to only 2lane standards, additional land needs to be acquired from private and government properties are minimal. Descriptive details on land acquisition and resettlement for the proposed activities is discussed in the Social and Resettlement Assessment in detail.
Mitigation measures 177. Acquisition of land if required should be purely based on the design requirements. Adequate compensation should be given to those who lose property and such compensation should be based on Land Acquisition Act (LAA), National Involuntary Resettlement Policy 57
(NIRP) and guidelines given in the ―Entitlement matrix‖ of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared for the subprojects {Refer: Volume 8 : Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) of NRCP-National} 178. Based on the RAP all possible livelihood restoration measures should be undertaken to support persons whose livelihood activities are affected. All permanent structures that will have to be relocated could be set back in their properties within the same land if space is available. This will avoid relocation/ resettlement in new sites. Provision of labourers to shift and restore the structures outside the RoW is also important. 179. If the project activities involve reclamation of paddy fields, construction close to or within the coastal zone and archaeological sites: prior approval should be obtained from the Department of Agrarian services (DoAS), Department of Coast Conservation (CCD) and Department of Archaeology (DA) respectively.
4.1.3. Selection of lands for temporally use
Outline and impacts 180. Construction of materials processing plants, storage yards, vehicle parks, disposal sites and labour camps for temporary use will require additional lands within subproject affected areas. These activities can create social and environmental impacts such as conflicts between workforce and surrounding communities, soil erosion, impact on natural ecology due to removal of green cover vegetation and trees etc.
Mitigation measures 181. Selection of lands should be undertaken by the contractors carefully, away from environmental and public sensitive areas in accordance with local laws, regulations and in close consultation with villagers and LAs. If any public lands are selected, obtaining official permits from the relevant authorities and compensation/rent for consuming the selected sites will also be essential. Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities can reduce the requirement of land for labour camps in large scale.
4.1.4. Removal of public utilities
Outline and impacts 182. Public utilities such as electricity, pipe born water supply and telecommunication facilities located within the existing RoW have to be removed during proposed project activities. The electricity is available all the subproject roads while telecommunication and pipe borne water supply facilities are available in some road sections. The responsibility for removal of utilities during pre-construction stage should be handled by Project Implementation Unit (PIU). If it is undertaken during the construction stage it should be handled by the contractor under the supervision of the PIU.
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Mitigation measures 183. Proper coordination and consent should be taken from service providers (CEB, NWDB, Sri Lanka Telecom), if utility lines need to be shifted due to design requirements or alignment changes. Advance notice to the public about the time and duration of the utility disruption will reduce public inconvenience and provide adequate time to obtain alternative utility service during disruption. Employment of well trained and experienced machinery operators, technical officers & labourers, for the removal will reduce accidental damage to the utilities, workers and general public. These activities will also ensure re-establishment of utilities rapidly..
4.1.5. Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials
Outline and impacts 184. All construction materials for the NCP roads are available within project affected areas of Anuradhapura district. However metal for construction activities of Jaffna roads should be transported from outside especially from NCP ( see Attachment 4 Material Extraction Sites). In general extraction of construction materials on a large scale can have negative impact such as noise, air, water, soil pollution, reduction of scenic beauty and impact on the natural ecosystem. 185. Soil erosion, lowering of river beds, destruction of river banks, reduction of sand replenishment of coastal beaches, coastal erosion and salt water intrusion during dry season are the main consequences due to sand mining. Nuisance from dust, noise and vibrations will create health and social disturbance to people around metal extraction sites. Stagnation of water in borrow pits, material storage yards and metal quarries provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and create accidental damage to people and wild animals. Transportation and storage of construction materials can potentially cause disturbance to the general public, increase dust and noise nuisance and damage to minor roads.
Mitigation measures 186. Extraction of construction materials should be undertaken only from mines and quarries approved by GS&MB. If new material extraction sites need to be located, those should exclude areas which are public and environment sensitive. Burrow areas shall not be opened without permission of the site engineer. Environmental requirements and guidelines issued by the CEA, GSMB and LAs should be followed with respect of locating material extraction sites, other operations and rehabilitation of extraction sites at the end of use. Earth available from excavation of road side drains can be used for embankment materials under approval of the engineer. 187. Transport, loading and unloading of construction materials should not cause nuisance to the people by way of noise, vibration and dust. All drivers should obtained license for the category of vehicles they drive and follow the speed limits of roads based on the traffic rules and regulations. Construction materials should not exceed the carrying capacity of trucks. 59
188. When storage of construction materials all stock piles should be located sufficiently away from environment and public sensitive locations. Sand, rubble, metal bitumen and cement should be covered to ensure protection from dust and to avoid emissions. These should not be located around irrigation canals, tank bunds, cross drainage and natural flow paths. All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and handled on an impervious surface above ground level (e.g. concrete slab) and should be enclosed ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structures. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful.
4.1.6. Effect on local road net work
Outline and impacts 189. In general, sources of construction materials (borrow pits, quarries, mines) and processing plants cannot be established adjacent to proposed subproject roads. Therefore construction materials should be transported from outside areas through the rural road network. The carrying capacity of rural roads is not sufficient to cater to the vehicular load and hence, can be damaged during transportation of construction materials. In generally LAs cannot engage in such immediate maintenance activities due to the lack of financial capacities.
Mitigation measures 190. Nomination should be given by the contractor in bidding work for the quarries and borrow areas, roads which he intends to use with adequate capacity for heavy trucks by providing evidence. The Contractor should obtain permits from LAs to use local roads prior to transportation of construction materials, machineries and equipment. Construction materials shall not exceed the carrying capacity of the local road network. If construction vehicles are likely to cause damage to public roads, provision should be made for their repair and restoration as part of the contract. The Contractor should maintain all roads, which he intends to use for transportation of construction materials as per the agreement.
4.1.7. Waste disposal and Sanitation
Outline and impacts 191. Solid waste associated with construction and other related works (construction debris, spoil, and waste generated from labour camps, officer‘s accommodations) may impose several negative environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected areas including impact on ecology, public health and scenic beauty. Labour camps, garbage disposal sites and material storage yards provide favourable habitats for vectors of diseases like mosquitoes and rats. Decaying wastes attract pests such as rats and flies which become unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Contamination of water bodies with wastewater, construction debris and spoil will create significant impact on aquatic lives and people inhabited in the area.
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Mitigation measures 192. Selection of disposal site by the contractor should exclude areas which are close to public and environment sensitive areas. Prior approval for the disposal site should be obtained from LAs via Grama Niladari. All debris and residual spoil materials (soil, sand, rock, and deadwoods) generated from construction activities shall be re-used wherever possible for site levelling, back - filling under instruction of Engineers & Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC). Dump materials should be placed without interference to the irrigation canals, water bodies, agricultural lands or any other environmental sensitive sites. 193. Contractor should handle and manage waste generated from construction/labour camps without contaminating the environmental conditions or affecting the risk of public/communities living near the sites. Proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewerage facilities (drinking water, urinals, toilets and wash rooms) should be provided to all sites of construction/labour camps. Location of labour camps should be approved by the Engineer and comply with guidelines/recommendations issued by CEA and LAs. 194. Provision of proper drainage facilities to minimize stagnation of water around worker based camps and keeping the drainage facilities clean at all times to prevent breeding of rats and other vectors such as flies. Garbage bins should be provided to all workers based camps, construction sites and should be dumped regularly in a hygienic manner under the inspection of Public Health Inspector (PHI) in the area. 195. Majority of skilled and unskilled workers should be selected from the project influence area to avoid generation of waste and sanitation problems from labour camps. If migrant labour is brought for construction activities from different areas there may also be conflict situations among the workers and settlers near worker camps. Spreading of communal diseases is also possible due to migrant labourers.
4.1.8. Effect on water resources
Outline and impacts 196. Coastal habitats, seasonal tanks, streams, irrigation canals, and community water supply facilities are located adjacent/across the proposed subproject roads. For the construction related activities water will be required in significant amounts from above sources. Therefore, excessive use of water for construction activities may impact on aquatic ecology and water resources especially during the dry season. Furthermore, construction close to the water bodies, construction of cross drainage, poor sanitation at work sites, labour camps and disposal of solid waste may affect water sources used by local communities in different ways. E.g. the surface water runoff and groundwater close to construction site can be polluted with various materials (paints, glues, lubricants, toxic chemicals, cement and bitumen) which in turn affect the overall water quality of the area.
Mitigation measures 197. Contractor should make aware employees regarding water conservation, pollution and minimization of water usage. Water from residential areas should be obtained after consent from the local community. Construction work affecting water bodies have to be 61
undertaken during the dry season and necessary steps should be taken to avoid entering wastewater directly in to water bodies. Pits should be introduced wherever possible to prevent silting of water bodies as a result of construction work. 198. Excavation of beds of any streams, irrigation systems, and other water resources should be avoided as much as possible. Public or community water supplies with proper sanitation arrangements should be provided to the labour camps and other construction related places with the approval from the relevant authorities, ensuring no raw sewage is released into drains or water bodies. 199. Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and streams in a manner that adversely affect downstream intakes. If diversion, closing or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must obtain approval from engineers and relevant line agencies in writing. If disrupted, an alternative water sources should be arranged for the affected community. Contractor shall restore the water sources to its original status once such diversion or closer or blockage ceased. 200. All toxic and hazardous materials required for construction (asphalt, fuel; toxic, hazardous and other fine particals) should be sited at least 500m away from water bodies and should prevent their entering into such places. Water that is contaminated with fuel, oil and grease should not be directly released to storm water or natural water drainage system. If released, they should be entered to pits allowing them to filter, settle down and release to the environment as per the guide lines issued by the CEA. 201. Vehicles and equipments used for the construction activities should be maintained in good condition, ensuring no undue leakage of fuel and lubricants is released to water sources. Equipment and vehicles should not be allowed to wash with drinking water wells or streams.
4.1.9. Soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation
Outline and impacts 202. The project affected area of NCP and NP receives a considerable amount of water during North East Monsoon Period while selected roads in Jaffna district are located within the coastal area. Thus soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation can take place any time during rainy seasons due to construction activities such as cut and fill operation, land clearing, construction or reconstruction of new culverts, causeways, bridges and construction of earth and line drains. Decrease of infiltration of rain water, acceleration of surface runoff, lowering river beds and destruction of river banks are the main impacts associated with soil erosion.
Mitigation measures 203. All permanent and temporally work should be undertaken to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution as per the design or as directed by the engineer. Top soil generated from construction sites (not exceeding 150 mm) should be stored properly (height not exceeding 2m) and reused for turfing and tree planting activities. Clearing and filling
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areas should be treated against flow acceleration and should be designed carefully to minimize obstruction or destruction of natural drainages. 204. Works that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during heavy rains. Steep cuts should be limited and slope cuts should be decreased in order to minimize erosion due to rain. The exposed slopes shall be graded and covered by grasses as per the specifications. All filling areas should be compacted immediately to reach specific degree of compaction and to establish proper mulch. Retaining structures and deep-rooted grass should be placed in erodible areas, where necessary. Use of silt traps and erosion control measures close to water bodies is also necessary 205. All temporary soil dumps should be removed to a suitable disposal site. If temporary soil dumps are left for a long time those should be covered with thick tarpaulin sheets. Suitable local drainage facilities should be established properly to drain water in construction areas. Construction activities including earth work and construction of cross drainages should be conducted during the dry season (May to September).
4.1.10. Temporary floods
Outline and impacts 206. Some sections of the proposed roads are prone to flood / inundate during rainy seasons (refer approximate location of flooding: Attachment 5.) due to location of the roads in low elevation areas. Poor drainage facilities in these roads is another factor contribute for local flooding. In addition blockage of existing drainage paths due to construction activities will also create temporally floods. To minimize those impacts recommendations given by the hydrological study (Road Specific Design Report: Volume 2, Appendix 2.2) should be strictly followed. In addition following measures need to be implemented.
Mitigation measures 207. Construction activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in flood prone areas. Increasing embankment height of particular sections, construction of new cross drainage, reconstruction of existing culverts, causeways and bridges with sufficient capacity will avoid location specific temporary floods. All construction activities should be properly planned & arranged to minimize flood. The existing drains should be cleaned after site specific construction, excavations, clearing & grubbing. 208. Storing of chemicals and construction materials should avoid areas which can be washed away by flood. Temporary earth drains should be provided as practically as possible until required line or earth drains are provided after excavation and other construction activities.
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4.1.11. Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats
Outline and impacts 209. Proposed subprojects for the improvements runs through urban, semi urban, rural, agricultural, environment sensitive and coastal areas in NP and NCP of the country. Therefore floral and faunal species inhabited in the project affected area include both common home garden and wild verities belong to both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Additionally perennial tanks, streams, mangroves, RAMSAR site, sanctuaries and other stagnant water bodies are also located in these subprojects affected areas. 210. During construction phase activities such as site clearing, construction of culverts and bridges, mining and quarrying operations, removal of trees and green cover vegetation etc., will potentially impact to the ecological resources of the area by means of disturbing habitat, increasing soil erosion and surface runoff, creating noise and vibration at the project site etc. For an example, different species of trees over 30 cm Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) will need to be removed from the existing RoW of proposed roads.
