BULLETIN

Volume 12: No. 6 Cultural Resources Management • National Park Service 1989 A Technical Bulletin for Parks, Federal Agencies, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector Making Technological Facilities NHLs Harry Butowsky

n October 15,1966, President afford the Advisory Council on Control at the NASA Johnson Space O Lyndon B. Johnson signed Historic Preservation an opportunity Center in Houston, Texas, are still Public Law 89-665, otherwise known to comment with regard to the under­ active facilities, destined to be used as the National Historic Preservation taking. for research for many years to come. Act of 1966. Among the many reasons In the 23 years since the passage of The question now facing the historic given in the preamble of the Law for the National Historic Preservation preservation community—including its passage, Congress stated the fol­ Act of 1966, many scientific and tech­ the Advisory Council on Historic lowing: "... although the major nological resources have been listed Preservation, State Historic Preserva­ burdens of historic preservation have in the National Register of Historic tion Officers, and the National Park been borne and major efforts initiated Places. While many of these resources Service—is whether the designation by private agencies and individuals, are obsolete facilities never to be of these active facilities as National and both should continue to play a brought back into operational use, an Historic Landmarks is compatible vital role, it is nevertheless necessary increasing number, such as the with the provisions of Sections 106 and appropriate for the Federal Gov­ Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, and 110(f) of the Historic Preserva­ ernment to accelerate its historic pres­ Pennsylvania; the Twenty-Five Foot tion Act of 1966, as amended, and ervation programs and activities to Space Simulator at the NASA Jet Section 101 of the act requiring the give maximum encouragement to Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, comprehensive survey of historic agencies and individuals undertaking California; and Apollo Mission properties. Sec full report inside. preservation by private means, and to assist state and local governments and the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States to expand and accelerate their historic NPS Helps Charleston preservation programs and activi­ ties." After Hugo The National Historic Preservation Act established many new programs for both Federal and state govern­ mental agencies. The Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to expand and maintain a national register of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects significant in American history, architecture, archeology and culture; established an Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to advise the President and Congress on matters pertaining to historic preser­ vation; and in Section 106, the Act required the head of any Federal Agency responsible for any undertak­ ing to consider the effect of that undertaking on any property in­ cluded in the National Register and See photo story at the center of this bulletin. The Designation of Technological Facilities as National Historic Landmarks A Report Harry Butowsky

he Historic Preservation Act of the Advisory Council on Historic sible. The comprehensive report was T1966 provides for the comprehen­ Preservation, the National Confer­ requested no later than September 30, sive survey of historic resources, their ence of State Historic Preservation 1981. listing in the National Register of Officers, and NASA, and the deletion As a result, the Man in Space Na­ Historic Places if determined eligible, of this legislative waiver from the tional Historic Landmark Theme Study and their protection under Section final bill. was published in 1984 and 25 historic 106, and in the case of National NASA's concerns date back to resources associated with the history Historic Landmarks, under Section September 8,1980, when President of the American Space Program were 110(f) of the law. Jimmy Carter signed Public Law 96- designated as National Historic Questions concerning a possible 344 that asked the Secretary of the Landmarks. (See CRM Bulletin, April conflict between these provisions of Interior to prepare a study concern­ 1986, "Man in Space: These are the the Historic Preservation Act have ing sites, locations, and events Voyages of...") The required follow been the subject of debate among associated with the historical theme up report, The Man in Space Alterna­ Federal, state, and local government of Man in Space for the purpose of tive Study, although completed in officials and private property owners identifying a possible new unit of the early 1987, and containing a series of for many years. This issue came to a National Park System commemora­ recommendations for the preserva­ head in August 1989 when Rep. tive of this theme, with special tion and interpretation of the historic Robert Walker, ranking Republican emphasis to be placed upon the resources associated with the early member on the Committee on internationally significant event of years of the space program, still has Science, Space and Technology, the first human contact with the not been officially released to the introduced a legislative waiver in the surface of the moon. Public Law 96- Congress because of NASA's objec­ fiscal year 1990 authorization bill for 344 also asked NASA and other tions. (See CRM Bulletin, Vol. 10: No. the National Aeronautics and Space responsible government agencies 6, "Man in Space: The Voyage Administration to exempt NASA's 20 controlling such sites to preserve Continues.") National Historic Landmarks from them from destruction or change In a letter dated October 2,1987, to the provisions of Sections 106 and during the study and congressional Secretary of the Interior Donald P. 110(f) of the National Historic Preser­ review period insofar as was pos­ Hodel, NASA Administrator James vation Act of 1966. While this action took the preservation community by surprise, quick response in the Congress resulted in the signing of a Programmatic Agreement between

As part of our commitment to keeping readers up-to-date on devel­ opments in historic preservation, we will be printing articles on current issues and problems with an effort toward presenting different points of view, where appropriate. In this edition of the Bulletin, Harry Butow­ sky reports on how the National Historic Landmarks program manag­ ers are confronting the problem of owner opposition to landmark desig­ nation of technological facilities. In the next Bulletin we will cover the question of reconstruction. Our "Fort Union" article early this year stimu­ lated some interesting responses— 100-inch Hooker telescope of the Mount Wilson Observatory, Pasadena, CA, an international historical and we plan to share these. —Editor mechanical engineering landmark. Dominated discoveries in astronomy from 1918 until the dedication of the Palomar 200-inch Reflector in 1948. Contains many unique engineering features later incorporated into modern telescopes. Photo by Mount Wilson Observatory.

2 1989 No. 6 would delay or even possibly result requested the National Science in the loss of grants from the National Foundation (the granting agency for Science Foundation, NASA, and scientific funding in the United other Federal agencies. They all States), the Advisory Council, and believed that the application of the National Park Service to work Section 106 procedures to their together to reach an agreement that research facilities would place them would include mechanisms provid­ at a competitive disadvantage in the ing for a satisfactory balance between search for tight Federal monies with historic preservation needs and the other more modern facilities not recently expressed concerns by the subject to the provisions of current owners of the observatories about the historic preservation law. designation of dynamic operational This feeling was so pervasive that a facilities. spokesman for the University of On September 20,1989, Rep. Bruce Pittsburgh, the administrator of the F. Vento, chairman of the House Allegheny Observatory, informed the Subcommittee on National Parks and Board that the University was revers­ Public Lands of the Committee on ing its previous endorsement of the Interior and Insular Affairs; Rep. National Historic Landmark proposal Robert J. Lagomarsino, ranking for the Allegheny Observatory Republican member of the House 200-inch Palomar Hale Reflector, Palomar Obser­ despite its having been listed in the Subcommittee on National Parks and vatory, San Diego Co., CA. Instrument pointing National Register of Historic Places Public Lands; Rep. Robert A. Roe, to the zenith, as seen from the south. Remains the chairman of the House Committee on largest workable single-dish reflector in the since 1979.* world. Photo by Palomar Observatory. The representatives of the observa­ Science, Space and Technology; and tories were in general agreement that Rep. Robert S. Walker, ranking they would all welcome the designa­ Republican member of the House C. Fletcher stated that "NASA simply tion of their sites as National Historic Committee on Science, Space and cannot afford to become entangled in Landmarks, providing they were not Technology, sent a letter to the time consuming, protracted negotia­ subject to the provisions of Sections National Park Service Director, James tions over the status of planned 106 and 110(f) of the Historic Preser­ M. Ridenour, requesting that the changes to operational facilities vation Act of 1966. Since such a nominations of the seven sites at issue in the Astronomy and Astrophys­ which are absolutely crucial to the designation is not possible today ics National Historic Landmark Theme Nation's continuing aeronautics and under existing law, the History Areas Study be deferred for one year to space research, technology, and Committee recommended postpon­ permit the Advisory Council to exploration missions. The mandatory ing consideration of seven of the complete an assessment of this upgrading of facilities and systems, National Historic Landmark nomina­ which are critical to the safety of tions for a period of one year and (continued on page 4) manned flight activities, are immedi­ ate over-riding concerns. Accord­ ingly, I have no choice but to request that you take action to dedesignate the facilities (NASA NHLs) described in Enclosure 1 as historic landmarks." A similar issue surfaced again on September 11,1989, when the History Areas Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board met in Washington, DC, and heard objec­ tions raised by the General Council of the National Science Foundation and representatives of the Yerkes, Palo­ mar, Mount Wilson, Lick, and Al­ legheny observatories that were studied in the National Park Service's Astronomy and Astrophysics National Historic Landmark Theme Study. While representatives of these observatories did not dispute the national significance of their sites, they all expressed a fear that the ap­ plication of Section 106 regulations, triggered, as they saw it, by the Rocket Engine Test Facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. Facility is used to test listing of their observatories in the lightweight liquid hydrogen for use in spacecraft propulsion systems. Photo by NASA Lewis Research National Register of Historic Places, Center.

