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Energy Poverty Gender 34539 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized K. V.RamaniandEnnoHeijndermans A Synthesis E nergy, Poverty,andGender Copyright © 2003 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 2003 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and grants permission to reproduce this work. Contents Executive Summary.............................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 9 2. The Energy-Poverty-Gender Nexus .................................................................................. 21 3. Energy, Electricity, and Rural Socioeconomic Transformation ............................................ 32 4. Poverty and Gender Impacts of Rural Electrification ......................................................... 53 5. Alternative Energy Technologies: Need for a New Approach.............................................100 6. Beyond Energy..............................................................................................................121 7. Monitoring and Evaluating the Poverty Impacts of Rural Electrification.............................132 8. Recommendations.........................................................................................................156 9. Conclusion....................................................................................................................170 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................173 List of Figures Figure 1: Product and Service Views of Energy in the Energy Chain........................................ 16 Figure 2: The Energy Ladder............................................................................................... 17 Figure 3: The Income Pyramid ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 4: The Vicious Circle of Energy Poverty ...................................................................... 28 Figure 5: A Virtuous Circle to Break Out of Energy Poverty .................................................... 29 Figure 6: Barriers to Not Being Electrified in Indonesia .......................................................... 49 Figure 7: Levels of Penetration of TV and Radio-Cassette: Indonesia ...................................... 67 Figure 8: Lengthening of Day for Electrified Households as Compared to Unelectrified Households in Sri Lanka................................................................................................. 75 Figure 9: Community Benefits from Electrification in Indonesia............................................... 79 Figure 10: Use of Time Available for Agricultural Product Processing Activities: Indonesia......... 83 Figure 11: Use of Time Available for Home-Based Enterprises in Indonesia ............................. 86 Figure 12: Monthly Cost of Battery Recharging in Sri Lanka ................................................... 91 Figure 13: Illustration of Scale of Alternative Energy Technologies Relative to Type of Use......104 Figure 14: Level of Satisfaction from Solar and Micro or Minihydro Systems in Sri Lanka..........106 Figure 15: Coverage of User Needs by Solar and Micro or Minihydro Systems in Sri Lanka.......106 Figure 16: Unmet Needs for Electricity among Solar Home System Users in Sri Lanka .............107 Figure 17: Unmet Needs for Electricity among Small-Scale Hydro Users in Sri Lanka ...............107 Figure 18: Specific Difficulties with Maintaining Alternative Energy Technologies in Indonesia ................................................................................................................111 Figure 19: Conventional and Proposed Approaches to Monitoring and Evaluation....................149 iii List of Tables Table 1: Rural Energy Needs and Supply Sources by Income Level......................................... 34 Table 2: Average Efficiencies of Cookstoves and Fuels........................................................... 37 Table 3: Energy-Related Livelihood Strategies ...................................................................... 42 Table 4: Livelihood Outcomes ............................................................................................. 43 Table 5: Reasons for Not Using Electricity among Unelectrified Households in Indonesia .......... 48 Table 6: Unelectrified Respondents Having an Electrified Neighbor in Indonesia ...................... 49 Table 7: Unelectrified Households Applying Unsuccessfully for Electricity in Indonesia.............. 50 Table 8: Average Ranking of Life Priorities by Households in Indonesia................................... 63 Table 9: Lifestyle Changes Made Possible by Electricity in Indonesia....................................... 64 Table 10: Ranking of TV Programs Watched: Indonesia......................................................... 68 Table 11: Use of Electrical Equipment in Connected Rural Health Centers, Sri Lanka ............... 71 Table 12: Time Allocation by Women before and after Electrification in Housanxi Village, China........................................................................................................................... 76 Table 13: Time Spent by Rural Women in China on Non-Income-Earning Activities Each Week in Winter............................................................................................................. 78 Table 14: Use of Additional Time for Income-Generating Activities in Indonesia....................... 82 Table 15: Electrified Households with Small Enterprises Based on Electricity............................ 86 Table 16: Estimated Income Generation from Home-Based Enterprises with Electricity in Indonesia..................................................................................................................... 87 Table 17: Estimated Income Generation from Home-Based Activities in Sri Lanka .................... 87 Table 18: Electricity Use in Village Enterprises in Indonesia.................................................... 89 Table 19: Income from Village Enterprises in Indonesia......................................................... 89 Table 20: Statistics and Social Facts of Electrification in Sri Lanka .......................................... 96 Table 21: Electrification Rate by Economic Status in Sri Lanka ............................................... 96 Table 22: Comparison of Quality of Service from Alternative Energy Technologies and Grid in Indonesia ................................................................................................................108 Table 23: Service Quality Variations between Alternative Energy Technologies and Grid in Indonesia .........................................................................................................................109 Table 24: Incidence of Maintenance Difficulties with Alternative Energy Technologies in Indonesia ................................................................................................................110 Table 25: Perceived Limitations and Negative Effects of Electricity Services in Sri Lanka.........115 Table 26: Comparison between PRSP and Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches .......................138 Table 27: Linkages between Livelihood Assets and Energy....................................................140 Table 28: Linkages between Vulnerability Context and Energy ..............................................141 Table 29: Linkages between Structures, Institutions, Processes, and Energy ..........................143 Table 30: Energy-Related Livelihood Strategies....................................................................144 Table 31: Livelihood Outcomes...........................................................................................145 Table 32: New Approach to Monitoring and Evaluation in the Project Cycle ............................149 Table 33: Key Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................150 Table 34: Summary of Participatory Assessment Tools .........................................................153 iv List of Boxes Box 1: Current Thinking on Energy and Poverty.................................................................... 24 Box 2: Linking Cooking Energy with the Millennium Development Goals.................................. 38 Box 3: Gender Differences in Perceived Benefits
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