Mitigation measures 211. All works should be carried out as mentioned in the flora and fauna protection ordinance (chapter 567) in a manner that destruction of flora, fauna and their habitats is minimized. Awareness programs should be organized for the workforce about Importance of flora, fauna and different types of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Workforce should avoid disturbing flora, fauna including hunting of animals, gathering fire wood from the surrounding habitats and fishing in water bodies. Removal of trees should be avoided as much as possible. If rare, threatened or endangered floral or faunal species are found during construction activities, it should be immediately informed to Resident Engineer (RE). All construction activities should be planned according to the RE followed by Environmental Specialist of CSC‘s instructions. In addition construction activities close to environment sensitive areas (Sanctuaries, forested areas and RAMSA site) should be arranged under guidance and instruction of DWLC & Department of Forest (DOF). Construction activities around elephant inhabited areas (e.g. A029) should be conducted under the instruction of DWLC. If there are any elephant migration paths located along/across the roads, those should be identified with the help of DWLC. Construction activities should be limited to day time and activities which may impede their natural behaviour (i.e. activities that create high noise and vibration) should be minimised/control as much as possible. Further, Material extraction sites and waste disposal sites should not be located within these sensitive areas. 212. Contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendation made by CEA and DoF regarding removal of road side trees. Decision on tree removal should be mainly based on the detailed engineering design. All road side trees subjected to potential removal should be marked and preparation of inventory of tree removal is also necessary by the contractor. When removing of trees, valuable timber should be properly stacked and handed over to DoF or rightful owners. Tree planting should be done at wherever appropriate space along the road side compensating 1 tree cut with planting at least 3 trees by the contractor. If not, the Executive Agent/ Implement Agent (EA /IA) will need to find a suitable place in consultation with LA‘s and local communities for tree planting programme. The suitable
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saplings for the tree planting programme should be selected with the instruction of DoF. This will help to compensate the floral loss during construction stage, provide long term benefits to the society and useful in demarcating and protecting the road reservation.
4.1.12. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management
Outline and impacts 213. The subproject affected areas are mainly consist of man-made habitats and rural agricultural villages including home gardens, paddy fields, mixed and chena cultivations, coastal habitats, fresh water bodies and associated irrigation schemes. The environment sensitive area of the subproject roads are sanctuaries, mangroves, forest and RAMSAR site In general road construction activities may impact on surrounding vegetation, i.e. loss of native species and species diversity, increase risk of invasive species, top soil erosion, seed bank depletion, risk of fire and seed disposal. Extraction of construction materials, removal of trees and other excavation works has the potential to destroy or injure wildlife. These construction activities may also impact on the habitat quality, species diversity, and reproductive success of some species. Noise generated from construction vehicles, equipment, material processing plants and vehicle traffic has the potential to disturb breeding, foraging, and migrating behaviour of wild species.
Mitigation measures 214. Careful attention should be given especially during the construction phase to avoid or minimize the effects to the natural environment of the area. Almost all the stakeholders associated with the construction and pre construction stages of the project should be made aware of negative impacts that can arise due to above activities. Contractor should especially be aware not to introduce any alien species during construction related activities (i.e. transportation of construction materials, turfing and sub base materials machineries, vehicles and equipment‘s from the outside areas). Saplings for tree planting program should comprise of native or endemic species which is suitable to the existing climatic condition of the subproject areas. Client should undertake periodic assessment of accidental or unintended introduction of invasive alien species and other construction activities that can affect natural ecosystems. 215. Although project activities will involve use of natural resources such as water, metal, sand, earth in the project affected areas; use of those in an unsustainable manner will not be practiced during construction as well as its operation cum maintenance phases. However anticipated impacts (eg. removal of trees and green cover vegetation, lowering of river beds, soil and coastal erosion) can be avoided or minimized by adhering to proposed mitigation measures through EMPs.
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4.1.13. Protection of archaeological, cultural and religious places
Outline and impacts 216. One proposed subproject roadAB019 run at the vicinity of Jaffna fort, (50- 100 m) which is important archaeological site located in Jaffna town. However project activities will not cause any impact to the above site. Since Anuradhapura district is very famous for the archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations, construction activities may impact unidentified significant locations.
Mitigation measures 217. Prior consultation and consent should be taken from Department of Archaeology (DA) for construction work close to the Archaeological sites. If any fossils, coins, articles of value antique, structures etc., are discovered in the construction site, it should be immediately informed to the Engineer and DA. If there are any important archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered, work should be stopped within 100m in all direction from the site discovery as mentioned in Antiques Ordinance in 1940 and Cultural Property Act of 1988. Further, necessary precautions should be undertaken to avoid any workmen or any other person entering the above areas. Assistance should be taken from DA for further project activities.
4.1.14. Disruption of traffic
Outline and impacts 218. Improvement works on the road pavement, widening operations or reconstruction of culverts and bridges that may be necessary during the project can impede the existing traffic flow in the area. This can be observed especially in urban centres, near public sensitive locations and close to bridge construction sites along all subprojects. The Existing ADT volumes of the proposed project roads are shown in Table 06. In addition, vehicles involved in construction as well as transportation of construction materials from outside will increase daily traffic volume and accidental risk. These activities will also result in vehicular congestions, delays in travel time, increase noise and exhaust emissions, disturbance to pedestrians and public in built up areas.
Mitigation measures 219. Advance notice to the road users and roadside communities about the schedule of construction activities, provision of safe and convenient passage to vehicles and passengers especially during construction of culverts and causeways, implementation of traffic management plans (if necessary) in construction areas according to traffic rules and regulations in close coordination with local police by the contractor are the major mitigation measures. 220. All signs used for traffic management should be of accepted standards and approved by the engineer/ police. Construction sites and excavated areas should be barricaded with warning tapes, painted barriers or traffic corns. Usage of flagmen and/or temporary traffic
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signs for construction sites or temporally diversion, allocation of properly trained personnel provided with proper gear including communication equipment and luminous jackets for night use are other measures that have to be undertaken during construction period.
4.1.15. Personal safety of workers and general public
Outline and impacts 221. Construction related activities both within and outside of subproject affected areas could create accidental harm to general public and work force. Construction of, culverts, causeways, bridges, surfacing, roadway excavation, removal of road side structures, trees, use of hazardous substances, processing and transportation of construction materials are the main causes associated with accidental risk.
Mitigation measures 222. Contractor should organize awareness programs about personal safety of workers and general public in the area with proper briefing and training on safety precautions, their responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others. Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) convention No. 62, Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that are applicable to his contract. Other than that, the contractor has to comply with regulations regarding safe scaffoldings, ladders, working platforms, gangways, stairwells, excavations, trenches, safe means or entry and egress. 223. Use of licensed and trained plant/vehicle operators, provision of protective footwear, helmets, goggles, eye-shields and clothes to workers depending on their duty (mixing asphalt, blasting, handling equipment) are the major steps that can be taken to reduce accidental risk. Apart from that provision of high visibility jackets with necessary lighting arrangements to the workers when construction activities are taking place at night, allocation of flagmen during day time and provision of two red lamps at night are also necessary. 224. Excavated areas for construction should be barricaded using barricading tapes, sign boards and red light. Quarry operations, roadway excavations and blasting should be carried out and supervised by trained personnel. Explosives for the project activities should be stored in a secure location in a protected way. Arranging regular safety checks for vehicles and equipment‘s, allocation of responsibility to relevant personnel, prohibition of alcoholic drinks and other substances which may impair judgment of workers engaged in construction activities, arrangement of proper first aid and transport facilities for injured people, installation of warning signs, speed limits and signals to particular locations of the road are the measures that have to be adopted for personal safety of workers and general public
4.1.16. Effect on existing drainage
Outline and impacts 225. Land clearing, cut and fill operations, removal of road side structures, trees and public utilities as well as other construction related activities may lead to accidental damage 67
to culverts, bridges and other irrigation structures. Storage of construction materials and alteration of natural flow paths will create temporary impact to existing drainages.
Mitigation measures 226. Design of bridges should conform to requirement of the ‗Bridge Design Manual‘ of RDA considering a flood return period of 100 years. Design of culverts should be considered to allow sheath flow or cross drainage without any blocking. 227. Investigation report should be submitted to the engineer if diversion or close or blocking of canals, streams or other water sources for proposed construction work need to be undertaken. Approval should be obtained from relevant authorities (DOI, DS, DoAS) prior to such action take place or any proposed construction works on/at areas belongs to those institutions. Restoration the water bodies to its original status once the need for such diversion, close or blockage is no longer required. 228. Contractor should avoid storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around irrigation canals, cross drainage and natural flow paths. If existing drains are obstructed, provision of temporally drainage facilities to the construction site will be required. Contractor is responsible for replacing structurally damaged structures and maintaining drainage paths and drains clear at all times during construction period.
4.1.17. Impact from dust, noise and vibration
Outline and impacts 229. Dust, noise and vibrations generated from the project activities will impact the road side communities and people who inhabit around material extraction sites. In general poor air quality is the most immediate pollution effect experienced from the construction sites. Release of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) from storage sites and transfer of vehicle/equipment fuels, emission of small amounts of Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and particulates from blasting activities and generation of dust (from clearing, grubbing, excavating, backfilling, dumping, mixing concrete, transportation of materials, storage of soil and metal piles etc.) will impact on the surroundings air quality.
Mitigation measures 230. Construction related activities closer to public sensitive locations have to be scheduled in coordination with relevant authorities (community leaders, schools‘ principals, high - priests or other respective officers) to avoid disturbance to day to day activities of the people. All machinery, equipment and vehicles should be maintained in a good condition by engaging skilled mechanics and regularly maintained in compliance with National Emission Standards (1994). Noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra Ordinance, No 924/12) should strictly be implemented for crushers, hot mixed plants, construction vehicles and equipment. The maximum permissible noise levels at boundaries of the land in which the sources of noise is located for construction activities are 75dB (A)
Leqand 50 dB (A) Leq during day time and night time respectively (Day time: 6.00 am - 7.00
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pm, night time: from 7.00 pm - 6.00 am). However Contractor should limit working time for activities that create noise from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm. 231. Crushers and hot mixed plants should be placed with the approval of Engineer, CEA, LAs and should be located at least 500 m away from residential and environmental sensitive areas or other public sensitive locations. Dust extraction units, exhaust silencers and noise reduction devices can be fitted to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants to reduce dust emissions. 232. Dust emissions during transportation of construction materials should be controlled by enforcing speed limits to the vehicles, providing of dust barriers (canvas, hard polythene, asbestos sheets) to the public sensitive locations, wet spraying of quarries, construction sites, roads which will be used for the transportation of construction materials at regular intervals. Tarpaulin covering is mandatory on trucks/lorries which are used for transporting materials and all construction materials (sand, gravel, metal, cement) should be stored with proper covering. Suitable actions should be taken to minimize or avoid dirt and mud being carried to road surface. Contractor should also take actions to prevent bad odour and offensive smells emanating from chemicals, construction material processing or other construction activities Note: LAeq'T' means the equivalent continuous, A- weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T (in dB).
4.1.18. Road side landscape and road furniture
Outline and impacts 233. Maintenance of road side landscape and provision of road furniture is a must to enhance the scenic beauty beside the road corridor and public safety during the operation stage. Road landscape include tree plantation, registration of road embankments and other slopes, edge treatment of water bodies while road furniture include foot paths, railings, storm water drains, traffic signs, speed limits, and any other such items.
Mitigation measures 234. All debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil materials and temporally structures should be cleared away from the road sides and disposed at locations designated or acceptable to the RE. Road landscape activities have to be done as per either detailed design or typical design guidelines given as part of the bid documents. Road furniture items should be provided as per the design given in the bid documents.
1.2. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Associated With Operation Period 235. Environmental impacts identified during the operation stage are common for all proposed projects roads and are described as follows.
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4.2.1. Air Quality and Noise 236. Due to existing conditions, the ambient air quality in urban centres is impaired by vehicular emissions, especially during peak hours while rural and agricultural area it is due to dust emission from unpaved roads. The proposed improvements are designed to decrease congestions, allow smooth traffic flows and reduce time that vehicles remain stationary with minimum accelerations and decelerations. The project is therefore expected to have a positive effect on overall air quality compared to the current situation of the project area. Noise generated during operation period can be managed by enforcing proper traffic rules and regulations (i.e reduce obstruct parking, direction to alternative paths during high traffic time etc.) 237. Maintenance activities during the operational phase will also potentially result in the release of air and dust, both directly and through impeding traffic. This effect can be mitigated by ensuring that maintenance work takes place as far as possible during off peak traffic hours and dust emissions are suppressed and plant and equipment maintained in good serviceable order.