1989 No. 6 3 The Designation of Technological The question that the listing of fundamental question of whether, as Facilities as NHLs technological facilities in the National a practical matter, the mandate to (continued from page 3) Register of Historic Places has raised conduct a comprehensive survey is is the general perception among inimical to the requirements of situation and to successfully negoti­ members of the scientific community Section 106. Put another way, is the ate a programmatic agreement with who fear that such a move would perceived burden of Section 106 the National Science Foundation. In severely limit their ability to upgrade compromising the ability of state and compliance with this request the or modify their facilities. While the Federal agencies to conduct a nation­ National Park Service recommended National Park Service continues to ally comprehensive survey with its on October 18,1989, that considera­ believe that the designation of attendant requirement for compre­ tion of the disputed sites in the theme properties as National Historic hensive thematic analysis? If so, study be deferred until October 1990. Landmarks and their listing in the alternative ways of conducting the Also on September 20, Representa­ National Register of Historic Places landmark survey might be examined. tives Vento, Lagomarsino, Roe, and are compatible with their continuing One of these might be an administra­ Walker sent an additional letter to function as scientific resources, tive list of properties found to meet John F. Rogers, chairman of the members of the scientific community the National Historic Landmarks Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ have expressed their concerns. criteria of national significance vation, requesting that the Council During the next few months all of the maintained by the National Park analyze this issue and prepare a interested parties must see if an Service. Another might be a two- comprehensive report to the Con­ agreement is possible that will satisfy tiered system listing National His­ gress by September 30,1990. the concerns of the National Science toric Landmarks—the first tier being Finally, in an additional develop­ Foundation and the owners of the designated landmarks carrying no ment during October 1989, Congress observatories so that both the histori­ Section 106 sanctions or other en­ added language to the Department cal significance of these properties hanced procedural protections and of the Interior's appropriations bill can be recognized and important benefits—and a second list, following for fiscal year 1990 (Amendment No. scientific research can continue as in public hearings, of those National 150) concerning the Advisory Coun­ the past. Historic Landmarks (called "partici­ cil on Historic Preservation's funding pating" landmarks) that share in In an interview on this subject existing procedural sanctions. The that stated the following: "Provided, published in the Chronicle of Higher solution to this question has yet to be That none of the funds under this Education on October 4,1989, Dr. determined. head may be used to process under­ Robert Brucato of the Palomar takings of Federal Agencies, as Observatory said of the proposed In the years since the passage of specified in Sections 106 and 110 of National Historic Landmark designa­ the National Historic Preservation the National Historic Preservation tions, "It's a nice thing to have in Act of 1966, the National Park Service Act of 1966, as amended, on grants or your scabbard, but it's a two edged has tried to maintain a balance contracts to institutions or facilities sword.. . . What conceivably could between the operational needs of whose main activity is the conduct of be used to help Palomar could also highly technological facilities and the scientific research and such agencies be used against Palomar." thematic survey requirements of the shall be relieved of the requirements The National Park Service, through National Register and National of seeking comments on such under­ the administration of the National Historic Landmarks Programs. The takings unless requested in writing Historic Landmarks Survey, has tried National Park Service will work with by the grantee." to maintain the principal of compre­ the Advisory Council on Historic hensive thematic survey of the Preservation, the National Science Nation's historic resources as re­ Foundation, the National Aeronau­ quired by public law. In repeated tics and Space Administration and cases, involving technological concerned State Historic Preservation resources and other recent nomina­ Offices in the preparation of the tions as varied as the University of Advisory Council's Report to the Illinois Stadium, the Ohio State Congress on this matter. University Stadium, Fenway Baseball Park in Boston, Massachusetts; To be continued. .. Brandy Station and Cedar Mountain Battlefields in Virginia, and the *On October 17,1989, the U.S. Secret Boston Post Road in New York, both Service requested that the NHL public and private owners have nomination of the United States objected to designation based, among Naval Observatory be deferred for other reasons, on perceived compli­ security reasons. cations with the administration of Section 106 of the Historic Preserva­ tion Act of 1966. The successful resolution of these cases has so far 25-foot Space Simulator at the NASA Jet Propul­ proved elusive. sion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, showing test of Harry Butowsky is a historian in the Voyager spacecraft, 1977. Photo by NASA Jet Deferral of official action on History Division, National Park Service, Propulsion Laboratory. proposed designations raises the Washington, DC.

4 1989 No. 6 Cultural Resource Work at Wupatki National Monument Steve Cinnamon

upatki National Monument following the initial stabilization ties for work based on structural W was established in 1924 to "... efforts at Wupatki Pueblo. Robert integrity, visitor impacts, cattle preserve and protect.. . prehistoric O'Connell of California is exploring grazing, or structural uniqueness. In ruins ..." which are a link to the past. the cultural architecture variation in order to expand limited funds more The monument's 35,253 acres were Wupatki and other large ruins. He efficiently, sites have been selected partially surveyed as early as 1897. argues that Wupatki Ruin especially based on their proximity to sites Between 1981-87, a comprehensive represents a diverse culture as deter­ developed as interpretive foci, such archeological inventory was con­ mined through architectural style. as Lomaki, Citadel and Wupatki ducted by Bruce Anderson of the The patterns of rock size used in wall Ruins. A team of preservation Southwest Cultural Resource Center, construction emulate Chacoan style specialists from the Southwest NPS, recording 2,668 archeological in three rooms of Wupatki Ruin. The Regional Office brought tremendous sites from paleo-Indian, archaic, and course patterned walls might be amounts of expertise when it comes prehistoric through modern time. The analyzed at selected sites across the to ruins preservation. Team members survey has provided an extensive monument to determine if local stone included Larry Nordby, Terry database of information for park material was a factor for the patterns. Morgart, Jim Trott, Todd Metzger, managers to manipulate and use for The site density at Wupatki is three and James Firor. A minimal interven­ interpretive and management pur­ times that projected by archeologists tion approach in ruins preservation poses. in the 1930s. Site types range from was initiated. Realization by Todd The monument's cultural baseline lithic and ceramic scatters to field Metzger of the loss of architectural information has been strengthened houses, enclosures, and pueblos; to information—which is considered a not only by archeological surveys but historic Navajo hogans constructed of unique artifact of each site—due to also by the additional theses and dis­ cottonwood, juniper and stone. The the "broadbrush" approach of former sertations produced by park staff. mixture of cultural material is vast. ruins stabilization measures, led to a Lauren Ritterbush completed a thesis The area has potential for interpret­ raising of the awareness of architec­ on prehistoric water catchments; ing both the environment and man's tural integrity and uniqueness of the Brian Morozas completed research occupation from at least 10,000 years ruins. Extensive documentation using aerial photography and remote ago to the 20th century. The inclusion precedes any on-site work. A compi­ sensing techniques to identify prehis­ of Navajo occupation through the lation of detailed forms on wall toric agricultural fields; Scott Travis mid-19th century is another aspect attributes and features is now pre­ used survey results to analyze agri­ just now being reported. Alexa requisite to physical treatment. cultural field distribution; Steve Cin­ Roberts, University of New Mexico, Physical intervention or alteration via namon used the archeological survey has conducted geneological studies of amended mortar is kept to a mini­ site locations in assessing the prehis­ Navajo occupants in Wupatki Basin. mum where sites are structurally toric human impact on the desert She has been able to reconstruct the weak. Mortar samples are analyzed grassland; Chris Downum prepared a ancestry of 418 people associated for inclusions of cultural origin and dissertation on the history of archeol­ with the first Navajo occupant of the pollen in an attempt to determine ogy in the Flagstaff area and devel­ Wupatki area, Peshlakai Estidi, who season of construction. Dry laid oped prehistoric settlement patterns settled in the area following "The capstone protects the interior of wall based on ceramic analysis. Long Walk" from New Mexico to cores replacing extensive use of Interest in the characteristics of Arizona. amended mortar and foreign stone. prehistoric sites and their preserva­ The ruins preservation program Wedging and shifting stone is tion has encouraged others outside has also grown. The archeological substituted for pointing mortar the Service to study Wupatki Na­ survey recorded an additional 80 between rock courses. The end results tional Monument, as well. Tim pueblo sites which were recom­ are prehistoric ruins which have been Burchett, Northern Arizona Univer­ mended to receive some form of recorded in detail, are structurally sity, is proposing to study the con­ stabilization treatment. An archeol­ sounder, and capable of withstanding struction sequence of Wupatki ogical assessment was completed in minor visitor use. Pueblo. His pilot project, which he 1987 to help managers determine A methodology for targeting sites completed as a volunteer for gradu­ which sites should be treated initially. for work was developed to help the ate course work, will be expanded A computer forms database program, area's managers. Sites were defined using ceramic remains recovered "Just Do It" (NPS Courier, 1988) as front country (developed for inter­ during the 1933 excavation and a enabled the monument resource pretation), mid-country (visible from comparison of historic photographs management specialist to set priori­ (continued on page 6)

