DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Functional Studies and Methods to Better Understand Visual Function

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Functional Studies and Methods to Better Understand Visual Function DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL STUDIES AND METHODS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND VISUAL FUNCTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nasser Hussam Kashou, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Cynthia J. Roberts, Co-Adviser Dr. Ronald X. Xu, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Dr. Lawrence E. Leguire Co-Adviser Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering c Copyright by Nasser Hussam Kashou 2008 ABSTRACT In the study of visual function an understanding of the visual pathways is essential. Once this is achieved then quantitative measurements can be made in order to assess the quality of vision. However, this development can at times be problematic and may lead to visual disorders. Some of these visual disorders are directly related to the development but others may not. We are concerned with mainly one of these visual disorders, infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Common ways INS is assessed is through visual evoked potentials (VEP), or electroretinigrams (ERG). The current work is a comprehensive multidisciplinary attempt to develop new tools and methods for assessing these visual functions in order to both complement as well as introduce new clinical tools that will help in finding efficient treatments by identifying the activation patterns in the brain. This is divided into three stages: functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of oculomotor movements, development of a near infrared spectroscopy system (NIRS) for visual cortex monitoring, and finally an MRI post processing scheme to enhance the cortical imaging. These three stages are an attempt to develop tools in order to aid in visual function studies. ii Dedicated to my mother iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to praise Allah, may He be glorified and exalted, for blessing me with an education and guiding me throughout my life and I would like to thank my mother, Ibtisam El-Khatib, for her continuous support, motivation and guidance. I would also like to thank my advisors and mentors Dr. Lawrence E. Leguire, Dr. Cynthia J. Roberts, and Dr. Ronald X. Xu for allowing me this opportunity and helping me get through it successfully. iv VITA November 16, 1978 . Born - Beiruit, Lebanon March 16, 2001 . B.S. Electrical Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University June 15, 2004 . .M.S. Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University August 26, 2007 . M.S. Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University January 19, 2007 - Present . .PhD Candidate, The Ohio State University. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Biomedical Engineering, studies in Vision Science, Functional MRI and Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Electrical Engineering, studies in Computer Engineering, VLSI Design and Image Processing. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract . ii Dedication . iii Acknowledgments . iv Vita......................................... v List of Tables . xi List of Figures . xv Chapters: 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Statement of Problem . 1 1.2 Significance of Research . 1 1.3 Organization of Dissertation . 1 2. BACKGROUND OF THE ASCENDING VISUAL PATHWAY . 3 2.1 Introduction . 3 2.2 Visual Pathway . 5 2.2.1 Ganglion Cells . 5 2.2.2 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) . 9 2.2.3 Primary Visual Cortex (V1) . 10 2.3 Development of the Ascending Pathway . 14 2.3.1 Disorders of the Ascending Pathway . 17 2.4 Conclusion . 21 vi 3. OVERVIEW OF BRAIN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES . 23 3.1 Introduction . 23 3.2 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(FMRI) . 24 3.2.1 FMRI Visual Cortex Studies . 24 3.3 Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) . 31 3.3.1 FNIR Visual Cortex Studies . 32 3.4 Discussion . 35 4. FMRI on Look vs Stare Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) . 37 4.1 Abstract . 37 4.2 Introduction . 37 4.3 Materials and Methods . 39 4.3.1 Subjects . 39 4.3.2 Scanning sequences . 39 4.3.3 Optokinetic Nystagmus Stimulation Protocol . 40 4.3.4 Data Analysis . 42 4.4 Results . 44 4.4.1 Activation effects in individual subjects . 44 4.4.2 Group activation effects . 44 4.5 Discussion . 49 4.6 Conclusion . 54 5. PARADIGM EFFECTS ON LOOK VS STARE OPTOKINETIC NYS- TAGMUS (OKN): AN FMRI STUDY . 55 5.1 Abstract . 55 5.2 Introduction . 56 5.3 Materials and methods . 57 5.3.1 Subjects . 57 5.3.2 Scanning sequences . 58 5.3.3 Optokinetic Stimulation Protocol . 58 5.3.4 Data Analysis . 60 5.4 Results . 61 5.5 Discussion . 62 5.6 Conclusion . 65 6. FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI) OF VI- SUALLY GUIDED SACCADES AND SMOOTH PURSUIT AT 3T . 78 6.1 Abstract . 78 vii 6.2 Introduction . 79 6.3 Materials and Methods . 79 6.3.1 Subjects . 79 6.3.2 Scanning sequences . 80 6.3.3 Saccade and Pursuit Stimulation Protocol . 