4.2.2. Drainage Congestions 238. The improvement of road side drainage including culverts and bridges through the project is expected to facilitate smooth water flow and speed water flow during rainy season. However, stagnation or blocking the water flows may occur due to sediments, improper disposal of debris during maintenance activities or ignorance of public by disposing spoil and garbage in the side drainage. These activities will obstruct road side drainage, culvert and manholes which provide suitable habitats for vectors like mosquitoes. Therefore, RDA needs to undertake regular maintenance of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions that may cause local flooding, which at the end could destroy the road.
4.2.3. Safety of Road Users 239. Improvement of road surface including widening of carriage way and adjustments as per the design will increase speed of vehicles. The convenient passages of the subproject roads will reduce number of accidents and risk to the pedestrians as well as drivers/travellers. Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules and regulations, installation of warning signs, regulatory signs, information signs as well as provision of bus bays, pedestrian crossings, pavements, guard railings, chevron markers etc. to appropriate locations are essential to enhance more safety of the people.
4.2.4. Encroachment of Right Of Way 240. Encroachment of RoW of National Roads can be taken place any time after completion of construction works and this practice is common all over the country; mainly for income generation activities. Currently number of temporally informal sector units can be seen within existing RoW of the subproject road with several permanent structures. This situation can be seen especially around public sensitive and environment sensitive locations. The permanent or temporary structures built by encroachers within existing reservation cause impact to the pavements and road side drains. They also obstruct maintenance
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activities of the roads, view range of travellers and impact to the movement of pedestrian. Parking of vehicles opposite to these locations for buying foods (vegetable, fruits), as well as for other services will increase accidental damage to vehicles and other road users. Implementation of rules, regulations and rooting checking by RDA of MOPH to remove unauthorized structures from right of way is necessary during the operation stage to avoid encroachment. 71
Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism
1.1. Institutional Arrangements 241. RDA is the Executing Agency for the project and has the responsibility to implement overall EMP. PIU established within the RDA, will be responsible for overall contract administration and supervision regarding implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental Provisions included in Contract Document. In practice, detailed implementation of EMP will involve the following parties, Contractor Contractor Supervision Consultants (CSC) Project Implementation Unit (PIU) ESD (Environmental and Social Division) of RDA Project Director (PD) of RDA 242. Contractors will be responsible for implementation of all mitigation measures included in EMP of the project during the construction period, especially to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with construction activities. CSCs will responsible for daily supervision of the contractor regarding implementation of EMP and reporting the implementation of EMP to PIU on monthly basis. ESD established within the RDA will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of EMP during the construction phase. CEA which is responsible for overall environmental management in the country will periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by PIU/ESD and provides guidance and advice when required. The responsibility hierarchy of project implementation is as follows.
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Figure 11 Responsibility hierarchy of project implementation
Project Director -RDA
C
RDA
Project Implementation ESD- RDA E Unit A
Team Leader
CSC Residence Environmental
Engineer Specialist
Contractor/ Environmental
Project Officer Contractor
Manager
1.2. Capacity Building 243. RDA/ESD already has adequate capacity for monitoring and implementation of environment and social issues related with road projects. However, there should be a better coordination between Client, CSC and Contractor regarding implementation of EMP which can be achieved through conducting meetings and workshops. This will help to clarify any issues, doubts regarding the project and will help to implement EMP more effectively. 244. The RDA through PIU shall organize orientation sessions and regular training sessions for relevant technical and management staff of RDA, contractor and his staff before commencing construction activities. These sessions should be focused on environmental performance, methods on implementing and monitoring EMP, agreements on checklists and reports, methods maintained by field staff on EMP implementation, activities related to EMoP, preparation and submission of monitoring reports, etc. . which will ultimately enhance their capabilities for day to day supervision and implementation of EMP and EMoP of the project.
1.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism 245. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) provides an effective approach to resolve any issues made by affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project 73
cycle. This mechanism will be established by the project proponent; RDA to address grievances presented by Affected Persons (APs). Since most of the environmental impacts are construction related complaints (issues related to dust, noise and vibration, effect on land, loss of access, local road network, deteriorating water quality and quantity, soil erosion and safety issues) managing those is mainly the contractor's responsibility. 246. However, these grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project by careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding project activities. Furthermore, adhering to mitigation measures addressed in EMP by contractor (with the help of Environmental Officer) under the careful supervision of CSCs /ES and the representatives of RDA and CEA will minimise construction related grievances.
5.3.1. Grievance Redress Committee 247. This mechanism will be executed through a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) and consists of following Members; A representative from RDA (Project Director) A representative from community leader/ Grama Niladhari (GN) A representative from contractor/ EO/ Project Manager A representative from CSC (Engineer/ES) A representative from relevant DSD (Divisional Secretary/Additional Divisional Secretary) 248. Almost all the stakeholders related to the GRM should be aware and instructed by PIU regarding the established grievance process, the requirement of grievance mechanism, goals, benefits, relevant laws and regulations of GRM. They should also be instructed about procedures of taking/ recording complaints, handling of on-the spot resolution of minor problems, taking care of complainant and most excellent response to distressed stakeholders. The Affected community should especially be made aware of the procedure , venue and the responsible person to contact when making a complain (Wildau. S., et al, 2008)3.
5.3.2. The Process of Grievance Redress Mechanism Complaints of APs can be made as an individual or as a group in verbal or written form through letters/suggestion boxes and telephone conversation. Received complaints will be screened to determine if they are eligible to be addressed by GRM. If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed about the decision and the reasons for rejection. If the complaint is accepted, it can be resolved through GRM of the project (Fig 12). Solutions for complaints should be handed over to complainant in written form and actions to be taken to mitigate those impacts should be informed to the responsible institution / individual.
3 Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O’Neill, E. 2008. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C.
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249. Figure 12 Responsibility hierarchy of resolving public complaints
Complaints by individuals, Complaints by People’s Groups, or institutions representatives: political, religious, community
GRC Secretary
(Complaints to GRC in written form
Decision to be taken within 3 GRC meeting weeks of
receipt of complaint
Convey the decision to APs
250. When people encounter an issue, first step is submission of complaint to the Contractor/PM/EO through community leader/GN. If the complaint is simple and the answer is straightforward, it should be directly provided within 2 days to the compliant. 251. If the reply could not be provided immediately or not within his authority or if the response for the complaint is at an unsatisfactory level for the complainer, it should be forwarded to the Grievance Redress Committee A GRC meeting must be convened and an answer for the complaint should be provided within 3 weeks to the compliant.
Special Note: Refer to Designing and implementing grievance redress mechanisms, a guide for implementers of transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010) by ADB for further details
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Chapter 6 - Environment Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan
1.1. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 252. To ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on environment, the EMP has been prepared and attached as Annex D. This was developed based on best practices for environmental management in the country. The EMP includes identified impacts during project activities, proposed mitigation measures, responsible parties to implement and supervise those impacts and feasible cost measures to be taken to reduce the potential significant adverse impacts in an acceptable level. 253. There must be professional expertise with the contractor side to prepare Environment Methods Statement (EMS), based on the EMP prepared under the feasibility study. EMS is a document to declare mitigation measures for anticipated environmental impacts during pre- construction and construction stage. Clearances and permits which need to be taken from Government Departments and Institutions are also included in the comprehensive EMS. It also comprises of measures to be taken for environmental protection, methods for saving energy and reduce wastes and losses, preventing or minimizing pollution, disposing of pollutants comply with existing stipulations and laws. The comprehensive EMS clearly explains that the contractor usually takes action to minimize environmental impacts during project activities. The organization structure of implementing comprehensive EMS comprises of an environmental supervision department, thus environmental protection around the construction site is directly controlled by a technical department which is usually supervised by a Resident Engineer (RE) and ES of CSC.
1.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 254. To ensure that the project would not generate any negative impact to overall environment quality, the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) has been prepared (Annex E). This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, location, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject which monitoring should be conducted etc. The EMoP is a useful tool to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures included in EMP. Monitoring of quality of water, air and noise during construction stage is a responsibility of the contractor by the approved Government Monitoring Agency. All construction activities such as site supervision, removal of trees, material extraction, verification of permits etc. by contractor will be supervised by ES of CSC. The environmental monitoring report will be submitted to PIU of RDA and then will be reported to the PD at RDA.
The Criteria for selection of sampling locations for the EMoP is as follows. Air quality- Urban, semi urban centres, environment and public sensitive areas and places where potential increase of traffic.
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Water quality- streams/tanks/wells and construction sites of bridges where local communities use water for supporting their lives, and those with available water almost all over the year. Noise and vibration- Urban, semi urban centres, environment and public sensitive areas that might be affected by used of heavy equipment. Flora - Areas where trees are available within proposed RoW and locations where removal of large numbers of trees for the proposed activities. Fauna - Ecological sensitive areas (sanctuaries, lagoons, forest patches etc.) where species diversity is high and such areas that might be affected by the proposed project activities. 77
Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
255. In line with NEA in Sri Lanka, public consultation and information disclosure is undertaken through public notice prior to approval by CEA for the particular project. According to ADB Environmental Guidelines public consultation and information disclosure is the main activity carried out during the initial stage of an IEE. The aim of the process is to understand the view point of public about the project and respond to their concerns and suggestions during early stage of the project. Incorporation of environmental and social concerns to decision making process through public consultation will avoid or minimize conflict situations that can arise during construction stage.
1.1. Public Consultation 256. Public consultation for the proposed roads/sections was carried out during the period from February to April 2012. Providing information at an early stage to public especially for the APs about objectives, activities, expected outcomes of the project etc. will ensure community awareness and avoid conveying misinformation to APs. During individual as well as group discussions APs were briefed about the proposed improvement works including widening, reconstruction of culverts, causeways and bridges, drainage and payment works, surfacing works etc. by the consultants. Participants generally expressed their views about the project including current environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas.
Figure 13 Individual and group discussions held during the field survey
A014: Consultation with road side A014: Consultation with fishing communities communities of Yodhawewa
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B211: Consultation with farmer
B283: Consultation with road side communities
1.2. Consultation Findings 257. All the proposed subproject roads (B211, B283, AB19) and identified sections (A014, A029,) are very essential link roads to other national and provincial roads in the area. These roads provide access to the interior part of Anuradhapura and Mannar districts as well as coastal areas of Jaffna district. Therefore improvement of these roads is very essential for all other development activities in the area and directly contributes to poverty alleviation in respect of income generation in various fields such as agriculture, fishing, tourism and other industrial activities. 258. Proposed subproject roads runs through agricultural areas especially paddy cultivation under main irrigation schemes (Yodha wewa: A014, Kebithigollewa tank: B283, Wahalkada & Padaviya tanks: B211) as well as under rain water. Additionally above irrigation tanks are being used by fishing communities in project affected areas and surrounding villages. The road A029 runs through coastal areas of Jaffna peninsula with number of fishing and agricultural villages. 259. B 211 is the main access road from east coast to Kebithigollewa and from NCP to Padaviya. B283 (starts from A009 of Medawachchiya and ends at Kabithigollewa Junction) and B211 (stars at the end point of B283) act as an important access road direct to Parakramapura, Sripura, Nadunkerni, Mullaitivu and Pulmodai through Padaviya. The famous Padaviya sanctuary is also located LHS of the proposed B 211 road. Apart from that this road is directed to Pulmudai area and Pulmodai sand mine. Additionally numbers of 79
medium and large scale tanks are located beside B283 and B 211 roads since Kebithigollewa and Padaviya are predominant agricultural areas of the country. 260. A014 is the only available and convenient road from other areas of the country to Mannar through Vavuniya and Medawachchiya. This is also a very important road directed to Madhu Church, Mannar town and Talaimannar jetty. Other than that Madhu sanctuary, Yodha wewa irrigation scheme, Ramsar site of Vankalai are also located beside this road. Therefore A014 is a main road for all development activities in Mannar district including fishing, agriculture, tourism, oil exploration and proposed ferry service from Talaimannar to Danushkody in India. 261. AB019 is a very important road located in the coastal area of Jaffna peninsula, which runs up to Kayts Island from Jaffna town. This is the main access to other three islands (Nagadeepa, Mandathive and Punkudathive) which are located close to kayts. Out of above three sites, Nagadeepa temple is an important religious place for Buddhists and being visited by thousands of people from other areas of the country annually. A group of other Islands (Delft, Nainathive, Analaithive and Eluvathive) in Jaffna peninsula is also located North-West to Kayts which provide main access through the Indian Ocean from Kayts. The aquatic habitats of above islands including intertidal mudflats; sand flats, mangrove swamps and mangrove forest etc. provide breeding, feeding and foraging habitats to various faunal and floral species. Large number of birds belonging to the different species can be seen in these areas especially during migratory period. Communities beside the road and surrounding islands mainly depend on marine fishing. This area is also a good tourism destination site. Therefore improvement of this road is important for development of fishing and tourism industries in future. 262. Annexure F indicates a summary of public consultations made during the field survey on selected roads
1.3. Information Disclosure 263. In accordance with ADB‘s Information Disclosure policy, RDA will submit the final IEE report and EMP to the ADB for disclosure on it‘s website. This will ensure that RDA will provide relevant environmental information to ADB Board consideration for project appraisal. 264. If the IEE carried out in accordance with ToR (Terms of Reference) provided by the CEA, it should be made available to all stakeholders related to the project through DS office, GN office, LAs, Provincial offices of CEA prior to the project approval. The information should be made available in a timely manner in three languages (Sinhala, Tamil and English). This will ensure incorporating affected peoples‘ concerns and inputs into project design and implementation. 265. During project implementation, project information boards have to be established on either end of the project corridor displaying the project name, stretch of the road, type of rehabilitation, time frame, cost of the project, funding agency, implementing agency with other salient features of the project. This will ensure further awareness about the project to the stakeholders including APs.