1989 No. 6 5 Cultural Resource Work at Wupatki an innovative regional office staff post, two administrative histories, a National Monument have given Wupatki's cultural geologic base map of Wupatki, and (continued from page 5) resources the attention they deserve. has assisted student conservation In addition to a cooperative agree­ aids to receive college credit for their ment with the anthropology depart­ work in the monuments. roads or front country sites, thus ment of Northern Arizona University attracting attention to themselves), (see separate story), Wupatki and Steve Cinnamon served until recently as a and back-country sites (remote parts Sunset Crater have benefited from resource management specialist at of the monument with little visita­ the expertise of Dr. Richard Holm, a Wupatki-Sunset Crater National tion). The cross-referencing of sites volcanologist, who has described the Monument, AZ. He is now a resource on a priority list to map locations six stages of activity from Sunset management specialist in the Midwest Regional Office of the NPS. enabled sites in each category to Crater, a report of a former trading receive some degree of treatment. These new sites were treated in addition to the 40 classified struc­ tures which have received extensive stabilization treatment between 1933 to 1985. The museum collection is being added to the Automated National Minority Anthropology Students Catalog System. IBM computers have been upgraded to meet the program Train at Wupatki requirements and a temporary museum aid was hired to compile Muriel Crespi museum collection lists from at least three other areas where artifacts are his summer found Wupatki students with limited national park stored. Dr. Sara Stebbins, an arche- National Monument participating exposure had first-hand contact with ologist formerly with the Museum of T in an innovative project with North­ a park, its staff, and its cultural and Northern Arizona, was hired to ern Arizona University (NAU) and natural resource management con­ complete a job often assigned as a minority anthropology students. The cerns. Positive associations with collateral duty to ranger personnel. U.S. Department of Education funded experienced NPS professionals linked The full-time devotion to the project the student project, thanks to the students to an otherwise invisible is meeting with success. A VIP from efforts of Dr. Robert T. Trotter II, national agency. This promises pay­ Aurora, Colorado, Don Smith, spent cultural anthropologist and Chair of offs for the students' own sense of six weeks at the park and was able to the Department of Anthropology, membership in a complex system and get the program up and running with and Dr. Shirley Powell, archeologist, enthusiastic support for national the assistance from the Southwest who helped write the winning grant. parks. Regional Office personnel. Don is a As the following Cinnamon and retired computer program manager Trotter articles discuss, the grant As future social scientists, the who chose to enter volumes of data supported a 7-week ethnographic trainees benefitted from working into the computer instead of walking and archeological field course to train under practicing professionals who trails and manning a visitor center 14 social science students. They came cared about developing anthropologi­ information desk. from Indian, Hispanic, Black, and cal expertise in a new and ethnically The Volunteers In Parks (VIP) pro­ Asian minority groups, and from diverse student generation. The gram assists field managers in colleges that ranged from the Univer­ unexpected sophistication of the conducting on-site monitoring of sity of California to Dartmouth. students' final archeological and ethnographic presentations made it prehistoric sites which are in various Collaboration characterized the "zones" depending on their proxim­ clear that NAU faculty had given field project at several levels. While considerable time to the design and ity to roads and interpretive sites. the Department of Education covered Tom Angenent and John Breckon, implementation of feasible research student costs, the university paid projects. members of the Northern Arizona faculty summer salaries, and the Amateur Archeological Society, visit regional office and park added an Park management acquired useful sites across the monument every ethnographic component to the new information about Wupatki week, looking for signs of visitor cooperative agreement that made the archeological resources and visitor impact. institutional connections between behavior, as Cinnamon and Trotter Wupatki National Monument was Wupatki National Monument and indicate, and old questions found established as a "reservation" of NAU. Superintendent Henderson answers as new ones were raised. prehistoric cultural material. Gradu­ provided support in the form of The interactive aspects of ethnogra­ ally, cultural resource surveys have office space for the project, Volun­ phy encouraged discussions between been completed and research accom­ teers In Parks status to students, and the Superintendent and on-site plished. As in all good research, more the continuing encouragement that investigators to consider any project questions are generated. The proxim­ was crucial to the project's success. modifications that seemed useful in ity of the monument to the local Students, NPS, and NAU were all the light of new data. This produced university and strong rapport with beneficiaries of the project. Minority results that focused more directly on

6 1989 No. 6 park concerns. Another pay-off was the opportunity for park staff to learn firsthand about ethnographic tech­ niques and their application to man­ agement's pragmatic concerns. The learning was mutual. Interac­ tions with park staff also resulted in providing the anthropological profes­ sionals with an informal practicum on park issues. First-hand introduc­ tions to NPS needs and goals will foster informed NPS constituents, while also encouraging a closer fit between future University projects and Wupatki research needs. In the same vein, the Service's Cultural An­ thropology-Ethnography program, a relative newcomer to the NPS pool of resource specialties, will especially benefit from Trotter's introduction to Field School learns computer based data management. and interest in NPS ethnographic needs. needed, however, because we cannot potential for low cost, if not cost free, Overall, the summer was a winner expect Anthropology Departments to collaborative projects, especially in for NPS. Other parks and regions regularly invest time and energy in ethnography. might wish to adapt the Wupatki preparing competitive grant propos­ model for access to ethnographic and als that meet NPS needs, and we archeological expertise from local cannot always assume the proposals Dr. Muriel Crespi is the senior universities. It's difficult to find more will win. Still, other parks and anthropologist, Anthropology Division, cost-effective projects. Caution is regions might usefully explore the NPS, Washington Office.

Archeological Field School Steve Cinnamon

n addition to individual research­ during the fall of 1988 and viewed recovered, primarily lithic flakes and I ers at Wupatki National Monu­ sites which were in close proximity to ceramic fragments. Wall fall and ment (see related story), a field school the Wupatki visitor center. Superin­ original deposits of Sunset Crater was conducted this past summer in tendent Larry Henderson wanted cinder were exposed. Hundreds of cooperation with the Department of public access to be a priority objective hours of visitor observation and Anthropology of Northern Arizona in their venture. A small rubble interviews were recorded by the University. What began as interest in mound just west of Wupatki Ruin, ethnography students, including Wupatki's potential for field work WS-1432, was selected for study. It family interaction, trail boundaries, was furthered by a meeting between had not been excavated but did show visitor center use, and visitor activi­ academic representatives and person­ some signs of historic pothunting ties at remote sites (see separate nel from Wupatki-Sunset Crater damage. All archeological clearances report by Robert Trotter). These National Monuments, in order to and ARPA permit requirements were items were the subject of student generate faculty or student interest in met. Dr. Braun wrote the research papers given for the university and the research needs identified in design for the archeology field Service personnel. Cultural Resource Management school; Dr. Trotter wrote the research The students reported on the Plans. University interest exceeded design for ethnography students and cultural affiliation and approximate our expectations and the university the process was underway. Fourteen date of the site as well as numbers secured a grant to provide a field students participated and visitors and types of vessels based on ceramic school for minority students in the were invited to the site and were able remains from surface collections and hope of promoting their interest in to interact with the student archeolo­ removed from the back fill. The site graduate anthropology programs. gists. size was more clearly defined by Drs. Shirley Powell and David After seven weeks of testing, lxl examining outlines of wall fall and Braun, archeologists, and Dr. Robert meter or 1x2 meter plots were fully Trotter, cultural anthropologist, recorded, documented, and back­ visited Wupatki National Monument filled. Almost 9,000 artifacts were (continued on page 8)

1989 No. 6 7 Archeological Field School recorded by other researchers 25 information they wanted about (continued from page 7) years earlier. prehistoric lifestyles. The park staff and ethnography The field school results have been wall abutments. What was described students gained valuable insights compiled in a series of ethnographic as a one-room, two-story structure by into visitor response to signs request­ reports which are rich in detail and survey archeologists in 1983, is now ing help to preserve ruins by staying have direct practical use in address­ thought to be a five-room, two-story off walls. The students made numer­ ing park management concerns. The structure which was occupied during ous management recommendations reports include profiles of what the later years of Wupatki's existence. that can be incorporated into trail visitors want to know about archeol­ No points were found and small use/design before next summer's ogical sites, what forms of interpreta­ sherd size led some students to high use periods. Overall, the super­ tion they like and dislike, and for believe that impacts over 50 years of intendent is very excited to be in what reasons. They include an visitor use were substantial. Faunal close proximity to such an outstand­ exploration of the ambiguity over remains found in the back fill of ing academic community at Northern behavioral boundaries within the excavations were similar to those Arizona University. park, why that ambiguity exists, and points of contact where clarification is necessary. They provide profiles of individuals who are likely to abuse the ruins. One report gives an analy­ sis of the patterns of visitation of German tourists, and the reason so many of them are interested in U.S. Ethnographic Field School prehistoric parks. Other reports include suggestions for better, and Robert T. Trotter, II more coordinated publicity about parks, as well as people's opinions on different forms or philosophies of thnographic research at Wupatki These included Europeans and preservation. They provide details E National Monument was di­ Asians, and mostly from Germanic about what visitors expect to see, rected at understanding the behavior based cultures. Numbers of French how they feel about archeological of visitors in archeological parks. speaking tourists also visit the park, monuments and the impact those Prior to initiating the ethnography, as well as a sprinkling of people from monuments have on their under­ we interviewed NPS personnel to de­ japan and other countries. Minority standing of the world around them. termine the most important starting visitors made up one of the smallest Each report provides a set of recom­ point for our research. The park staff groups. Students observed Black, mendations for retaining current requested that the research help Native American, and Hispanic services, and recommendations for determine how long people stayed at visitors during the course of their change. the ruins, where they went, what research, but these visitors are the Ethnography turned out to be a interested them, what types of inter­ exception. valuable tool for determining visitors' pretation worked well, and how The average time a visitor stays at ideas, knowledge, and actions. We visitors generally behaved. We Wupatki Ruin, and the visitor center, identified important issues by observ­ accomplished this by periodically is less than 30 minutes. During this ing people, listening to their conver­ timing visitors, unobtrusively follow­ time, visitors typically move from the sations, and then by asking them ing their movements through the parking lot into the visitor center, directly what they thought about the ruin, listening to public conversa­ look at the exhibits, make purchases, monument. This provided us with a tions, and asking questions. From and then go to the archeological site vehicle for comparing what people these observations we devised further itself. About 10 percent of the visitors did at the ruins with what they said questions to ask for in-depth inter­ skip the visitor center and go directly about them. During the pursuit of views about their experiences in the to the ruin. Beginning with the over­ this research, all of us came to value park. look to the ruin, people choose very highly Wupatki National Students received training in direct Monument and the people who work among several routes which shorten observation, interviewing, there. We hope our efforts will make or lengthen their stay. computer-based field note manage­ their tasks easier. Copies of the ment, and ethnographic analysis. The students focused their research ethnographic reports produced by They began the project by making on topics that allowed us to under­ the students are available from the general observations and then stand what tourists did during this office of the superintendent of discovering visible patterns of visitor brief stay. The reports provide de­ Wupatki-Sunset Crater National behavior. The students subsequently scriptions of the similarities and Monuments, or the Chief Ranger at selected focused topics to complete differences in male/female patterns Wupatki. the ethnographic research cycle. and adult/child patterns of interac­ The students verified that Wupatki tion in the ruins. We made discover­ visitors are mostly middle class ies in differences in their use of Dr. Robert T. Trotter, II is the Department Anglo Americans. The second largest interpretive material, differences in of Anthropology Chair, Northern Arizona group at Wupatki are foreign visitors. questions they asked, and in the University.

8 1989 No. 6 Dogwatch

James P. Delgado

"Dogwatch" is the term traditionally used for the two-hour watch during which half the ship's crew eats supper and swaps stories.