81 6.3.4 Data Analysis . 81 6.4 Results . 83 6.5 Discussion . 84 6.6 Conclusion . 89 7. COMPARISON OF AXIAL, SAGITAL, AND CORONAL IMAGING FOR SIMPLE FINGER TAPPING EXPERIMENT: AN FMRI CASE STUDY 90 7.1 Abstract . 90 7.2 Introduction . 90 7.3 Materials and Methods . 91 7.3.1 Subjects . 91 7.3.2 Scanning sequences . 91 7.3.3 Stimulation Protocol . 92 7.3.4 Data Analysis . 92 7.4 Results . 93 7.5 Discussion . 94 7.6 Conclusion . 95 8. TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGE COMBINATION FOR MRI ACQUIRED USING DIFFERENT SCANNING PLANES . 99 8.1 Abstract . 99 8.2 Introduction . 99 8.3 Background . 100 8.3.1 Significance . 100 8.3.2 Methods . 101 8.3.3 2 dimensional phantom (2-D) . 102 8.3.4 3 dimensional(3-D) phantom . 103 8.4 Results . 110 8.5 Discussion . 117 8.6 Conclusion . 118 9. USING FMRI AND FNIRS FOR LOCALIZATION AND MONITORING OF VISUAL CORTEX ACTIVITIES . 119 9.1 Abstract . 119 viii 9.2 Introduction . 119 9.3 Technology Review . 121 9.3.1 Near Infrared Light (NIR) . 121 9.3.2 NIR Systems . 122 9.4 Experimental Design . 123 9.4.1 FMRI Scanning Parameters . 123 9.4.2 FMRI Data Analysis . 124 9.4.3 FNIR Instrument and Sensor . 125 9.4.4 Task . 125 9.4.5 FNIR Data Analysis . 126 9.5 Results . 126 9.6 Discussion . 127 9.7 Conclusion . 130 10. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL TOOL USING NIRS FOR NON-INVASIVE DETECTION OF VISUAL CORTEX AC- TIVITIES . 132 10.1 Abstract . 132 10.2 Background . 133 10.3 Methods and Development . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cholinergic Modulation of Synaptic Properties of Cortical Layer VI Input to Posteromedial Thalamic Nucleus of the Rat Investigated in Vitro
    Short communication Acta Neurobiol Exp 2012, 72: 461–467 Cholinergic modulation of synaptic properties of cortical layer VI input to posteromedial thalamic nucleus of the rat investigated in vitro Syune Nersisyan1,2, Marek Bekisz1*, Ewa Kublik1, Björn Granseth2, and Andrzej Wróbel 1 1Dept. of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland, *Email: [email protected]; 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden The second order somatosensory thalamic nucleus (posteromedial nucleus, PoM) receives excitatory projection from layer VI of somatosensory cortex. While it is known that layer VI cortical input to first order, ventrobasal nucleus (VB) is modulated by cholinergic projections from the brainstem, no such data exists concerning the PoM nucleus. In order to study if layer VI corticothalamic transmission to PoM is also modulated we used patch-clamp recording in thalamocortical slices from the rat’s brain. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in PoM cells by trains of 5 electrical pulses at 20 Hz frequency applied to corticothalamic fibers. After carbachol was applied to mimic activation of the cholinergic neuromodulatory system corticothalamic EPSP amplitudes were reduced, while facilitation of EPSP amplitudes was enhanced for each next pulse in the series. Such cholinergic control of layer VI corticothalamic synapses in PoM may be used as gain modulator for the transfer of the peripheral sensory information to the cortex. Key words: posteromedial thalamic nucleus, corticothalamic input, cholinergic modulation, synaptic facilitation The somatosensory thalamus receives ascending, projection to the ventrobasal nucleus (VB) originates excitatory projections from the periphery that bring from layer VI of the primary somatosensory cortex sensory information to be relayed to the neocortex.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodical Complex on Neuroanatomy
    MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF UZBEKISTAN BUKHARA STATE MEDICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER ABU ALI IBN SINO DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY "APPROVED" by Vice-Rector for Academic and educational work, Associate prof. G.J.Jarilkasinova ________________________________ "_____" ________________ 2020 Area of knowledge: 500000 - Health and social care Education field: 510000 - Healthcare Educational direction: 5510100 - Medical business 5111000 - Professional education (5510100 - Medicine business) 5510200 - Pediatric Medicine 5510300 - Medico-prophylactic business 5510400 – Dentistry (by directions) 5510900 – Medico-biological business EDUCATIONAL - METHODICAL COMPLEX ON NEUROANATOMY Bukhara 2020 The scientific program was approved by the Resolution of the Coordination Council No. ___ of August ___, 2020 on the activities of educational and methodological associations in the areas of higher and secondary special and vocational education. The teaching and methodical complex was developed by order of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 1, 2017 No. 107. Compilers: Radjabov A.B. - Head of the Department of Anatomy, Associate Professor Khasanova D.A. - Assistant of the Department of Anatomy, PhD Bobomurodov N.L. - Associate Professor of the Department of Anatomy Reviewers: Davronov R.D.. - Head of the Department Histology and Medical biology, Associate Professor Djuraeva G.B. - Head of the Department of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Judicial Medicine, Associate Professor The working educational program for anatomy is compiled on the basis of working educational curriculum and educational program for the areas of 5510100 - Medical business. This is discussed and approved at the department Protocol № ______ of "____" _______________2020 Head of the chair, associate professor: Radjabov A.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Article (Published Version)