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Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations
266. The present study focused on IEE study on rehabilitation and improvement of seven subproject roads located in Anuradhapura, Mannar and Jaffna districts of NCP & NP. 267. The construction activities associated with subprojects will not expect significant environmental and social impacts to project affected areas. Since the environmental sensitive areas of Padaviya sanctuary (B211), Vankalai RAMSAR site and sanctuary (A014) are located outside of the proposed project roads, land acquisition, removal of trees or any other significant impacts to those sites will not be expected during the project. The identified potential negative environmental impacts are mainly restricted to pre-construction and construction periods of the project. These impacts are temporary and can be managed by adopting proposed migratory measures cited in the EMP. Apart from that, anticipated positive social and environmental impacts of the project will clearly out lie the negative impacts. 268. The proposed roads are currently in a deteriorated condition due to lack of maintenance during conflict that prevailed during the past 3 decades. Although these areas have been recently resettled by the government, resources were not equally distributed compared to other areas of the country. On the other hand several subproject roads (A014, AB19, and B211) are the only available, convenient and short distance roads to particular locations of the country. Sometimes people use alternative access instead of the proposed subproject roads to overcome transport difficulties. Additionally current daily traffic demand of some subproject roads are considerably high and existing CW widths of these roads are not sufficient to cater to the traffic volumes. Therefore rehabilitation and improvement of the roads are essential. 269. Majority of the villages in subproject affected areas of Anuradhapura district was bordering the war zone and people in subproject areas of A014 and A029 in Mannar and Jaffna districts lived within the war zone of the country. Therefore road development activities will directly contribute to poverty alleviation in respect of enhancing income generation, employment, local/foreign investments and other social services of the area. For example, selected subproject roads are extremely important for improvement of agricultural, livestock, industrial, fishing and tourism activities in NP and NCP. Apart from that people in the project affected area will benefit through improved access, enhanced safety, increased trade and services, increased land value, emergence of temporary jobs and services opportunities during construction. 270. Since some subproject roads (eg. A029) are inundated during heavy rains, hydrological investigations should be highly considered during the detailed design of culverts and bridges. Rising embankments, removal of structurally damaged culverts and bridges, provision of suitable drainage facilities with adequate diameter are essential. Coordination of Department of Irrigation during designing and construction of cross drainages over irrigation canals, stream and rivers is also important to overcome this problem. 271. The air, water and noise levels of subproject affected areas in NCP and NP during the war period is completely different to the current situation. During that period, air and 81
noise pollution were very high due to military operations. Apart from that a considerable amount of forest cover had been cleared and almost all industrial activities related to manufacturing of chemical, salt, cement and mineral sand etc. were abandoned and destroyed. Currently number of infra-structure development projects related to road construction, water and electricity supply etc.. are in progress in these areas. Therefore transportation of construction materials through subproject roads is significantly high which ultimately increase air and noise pollution of the subproject roads compared to the previous situation. On the other hand development of agricultural activities after resettlement resulted in enhancement of chemicals and fertilizer usage. However there is no reliable baseline information regarding water quality, air and noise/vibration levels in the project affected areas. Therefore monitoring the baseline parameters during preconstruction stage is highly recommended. This is essential for repeated checking and monitoring of water, air and noise during construction and operation periods and also to implement the EMP and EMoP effectively. Baseline results should also be incorporated to the contract documentation to establish performance action thresholds, pollution limits and contingency plans for contractor‘s performance. Adequate budgetary provisions must be ensured to undertake monitoring activities on time. 272. CEA consent for 2 subprojects (A014 and AB19) under un-prescribed category have been already obtained through letter No. 08/EIA/Trans/03/04 Vol II dated 3rd September, 2009 (Attachment.1). BIQs for the rest of 3 subproject roads were prepared and submitted to CEA for environment clearance. According to information regarding BIQs and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri Lanka) rest of 3 subproject roads will be categorized under un-prescribed category. The appropriate category for the proposed NCP & NP roads based on REA checklists of the ADB is category B. Thus a full EIA for these roads is not required according to ADB Guidelines. However contractor should comply with the environmental and safeguards compliance policies of donor agencies if any during the construction activities in addition to regulations of the Central Environment Authority.
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Chapter 9 - References
Asian Development Bank, Designing and implementing grievance redress mechanisms, a guide for implementers of transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010). Manila, Philippines.
Asian Development Bank, Policy Paper, Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Manila, Philippines
Central Environmental Authority. Environmental Guidelines for Road & Rail Development in Sri Lanka (1997).
Central Environmental Authority, Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka (2005).
Central Environmental Authority. National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation, Copied by the CEA as at 2003.
Department of census and Statistics under the Ministry of Finance and Planning Statistical Abstract (2010). Colombo, Sri Lanka,
Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual prepared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA: 4736-SRI); Capacity Building for Environment & Social Division (ESD) of the Road Development Authority (RDA), Submitted for Review & Approval to the Board of Directors, RDA of the Ministry of Highways & Road Development, (June, 2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka,
IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, (2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii+148 pp.
Panabokke, C. R, Soils and Agro Ecological Environments of Sri Lanka (1196). National Resources Energy & Science Authority Publication.
Resource Profiles of Rambewa, Medawachchiya, Kebithigollewa, Padaviya DSDs of Anuradhapura district, Jaffna, Chankani, Sandilipai, Kayts DSDs of Jaffna district and Mannar District (2010).
Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O‘Neill, E. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, International Finance Corporation, (2008). Washington, D.C.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Dictionary of the protected areas, Sri Lanka Final Draft. Protected Areas Data Unit, (December 1988). Annex A: Typical Cross Sections
Map Length (Km) Road Number Road Name No
1 A 029 Vauniya – Horowopathana 10.90
25.35 2 B 283 Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa
31.35 3 B 211 Kebithigollewa - Padaviya
29.60 4 A 014 Medawachchiya - Mannar – Talaimannar
20.275 5 AB 19 Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. AASHTO OVERLAY ORN 31/AASHTO WIDENING FROM TO 2. PROFILE CORRECTION COURSE (PCC) ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO Km Km WC BASE (mm) BBB WC BASE (mm) GS (mm) HAVE ANY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH.
3. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS 24+850 110 60 200 275 24+000 60 RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY.
24+850 27+075 60 100 60 100 325 4. THE AREA CLOSE TO 24+850 HAS TO BE TREATED AFTER EVALUATE IN-SUIT CBR DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE. 27+075 28+775 60 100 60 100 400 5. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A029-TS-004. 28+775 30+475 60 150 60 150 325 6. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE 30+475 35+000 60 100 60 100 375 DWG. NO. NRCP-A029-TS-005.
7. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER.
8. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A029-DS-001, NRCP-A029-DS-002.
9. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) IN FEB. 2012.
1.00 1.00 CL 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
0.15 0.15 -2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0%
.5 :1 1 5 1 :1 1. .5 1: 1: 1. EOP 5 EOP 0.5 0.5 VARIES VARIES VARIES EOS SHOULDER FILL (150 mm) EOS WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING EMBANKMENT FILL - TYPE l
ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC) DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS) TYPE 01 SECTION WITH DRAIN
CL 6.60 6.60 VARY CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY VARY
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
0.5 Min. 0.5 Min. -2.5% -2.5%
VARIES EOP WIDENING EOP OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING
ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC) DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS)
BITUMEN BOUND BASE (BBB) TYPE 02 URBAN AREA WITH FOOT WALK & CAPPED DRAIN 0 500 1000mm SCALE 1:50
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International VAVUNIYA - HOROWPATHANA CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with (A029) ROAD APPD: Road Development Authorit y Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-11 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 24+000 TO 35+000 DATE: NRCP-A029-TS-001 NOTES 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER 2. PROFILE CORRECTION COURSE (PCC) ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO C/L HAVE ANY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. 3. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY. FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) 4. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP12-TS-003 150 150 -2.5% -2.5% 5. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE -4.0% -4.0% DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP12-TS-004
6. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS 5 1: 1. 1. THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. 1: 5 7. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP12-DS-001, PAVEMENT PAVEMENT NRCP-B283-CP12-DS-002. EX. EDGE OF VARIES VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES 8. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) IN FEB. 2012.
SHOULDER FILL 9. FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DETAILS SEE TABLE -01 & 02
EMBK.FILL - TYPE II ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (50mm)
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE EMBK.FILL - TYPE I GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 01 - SECTION EMBANKMENT WITH FILL
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT 0.75 SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
1 C/L : 2
FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
150 150 1.00 -2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0%
5 1. 1 1: :1 .5 1: 5 1. 1. 5 1: PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF
VARIES VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES EMBK.FILL - TYPE I 0.50 WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 0.50
ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (50mm) SHOULDER FILL
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 02 - SECTION WITH EARTH DRAIN TABLE 02: WIDENING SECTION
FROM TO WIDENING** km km DGAB SUB BASE
0+000 2+000 275 375 TABLE 01: OVERLAY SECTION 2+000 5+000 250 400 FROM TO 5+000 8+100 150 650 OVERLAY 8+100 9+500 150 525 km km DGAB 9+500 10+650 150 650 0+000 2+000 275 10+650 12+500 150 525 2+000 5+000 250 12+500 12+600 150 425 5+000 12+600 150
0 500 1000mm **PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW. SCALE 1:50 DGAB - DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International MEDAWACHCHIYA - KEBITIGOLLEWA CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with (B283) ROAD APPD: Road Development Authorit y Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-12 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 00+000 TO 12+600 DATE: NRCP-B283-CP12-TS-001 NOTES 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER 2. PROFILE CORRECTION COURSE (PCC) ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO C/L HAVE ANY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. 3. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY. FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) 4. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP13-TS-003 150 150 -2.5% -2.5% 5. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE -4.0% -4.0% DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP13-TS-004
6. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS 5 1: 1. 1. THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. 1: 5 7. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B283-CP13-DS-001, PAVEMENT
PAVEMENT NRCP-B283-CP13-DS-002. EX. EDGE OF VARIES VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES 8. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) IN FEB. 2012.
SHOULDER FILL 9. FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DETAILS SEE TABLE -01 & 02
EMBK.FILL - TYPE II ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (50mm)
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE EMBK.FILL - TYPE I GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 01 - SECTION EMBANKMENT WITH FILL
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT 0.75 SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
1 C/L : 2
FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
150 150 1.00 -2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0%
.5 :1 1 1 :1 .5 1: 5 1. 1. 5 1: PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF
VARIES VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES EMBK.FILL - TYPE I 0.50 WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 0.50
ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (50mm) SHOULDER FILL
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 02 - SECTION WITH EARTH DRAIN TABLE 01: OVERLAY SECTION TABLE 02: WIDENING SECTION
FROM TO OVERLAY FROM TO WIDENING** Km Km ACBC DGAB Km Km ACBC DGAB SUB BASE 12+600 14+750 40 225 12+600 12+750 150 425 14+750 15+250 40 275 12+750 14+750 40 225 350 15+250 15+750 40 250 14+750 15+250 40 275 300 15+750 19+250 300 15+250 15+750 40 250 325 19+250 25+500 150 15+750 19+250 300 250 19+250 19+750 150 550 19+750 22+750 150 350 22+750 25+500 150 425
0 500 1000mm ACBC - ASPHALT CONCRETE BINDER COURSE (40mm)
SCALE 1:50 DGAB - DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE **PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International MEDAWACHCHIYA - KEBITIGOLLEWA CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS in association with (B283) ROAD APPD: Road Development Authority Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-13 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 12+600 TO 25+740 DATE: NRCP-B283-CP13-TS-001 PAVEMENT STRUCTURE NOTES AASHTO OVERLAY ORN 31/AASHTO WIDENING ** FROM TO 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. Km Km WC DGAB (mm) GS(mm) WC DGAB (mm) GS (mm) 2. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS 0+000 1+000 50 100 0 50 100 550 RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY.
3. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. 1+000 2+750 50 170 0 50 170 470 NO. NRCP-B211-TS-004
2+750 5+500 50 275 0 50 275 470 4. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B211-TS-005 5+500 13+500 50 225 0 50 225 550 5. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. 13+500 15+500 50 100 0 50 100 470 6. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B211-DS-001 AND ** PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW. NRCP-B211-DS-002. 7. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) IN FEB. 2012.
C 1.00 1.00 L 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
0.15 0.15
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
-2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0%
.5 :1 1 1 :1 .5 .5 :1 EOP 1 1 EOS EOP EOS :1 .5 0.5 0.5 VARIES VARIES VARIES
WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING EMBANKMENT FILL - TYPE l SHOULDER FILL (150 mm) GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS) TYPE 01 DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) SECTION WITH DRAIN ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC)
CL 2.4 3.3 3.3 2.4 VARY SHOULDER / PARKING CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER / PARKING VARY
0.5 Min. 0.5 Min.
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
-2.5% -2.5%
EOP VARIES EOP
WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING
GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS) TYPE 02 DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) URBAN AREA WITH FOOT WALK & CAPPED DRAIN ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC)
0 500 1000mm
SCALE 1:50
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International KEBITHIGOLLEWA - PADAVIYA (B211) CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with ROAD APPD: Road Development Authority Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-14 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 0+000 TO 15+500 DATE: NRCP-B211-CP14-TS-001 AASHTO OVERLAY ORN 31/AASHTO WIDENING ** FROM TO Km Km WC DGAB (mm) GS(mm) WC DGAB (mm) GS(mm) NOTES 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. 15+500 21+000 50 100 0 50 100 470
2. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS 21+000 26+000 50 100 0 50 100 550 RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY.
26+000 27+500 50 100 0 50 100 475 3. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B211-CP15-TS-004 27+500 28+000 50 100 0 50 100 400 4. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B211-CP15-TS-005 28+000 29+000 50 100 0 50 100 325 5. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS 29+000 29+750 50 100 0 50 100 475 THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER.
6. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-B211-CP15-DS-001 AND 29+750 30+250 50 100 0 50 100 425 NRCP-B211-CP15-DS-002.
30+250 31+250 50 125 0 50 125 475 7. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) IN FEB. 2012. 31+250 31+345 50 100 0 50 100 475
** PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW. C 1.00 1.00 L 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.30 3.30 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
0.15 0.15
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
-2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0%
.5 :1 1 1 :1 .5 .5 :1 EOP 1 1 EOS EOP EOS :1 .5 0.5 0.5 VARIES VARIES VARIES
WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING EMBANKMENT FILL - TYPE l SHOULDER FILL (150 mm) GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS) TYPE 01 DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) SECTION WITH DRAIN ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC)
CL 2.4 3.3 3.3 2.4 VARY SHOULDER / PARKING CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER / PARKING VARY
0.5 Min. 0.5 Min.
FINISHED ROAD LEVEL (FRL) EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL)
-2.5% -2.5%
EOP VARIES EOP
WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING
GRANULAR SUB BASE (GS) TYPE 02 DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGAB) URBAN AREA WITH FOOT WALK & CAPPED DRAIN ASPHALT WEARING COURSE (WC)
0 500 1000mm
SCALE 1:50
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International KEBITHIGOLLEWA - PADAVIYA (B211) CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with ROAD APPD: Road Development Authority Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-15 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 15+500 TO 31+345 DATE: NRCP-B211-CP15-TS-001 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 NOTES SOFT HARD 3.50 3.50 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
C/L 2. PROFILE CORRECTION COURSE (PCC) ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO HAVE ANY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) 3. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY. 150 -4.0% 4. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. -2.5% NO. NRCP-A014-CP16-TS-003
5. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A014-CP16-TS-004 5 1: 1. 1. 1: 5 6. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF
EX. EDGE OF 7. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A014-CP16-DS-001, VARIES VARIES VARIES NRCP-A014-CP16-DS-002.
WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 8. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) SHOULDER FILL IN FEB. 2012. EMBK.FILL - TYPE I ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (125mm) 9. FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DETAILS SEE TABLE -01 & 02 EMBK.FILL - TYPE II DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 01 - SECTION EMBANKMENT WITH FILL
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.50 3.50 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
C/L
1 FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) : 2
EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) 150 -4.0% 1.00
1 :1 .5 5 1. 1: 1 :1 .5 PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES VARIES
0.50 WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 0.50 SHOULDER FILL
ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (125mm)
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE
TABLE 02: WIDENING SECTION
FROM TO OVERLAY FROM TO WIDENING** km km DGAB km km DGAB SUB BASE 47+000 49+925 100 47+000 50+975 225 250 49+925 50+975 150 50+975 52+125 225 175 50+975 57+575 100 52+125 53+375 225 250 57+575 59+225 125 53+375 56+225 225 400 59+225 63+825 100 56+225 57+575 225 250 57+575 59+225 225 400 59+225 63+825 225 175
0 500 1000mm **PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW. DGAB - DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE SCALE 1:50
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International MEDAWACHCHIYA - MANNAR - CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with TALAIMANNAR (A014) ROAD APPD: Road Development Authorit y Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-16 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 47+000 TO 62+100 DATE: NRCP-A014-CP16-TS-001 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 NOTES SOFT HARD 3.50 3.50 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER 1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
C/L 2. PROFILE CORRECTION COURSE (PCC) ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO HAVE ANY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) 3. SCARIFICATION/REMOVAL OF EXISTING SURFACE DRESSING IS EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) RECOMMENDED PRIOR TO OVERLAY. 150 -4.0% 4. FOR DETAILS OF WIDENING AND CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE SEE DWG. -2.5% NO. NRCP-A014-CP17-TS-003
5. FOR DETAILS OF BENCHING AND FILLING OVER MARSHY AREAS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A014-CP17-TS-004 5 1: 1. 1. 1: 5 6. AT BUILT DRAIN LOCATIONS SURFACING SHALL BE CONTINUED ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF THE SHOULDER. PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF
EX. EDGE OF 7. FOR DRAIN DETAILS SEE DWG. NO. NRCP-A014-CP17-DS-001, VARIES VARIES VARIES NRCP-A014-CP17-DS-002.
WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 8. PAVEMENT DESIGN IS BASED ON EXISTING SURFACE CONDITION (DBST) SHOULDER FILL IN FEB. 2012. EMBK.FILL - TYPE I ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (125mm) 9. FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DETAILS SEE TABLE -01 & 02 EMBK.FILL - TYPE II DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE TYPE 01 - SECTION EMBANKMENT WITH FILL
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 SOFT HARD 3.50 3.50 HARD SOFT SHOULDER SHOULDER CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY SHOULDER SHOULDER
C/L
1 FINISH ROAD LEVEL (FRL) : 2
EXISTING ROAD LEVEL (ERL) 150 -4.0% 1.00
1 :1 .5 5 1. 1: 1 :1 .5 PAVEMENT PAVEMENT EX. EDGE OF VARIES EX. EDGE OF VARIES VARIES
0.50 WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) OVERLAY SECTION (SEE TABLE 01) WIDENING (SEE TABLE 02) 0.50 SHOULDER FILL
ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (125mm)
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
GRANULAR SUB BASE
TABLE 02: WIDENING SECTION
FROM TO OVERLAY FROM TO WIDENING** km km DGAB km km DGAB SUB BASE 62+100 63+825 100 62+100 63+975 225 175 63+825 63+975 175 63+975 66+375 225 250 63+975 69+025 100 66+375 70+025 225 400 69+025 70+025 200 70+025 70+675 225 250 70+025 70+675 100 70+675 72+325 225 400 70+675 72+325 200 72+325 73+925 225 175 72+325 73+025 100 73+925 76+375 225 400 73+025 73+925 150 76+375 77+000 225 250 73+925 76+375 200 0 500 1000mm 76+375 77+000 100 **PAVEMENT WIDENING DETAILS SUBJECT TO REVIEW. SCALE 1:50 DGAB - DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International MEDAWACHCHIYA - MANNAR - CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS - 1 in association with TALAIMANNAR (A014) ROAD APPD: Road Development Authorit y Consulting Engineers and CONTRACT PACKAGE: RDA/NRCP/ICB/ADB/CP-17 DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION SECTION: FROM 62+100 TO 77+000 DATE: NRCP-A014-CP17-TS-001 LEGEND
ASPHALT WEARING COURSE WC
DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE DGAB
GRANULAR SUB BASE GS
EMBK.FILL - TYPE I
SHOULDER FILL
FRL - FINISHED ROAD LEVEL ERL - EXISTING ROAD LEVEL
C/L
11.60
5.80 5.80
1.00 1.00 SOFT SOFT SHOULDER 1.50 3.30 3.30 1.50 SHOULDER HARD CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY HARD SHOULDER SHOULDER
FRL ERL
-2.5% -2.5% -4.0% -4.0% 5 1: 1. 1. 1: 5
VARIES VARIES VARIES
EOS EOP EOP EOS WIDENING OVERLAY SECTION WIDENING
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK FUNDED DESD: DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA egis bceom NORTHERN ROAD CONNECTIVITY PROJECT MINISTRY OF PORTS AND HIGHWAYS International CHKD: TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS in association with JAFFNA - PANNAI - KAYTS APPD: Road Development Authority Consulting Engineers and (AB019) ROAD DRG. NO : Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd NO DATE DESCRIPTION DATE: NRCP/AB019/TCS-01 D:\SARANGA\PROJECT\NRCP-NATIONAL\OLD\TCS-AB019.DWG , 2012-05-18 Annex B: Topographic Maps
Map Length (Km) Road Number Road Name No
1 A 029 Vauniya – Horowopathana 10.90
25.35 2 B 283 Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa
31.35 3 B 211 Kebithigollewa - Padaviya
29.60 4 A 014 Medawachchiya - Mannar – Talaimannar
20.275 5 AB 19 Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts
IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE 24+000 STARTING POINT KEBITHIGOLLAWA
A029 - VAUNIYA HOROWOPOTHANA (24+000 34+900 Km) A029
MATCH LINE A029
10 SHEET 1 OF 2 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
MATCH LINE A029 - VAUNIYA HOROWOPOTHANA ROAD (24+000 34+900 Km) A029 WADUWAGAMA 34+900 END POINT
10 SHEET 2 OF IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE MADAWACHCHIYA 0+000 STARTING POINT
B283 B283 MEDAWACHCHIYA - KEBITIGOLLEWA ROAD (0+000 TO 25+740 Km) KILOMETRES SCALE
MATCH LINE SHEET 1 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
MATCH LINE B283 MEDAWACHCHIYA - KEBITIGOLLEWA ROAD (0+000 TO 25+740 Km) KILOMETRES SCALE
B283 SHEET 2 OF 3
MATCH LINE IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
B283 B283 MEDAWACHCHIYA - KEBITIGOLLEWA ROAD (0+000 TO 25+740 Km) KILOMETRES SCALE
MATCH LINE
B283 25+740 END POINT KEBITHIGOLLEWA SHEET 3 OF IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE KEBITHIGOLLEWA 0+000 STARTING POINT
B211 B211 -KEBITHIGOLLEWA - PADAVIYA ROAD (0+000 TO 31+350 Km)
MATCH LINE
10 SHEET 1 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
MATCH LINE B211 -KEBITHIGOLLEWA - PADAVIYA ROAD (0+000 TO 31+350 Km)
B211
MATCH LINE
10 SHEET 2 OF 3 PADAWIYA TOWN B211 END POINT 31+350
BOGAHAWEWA
10
B211 -KEBITHIGOLLEWA - PADAVIYA ROAD (0+000 TO 31+350 Km) MATCH LINE MATCH
EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE IMPROVED
SHEET 3 OF 3 (47+000 - 77+000 Km) A014 MEDAWACHCHIYA - MANNAR TALALMANNAR ROAD
MATCH LINE A014 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE 47+000 STARTING POINT MADU ROAD JUNCTION SHEET 1 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE A014 MEDAWACHCHIYA - MANNAR TALALMANNAR ROAD (47+000 77+000 Km) MATCH LINE
MATCH LINE SHEET 2 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE KOVIL JUNTION THIRUCASHWARAM A014 MEDAWACHCHIYA - MANNAR TALALMANNAR ROAD (47+000 77+000 Km)
77+000
END POINT A014
MATCH LINE SHEET 3 OF STARTING POINT 00+000
JAFFNA
AB-19
MATCH LINE
AB-019 JAFFNA - PANNAI - KAYTS ROAD (0+000 TO 20+275 Km)
SCALE EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE IMPROVED KILOMETRES SHEET 1 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
MATCH LINE AB-19 AB-019 JAFFNA - PANNAI KAYTS ROAD (0+000 TO 20+275 Km) KILOMETRES SCALE
MATCH LINE STARTING POINT
AB-19 00+000 SHEET 2 OF 3 IMPROVED EXISTING ROAD SECTION TO BE
MATCH LINE AB-19 AB-019 JAFFNA - PANNAI KAYTS ROAD (0+000 TO 20+275 Km) KILOMETRES SCALE
MATCH LINE STARTING POINT
AB-19 00+000 SHEET 2 OF 3 Annex C: Catchment Maps
Map Length (Km) Road Number Road Name No
25.35 1 B 283 Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa
31.35 2 B 211 Kebithigollewa - Padaviya
29.60 3 A 014 Medawachchiya - Mannar – Talaimannar
20.275 4 AB 19 Jaffna - Pannai – Kayts
Annex D: Environment Management Plan for National Roads in NCP & NP
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