Some 186 fireboats were built in the fireboats; rather, many tugs were fitted indispensable feature of their fire United States between 1866 and 1989. As with pumps and monitors for auxiliary equipments." the date of the first boat's construction fireboat use. New York's first fireboat, for Fireboats were built and employed on indicates, fireboats were the product of example, was a tugboat under contract to the Atlantic Seaboard, on the Gulf, Great the Industrial Revolution, even though the port for firefighting. Lakes, Pacific Coast, and on occasion on the concept of using vessels to fight fires The need for maximum capability to the inland rivers. Throughout the 20th on other vessels and along a port's combat serious waterfront blazes on century, an average of 33 American port waterfront dates to mid-18th-century wooden ships and the wooden water­ cities had fireboats. The great port of New London. In the United States, pumps and fronts of the late-19th and early-20th York has had the greatest number of hand-engines were placed on "floats" or century compelled many fire departments fireboats, and continues to possess the small boats by New York volunteer in port cities to design and construct their Nation's largest fleet today, while other firefighters as early as 1809. The 19th own full-time fireboats. Naval architect ports, such as New Orleans, Philadelphia, century development of large volume Charles West, speaking to his colleagues Cleveland, Chicago, Buffalo, Seattle, Los steam powered pumps provided suffi­ in 1908, noted that the "comparatively Angeles, Portland, Oregon, and Baltimore cient pressure for effective firefighting. temporary nature of American building have built several boats. In 1986, the Los The first use of a floating steam pump to construction" had led to the rapid Angeles Fire Department conducted a fight fires was aboard an unpowered development of fireboats in the United nationwide fireboat survey. A total of 27 London barge in 1852 that drew from an States. In 1896, naval architect H. De B. cities in the United States that responded unlimited source, the Thames. Harbor Parsons, speaking before the Society of to the survey had 65 boats in service. Two tugs and towboats, the most common Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, steam powered craft in any harbor, were stated that "fireboats are of such impor­ the first fire fighting vessels in the United tance to all marine cities, that they are States. Very few vessels were designed as properly regarded as a permanent and (continued on page 10)

1989 No. 6 9 Dogwatch (continued from page 9)

cities, Tacoma and Seattle, Washington, were preserving laid up historic fireboats. Of the remaining vessels, only 10 were 50 years old or older; most other fireboats date from the 1960s or later. Of these 10 fireboats 50 years old or older, only 8 remain in service in 1989 — 2 New York boats, John ]. Harvey (1931) and Fire Fighter (1938), New Orleans' Deluge (1922), Los Angeles' Ralph ]. Scott (1927), Portland, Oregon's David Campbell (1925), Seattle's AM (1927), Mobile's Ramona Doyle (1939) and Buffalo's Edward M. Cotter (1900). Each of these vessels is historic and as much a part of the Nation's maritime history and culture as the great squnreriggers, river steamers, battleships, and tall-masted schooners that once plied our waters and which are today preserved and displayed at maritime museums around the country. Yet fireboats for the most part have been City of Philadelphia Fireboat "J. Hampton Moore," equipped with Hancock & Wilcox boilers. ignored in the recognition of the nautical past, relegated to the realm of fire history and the enjoyment of fire buffs who delight in the restoration of pumpers and cant of the Nation's recognized historic fought fires for 72 hours on USS Nevada, engines of years past. Fireboats are structures, buildings, sites, and objects. Tennessee, Maryland, and Arizona. appropriately a part of that history, but Seven fireboats were studied. Three The seven fireboats were found to be they also speak to the working water­ represent the second generation of nationally significant by the National fronts and the work-a-day craft that kept American fireboats; large steel-hulled, Park System Advisory Board, a body that maritime trade, commerce, and naval powerful pumpers as represented by reviews all National Historic Landmarks. defense active and healthy. Duwamish, Deluge, and Edward M. Cotter, The Secretary of the Interior designated Tacoma, Washington, has moved its formerly William S. Grattan. The signifi­ all but one (the City of Buffalo objected to historic Fireboat Number 1 ashore. Now cance of these boats as excellent examples designating Edward M. Cotter and that displayed in a concrete basin, the fireboat of the type is enhanced by the national study was deferred) of the fireboats as is the only museum fireboat in the United significance of the ports they served. Two National Historic Landmarks on June 29 States. Listed in the National Register of gasoline-powered third generation and 30,1989, helping insure their Historic Places—the first American fireboats were studied; Fireboat Number 1, preservation and recognizing their fireboat so honored—Fireboat Number 1 which is the only boat to retain all of its unique contributions to American attracted the attention of maritime original equipment, notably the gasoline history. preservationists and historians to the saga engines, and Ralph /. Scott, formerly L.A. The story of America's fireboats, and of the American fireboat. If plans are City Number 2, chosen as a representative the reasons why the seven NHL fireboats successful, a nearby port's fireboat will of the type and for the importance of the are national treasures, are fully explored also be preserved as a museum display. port of Los Angeles and two of the in a new book, the first comprehensive Duwamish, built in 1909 for Seattle, laid Nation's worst tanker fires which the boat history of these unique crafts. Written by up after a noteworthy career, is slated to fought. Paul Ditzel, known as the "Dean" of fire become a waterfront museum ship, her Only one vessel survives, New York's service writers, a contributing editor to engines and pumps kept operational for Fire Fighter, that was designed and con­ Firehouse Magazine, and a civilian inspec­ occasional waterfront parades and structed as a fourth generation diesel- tor in the Los Angeles Fire Department, maritime events. The other historic electric fireboat. The Nation's best known Fireboats is a 225 page hardbound book fireboats remain in operation, retooled fireboat, Fire Fighter, represents a long lavishly illustrated with 225 photographs. with new engines and occasionally with and celebrated career capped with The book accurately documents facts and new pumps and equipment. awards, a nationally significant port, and figures while at the same time the heroic, To honor the contributions made to the culmination of classic fireboat design. difficult, dangerous, and often tedious American maritime, naval, and firefight- One World War 11 fireboat was also duties of the firefighting mariners fill the ing history by these fireboats, the studied. City of Oakland, formerly Hoga, pages. Fireboats is available from the pub­ National Maritime Initiative of the YT-146, was included because of its lisher, Conway Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box National Park Service recently studied noteworthy firefighting role at Pearl 709, New Albany, Indiana 47150, (1-800- them as part of a special "Maritime Harbor during the Japanese attack of 457-2400) at $24.95 each, plus $2.50 Heritage of the United States" theme December 7,1941. The only known shipping and handling. study done as part of the National surviving Navy vessel afloat from the Historic Landmarks survey. National "Day of Infamy," Hoga saved men in the Historic Landmarks are the most signifi- water, assisted three ships in distress, and

10 1989 No. 6 NPS Helps Charleston After Hugo

Responding to an emergency call from the City of Charleston, the National Park Service sent a team of experts to assist the city in dealing with the damage caused by hurri­ cane Hugo. The Charleston Hurricane As­ sistance Team (CHAT) arrived in Charleston just six days after Hugo hit. The team immediately began a survey of the 135 most significant structures to assess the damage. Along with the survey the team pre­ pared technical information for homeowners and held a series of public workshops for citizens and contractors. HABS architectural pho­ tographer Jack Boucher joined the effort to record the damaged structures. To help meet the longer-term need for technical assistance, the Service agreed to aid the city's preservation officer by rotating preservation professionals to Charleston during October and November to continue structural inspections and to provide design services. A description of the work done in Charleston by the NPS team will appear in the next Historical Architect Tom issue of the CRM Bulletin. Vitanza examines decorative finials that were blown off of the Grace Protestant Episcopal Church during Hugo's high winds. Photo by WPTC, NPS.

Although historic buildings in Charleston fared well in comparison to modern struc­ tures, some buildings collapsed totally leaving only piles of rubble. Photo by Jack E. Boucher, HABS, NPS.

1989 No. 6 11 Historical Architects Tom Vitanza and Randy Copeland conduct an initial survey of hurricane damage. Photo by WPTC, NPS.

Photo story provided by The Williamsport Preservation Training Center staff,

Winds of 140 miles per hour and flying debris destn dows throughout the city. The loss of architectural cl found in such elements as this leaded-glass window- major long-term effect of Hurricane Hugo. Photo by NPS.

Buildings that had not been well-maintained be­ fore the storm typically suffered from worse damage than those that were in good repair. Photo by Jack E. Boucher, HABS, NPS.

12 1989 No. 6 Photo by WPTC, NPS.

Chimneys above and at right destroyed by high winds were a common sight after the storm. Some collapsed into piles of brick on rooftops; others "reclined" on roofs intact but detached at their bases.

Photo by Jack E. Boucher, HABS, NPS.

d win- icter— ill be a TC,

80% of the city's structures suffered from roof damage. Metal roofs (shown here on the ground) and slate roofs fared the worst at the hands of the storm. Photo by WPTC, NPS.

1989 No. 6 13 Hurricane Hugo struck Charleston at midnight on September 21; recovery efforts had scarcely begun before rains hit the city. Some buildings, like the Cathedral Church of Saint Luke and Saint Paul, above and at left, lost roof framing systems in the hurricane. Decorative interiors were damaged when rains entered the structure several days later. Photos by Jack E. Boucher, HABS, NPS.

Exterior facades took the brunt of hurricane winds. In many instances, shutters which could not be closed be­ cause of poor maintenance were severely damaged by the storm. Photo by WPTC, NPS.

Vegetation—like this Live Oak—on the 125-acre estate surrounding Drayton Hall (a National Trust property) was devastated. The primary structure suffered only minor damage. Loss of vegetation in the city and surrounding areas was a major result of Hurricane Hugo. Photo by Jack E. Boucher, HABS, NPS.