    Article Brain–machine interface induced morpho-functional remodeling of the neural motor system in severe chronic stroke CARIA, Andrea, et al. Abstract Brain–machine interfaces (BMI) permit bypass motor system disruption by coupling contingent neuroelectric signals related to motor activity with prosthetic devices that enhance afferent and proprioceptive feedback to the somatosensory cortex. In this study, we investigated neural plasticity in the motor network of severely impaired chronic stroke patients after an EEG-BMI-based treatment reinforcing sensorimotor contingency of ipsilesional motor commands. Our structural connectivity analysis revealed decreased fractional anisotropy in the splenium and body of the corpus callosum, and in the contralesional hemisphere in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the posterior thalamic radiation, and the superior corona radiata. Functional connectivity analysis showed decreased negative interhemispheric coupling between contralesional and ipsilesional sensorimotor regions, and decreased positive intrahemispheric coupling among contralesional sensorimotor regions. These findings indicate that BMI reinforcing ipsilesional brain activity and enhancing proprioceptive function of the affected hand elicits reorganization of [...] Reference CARIA, Andrea, et al. Brain–machine interface induced morpho-functional remodeling of the neural motor system in severe chronic stroke. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 635-650 DOI : 10.1007/s13311-019-00816-2 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:142500
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acids and N-Acetyl-Aspartyl-Glutamate As Neurotransmitter Candidates in the Monkey Retinogeniculate Pathways
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 1989 Amino Acids and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate as Neurotransmitter Candidates in the Monkey Retinogeniculate Pathways Ricardo A. Molinar-Rode Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1641 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Stop and Branch Behaviors of Geniculocortical Axons: a Time-Lapse Study in Organotypic Cocultures
    The Journal of Neuroscience, May 15, 1997, 17(10):3653–3663 Stop and Branch Behaviors of Geniculocortical Axons: A Time-Lapse Study in Organotypic Cocultures Nobuhiko Yamamoto,1 Shuji Higashi,2 and Keisuke Toyama2 1Department of Biophysical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan, and 2Department of Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602, Japan The behavior of growing thalamic axons was studied in an less of the direction of axonal entry. In addition, most axons organotypic coculture of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) entering from the ventral or pial side of the VC exhibited a with the visual cortex (VC) to reveal cellular interactions that transient or persistent stop of axonal growth in and around underlie the formation of lamina-specific thalamocortical con- layer 4, whereas those entering from the lateral edge of the VC nections. The LGN explant was placed at the ventral side, pial traveled along layer 4 without exhibiting stop behavior. The surface, or lateral edge of the VC explant, and fluorescent axonal stop often was accompanied by growth cone collapse dye-labeled LGN axons were observed by confocal microscopy and a slight retraction. These results suggest the existence of in fixed and living tissue. The axonal projection pattern in fixed branch and stop cues in layer 4 of the cortex that are recog- cocultures after 1 week in vitro demonstrated that, in all three nized by LGN axons. configurations, LGN axons formed primitive branches mainly in layer 4. A time-lapse study further examined axonal growth and Key words: axonal branch; target recognition; neocortex; branch formation in the living cortical explant.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Training (Fmri-Nft) in the Treatment of Tinnitus
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2017 Efficacy of Real-Timeunctional F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Training (fMRI-NFT) in the Treatment of Tinnitus Matthew S. Sherwood Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Engineering Commons Repository Citation Sherwood, Matthew S., "Efficacy of Real-Timeunctional F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Training (fMRI-NFT) in the Treatment of Tinnitus" (2017). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1825. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1825 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFICACY OF REAL-TIME FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING NEUROFEEDBACK TRAINING (FMRI-NFT) IN THE TREATMENT OF TINNITUS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By MATTHEW S. SHERWOOD M.S.E.G, Wright State University, 2013 B.S.B.E, Wright State University, 2011 ________________________________________________ 2017 Wright State University COPYRIGHT BY MATTHEW S. SHERWOOD 2017 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL August 10, 2017 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE DISSERTATION PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Matthew S. Sherwood ENTITLED Efficacy of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Training (fMRI-NFT) in the Treatment of Tinnitus BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy. Subhashini Ganapathy, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Determining TrkB intracellular signalling pathways required for specific aspects of gustatory development Juraj Koudelka Thesis submitted to the School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine at the University of Edinburgh for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 I have read and understood The University of Edinburgh guidelines on plagiarism and declare that this thesis is the result of my own work except where indicated by references. This thesis has been submitted to The University of Edinburgh for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy only. Juraj Koudelka ABSTRACT Neurotrophins BDNF and NT4 influence the development of the rodent gustatory system. Despite binding to the same receptor, TrkB, they have different roles. BDNF is chemo-attractive for gustatory neurons and regulates gustatory neuron targeting and number during development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Development of Thalamocortical and Corticothalarnic
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 335:1641 (1993) The Early Development of Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Projections BRAD MILLER, LARRY CHOU, AND BARBARA L. FINLAY Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.C., B.L.F.); Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 (B.M.) ABSTRACT The early development of thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections in hamsters was studied to compare the specificity and maturation of these pathways, and to identify potential sources of information for specification of cortical areas. The cells that constitute these projections are both generated prenatally in hamsters and they make reciprocal connections. Fluorescent dyes (DiI and DiA) were injected into the visual cortex or lateral geniculate nucleus in fixed brains of fetal and postnatal pups. Several issues in axonal development were examined, including timing of axon outgrowth and target invasion, projection specificity, the spatial relationship between the two pathways, and the connections of subplate cells. Thalamic projections arrive in the visual cortex 2 days before birth and begin to invade the developing cortical plate by the next day. Few processes invade inappropriate cortical regions. By postnatal day 7 their laminar position is similar to mature animals. By contrast, visual cortical axons from subplate and layer 6 cells reach posterior thalamus at 1 day after birth in small numbers. By 3 days after birth many layer 5 cell projections reach the posterior thalamus. On postnatal day 7, there is a sudden increase in the number of layer 6 projections to the thalamus. Surprisingly, these layer 6 cells are precisely topographically mapped with colabeled thalamic afferents on their first appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • IX. Neurology
    IX. Neurology THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is the most complicated and highly organized of the various systems which make up the human body. It is the 1 mechanism concerned with the correlation and integration of various bodily processes and the reactions and adjustments of the organism to its environment. In addition the cerebral cortex is concerned with conscious life. It may be divided into two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system consists of the encephalon or brain, contained within the cranium, and the medulla spinalis or spinal 2 cord, lodged in the vertebral canal; the two portions are continuous with one another at the level of the upper border of the atlas vertebra. The peripheral nervous system consists of a series of nerves by which the central nervous system is connected with the various tissues of the body. For descriptive purposes these nerves may be arranged in two groups, cerebrospinal and sympathetic, the arrangement, however, being an arbitrary one, since the two groups are intimately connected and closely intermingled. Both the cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerves have nuclei of origin (the somatic efferent and sympathetic efferent) as well as nuclei of termination (somatic afferent and sympathetic afferent) in the central nervous system. The cerebrospinal nerves are forty-three in number on either side—twelve cranial, attached to the brain, and thirty-one spinal, to the medulla spinalis. They are associated with the functions of the special and general senses and with the voluntary movements of the body. The sympathetic nerves transmit the impulses which regulate the movements of the viscera, determine the caliber of the bloodvessels, and control the phenomena of secretion.