Pre construction and Construction stage 1. Land Acquisition of land should be purely based Locations in which Based on RDA Land Number of NIRP, Rates Acquisition on the design requirements. sections of private the budget /PIU Acquisition and public stipulated in and Removal Implementation of the entitlement matrix of and government estimate Resettlement complaints the of Structures the RAP for the project that includes any lands are to be of the Division of Resettlement resettlement activities, under which acquired; Temples, Resettle- RDA, Loss of Plan / compensatory measures should be schools commercial ment Plan DS, GN Income, Framework determined. and residential livelihood and for the project If the project activities involved in structures, paddy property reclamation of paddy fields prior approval fields, home gardens Agrarian should be obtained from DoAS. etc. Service Act. Compensation should be based on the No 58 of LAA, NIRP and RDA’s Concession 1979, Arrangement by MOPH. Amendment Adjustments to the road alignment to avoid Act No: 40 of impact to any cultural or religious properties 1993 as far as possible or restored in consultation with relevant authorities. Providing labour to shift and resettle the structures outside the new road reservation. 2. Selection of Selection of lands in accordance with local All sub project roads Cost Contractor PRDA/ PIU Public Technical lands for laws, regulations and in close consultation estimated RDA /LAs inconvenienc specification/ temporally use with LAs by the e, soil local laws, Identification of lands away from land erosion, regulations environmental and public sensitive areas owners waste Provision of adequate compensation for accumulation consuming the selected sites to the owners 3. Removal of Advance notice to the public about the time Throughout the sub Cost Contractor/ RDA / CEB Damages to Technical public utilities and the duration of the utility disruption project roads where estimated RDA/ Telecom and the existing specification Recruitment of well trained and experienced electrical, by CEB, NWS&DB utilities, machinery operators, technical officers & telecommunication Telecom Public
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
labors and pipe born water and complains Proper coordination and consent from supply lines need to NWS&DB service providers for the removal of utilities be shifted. and re-establishment. 4.Extraction, Obtain all permits and licenses required for Materials extraction Engineerin Contractor RDA/ CEA/ Visual GSMB Act. transportation collection and processing of materials from sites, storage yards g cost CSCs/ inspection/ Act No 33 of and storage of relevant authorities such as CEA, GSMB, within the sub LAs/ 1992) construction DOF, DWLC, and LAs. project affected GSMB/ Increase of materials Consideration of environmental areas/ outside area vector National requirements and guide lines issued by the breeding Environment CEA, GSMB and LAs sites/ Act. No 47 of If new material extraction sites need to be 1980 located, they should exclude places which Public are close to the public and environment complains Laws and sensitive areas regulations of All drivers should follow the speed limits on respective roads and should have license for the LAs category of vehicles they drive. Planning of construction activity to ensure National that haulage of materials does not take Emission place during night Standards(19 Construction materials should not exceed 94) and CEA the carrying capacity of the trucks water quality Transport loading and unloading of standards materials should not cause nuisance to the public National Environmenta Storage of cement, bitumen, oil and other l (Noise chemicals on an impervious surface above Control) ground level and should be enclosed Regulations ensuring that no storm water flows in to the No.1 1996 structure. Provision of adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odor to storage yards. Storage of sand, rubble, mettle bitumen cement in covered areas to ensure
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
protection from dust, emissions. Restoration of the material extraction sites once after burrowing 5. Effect on Obtain a permit from LAs to use local road Roads which use for Engineerin Contractor RDA/ CSCs/ Visual Laws and local road network prior construction transportation of g cost LAs inspection/ regulations of network Construction materials should not exceed construction respective the carrying capacity of the local road materials. Public LAs network. complains provision should be made for repair and restoration, If public roads get damaged 6. Solid waste Minimize health hazards and environmental Labor camps, Engineerin Contractor RDA/ Visual Laws and disposal and pollution based on CEA guidelines. construction sites, g and CSCs/ inspection/ regulations of sanitation Selection of disposal site away from public offices, disposal environme LAs/ respective and environment sensitive areas sites and material nt cost PHI/ Environmenta LAs Re-use of debris and residual spoil storage yards. CEA l pollution materials wherever possible under instruction of Engineers & CSC. Public Provision of proper solid waste disposal, complains/ sanitation and sewerage facilities to all sites Dumping of garbage in a hygienic manner Workers under the inspection of PHI in the area. health Minimize/avoid stagnation of water around worker based camps. Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities 7. Effect on Awareness of employees on water All streams, coastal Engineerin Contractor RDA/ Visual CEA water water conservation, pollution and minimization of habitats, tanks, g cost and CSCs inspection/ quality resources water usage irrigation canals environme PIU/ standards Prevent entering waste water directly in to cross or run parallel nt cost DoI/ CEA Temporally water bodies. to the roads floods Storage of toxic and hazardous construction materials at least 500m away All causeways and Public from water bodies culverts construction complains Avoid excavation of beds of any irrigation sites
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
systems or other water bodies. Workers Introduction of sediment traps/check dams Sub project roads health to serve as catch drain from disturbed which runs over the areas before discharging into waterways tank bunds Soil erosion, Cleaning of upstream and lead-away sediment load channels of cross drainages to maintain a in streams smooth water flow. and canals Maintaining vehicles and equipment in good condition, to prevent leakage of oil or fuel Prevention of disrupting community water sources.
8. Soil erosion Placement of erosion control measures to All vulnerable areas Engineerin Contractor RDA/PIU/ Visual Technical sedimentation erodible areas. for soil erosion g cost LAs/ CSC inspection specifications and siltation Undertake construction activities in erodible (Turbidity and sections during dry season. Cut and fill areas sedimentation Soil Limitation of steep cuts and the reduction of ) Conservation slop of cuts. Culverts and Act. No 53 of Treatment of clearing and filling areas causeways 1951, against flow acceleration. construction sites Amendment Covering of temporary soil dumps with in1996 thick tarpaulin sheets until remove from the site Re-use of top soil generated from construction sites for turfing and tree planting activities. Intercept and divert clean upslope/run on water around or through the construction site to keep clean and dirty water separate from each other; Erosion and sediment controls shall be monitored regularly and immediately following rainfall and inspections results shall be recorded. The controls shall be maintained or replaced as appropriate.
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
Sediment shall be cleared when sediment traps have reached 50-60% capacity; Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilised or protected by an appropriate method to minimise erosion potential; All fill shall be sufficiently compacted to minimise erosion potential; Cut batters shall be formed to a stable slope consistent with soil properties and adequately protected from erosion; Land shaping operations shall leave the reshaped surface in a roughened condition to encourage infiltration and minimise runoff; Regraded, cleared or disturbed lands including stockpiled soil materials which shall remain exposed to erosion for a period of 14 days or more shall be rendered erosion resistant within 5 days. Temporary protection shall be provided by use of plastic sheeting or seeding with cover crops, annual grass species or mulch, even if the area shall be subject to further regrading or subsequent construction. 9. Temporary Increase the embankment height of the All flood prone areas Engineerin Contractor RDA/ Visual Technical floods inundation sections. g cost DoI/ PDoI/ inspection/ specifications Construction of cross drainages with Causeways, bridge CSCs/ sufficient capacity. and culverts Public Irrigation act. Avoid storage of construction materials an construction sites. complaint No, 23 0f disposal of debris around water resources. 1993 Maintain sheath water flow of drainage Impact to the system without any blockages/stagnation. public Provision of temporary earth drains to the properties
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
construction sites. Undertaking construction works affecting water bodies/flood plain during dry season.
10. Affect on Awareness of workforce regarding All construction Environme Contractor RDA/ Impact to the Fauna and flora, fauna important of fauna, flora and their habitats. areas of sub project ntal cost (Under DWLC/CEA/ animals and Flora and their No establishment of construction camps roads Supervision DoF their Protection Act habitats inside the sanctuary area of PIU) CSCs migration (1993). Construction timing to be restricted to Removal of trees paths daylight hours within environment sensitive throughout the sub Felling of aras project road where Visual trees No sourcing of construction materials or necessary. inspection (Amendment any other resources (fishing, hunting Act No:01 of animals and gathering fire wood) from Material extraction 2000 and Act inside the sanctuary area sites to Amend Erection of sign boards to indicate elephant felling of trees crossings and speed limits in the elephant All sanctuary areas control) crossing areas (B211) Erection of information boards for both Padaviya Sanctuary sanctuaries (Vankalaiai and Padaviya – B211 Sanctuaries) Vankalai Sanctuary - Removal of road side trees adhering to the A014 CEA guidelines and recommendation. Decision on tree removal based on Detailed Engineering Design Marking road side trees subjected to removal and preparation of inventory prior to start clearing. Valuable timber should be properly stacked and handed over to the DoF or rightful owners. Organizing tree planting program in appropriate locations Selection of the native or endemic saplings for the tree planting programme
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
11. Awareness of all stakeholders regarding Throughout the sub Environme Contractor RDA/ Impact to the Fauna and Biodiversity Bio Diversity conservation. project roads ntal cost (Under CSCs habitats Flora conservation Avoid clearing of natural habitats and Supervision DoF Protection Act and replacement of natural vegetation. All material of PIU) CSC Visual (1993). sustainable Avoid introduction of invasive plants to the extraction sites inspection natural project area by means of accidental resource transport. All sanctuary areas management Periodic assessment to check the introduction of invasive alien species Padaviya Sanctuary Use of natural resources in sustainable – B211 manner. Vankalai Sanctuary - A014
12. Protection Contractor should avoid or minimize Throughout the sub Engineerin Contractor RDA/ Visual Antiques of impacts on archaeological, cultural and project roads, close g cost CSCs/ DoA inspection ordinance archaeological, religious sites due to proposed construction to temples, kovils, no.9 of 1940. cultural and work. churches or other religious If any fossils, coins, articles of value important structures antique, structures etc., discovered on the archeological sites site it should be informed to the Engineer and Department of Archaeology (D0A) immediately. Any important archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered during project activities, work should be stopped, avoid entering any workmen to the above areas and assistance should be taken from DoA for further activities 13. Disruption Provide an advance notice to local All construction Engineerin Contractor RDA/ Local Traffic Motor Traffic of traffic communities about the schedule of sites, roads which g cost police congestions/ Act. No 14 of construction activities use for Public 1995, Provision of safe passage/ alternative transportation of complain/ Amendment routes to the vehicles and passengers. construction Accidents Act No: 5 of Implementation of traffic management materials. 1998 plans in close coordination with local police and public
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
Installation of traffic warning signs, temporary traffic lights or flagman at the construction sites Schedule movement of large trucks and plant in off-peak traffic times. 14. Personal Proper briefing and training of workers on All construction Engineerin Contractor/ RDA/ Number of Safety and safety safety precautions, and their sites, material g cost Local police PIU/ accidents/ Health responsibilities. extraction sites, Local police/ regulations of Use of licensed and well trained operators close to public CSCs Visual the Factory for handling of machinery, equipment and sensitive locations inspection/ Ordinance of material processing plants and roads which use Sri Lanka Provision of first aid facilities and for transportation of Public emergency transport to the nearest hospital construction complains Provision of protective instruments and materials. clothes to workers, based on their duty Arranging regular safety checks of workers, vehicles and plants Establishment of road engineering aspects and sign boards to reduce accidents Storage of explosive materials in a secure location in a protective way. 15. Effect on Obtaining approval from DOI, DS, DoAS Inundation sections, Engineerin Contractor RDA/DoI/DoA Visual Technical existing prior to diversion, close or blocking of water construction sites of g cost S/CSC inspection, specifications/ drainages sources. causeways, bridges public Irrigation act Restoration of water bodies to its original and culverts, earth complaint, status once after construction. or line drains local traffic Prevent storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around cross drainages. Provision of temporally drainage facilities until requires line or earth drains are provided. Replacement of structurally damaged drainage structures.