14 1989 No. 6 PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

The Use of Fire-Rated Wooden Shingles on Historic Buildings Sharon C. Park, AIA

any historic buildings were The requirements for the use of ness over extensive periods of time (5 M roofed with wooden shingles, a specific building materials and for years, 10 years, and accelerated combustible building product. Con­ their performance in a fire ultimately testing to simulate 20 years). A listing cerned about protecting architectural rests with the local inspector, often of organizations that can provide test resources from destruction by fire, the fire marshal. While there are three results or information on fire-rated some local jurisdictions may ban the major building codes used through­ shingles is provided at the end of this use of combustible materials or out the United States (B.O.C.A.; article. require the use of fire-retardant Southern; and Uniform), the interpre­ There are generally three classifica­ materials, such as fire-rated wooden tation of these codes and the imple­ tions for fire-rated roofs: shingles, in place of combustible mentation of special local require­ materials. While most local codes ments rest with local building permit Class C accept untreated wooden shingles in departments. It is, therefore, impor­ generally commercially available fire- residential areas, for commercial or tant to consult with these officials. In retardant shingles that will withstand municipal buildings fire-rated addition, there are a number of light exposure to fire. wooden shingles are generally re­ model preservation codes that do Class B quired. For historic buildings, fire- permit, through special variances, the fire-retardant materials and special rated shingles can provide additional continued use of "authentic" materi­ roof assemblies that will withstand protection to irreplaceable resources. als on historic buildings that would moderate exposure to fire. Although many Federally- not be approved for new construc­ Class A owned historic buildings are gener­ tion. Wooden shingles may fit that non-combustible materials or roof ally not governed by specific codes, it special exemption category if the assemblies that will not readily burn. is important to design and detail building is located in an area that was restoration work with long-term designated for non-combustible Most commercially available fire- protection of the historic resource in materials. With special construction retardant shingles are factory pres­ mind. details, fire-rated wooden shingles sure-impregnated red cedar. Other are permitted in some Class A non- woods, such as white cedar, pine, Over the last 20 years, a number of combustible material areas. cypress, and oak, can be treated as commercial treatments for wood well, but are generally sent to a shingles have been developed to The criteria and testing procedures factory after purchase from a mill or address fire code requirements. This for fire-rated shingles have been are treated at the site by the contrac­ article discusses the various classifi­ established by the Underwriters' tor. There are companies that special­ cations of rated wooden shingles, Laboratory, Inc., and are known ize in factory preparation of wooden how shingles are treated, the effec­ collectively as UL-790. These test shingles for fire-rating; a list of such tiveness of these treatments, and standards have been adopted by the companies is generally available some installation assemblies to meet American Society for Testing Materi­ through local trade associations or rated construction. For purposes of als (ASTM-E108), the National Fire from the mill that supplies the this discussion, the term shingle will Protection Association (NFPA-256) shingles. Colonial Williamsburg had be used to describe both sawn and the International Conference of specially made cypress shingles shingles and commercially split Building Officials (Uniform Building factory-treated for use on the recon­ wooden shakes. The fire-retardant Code Standard 32-7). To determine structed hospital building that re­ treatments are the same for both the classification of the shingles, the quired Class A construction (see sawn and split products. The intent of materials are subjected to the follow­ photo). fire-retardant-treated materials is to ing tests: intermittent-flame test; slow down the spread of fire, thus spread of flame test; burning-brand The most effective way of making buying precious time for fire fighters test; flying-brand test; rain test; and wooden shingles fire-retardant is by and escaping inhabitants. Fire- weathering tests. The Forest Products impregnating them at a factory, retardant materials generally will not Laboratory of the U.S. Department of under pressure, using a variety of be ignited by burning embers but will Agriculture has carried out long-term chemicals. These chemicals are eventually burn in the presence of testing on a number of fire-rated (continued on page 16) active flames. shingles to determine their effective­

1989 No. 6 15 Pressure-impregnated shingles a year. Any raw edges must be The Use of Fire-Rated Wooden maintain their ratings for the life of treated if there is any site trimming of Shingles the shingle. They can be trimmed or shingles. There are a few intumescent (continued from page 15) split without the need to treat the paints that are promoted to improve exposed edges. Pressure-impreg­ fire-resistance of combustible materi­ proprietary to each company but are nated shingles are labeled at the als, but these paints are not recom­ generally salt-laden and replace the factory as to their Class rating. mended for shingles as they are moisture in wooden shingles. The Shingles can also be treated with thick, can trap moisture under the wooden shingles are placed in a surface-applied chemicals or can be shingles, have a tendency to blister vacuum chamber and the moisture is immersed in chemicals, but these are off in the first year, and are generally drawn out. The wood cells are then generally not rated because the field not effective over time. Because of the penetrated with the fire-retardant applications cannot be monitored or uncertainty over the long-term chemicals and subsequently kiln- guaranteed by the coatings manufac­ effectiveness of chemical dips and dried. As the chemicals replace the turers. Local inspectors, however, coatings, it is best to specify factory natural moisture, there is no signifi­ may accept dip-treated or painted pressure-impregnated shingles if cant change in the weight of the shingles in a Class C roof. Because they are to be installed as part of a re- shingles. Chemically pressure- there is no one agency or licensing roofing job that requires a rated impregnated shingles can have a organization responsible for rating shingle. Class C rating, and in some cases, a treated shingles, the approval of Following are descriptions of higher Class B rating. With special treated shingles often rests with the various, but typical, roof assemblies roof assembly details using, for local inspector. All of the surface- using fire-rated shingles. These are example, fire-rated gypsum drywall, applied coatings must be periodically general details described in various Class A ratings can be obtained. reapplied; some as frequently as once code books. If fire-rated construction is required, the owner or architect should check with local building officials for information on what is accepted. As previously mentioned, each jurisdiction may have varying requirements.

Class C roofs Class C treated shingles on any type of sub-roofing; i.e. open shingle lath, spaced roofing boards, or solid tonque-and-groove planks or ply­ wood. Class B roofs Class B treated shingles on any type of sub-roofing; or Class C treated shingles on a minimum of 1/2" plywood solid decking or 1" tongue- and-groove planks. Some jurisdic­ tions recommend heavy building paper (30 lb. felt) or a foiltype (.002 polyethelene foil) underlayment, but ratings can be achieved without them. These underlayments directly in contact with the shingles can accel­ erate their deterioration by reducing the ability of the wooden units to dry. Class A roofs Class B treated shingles laid over a composite roof decking of a mini­ mum 1/2" plywood nailed to rafters with 1/2" core of fire-rated gypsum panels topped with another layer of 1/2" plywood or shingle lath as nailers for shingles. Some rated assemblies also rely on the use of heavy roofing paper (30 lb. building Pressure-impregnated (ire-retardant cypress shingles were installed on the reconstructed mental hospital at Colonial Williamsburg. Photo by Rudd M. Long. Update

16 1989 No. 6 felt). As heavy felts tend to hold deterioration of wooden shingles. For insulation is used between the roof moisture on the undersides of very humid areas, special fungicides rafters, there must be ventilation wooden shingles, it is best to avoid can always be used in conjunction channels provided. Vapor barriers on direct contact of these two materials. with the fire-retardants without the attic side of the rafters are a good reducing the effectiveness of the fire idea to reduce condensation on the Other rated roof sub-strates can be protection. The tests performed by underside of the shingle. Heavy lightweight concrete which, on a the Forest Products Laboratory building papers (30 lb. roofing felts) historic building, would generally indicate that over a 10-year period are not recommended to be used in only be found on a reconstructed there is not any more shortened life contact with shingles as they can roof. Sprinklers for the wooden roof in a fire-retardant treated shingle as hold moisture on the back side of the and underside of the eaves have also compared to an untreated shingle. wooden units and accelerate deterio­ been used in areas where there is For any roof assembly, the longev­ ration. If shingles are to be treated adequate water supply. There are a ity of the shingles will depend on a with special penetrating coatings to number of substitute materials with a number of factors. One of the most revitalize the wood cells, only vapor- permeable solutions should be used. Class A rating, but they rarely important is that the shingles be able Roofs should be kept free of leaves replicate the appearance of historic to breathe and dry out between rains. and branch debris, and gutters wooden shingles. For that reason, there must be should be cleaned regularly. As a general note for historic adequate ventilation in the attic; if buildings, in selecting a wooden shingle and a roofing system that meets the code, it is important to match the visual appearance of the There are a number of organiza­ Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. historic roof. Unfortunately, there has tions that can provide additional 333 Pfingsten Rd. been a tendency to use rustic shakes information on fire-rated wooden Northbrook, IL 60062 on a wooden roof in the misguided shingles and roof assemblies. Follow­ The Underwriters Laboratory de­ assumption that handsplit surfaces ing is a list of these organizations and velops standards and tests for reflect early craftsmanship. In fact, their services: building products. These tests are done under contract with the labora­ historically rough handsplit shingles Red Cedar Shingle and Handsplit tory, and if the products meet the were typically dressed or smoothed Shake Bureau criteria, they receive the U.L. label. with a drawknife in order for the 515 116th Ave. N.E., Suite 275 Several companies have had their roofing to lie flat and be weather- Bellevue, WA 98004-5294 fire-rated products tested and ap­ resistant. The introduction of sawn (206)453-1323 proved by the Underwriters Labora­ shingles in the 19th century greatly This trade association of mills and tory. reduced the labor associated with a suppliers of red cedar roofing wooden roof. Unless there is docu­ products has printed information on United States Department of mentary evidence that rustic shakes roofing, installation, and fire-rated Agriculture were historically on a building, they construction. Technical questions can Forest Products Laboratory should not be specified. There are be addressed regarding cedar One Gifford Pinchot Drive commercially available wooden shingles and shakes, and a list of Madison, WI 53705-2398 shingles that match the historic chemical treaters is available. appearance or which can be modified (608) 264-5674 as part of the specifications. There is The Forest Products Laboratory some concern that the chemical International Council of American initiates and carries out research on treatment of wooden shingles makes Building Officials all types of wooden building materi­ the product more brittle and, there­ 5360 South Workman Mill Road als, including wooden shingles. A fore, shortens their useful life. In fact, Whittier, CA 90601 test panel of shingles was set out in a it is difficult to prove the claim that The I.C.B.O. is a non-profit organi­ field in Wisconsin in 1976. After 10 the life of the shingle is shortened. zation of building officials and years of weathering, the effectiveness What appears to be true is that in the county building departments across of fire-retardant treatments have short-term the shingles are more the U.S., and it has been responsible been evaluated. A copy of this report brittle and subject to cracking upon for writing the Uniform Building and technical advice on wooden installation. Therefore, additional Code and model building codes. The shingles are available. shingles should be ordered (perhaps I.C.B.O. also provides evaluation A new publication entitled Preser­ 10%) and care should be taken to services of building materials, their vation Briefs 19: The Repair and Replace­ avoid banging the shingles upon construction, and their compliance ment of Historic Wooden Shingle Roofs installation. Once installed, the with the building code. Many fire- is available from the Preservation treated shingles appear to last as long rated chemical companies have had Assistance Division. Individual as untreated shingles. Fire-retardants their products evaluated and ap­ copies may be requested by telephon­ appear to give added protection proved for various class ratings. ing (202) or FTS 343-9578. against mildew, moss, lichens, and other spores which can accelerate the Update