    [Show full text]
  • ACNP 58Th Annual Meeting: Poster Session III
    www.nature.com/npp ABSTRACTS COLLECTION ACNP 58th Annual Meeting: Poster Session III Neuropsychopharmacology (2019) 44:385–538; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0547-9 Sponsorship Statement: Publication of this supplement is sponsored by the ACNP. Individual contributor disclosures may be found within the abstracts. Asterisks in the author lists indicate presenter of the abstract at the annual meeting. W1 moderate cognitive impairment showed statistically significant differences in domain B, but not for 79 memantine-treated The Investigation of Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease: patients. Seventy-nine patients treated with antidementia drugs Toward Optimal Strategies of Treatment for the Disease were as follows: donepezil, 22 (3mg/day, 1; 5mg, 5; 8mg, 1; 10mg, 15) ; galantamine, 32 (8mg, 1; 16mg, 6; 20mg, 1; 24mg, 23) ; Yasuhiro Kaneda*, Koudai Yogi rivastigmine, 24 (9mg, 1; 13.5mg, 1; 18mg, 22); memantine, 35 (10mg, 1; 20mg, 34). Among 35 patients treated with memantine, 33 were taking one of three cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). Iwaki Clinic, Anan, Japan Seven (9%) of 79 patients with antidementia drugs were on Background: Cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is antipsychotics, 4 (5%) were on benzodiazepines, 9 (11%) were on 1234567890();,: usually accompanied by various behavioral and psychological hypnotics, 9 (11%) were on antidepressants, 2 (3%) were on mood symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and dysfunctions in daily activities. stabilizers, and 5 (6%) were on Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese In general, it is considered that there is a worsening of functional Kampo medicine. Case: A 75-year old woman. Mild AD. At initial decline with progressive impairment of cognitive decline in AD, diagnosis, ADAS-cog-J total score was 12.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical and Experimental Studies on the Temporal Pole of the Macaque
    ANATOMICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE TEMPORAL POLE OF THE MACAQUE LOUIS J. POIRIER Laboratory of Comparative Neurology, Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,’ and ,Laboratoire d’histologie, Universite’ de Montreal, Montre‘al, Canada NINETEEN FIGURES This study dealing with the brain of the monkey is part of a research program carried on in the Laboratory of Compara- tive Neurology at the University of Michigan. The writer wishes to thank the A. B. Brower anld E. R. Arn Research and Scholarship Fund, made available through the Dean of the Medical School, for the generous grant which made pos- sible the present work. The author also expresses his sincere gratitude to Professor Elizabeth C. Crosby for her numerous suggestions and her unfai1,ing cooperation. Research on the temporal, pole of the brain was suggested to the author mainly by a set of papers published by Kluver and Bucy (’37, ’38, ’39). After extensive removal of the temporal lobes bilaterally, these two experimenters obtained a complete syndrome, which was characterized by “psychic blindness, ’ ’ oral tendencies, hypersexuality, hypermetamor- phosis, emotional changes, etc. Such far-reaching results from injury to this particular area of the brain appeared to the author worthy of further investigation. MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE For this problem on the temporal’ lobe, including the amyg- dala, the piriform lobe, and the hippocampus, Macaca mulatta was selected. Lesions were placed in the brains of 6 monkeys A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan, 1950. 209 21 0 Locrs J.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Mechanisms of Vision Author(S): David H
    Brain Mechanisms of Vision Author(s): David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel Source: Scientific American , Vol. 241, No. 3 (September 1979), pp. 150-163 Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24965293 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Scientific American This content downloaded from 128.61.154.29 on Mon, 06 Jan 2020 20:23:07 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms of Brain Mechanisms Vision A functional architecture that may underlie processing of sensory information in the cortex is revealed by studies of the activity and the organization in space of neurons in the primary visual cortex by David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel iewed as a kind of invention by feet. (In a 1963 article in Scientific Amer­ of the location (at the surface of the evolution, the cerebral cortex ican one of us gave the area as 20 square brain) of the electrical brain waves pro­ must be one of the great success feet and was quickly corrected by a neu­ duced when an animal was stimulated storiesV in the history of living things.
    [Show full text]