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
16. Impact Implementation of National Emission Throughout the Environme Contractor RDA/ Visual National from dust, Standards and Noise Control Regulations road, material ntal cost CEA inspection/ Emission noise and of CEA for project activities. extraction CSC/ public Standards vibration Regular maintenance of machinery, sites/processing LAs/ complaint (1994) equipment and vehicles in a good plants/public condition. sensitive locations Noise Control Prevent bad odor and offensive smell and built up areas. Regulations emanating from chemicals, material by CEA processing or other construction activities Placement of crushers and hot mixed Locations of plants away from public and environmental extraction, sensitive areas. transportation and Arrangement of construction activities storage of closer to public sensitive locations construction coordination with the relevant authorities. materials. Placement of exhaust silencers and noise reduction devices to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants Storage of construction materials with proper covering, provision of dust barriers, spraying of water and control of vehicular speed to minimize dust emission. Operation Stage
17. Air quality It is expected to reduce existing dust after Throughout the sub Maintenan RDA RDA Visual Technical and noise surfacing of the roads. Proper alignment project roads ce cost inspection specifications and surfacing of the road will help to reduce determine the vehicular emissions. d by the RDA
Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa- Supervision tion
18. Drainage Regular maintenance of drainage system Throughout the sub Maintenan RDA/ RDA/ Visual Technical Congestions Avoid dumping garbage and other spoil project roads ce cost DoI/ DoI/ inspection specifications material determine d by the Temporally RDA flood
Increase of vector breeding sites 19. Safety of Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules Particular locations Cost, RDA/ Local RDA/ Local Number of Traffic rules road users and regulations of the sub project determine police police road and Installation of the warning signs. roads d by the accidents regulations Provision of bus bays, pedestrian crossings public sensitive RDA and payments to the appropriate locations locations Visual Safety and built up areas inspection regulations
Public complains 20. Enforcement of rules and regulations Throughout the Labour RDA RDA Visual Based on Encroachment Routine checking to remove unauthorized subproject roads cost inspection rules and of RoW structures determine regulations of d by RDA RDA
Abbreviations
CEA - Central Environmental Authority DWLC - Department of Wildlife Conservation LA -Local Authorities CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board EMP - Environment Management Plan PHI - Public Health Inspector CSCs - Construction Supervision Consultants EO -Environmental officer PIU - Project Implementation Unit DoF - Department of Forest GSMB -Geological Survey & Mines Bureau RoW - Right of Way DoI - Department of Irrigation DS - Divisional Secretory GN - Grama Niladari DoA - Department of Archeology NWS&DB – National Water supply and Drainage Board
Annex E: Common Environmental Monitoring Plan for the National roads
Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored 1. Air Quality A. Pre SO2, Four locations from A single time NAAQS Per sample Rs. 400,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction NO2, sub project affected /each of Sri Rs. engaging CEA stage CO, areas location Lanka 100,000 approved Pd, e.g. monitoring TSPM Public sensitive, agency (GoSL) Rural residential & agricultural areas Lagoon & coastal areas Town areas with considerably high traffic Around forested area, sanctuaries & RAMSAR site B. Do Do Two times/ Do Per sample Rs. 800,000 Contractor by PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction each location Rs. engaging CSC Stage 100,000 approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
C. Operation Do Do A single Do Per sample Rs. 400,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD Stage time/each Rs. engaging location 100,000 approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
2. Water Quality A. Pre EC, Four locations from A single time CEA water Per sample Rs. 40,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD Construction TSS, the sub project /each Quality Rs. 10,000 engaging stage DO, affected areas location Standards approved BOD, (Rivers, lagoon, monitoring PH streams, tanks, wells agency (GoSL) Oil and etc.) grease, Pb E.Coli B. Do Three times / Do Per sample Rs. 120,000 Contractor by PIU/RDA/ESD/
Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored Construction Do each location Rs. 10,000 engaging CSC Stage approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
C. Operation Do A single Do Per sample Rs. 40,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD Stage Do time/each Rs. 10,000 engaging location approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
3. Noise A. Pre Noise level Four locations from A single National Per sample Rs. 160,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD Construction (dB level) the sub project time/each Environm Rs. 20,000 engaging stage affected areas location ental approved e.g. (Noise monitoring Town areas Both during Control) agency (GoSL) Public sensitive day and night Regulatio and rural ns, residential areas Bridge construction sites Environment sensitive areas B. Do Do Two times / Do Per sample Rs. 320,000 Contractor by PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction each location Rs. 20,000 engaging CSC Stage approved Both during monitoring day and night agency (GoSL) C. Operation Do Do A single Do Per sample Rs. 160,000 RDA by PIU/RDA/ESD Stage time/each Rs. 20,000 engaging location approved monitoring Both during agency (GoSL) day and night
4. Flora A. Pre Number of Throughout the road 1 visit/ road Felling of Rs. 20,000 RS. 140,000 RDA/ESD PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction trees located (1x7) trees / visit CEA stage within the (Amendme proposed nt) Act. No:
Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored RoW 01 0f 2000 and Act Amend felling of trees control) B. Diversity and Do 1 visit /road Flora and Rs. 20,000 RS. 140,000 Through PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction number of (1x7) fauna / visit appointed CSC Stage replanting Protectio Environmental species n act Specialist of the CSC Team C. Operation Percentage Do 2 visits /road Flora and Rs. 20,000 RS. 280,000 RDA (ESD) PIU/RDA/ESD Stage of survival (2x7) fauna / visit Protection act 5. Fauna A. Pre Species Project influence area 4 locations in National Rs. 20,000 RS. 280,000 RDA/ESD PIU/RDA/ESD Construction diversity & including 2 visits/ road Wildlife Act/ / visit stage richness Rural residential (2x7) should area As Lagoon & coastal directed areas, by CEA Forested areas Around sanctuaries & RAMSA sites B. Species Do 4 locations 4 Do Rs. 20,000 RS. 560,000 Through PIU/RDA/ESD/ Construction diversity & visits / road / visit appointed CEA Stage richness ( 4x7) Environmental Specialist of the CSC Team C. Operation Species Do 4 locations, 2 Do Rs. 20,000 RS. 280,000 RDA (ESD) PIU/RDA/ESD Stage diversity & visits/ road per visit richness (2x7) Total cost Rs 4,120,000
Abbreviations:
CE A- Central Environmental Authority EO- Environmental Officer PRDA Provincial Road Development Authority CO - Carbon Monoxide, NAAQS- National Air Quality Standards SO2- -Sulphur Dioxide CSC- Construction Supervision Consultants NO2- - Nitrogen Dioxide TSPM- Total suspended Particulate Matter DO- Dissolved Oxygen Pb- Lead TSS- Total Suspended Solis EC-Electrical Conductivity PM10-Particulate Matter <10 BOD- Biological Oxygen Demand
Annex F: Public Consultation
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
AB021: Jaffna - 15-20 of April Kottadi Mr. J.Rajesh (Government This is a main road section directed to Karainagar and Point Peduru Ponnalai - Point 2012. servant) Hospital road, Kottadi, from Jaffna town through Ponnalai junction. The highly populated area Pedro road Jaffna. of Jaffna town located about 5.00 km beside the road including number of fishing villages. Additionally small fishing markets and harbours, Mr. P.Jeyalakshmi (Business proposed prison complex and two important government building of A section (13.85 Jaffna peninsula (the Institute of Technology and Jaffna Collage) are women) Kottadi, Jaffna. km) from Jaffna located in Vaddakoddai area of the road. Further this road section has town up to not been rehabilitated and properly maintained during last 15 years. So Mr. K.Nagalingam (Community Ponnalai junction Muththamul improvement of the road is essential with widening of existing CW, leader), Muththamul street, street improvement of the side drains and construction of culverts and Jaffna. bridges where necessary.
Mr. J.Paramthosi (Driver), Arali Arali North Removal of road side structures located close to the CW including North, Jaffna. ribbon type developed business premises, residences and public utilities in the highly residential area are essential according to current Mr. A. Sri Loganathan traffic demand. If acquisition of private properties is essential it should Arali South (Government servant), Arali be based on proper compensation prior to any construction. South, Jaffna. In generally sources of construction material are not located around Karai Nagar Mrs. K.Krishnakumari (House proposed project area. So those should be transport from outside area, road wife), 101, Karai Nnagar road, sometime mettle from NCP. Transport of construction materials using Jaffna. heavy trucks, movement of construction machineries and equipment through urban and residential areas, storage of construction materials Mr. S.Lawarkumar (Mechanic), in different locations of the road, asphalt or DBST overlying est. will 101, Karai Nagar road, Jaffna. create environment pollution, traffic congestions, delays and impact to other day to day activities of the road side communities. Thus all Nawanthurei Mrs. J.Agnasamma (House construction activities should be properly plan to minimize social and wife), Beach road, Nawanthurei, environment problems during the construction stage. Jaffna. A009: Kandy - 15-20 of April Rambewa Mr. A.G. Samantha The existing CW of the proposed road section is not sufficient for the Jaffna Road. 2012. (Businessmen), Welioya current traffic demand in the area due to number of other national and Govipola, Rambewa. provincial road sections connected to the road in both ends (A020, A section (13.5 km) A014, B283….). from Rambewa up Mr. A. Sarath Amarasiri to Medawachchiya (Businessmen), Osaka city, The bend located ¼ bridge area is vulnerable to the accidents and Welioya, Rambewa. numbers of fatal accidents are recorded in the area annually.
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
Additionally several locations of the road gets inundated during heavy Wahamal Mr. W.M. S Wijekoone rains due to insufficient capacity of cross drainages, irrigation canals, gollewa (Businessmen), 91 Junction, lack of road side drainages etc. The 3 way junction of Rambewa is also Wahamalgollewa, not enough space to smooth driving. So realignment of the bend Anuradhapura. around ¼ bridge, provision of drainages facilities based on the capacity of irrigation system in the area and improvement of Rambewa junction Mr. A. Jayasundara to facilitate smooth driving to all 3 directions is essential. (Businessmen), No. 1014, Wahamalgollewa, Since all most all the people in the area and beside the road are Anuradhapura. farmers under Mahakandarawa irrigation scheme, construction activities should not impact to the irrigation system and natural flow Mr. U. K. Weerarathne paths due to construction of cross drainages, culverts or bridges. If (Businessmen), No 986/C, need to be blocked, suitable mitigation measures should be taken to Wahamalgollewa, minimize impact during the construction stage. Also construction Anuradhapura. schedule of bridges and other cross drainages which directly connected with irrigation system should be decide with the discussion Mr. K.B. Siriwardane (Farmer), of Irrigation Engineer, Divisional Secretory and Farmer Organization in No 1047 N, Yaya 05, Wahamal the area prior to the work. Gollewa, Anuradhapura.
Lindawewa Mr. P. Dumindapala Handiya (Businessmen), Lindawewa Handiya, Sangilikanadarawa, Medawachchiya. AB19: Jaffna - 13th and 14th Manomman Mr. A. Rasendran (Farmer), The existing CW of the road is not sufficient throughout the section to Pannai – Kayts of February Manomman, Nalanpataran. facilitate convenient transportation for road users. The daily traffic Road. 2012. demand is very high up to Nagadeepa Junction due to pilgrims visit Mr. P. Nawarathnum (Farmer), Nagadeepa temple from other areas of the country. Since The entire section Manomman. Nalanpataran. considerable length of the road runs through the Jaffna lagoon area the (20.27 Km) from embankment slops of the road is vulnerable to the sea erosion. Also Jaffna to Kayts Naranthanai Mr. T Sundaralingom (President capacity of the road is not sufficient for existing traffic demand and MPTS) Naranthanai, Kayts. heavy vehicles (Specially Buses with pilgrims) which use along the road. Mr. R. Doraisamy (Retired Station Master), Naranthanai, The proposed road is not rehabilitated properly during last 3 decades Kayts. due to prevailed complicit situation. Large number of pot holes, broken road edges and structurally damaged culverts are located along the Mrs. S. Sivarani (House wife), road. Since most of the people in the area use foot bicycles for their
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
Naranthanai, Kayts. daily needs, the current dilapidated situation of the road is highly impact to the local people. Ombalamatta Mr. Balasinghe Nawarathne ram (Farmer), Paravanai East. The initial section beside the road of Jaffna lagoon is use by the people Ombalamattaram. for various kind of fishing activities. Currently there is no suitable access to the lagoon from the road and no proper places to stop Kayts. Mr. R. Kamaleshwaram boats. So it is expected to gain these facilities as much as possible (Busnessmen), through the project. Main street Kayts. A014: 10th and 11th Madu Mrs. S. Sivagem (Gram seller), At present the starting (From Medawachchiya up to Madu road) and Medawachchiya - of February Mr. M. S. Muththu (Cook), end sections (From Thirucashwaram Kovil junction up to Mannar) of Mannar – 2012. Ganeshapuram, Kannati, Madu the A014 road properly rehabilitated except proposed section from the Talaimannar road. Post. total length. The main town ship and the fairly developed area of Murunkan and Yodhawewa is located within proposed mid-section of A section (29.6 km) Mr. Sundaralingom (Three the road. The famous Madu church and Thirukeshwan Kovil is located from Madu road Wheel Driver), No 27, around starting and end sections respectively while considerable junction up to Pumanandon, Madu Post. amount of rehabilitated villages, agricultural and fishing villages, large Thirucashwaram extent of paddy fields are also located beside the road and surrounding Kovil junction Mrs. L. K. Sumanawathee area. (Famer), No 47, Madu road, Madu Post. Currently this is the only available, easy and convenient link between Mannar and other areas of the country through Medawachchiya and Mrs. W.M. Kumarihamy Vavuniyawa. In addition to day to day transport activities by the people, (Farmer), Madu road, Madu currently this road section is mainly use for transport of agricultural Post. products, fish, dry fish and construction materials too. During the festival season thousands of people use this section to travel Madu Thampanai Mr. K. Selvakumar (Welder), Mr. church. Therefore improvement of the road is essential. kulam K. Mahendradasa (Mechanics), Thampanai kulam, Madu road, In addition Sri Lankan government already planned to develop Mannar Madu. as tourism destination, so started to construct railway line from Madawachchiya up to Mannar parallel to the A014 road. Thus Murungon Mr. K. Balachandran rehabilitation of the proposed section is essential and war effected (Businessmen), Main street, people will gain advantage from the rehabilitated section as well as Murungon. proposed road section as expected. Additionally this will help to uplifted future development plans of the area. Yodawewa Mr. R. Muththu (Fishermen), Mannar road, Yodawewa.