1989 No. 6 17 Preservation and Repair of Historic Stucco Anne Grimmer

tucco, which is essentially a water-repellent coating, protecting stucco surface consists of a first Stype of exterior plaster, has been the building from rain penetration, as "scratch" or "pricking-up" coat, used since ancient times, and is still well as offering a certain amount of followed by a "floating" or "brown" one of the most commonly used fire protection. coat, and finally with the "finishing" building materials in the world Early stucco consisted primarily of coat. today. Composed of sand, lime or lime and sand, with straw or animal Until around the early part of the gypsum, binders, and, in many cases, hair included as a binder. The compo­ 20th century when a variety of cement, it is primarily an exterior sition of stucco varied regionally novelty finishes or textures were surface coating for houses and small- depending on local custom and introduced, this last coat was com­ scale commercial structures. available materials. Stucco often monly given a smooth, troweled In the United States, stucco is contained substantial amounts of finish, and then scored or lined in frequently associated with certain mud or clay, and a surprising array imitation of an ashlar surface. Some historic architectural styles, particu­ of additives ranging from animal of the more popular textured finishes, larly Mission, Spanish Colonial, blood to eggs, sugar, salt, tallow, and including the English cottage finish, Prairie, and Pueblo Revival as well as even alcoholic spirits, including wine, pebble-dashed surface, fan and Tropical Art Deco and Art Moderne beer, or in parts of Canada, rye sponge texture, reticulated and styles. It is also found in many ex­ whiskey. vermiculated finish, roughcast (har- amples of the earlier Federal and While stucco was applied directly ling or wet dash) and sgraffito, were Gothic Revival styles of the 18th and to stone or brick, it was necessary to linked or associated with the "pe­ 19th centuries. attach wood lath first when stuccoing riod" or revival styles of the late-19th Stucco was traditionally a popular log or frame structures in order to and early-20th century. The color of building material for a variety of obtain an adequate key to hold the stucco was determined by the compo­ reasons. Basically it was inexpensive stucco. The use of wood lath was nents of the stucco mix, particularly and when "scored" or "lined" in the gradually superceded by the intro­ by the sand, or by natural or manu­ European tradition, could simulate duction and popularization of metal factured pigments which could be finely dressed stonework. While lath by the late-19th century. Like added to the stucco mix. Alterna­ covering a less costly substrate such interior wall plaster, stucco has tively, stucco buildings were coated as rubblestone, fieldstone, brick, log traditionally been applied as a with a whitewash or colorwash, or or wood frame, stucco could give a multiple-layer process, sometimes painted. building the appearance of being consisting of two coats, but more Stucco became an even more more expensive and substantial. commonly as three coats. Whether versatile and durable building mate­ While providing an elegant surface applied directly to a masonry sub­ rial in the late-19th century when veneer, stucco could also serve as a strate or onto wood or metal lath, a Portland cement began to be added to it. No longer used just to coat a substantial material like masonry, stucco began to be applied over wood or metal lath on a light wood frame. With this development in construc­ tion, stucco ceased to be solely a veneer and became a more integral part of the building structure. By the early-20th century, stucco had become composed primarily of Portland cement, mixed with some lime. Today, gypsum has to a great extent replaced lime; lime is generally used only in the finish coat in con­ temporary stucco work.

Repairing Historic Stucco Like other historic building materials, stucco is subject to deterioration; failure results from lack of mainte­ nance and consequent damage due to Patches of stucco have fallen off this 19th century building exposing the rough-cut local stone substrate. water infiltration. A partial list of The method of building construction revealed by the missing wood entablature on the side indicates that the building was stuccoed originally, and most likely scored in imitation of ashlar masonry. Update

18 1989 No. 6 causes of deterioration includes: stucco surface is scored. In some ground settlement, lintel and door cases, it may be preferable to restucco frame settlement, inadequate gutters an entire wall section or building and downspouts, intrusive vegeta­ feature, an elevation or partial tion, and excessive moisture migra­ elevation, such as one side of a tion within walls due to interior con­ projecting bay, the entire side of a densation and humidity. Previous building, or one portion of an eleva­ repairs that were inexpertly carried tion that is separated from its other out may be the cause of additional side by an architectural feature, such deterioration; for example, patches as a chimney or porch. In this way, executed in Portland cement may be any planar or textural differences be­ incompatible with early, mostly soft, tween the patched area and the lime-based stucco. Incompatible historic surface will not be so readily repairs can result in cracks, as can apparent. external vibration caused by traffic or Complete removal of the old, construction, or by building settle­ historic stucco and total replacement ment. Cracks permit the entrance of with new stucco of either a traditional water, the enemy of all historic mix or a more modern mix will masonry structures, and eventually probably be necessary only in cases Plant growth left unattended will gradually en­ result in a loss of bond or key with of extreme deterioration. Such large the crack in this wall, and result eventually the lath or the masonry substrate deterioration may be due to extended in spalling of the stucco, which may require ex­ beneath. periods of disuse or abandonment of tensive repair. Before beginning any stucco repair, the structure and complete lack of an assessment of the condition of the maintenance which is likely to have In preparation for the stucco historic stucco should be undertaken resulted in a loss of bond on over repair, all deteriorated, cracked and to determine the extent of the dam­ 40-50 per cent of the stucco surface. loose stucco should be removed age, and how much must be replaced Another reason for total removal down to the lath (assuming that the or repaired. Some areas in need of might be where the physical and lath is securely attached to the repair will be obvious to the naked visual integrity of the historic stucco substrate) or down to the masonry if eye, clearly evidenced by missing has been so compromised by prior the stucco is directly applied to a sections of stucco or stucco layers. incompatible and ill-conceived masonry substrate. The areas to be repairs that patching would not be Bulging or cracked areas are typical patched should be cleaned thor­ successful. places to examine. Punky or soft oughly of all debris with a bristle areas that have lost their key will be While historic mortar analysis will brush in preparation for the repair revealed by tapping gently with a provide useful information on the work. In order to ensure a neat and wooden hammer or mallet which will stucco's primary ingredients and discreet repair, the area to be patched echo with a hollow sound. their proportions, it will also help should be squared-off with a butt Once the extent of the damage has ensure that the new replacement joint and not feathered. If there is lath been determined, there are a number stucco will duplicate the old in involved, and if the stucco has lost its of repair options to be considered. In strength, composition, color and bond or key, or if the lath has deterio­ the interest of saving or preserving as texture as closely as possible. How­ rated or come loose from the sub­ much historic stucco as possible, ever, unless authentic restoration is strate to which it was attached, a patching rather than wholesale required, it may not be worthwhile, decision must be made whether to removal and replacement is generally nor in many instances possible, to replace the lath with wood lath, or to preferable. When repairing textured attempt to duplicate nil of the ingre­ supplement the historic lath with stucco, it is not usually necessary to dients, particularly some of the addi­ modern expanded metal lath. When replace an entire wall section. How­ tives and their proportions. Even if repairing stucco that is applied ever, because of the nature of identification of each of the items in directly to masonry, the new stucco the historic stucco mix is possible, it smooth-finished and scored stucco, should be applied in the same will not reveal how the original patching a scattered number of small manner, directly onto the stone or stucco was mixed and applied. areas may not be a successful repair brick; do not insert metal lath when approach unless the stucco has been Although hairline cracks may be restuccoing historic masonry as it can previously painted or is to be painted quite easily repaired with a thin coat result in hastened deterioration of the following the repair work. On of new stucco, most repairs are not so repair work. The masonry substrate unpainted stucco such patches are simple and will require the skill and as well as wood lath should be hard to conceal because they may expertise of a professional plasterer. dampened thoroughly before stucco not blend in with the rest of the After the cause and extent of deterio­ is applied. This slows down the historic surface. For this reason, it is ration has been determined, and the drying process and is necessary for recommended that stucco repair be problem identified, the appropriate the stucco to adhere properly. repairs to the building should be carried out in a well-defined area, or (continued on page 20) at least "squared-off" in such a way made first before initiating the stucco that follows existing scoring, if the repair. Update

1989 No. 6 19 Preservation and Repair of Historic the stucco patches. If it is necessary to or the architectural feature where the Stucco match a color, and if pigment has not patch is located; if the patching is (continued from page 19) been included in the stucco mix, the extensive on all elevations, it may be A stucco mix compatible with the stucco can be painted, whitewashed advisable to paint the entire building. historic stucco should be selected as a or colorwashed after the stucco repair This article has been adapted from has been completed. To better a forthcoming Preservation Brief on result of the mortar analysis, or based harmonize or blend the patch with stucco to be published by the Preser­ on an adaptation of a traditional mix. the historic or original stucco, it may vation Assistance Division, National The prevalent modern practice of be advisable to paint the entire wall Park Service, in 1990. using stucco comprised mostly of Portland cement generally will be incompatible with the softer, more flexible lime-rich historic stuccos used throughout the 18th and most Bulletin Board of the 19th centuries; unwanted change can take place without hairline cracks are prone to occur due Works in Progress/Assistance destroying materials or historic to the differing expansion and Needed character. For information on rental contraction properties of the two Subject: Historic Landscape Projects or purchase, contact: Preservation stucco types. In these cases, a mix Needed: technical information League, 166 Water St., Binghampton, containing lime and sand or gypsum related to treatments (preservation, NY 13901 or call 607/722-4568. and sand, possibly with some cement restoration, rehabilitation, etc.) as added, should be used for the repair. well as interesting and innovative However, in contrast to early, projects. Conference predominantly lime-based stucco, Contact: Lauren Meier, ASLA, June 5-7,1990: Preservation Chal­ lenges for the 1990s: a Conference for most late-19th and early-20th century National Park Service, Preservation Public Officials in Washington, DC. stucco is likely to have a high Port­ Assistance Division, P.O. Box 37127, Training aimed at state and Federal land cement content, and the stucco Washington, DC 20013-7127; 202/ officials focusing on state-of-the-art mix for repairs of this kind should be 343-9597. preservation techniques and success­ selected accordingly. Both the ful planning approaches, co-spon­ number of coats and the total thick­ New Preservation Briefs Preservation Briefs 19: The Repair and sored by National Park Service, ness of the patch should match the Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ original stucco surface. The first and Replacement of Historic Wooden Shingle Roofs. Sharon C. Park, AIA. GPO vation, and National Conference of second coats, each usually about 1 /2- State Historic Preservation Officers. to 5/8-inch thick, should be suffi­ stock number: 024-005-01053-0. $1.00 per copy. For more information contact: Ward ciently firm to receive and hold, Jandl202/343-9588. when scratched or otherwise rough­ ened, the next coat. The finish coat is Preservation Briefs 20: The Preservation applied after the base or the second of Historic Barns. Michael J. Auer. New Technical Assistance Program The 3M Corporation has kicked-off a coat has initially set; if this is not fea­ GPO stock number: 024-005-01054-8. new "Saving Our Heritage" program sible, the base coat should be thor­ $1.00 per copy. in September to focus national atten­ oughly dampened when the finish tion on the importance of historic coat is applied at a later time. The Preservation Briefs 21: Repairing preservation and to help govern­ finish coat should be troweled to Historic Flat Plaster — Walls and Ceilings. Marylee MacDonald. GPO ments and local groups save older match the texture of the original buildings. 3M will be offering its stucco. stock number: 024-005-01055-6. $1.00 per copy. products to qualifying properties to General suggestions for success­ assist completion of preservation and fully completing stucco repair follow Send orders to Superintendent of rehabilitation projects. The focus will those for similar tasks involving be on buildings from Colonial restoration and repair of historic Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. America and those with a historic mortar or plaster; for example, mix relationship to the Revolution and only as much stucco as can be used in 20402-9325. Include stock number and title; prices include postage and Civil War, but all historic structures a period of 2 to 2 1 /2 hours. Any will be considered. Products for remaining mortar should be dis­ handling; 25% discount on 100 or more copies. project work include: caulking; carded. It is imperative that when sandpaper; hand and power sanding working with stucco that it not dry Training Videotape accessories; weather stripping; and too fast; therefore, it is important that non-toxic and non-abrasive paint the work area be kept in the shade, or The Preservation League of New York State is offering a short training strippers. For more information even covered if possible, particularly videotape (VHS format) that intro­ write: 3M Saving Our Heritage, 3M, in hot weather. Of equal importance duces the subject of design review in Department PR, 530 Fifth Ave., New is the necessity of thorough or historic districts; explains how York, NY 10036. complete wetting of the wood lath or masonry substrate before applying Update

20 1989 No. 6 Computer News Betsy Chittenden

Using GIS in Cultural Resources

Geographic Information Systems, or — performing GIS projects in support of views were then overlaid to produce a GIS, is a technology that enables the WASO program activities, such as the composite viewshed representing the analysis of maps and spatial data. The National Register of Historic Places overall visual landscape of the commu­ NPS GIS Division, located in Denver, has and National Historic Landmark nity. The composite viewshed indicates worked for several years to install GIS designations that the majority of the land area visible systems in parks to assist with natural — developing GIS applications that will from the shacks is bounded by the water resources management, siting of roads support the strategic program to the north and the second dune ridge and facilities, and numerous other tasks. planning functions of the Washington away from the shacks to the east, south, However, to date GIS technology has Office and west. The historic district boundary rarely been applied to cultural resources How might GIS fit in with the day-to­ reflects this analysis. management. With strong technical day work of cultural resources manage­ Other cultural resource GIS projects are assistance from the Denver GIS Division, ment? One example is a recent project underway. The CRM GIS LAB is cur­ the Interagency Resources Division will that used GIS to help delineate a mean­ rently finishing up a project in the focus new studies on the applications of ingful boundary for a historic district Waterford Historic District NHL about 30 GIS technology in cultural resources man­ located within the Cape Cod National miles west of Washington, DC. Here, GIS agement (CRM). The GIS Applications Seashore. An enclave of small cottages is supplementing traditional planning Program in Cultural Resources Manage­ built along a three-mile stretch of sand techniques to assist NPS and local plan­ ment, or CRM GIS LAB for short, is using dunes near the tip of Cape Cod, Massa­ ning officials determine the potential pilot projects to develop methodologies chusetts were the seasonal homes of a visual impacts of suburban development for common cultural resources manage­ number of important artists and authors. on a rural agrarian landscape. The CRM ment problems in NPS, state, and local The inhabitants of the unpretentious GIS LAB is beginning other projects preservation programs. "dune shacks" were an integral part of relating to planning, survey, registration The CRM GIS LAB will be a cultural the thriving artists colony based in nearby and protection issues. Several park units resources programmatic complement to Provincetown who drew inspiration from are also beginning to use GIS to tackle the GIS Division. Its work will focus on the natural landscape of dunes and the CRM issues. Antietam Battlefield recently the following activities: sea. Because the cultural significance of used GIS to analyze significant historic — encouraging technical interaction the historic district is derived from the viewsheds as part of a regional planning among cultural resources GIS users inextricable relationship of the shacks and effort. The GIS installation at Saratoga — designing and testing cost efficient the surrounding dune landscape, the National Historic Park is being used to standard GIS solutions to common district boundary approximates the area assist in planning historic landscape res­ CRM problems within the visual range of the shacks. A toration. — encouraging the formation of an series of simple maps were developed using GIS, each illustrating the view from active communications network of (continued on page 22) cultural resources GIS users an individual shack. These individual

Perspective view (to southwest) across dune shacks vicinity. Shacks are located on low dunes nearest Atlantic Ocean (foreground). Their viewshed generally is limited by the higher east-west dune ridge in the center of the spit.

1989 No. 6 21 The Preservation Priority Matrix, Revisited Michael Adlerstein, A.I.A.

One of the purposes of the CRM (ICAP). It also contains inconsisten­ weights is a management perogative Bulletin is to air new creative concepts cies with the Systemwide and Re­ that might vary from region to region for discussion, leading eventually to gional Cultural Resources Summary depending upon that year's goal and adoption of improved methods. Cath­ and Action Program, and the Re­ objectives, and therefore should be in erine Colby's article on the "Preserva­ sources Management Plan guidelines. a format that can accommodate tion Priority Matrix" (PPM) in the last The long-term dominant cost of change. It's easy to Monday morning issue is a good example. It is support­ any database is the field work quarterback the assigned weights in able because it is a well-conceived, (surveying) and data input (typing). the PPM since any formula would be necessary program that could assist It is, therefore, crucial that all new difficult to defend without a broad park managers in executing a crucial, NPS databases have the ability to background of healthy debate. If a yet often extremely subjective "talk" to the other databases in the thorough dialogue, Servicewide, had function-the prioritization of mul­ network, to avoid having to duplicate occurred, a concensus set of estab­ tiple cultural resource projects. The these extremely time consuming lished weights might have resulted. PPM attempts to establish a more steps and to allow the data to be In fact, our partners who are closely systematic, objective method than supplemented and interchangeable. associated with, but not actually presently employed to compare and The use of "new" definitions for within the NPS, such as State Historic rank different historic and prehistoric established, thoroughly institutional­ Preservation Officers, local historical structures with a broad range of ized terms such as "significance," commissions, and the Advisory resource management concerns. I "condition" or "threats" can be a Council on Historic Preservation, fully support the development of dangerous pursuit unless accom­ would have valid contributions to that dialogue. Right now, we have a new tools such as PPM aimed at plished within a widely shared enhancing the cultural resource good beginning for such a dialogue. forum, especially if the established decision-making process. As a starting point, the PPM is a nomenclature has years of thoughtful positive step into untested waters. It However, the PPM also merits evolution already behind it. For should initiate a process that will lead further consideration. Because it has instance, the PPM defines "signifi­ to a fully integrated, cultural resource yet to be coordinated with other cance" to be based upon the re­ decision-making tool. I encourage my Servicewide databases, it incorpo­ source's relationship to the legislated collegues to continue to innovate, rates several ill-defined categories purpose of the park, rather than its experiment, and provide feedback on (for example, Integrity, Historical national, state, or local significance as efforts such as PPM, as we all search Significance, Architectural Signifi­ evaluated against National Register for more sophisticated computer- cance ) and some inherent inconsis­ criteria. driven tools to enhance the manage­ tencies with other databases, such as The core of the PPM concept ment of cultural resources. the List of Classified Structures (LCS), tackles a very thorny management the Maintenance Management (MM) problem, assigning weights to the program, and the Inventory and several facets of the prioritization Michael Adlerstein is the Chief Condition Assessment Program process. The assignment of varying Historical Architect of the National Park Service.