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
Mathottam Mr. V. K. Nagalingam (Fishermen), Mannar road, Mathottam. A029: Vauniya - 10th and 11th Dutuwewa Mr. B. Senavirathne (Civil This is a small segment about 10.00 km located between rehabilitated Horowopathana of February Security Force), Dutuwewa, sections of Vauniya- Horowpothana road. If this section will rehabilitate road. 2012. Kebithigollewa. entire road can use conveniently with minimum time for the long distance travellers as well as short distance travellers. The section (10.9 Mr. Upali Piyasena (Civil Km) from 4 way Security Force), Dutuwewa, This road is directed from Vauniyawa up to Trincomallee through junction of Kebithigollewa. several small towns including Horowpothana. This is shortest and Kebithigollewa town available link which connect Eastern province & A009 of Northern up to Mr. R. Piyadasa (Farmer), 15 provinces through North Central Province. Therefore improvement of Waduwagama. post, Hirallugama, the road is essential. Kebithigollewa, Medawachchiya.
Nawagamma Mrs. G. S. Priyadarshani (Small Currently the surface condition of the proposed section is not in na scale businessmen), Kalukambili satisfactory level. Transportation during rainy season through the road Devalaya, Nawagammana, is very difficult due to the stagnation of water in pot holes and flooding Kebithigollewa. situation in several sections. The two bridges located along the road at 27.7 km and 28.7 km is in dilapidated condition and not sufficient Iyathikawewa Mr. D.CK Wijesinghe (GN), No capacity for the Yan Oya water flow during heavy rains. Also this area 24, Iyathikawewa, Kebitigollewa. is going under flood, impact to the agricultural lands and restrict transportation from Kebithigollewa up to Horowpothana when the Yan G. Ajantha Kumara (Three Oya over flow. So construction of above two bridges through the wheel driver), Iyathikawewa, project is essential based on the current hydrological investigations. Kebitigollewa.
Kiwulekada Mrs. Kalyani Karalliyadda (Member of PS), Kiwulekada, Kebitigollewa. B283: 10th and 11th Ihala Mrs. D. Udeni (Businessmen), The surrounding area of Kebithigollewa and Padaviya were highly Medawachchiya - of February Thammenna Mr. S. Devendra (Famer), Ihala affected during the prevailed complicit situation in the country. Sudden Kebithigollewa 2012. wa, Thammennawa, Medawchchiya. terrorist attacks to the bordering villages were reecorded in the area during that period. So periodic maintenances and rehabilitation and (25.4 Km) Dachchidam Mr. S. Wickramasinghe activities were not carried out by the relevant authorities timely based ana, (Farmer), Dachchidamana, on the requirements. B 211: Medawchchiya. Kebithigollewa - Development of Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa (B283) and
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
Padaviya road Ataweeragoll Mrs. H. Deepika Priyanthi Kebithigollewa – Padaviya (B211) is very important. This is the main (31.4 km). ewa (Teacher), Ataweeragollewa, link between Medawachchiya & Kebithigollewa DSDs. There are some Medawachchiya. important institutions located around the road at Athakada such as Rural Hospital, Banks and a government school too. Development of Mr. P. Weerasena (Farmer), Mr. Ethakada small town is main advantage through the proposed project. P. Premadasa (Farmer), Athakada, Ataweeragollewa, It is important to realign bends which located close to the Ethakada Medawachchiya. tank and close to 6 km post. Additionally raising of the section between Thammannewa & Mahadivulwewa also essential due to inundation Mrs. N. Sangeetha during rainy season (Businessmen), Mr. U.B Samaranayaka (Farmer), Mrs. P. Thilakawathee (Small scale Surrounding area of both road sections is high productive agricultural businessmen), Pandikgama, areas under main irrigation tanks (Padaviya & Wahalkada) as well as Aataweeragollewa, under Maha Oya and Yan Oya basins. Thus huge quantities of paddy Medawachchiya. transports to the southern part of the country from this area using proposed road sections. Additionally other agricultural products such Ithalwidda Mr. J. S. Danushka (Student) as fruits, vegetables, fresh water fish and construction materials also wewa Padaviya road Ihalagama, transport through the road. Kebithigollewa. Both roads altogether provide transport facility from A009 road up to Mr. B. Jayaweera (Farmer), Padaviya through Kebithigollewa as one straight road. The main Ithalwiddawewa, Padaviya road, agricultural areas of Parakramapura and Stripura also located Kebithigollewa. considerable distance from the Padaviya town. The main link from other areas of the country through Medawachchiya, especially to Samadhi Mr. W. Wijesooriya (Famer), Kebithigollewa, Padaviya, Parakramapura and Stripura located along gama, Samadhigama, Padaviya road, these two roads. Therefore people in long distance as well as short Thittagonewa. distance of the project influence area are in favour of welcome this project because they think it is an immediate requirement. Mr. A. Meththasena (Farmer), Thittagonewa, Samadhigama, Kebithigollewa.
Galewewa, Mr. S. Jinapala (Farmer), Mr. D.M.L.A Rajakaruna (Businessmen), Galewewa, Thittagonewa, Kebithigollewa.
Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation
Mahanetiyaw Mr. U. Malhamy (Famer), a, Padaviya road, Mahanetiyawa, Kebithigollewa.
Herath Mr. A. A. Jayasekara, Mr. K. J. Halmillewa Jinadasa (Famers), Herath Halmillewa, Kebithigollewa.
Attachment 2: Culvert Inventory Summary
Road No. Road Name Existing Inventory Proposed Inventory Proposed Improvement
Pipe Slab/Box Not Pipe Slab/Box Re- Widen/ culverts Culverts Visible Culverts Culverts construction Repair Repair New Kebithigollewa- B211 Padaviya 50 19 - 49 26 56 15 4 Medawachchiya- B283 Kirigollewa 76 5 - 72 12 70 14 Vauniya - A029 horowpathana 27 1 - 27 1 11 1 16 Jaffna-Pannai- AB19 kayts 20 22 - 6 36 27 1 14 Medawachchiya- Mannar- A14 Talaimannar 35 39 - 35 39 31 43
189 114
Total 303 303
Attachment 3: Bridge list
Road No Str. No Total Carriageway Total Existing Remarks Road Name Length Width width condition A014 48/1 4.4 5.5 6.3 deck r/f corroded Widening and redecking Medawachchiya - water is leaking Mannar through insitu 49/2 9.8 6.4 8.2 concrete Widening (9.75m beam)
Yoda Ela 48.2 7.5 9.4 Skew No work A029 Provide 27m span bridge ( 2 X Vavunia - 28/6 29.2 7 9.9 14.5m beams) Horowpathana Provide 12m span bridge (13.5m 29/1 10.4 7.4 8.7 Flooding beam) Provide 12m span bridge (13.5m 29/2 7.2 7.55 8.2 Flooding beam)
Provide 27m span bridge ( 2 X 29/3 28.9 7 9.9 14.5m beams) Provide new bridge ( 2X13.5m 0+260 29.1 7.4 9.9 beams) Provide 10m span bridge with AB019 1+650 1.5m freeboard (11.5m beam) Jaffna - Kaytes Abutments extended in both sides by 8+200 7.1 7.25 8.1 0.75m Opening size to be checked Reconstruction & opening size to 11+020 6.5 4.9 5.6 0.3m free board be checked (6.1m Beams) Widening and redecking (7.1m 12+400 7.65 6.7 7.4 Deck rf exposed beam ) B211 No free board, Provide 6.1m span bridge (7m Kebithigollawa - 7/3 5.4 5.9 6.2 narrow beam) Padaviya 0.3m free board, Provide 6.1m span bridge (7.1m 13/5 5.8 6 6.7 Narrow beam) Provide 11m span bridge ( 11.5m 17/1 8.6 6.6 7.4 beam)
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Road No Str. No Total Carriageway Total Existing Remarks Road Name Length Width width condition Provide 35m span bridge (3 X 18/1 27.6 5.5 6.4 Flooding 13.5m beam) Provide 14m span bridge (15.5m 18/2 10.8 5.5 5.5 beam) Irrigation canal crossing. Water 32/1 5.5 6.1 leaking through slab Widening & redecking
Irrigation canal crossing. Water 32/2 10.8 5.5 6.1 leaking through slab Widening & redecking B283 Provide 6.2m X 2.8m bridge ( Medawachchiya - 26/4 6.2 7.1 7.6 7.1m beam) Kebithigollawa
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MATERIAL SOURCES LOCATIONS - MAP 01
QC-08
BP-02 BP-01
PA-03
BP-03
BP-17
QC-06
AMP-04 BP-04 PA-01 BP-13 NCANC126 QC-04 BP-07 AMP-05 KEBITHIGOLLAWA
BP-12 QC-05
PA-04 BP-08 PA-02 BP-05 BP-14 BP-11 BP-10 BP-06
PA-05
BP-09 BP-15 QC-03 QC-07
AMP-03
MADAWACHCHIYA
A009
BP-16
QC-09
LEGEND
QC AGGREGATE QUARRY / CRUSHER
BP BORROW PIT
PA POTENTIAL AREA
JAFFNA AMP ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
MANKULAM
Mannar
Vavunia
Punewa Trincomalee Medawachchiya
Rambawa
Anuradhapura Mihintale
Galkulama
Puttalam
Polonnaruwa
Batticaloa
Kurunegala Matale QC-01 Kandy Kegalle Ampara AMP-01 Nittambuwa Gampaha
Badulla Nuwara Eliya COLOMBO
KOTTE AMP-02
INGIRIYA QC-02 MATERIAL SOURCES LOCATIONS - MAP 02
LEGEND
PALALI QC AGGREGATE QUARRY / CRUSHER AMP-08 BP BORROW PIT
PA POTENTIAL AREA
AMP ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
AMP-07
AMP-06
PALLAI
PARANTHAN
BP-21
BP-19 BP-18
BP-20
JAFFNA
ODDUSUDDAN QC-10 QC-11
MANKULAM
Mannar
Vavunia
Punewa Trincomalee Medawachchiya
Rambawa
Anuradhapura Mihintale
Galkulama
Puttalam
Polonnaruwa
Batticaloa
Kurunegala Matale
Kandy Kegalle Ampara
Nittambuwa Gampaha
Badulla Nuwara Eliya COLOMBO
KOTTE
INGIRIYA Attachment 5 : Inundated Sections
Road Nearby Culvert Chainage (km) Inundation Amount Remarks in Extreme Flood B211 3/2 2.406 2’ 5/1 3.993 1.5’ Normal inundation 0.5 5/2 4.075 1.5’ Inundation ends at 191756E, 384340N 5/5 4.784 1’ 9/2 8.833 1’ Inundation around 194587E, 387774N 11/3 10.440 1.5 Inundation 500m up and down from culvert. Inundation ends at 195741E, 388802N 13/1 12.180 1’ 13/2 12.615 0.5’ 18/2 17.205 2’ 19/1 to 19/2 17.864-18.758 1.5 Normal inundation 1’ 21/1 19.918 .5’ 28/1 26.814 1’
A029 near 31/2 30.064 0.5’
B283 2/2 , 2/3 1.172-1.308 0.2 3/1 2.248 0.2 Inundation 40’ before the culvert 7/5 6.674 0.15 Near 172594E, 376605N 14/1-14/4 13.197-13.924 0.25 15/3 14.791 0.3 Close to 179853E, 377847N 22/1 20.906 0.2 24/4 23.324 0.2 26/1 to 26/4 24.927 0.45
B295 0+300 0.3
B389 0+000 0.3 1+300 0.15
AB019 No inundation sections A014 No inundation sections
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