Computer News NPS Units with GIS Installations Gulf Islands NS (FL) Indiana Dunes NL (IN) (continued from page 21) (Installed or Planned) Mammoth Cave NP (KY) With GIS technology being so new, and Antietam NB (MD) Mount Rainier NP (WA) its application to cultural resources Assateague Island NS (MD) Natchez Trace Pkwy (MS) problems even newer, an important part Big Cypress Nat. Pres. (FL) National Capital Parks-Central (DC) of the work of the CRM GIS LAB will be Big Thicket Nat. Pres. (TX) North Cascades NP (WA) to seek out others who are using GIS in Big South Fork Natl. River & Rec. Area Padre Island NS (TX) cultural resources to build a network of (TN) Prince William Center for Urban Ecology people with experience. More than Bryce Canyon NP (UT) (VA) simply listing other users, the CRM GIS Cape Cod NS (MA) Redwood NP (CA) LAB hopes to do projects in collaboration Capital Reef NP (UT) Santa Monica Mountains NRA (CA) with specific state, regional, and/or park Cuyahoga Valley NRA (OH) Saratogo NHP (NY) GIS installations. The CRM GIS LAB also Death Valley NM (CA) Sequoia/Kings Canyon NPs (CA) hopes to share experiences and increase Delaware Water Gap NRA (PA) Shenandoah NP (VA) expertise through personnel exchanges Everglades NP (FL) Voyageurs NP (MN) and details with other offices. George Washington Memorial Parkway Yellowstone NP (WY) Yosemite NP (CA) For more information, call: John (VA) Knoerl, Acting Director, CRM GIS LAB, Glacier NP (MT) FTS/202/343-2239; or Phil Wundra, Glen Canyon NRA (A2) Southeast Archeological Center (FL) Chief, GIS Division, FTS 327-2590 or 303/ Grand Teton NP (WY) Alaska Regional Office 969-2590. Grand Canyon NP (AZ) National Capital Regional Office (DC)

22 1989 No. 6 Capital Contact Bruce Craig

On October 3,1989, President Bush Gettysburg Boundary Expansion Legis­ System. Cedar Creek, Fisher's Hill and the signed legislation (PL 101-106) making lation Introduced Port Republic battlefields are expected to the Missouri estate of Ulysses S. Grant be among a dozen or so sites assessed in and his wife Julia Dent a National Long-awaited legislation designed to the study. Historic Site. This is the first new national expand the boundaries of Gettysburg A study bill (HR 2949) more compre­ park unit authorized during the Bush Ad­ National Military Park was introduced in hensive in scope was introduced by ministration. The 9.65 acre estate known both the Senate and House last Septem­ Congressman Michael R. McNulty (D- locally as "White Haven" is where the ber. The legislation (S 1594 and HR 3248) NY) and Bruce Vento (D-MN). The bill Grants lived from 1854 to 1860. The seeks to add some 1900 acres to the park. seeks to assess nationally significant National Park Service is viewing this area In general, the legislation is viewed as places associated with American labor as a "presidential site," the property most non-controversial; however, the bill does history. During a recent hearing on the closely associated with U.S. Grant, the seek to address the controversial issue of proposal conducted by the House man and President. Though the estate is the future of the Gettysburg Tower. Subcommittee on National Parks and to be donated, thus eliminating any Public Lands, the National Park Service acquisition costs, the Secretary of the supported enactment. However, several Theme Study Bills Introduced Interior is authorized to spend up to $1 Republican committeemen expressed million restoring the property; annual Several new pieces of legislation focusing concern with certain provisions in the bill operating costs are estimated to run in the on historical theme studies have also been which they perceived as an "over $400,000 range. introduced. On October 19,1989, the emphasis of input and review by labor The President also signed legislation 125th anniversary of the Battle of Cedar organizations" such as the AFL-CIO. As (PL 101-105) expanding the Harry S Creek, Senator James Jeffords (R-VT) currently drafted, the bill is unusual as Truman National Historic Site, also introduced the "Shenandoah Valley Civil the theme study would not be conducted located in Missouri. The Service may now War Sites Study Act." Strongly supported by NPS historians but rather by a "major acquire several homes in the historic by the Association for the Preservation of scholarly and public historic organization district which will significantly help Civil War Sites, Inc., and National Parks knowledgeable of American Labor preserve the integrity of the park and aid and Conservation Association, this bill History". in the delivery of interpretive services to directs the Secretary of the Interior to If you would like additional informa­ the visiting public. The President also conduct a "Suitability-Feasibility" tion on any piece of legislation discussed signed legislation authorizing the assessment of several Civil War sites in above, drop me a line at National Parks acceptance of a 27-acre donation of land the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia for and Conservation Association, 1015 31st rich in Civil War history at Harpers Ferry their consideration as "units administered Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007, and I National Historic Park. by or affiliated with" the National Park will be sure to get the materials to you.

National Register of Historic Places: Cumulative List 1966-1988. Note from the Information Management Coordinator 1,100 pps, p/b; $89.95. More than 50,000 historic districts, sites, Comments we have received about the plan includes reports on all computer buildings, and structures that have been Preservation Priority Matrix software systems either existing, under develop­ designated by the National Park Service illustrate the type of problems that arise ment, planned, or proposed, throughout as places worthy of preservation are listed when there is no Servicewide information the Service. In the future the written plan, in a comprehensive new reference, the coordination. This problem should be which will be updated annually, will first of its kind since 1978. Each entry is alleviated in the future by the Service- provide all NPS units and offices with listed by state with names, addresses, and wide information management planning timely information about information dates of acceptance provided. There is process now being implemented. An NPS activities elsewhere in the Service, and the also an overview of designated places and information management plan is required process that results in the development of their historical significance. Bound in a by the Department of the Interior, by the the plan each year will provide a forum durable soft cover, the volume is avail­ Office of Management and Budget, and for discussing information management able as a single item from the American by the NPS's own planning standard, but activities. The "Computer News" column Association for State and Local History, had never been done before. A meeting of in the next issue of the CRM Bulletin will 172 Second Avenue, North; Nashville, TN all the regional and WASO information have highlights of this year's information 37201 (Phone: 615/255-2971), or as part of management coordinators in November management plan of interest to cultural the National Register subscription plan, produced the first draft ever of an NPS resources people. an option that includes the National information management plan. The draft Register and those planned for 1989 and 1990 ($240.00). U.S. and Canadian orders should include $3.00 shipping and handling charge for initial item and $.75 for each additional item. Foreign orders use current shipping rates.

1989 No. 6 23 Announcements

Advisory Council Announces Council on Historic Preservation, 1100 Mining History Association Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 809, Training Washington, DC 20004, or call 202/ Organized The Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ 786-0503. During the recent Western History vation, in its 10th year of training Gov­ Association meeting in Tacoma, a group ernment officials about Federal historic of mining history enthusiasts and preservation review, will be offering 13 scholars met to organize the Mining training sessions in 12 cities during 1990. Call for Papers History Association. The association The Council's three-day course, Introduc­ seeks a broad base of participation, tion to Federal Projects and Historic Preser­ The ninth annual three-day New River including those individuals interested in vation Law, is designed to teach Federal, Symposium, co-sponsored by the New eastern as well as western districts, in state, local, and tribal officials and con­ River Gorge National River, is scheduled industrial archeology and history, and tractors the basics of the project review for April 1990 in North Carolina. from gold to coal mining. The group process, usually referred to as Section 106 established a committee to draft bylaws of the National Historic Preservation Act. Papers for the Symposium, due Decem­ and a charter, to begin canvassing for The Council co-sponsors the course with ber 15, are to include natural and cultural potential members, and to plan a one-day the General Services Administration history, folklore, archeology, geography, session of events to be held during the Training Center. For more information, other natural, physical and social October 1990 meeting of the Western write to the GSA Training Center, P.O. sciences, and the humanities. History Association in Reno. To get on Box 15608, Arlington, VA 22215, Attn: the mailing list, write the organizational John Hansley, and ask for the course For information, contact the Chief of committee chair, Professor Duane Smith, brochure announcing Introduction to Interpretation, National Park Service, History Department, Fort Lewis College, Federal Projects and Historic Preserva­ New River Gorge National River, P.O. Durango, CO 81301, or interim secretary tion Law. Box 1189, Oak Hill, WV 25901, or call Robert Spude, Cultural Resources Divi­ 304/465-0508. sion, National Park Service Rocky Moun­ tain Regional Office, P.O. Box 25287, Denver, CO 80225-0287. Fire Safety Booklet Available The Advisory Council on Historic Preser­ Post-It Warning Membership Directory vation and the General Services Admini­ Update stration have jointly issued a new publi­ The Book and Paper Group, a specialty cation on fire safety. The booklet is group of the American Institute of In an earlier issue of the CRM Bulletin entitled, Fire Safety Retrofitting in Historic Conservation, warns in its publication, (Vol. 12, No. 3), the editors offered the Buildings, and recommends specific Book and Paper Group Annual, not to use readership an opportunity to submit examples of methods for retrofitting fire Post-It notes on valuable materials or on names of persons in the preservation safety systems into historic buildings. objects. In addition to the glue residue community who serve on boards of attracting dirt, it could actually damage directors or as officers of preservation the surface of an object. Single copies of the publication are organizations. Since we did not receive a sufficient amount of responses, there will available without charge while supplies —Museum Association of Arizona be no directory published at this time. last. To order, contact the Advisory Newsletter

U.S. Department of Postage & Fees Paid the Interior National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior BULLETIN Cultural Resources G-83 P.O. Box 37127 Volume 12: No. 6 Washington, DC 20013-7127 Published by the National Park Service for parks, Federal agencies, states, local governments, and the private sector to promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources.

Director: James M. Ridenour Associate Director: Jerry L. Rogers Managing Editor: Ronald M. Greenberg Associate Editor: Michael G. Schene Production Manager: Karlota M. Koester

Cultural Resources, Washington, D.C.