The Fourth Amendment and the "Legitimate Expectation of Privacy"
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Warrantless Workplace Searches of Government
WARRANTLESS WORKPLACE within which the principles outlined in SEARCHES OF GOVERNMENT O’Connor for “workplace” searches by EMPLOYEES government supervisors can be understood and applied. In sum, when a government supervisor is considering the search of a Bryan R. Lemons government employee’s workspace, a two- Branch Chief part analysis can be utilized to simplify the process. First, determine whether the There are a variety of reasons why employee has a reasonable expectation of a government supervisor might wish to privacy in the area to be searched. If a search a government employee’s reasonable expectation of privacy does workplace. For example, a supervisor exist, then consider how that expectation might wish to conduct a search to locate a can be defeated.2 Before turning to those needed file or document; the supervisor issues, however, it is necessary to first might wish to search an employee’s define exactly what is meant by the term workplace to discover whether the “workplace.” employee is misusing government property, such as a government-owned DEFINING THE “WORKPLACE” computer; or, a supervisor might seek to search an employee’s workplace because “Workplace,” as used in this he has information that the employee is article, “includes those areas and items committing a crime, such as using the that are related to work and are generally Internet to download child pornography. within the employer’s control.”3 This would include such areas as offices, desks, In situations where a public filing cabinets, and computers. However, employer -
Legal-Process Guidelines for Law Enforcement
Legal Process Guidelines Government & Law Enforcement within the United States These guidelines are provided for use by government and law enforcement agencies within the United States when seeking information from Apple Inc. (“Apple”) about customers of Apple’s devices, products and services. Apple will update these Guidelines as necessary. All other requests for information regarding Apple customers, including customer questions about information disclosure, should be directed to https://www.apple.com/privacy/contact/. These Guidelines do not apply to requests made by government and law enforcement agencies outside the United States to Apple’s relevant local entities. For government and law enforcement information requests, Apple complies with the laws pertaining to global entities that control our data and we provide details as legally required. For all requests from government and law enforcement agencies within the United States for content, with the exception of emergency circumstances (defined in the Electronic Communications Privacy Act 1986, as amended), Apple will only provide content in response to a search issued upon a showing of probable cause, or customer consent. All requests from government and law enforcement agencies outside of the United States for content, with the exception of emergency circumstances (defined below in Emergency Requests), must comply with applicable laws, including the United States Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA). A request under a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty or the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (“CLOUD Act”) is in compliance with ECPA. Apple will provide customer content, as it exists in the customer’s account, only in response to such legally valid process. -
Much Ado About Newsgathering: Personal Privacy, Law Enforcement, and the Law of Unintended Consequences for Anti-Paparazzi Legislation
MUCH ADO ABOUT NEWSGATHERING: PERSONAL PRIVACY, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND THE LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FOR ANTI-PAPARAZZI LEGISLATION ANDREW D. MORTONt Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty when the Government's purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dan- gers to liberty lurk in insidiousI encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding. INTRODUCTION: BALANCING THE INDIVIDUAL RIGHT TO PRIVACY WITH LEGITIMATE LAW ENFORCEMENT SURVEILLANCE Horror, not humor, brought actors Michael J. Fox and Paul Reiser to testify before a hearing of the United States House Judiciary Committee last summer.2 Fox described the "mercenary tactics of tabloid photographers" who turned his wedding into a "nightmare" as helicopters recklessly jock- eyed for position above the ceremony, then "fired away with high-powered cameras" on the couple's honeymoon suite.3 When Reiser's son was born prematurely, disguised journalists infiltrated the hospital with hidden cam- eras to steal a photo of the infant, and after returning home, the child was photographed in the privacy of the family's backyard by "resourceful" jour- t B.A. 1991, M.P.P. Candidate 2000, University of Maryland; J.D. Candidate 2000, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. This Comment is dedicated to the memory of Alan Rubinstein- gifted attorney, and the father-in-law I have known only through the many whose lives he touched. I am deeply indebted to Ed Pease, Diana Schacht, the staff and members of the U.S. -
What to Do When You Are Served with a Search Warrant by Manny A
AN A.S. PRATT PUBLICATION APRIL 2016 PRATT’S PRATT’S VOL. 2 • NO. 3 PRIVACY & CYBERSECURITY LAW CYBERSECURITY & PRIVACY PRATT’S PRIVACY & CYBERSECURITY REPORT LAW REPORT EDITOR’S NOTE: SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE! THE FTC, UNFAIR PRACTICES, AND Steven A. Meyerowitz CYBERSECURITY: TWO STEPS FORWARD, AND TWO STEPS BACK WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU ARE SERVED WITH A David Bender SEARCH WARRANT APRIL Manny A. Abascal and Robert E. Sims DRONES AT HOME: DHS PUBLISHES BEST PRACTICES FOR PROTECTING PRIVACY, CIVIL PRESIDENT OBAMA SIGNS CYBERSECURITY RIGHTS, AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IN DOMESTIC 2016 ACT OF 2015 TO ENCOURAGE CYBERSECURITY UAS PROGRAMS INFORMATION SHARING Charles A. Blanchard, David J. Weiner, Kenneth L. Wainstein, Keith M. Gerver, Tom McSorley, and Elizabeth T.M. Fitzpatrick and Peter T. Carey VOL. VOL. A SKIMPY RISK ANALYSIS IS RISKY BUSINESS 2 FOR HIPAA COVERED ENTITIES AND • BUSINESS ASSOCIATES NO. Kimberly C. Metzger 3 What to Do When You Are Served With a Search Warrant By Manny A. Abascal and Robert E. Sims* Most business executives and officers lack the training and preparation to deal effec- tively with a search warrant. In order to protect privacy and other rights, this article sets forth the basic principles that should govern preparation for, and response to, a search warrant. State and federal law enforcement agencies continue to increase their investigation and prosecution of white collar crime, particularly relating to the securities and health- care industries. The search warrant has become a regular method authorities use to obtain evidence. Law enforcement officers executing a warrant typically arrive at corporate offices with no prior notice, armed with a search warrant entitling them to seize original business records, including computer records. -
A Call from the Panopticon to the Judicial Chamber “Expect Privacy!”
Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology Vol.1, Issue 2 (2006) A Call From the Panopticon to the Judicial Chamber “Expect Privacy!” Julia Alpert Gladstone Bryant University Smithfield, RI,USA Abstract Privacy is necessary in order for one to develop physically, mentally and affectively. Autonomy and self definition have been recognized by the United States Supreme Court as being values of privacy. In our technologically advanced, and fear driven society, however, our right to privacy has been severely eroded. Due to encroachment by government and business we have a diminished expectation of privacy. This article examines the detriments to self and society which result from a reduced sphere of privacy, as well as offering a modest suggestion for a method to reintroduce an improved conception of privacy into citizens’ lives. Keywords: Privacy, Technology, Judiciary, Autonomy, Statute INTRODUCTION Citizens often pay scant attention to their privacy rights until a consciousness raising event, such as the late 2005 exposure of the unauthorized wiretapping performed by the United States Executive Branch, heightens their interest and concern to protect previously dormant privacy rights. The scholarly literature on privacy is plentiful which broadly explains privacy as a liberty or property right, or a condition of inner awareness, and explanations of invasions of privacy are also relevant. This article seeks to explain why privacy remains under prioritized in most people’s lives, and yet, privacy is held as a critical, if not, fundamental right. Privacy is defined according to social constructs that evolve with time, but it is valued, differently. It is valued as a means to control one’s life. -
Search Warrants: Informants Jeff Welty UNC School of Government October 2018
Search Warrants: Informants Jeff Welty UNC School of Government October 2018 Objectives • Be able to categorize sources of information accurately as officers, citizens, confidential informants, or anonymous tipsters. • Know the legal tests for when information from each type of source is sufficient to provide probable cause. • Know the legal rules regarding staleness of information. • Be able to apply the above knowledge in the context of actual search warrant applications. Most Search Warrant Cases Involve Informants • “Studies in Atlanta, Boston, San Diego, and Cleveland [found] that 92 percent of the 1,200 federal warrants issued in those cities relied on an informant.” • Alexandra Natapoff, Snitching: The Institutional and Communal Consequences, 73 U. Cin. L. Rev. 645 (2004) • What fraction of your search warrant cases involve informants? 1 It Is OK for Officers to Rely on Information from Others • “The affidavit may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant.” • State v. Campbell, 282 N.C. 185 (1972) Categories of Sources Officers and Citizens Confidential Informants Anonymous Tipsters 2 Information from Other Officers • “[I]t is well‐established that where the named informant is a police officer, his reliability will be presumed.” • State v. Caldwell, 53 N.C. App. 1 (1981) • Does this presumption of reliability make sense? • Are there circumstances where you would not presume the reliability of information from another officer? • Even if it is reliable, it won’t always provide probable cause • Limited information • Conclusory information • Stale information • Poor basis of knowledge Information from Victims and Other Citizens • “The fact that [the citizen informant] was named and identified . -
INTRUSIVE MONITORING: EMPLOYEE PRIVACY EXPECTATIONS ARE REASONABLE in EUROPE, DESTROYED in the UNITED STATES Lothar Determannt & Robert Spragueu
INTRUSIVE MONITORING: EMPLOYEE PRIVACY EXPECTATIONS ARE REASONABLE IN EUROPE, DESTROYED IN THE UNITED STATES Lothar Determannt & Robert SpragueU TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................. ...................... 980 II. EMPLOYER MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY-U.S. PERSPECTIVE ............................ 981 A. WORK-RELATED EMPLOYER MONITORING........................................981 B. WORK-RELATED EMPLOYEE PRIVACY ................ ....... 986 1. Work-Related Rights to Privag Under the Constitution.....................986 2. Work-Related Rights to Privag Under the Common Law..................990 3. Statutog Rjghts to Privag................................. 993 a) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act ............... 995 C. INTRUSIVE WORKPLACE MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY................................................ 1001 1. Employer Access to PersonalWeb-Based Applications..................... 1007 2. Webcams ...................................... 1009 3. GPS ..................................... 1012 D. WORKPLACE PRIVACY TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES............... 1016 III. EMPLOYER MONITORING AND EMPLOYEE PRIVACY-EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE .. ................... 1018 A. LAWS IN EUROPE-OVERVIEW ................ ............. 1019 B. CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTIONS FOR PRIVACY AT THE EUROPEAN LEVEL............................. .......... 1019 ( 2011 Lothar Determann & Robert Sprague. t Dr. iur habil, Privatdozent, Freie Universitat Berlin; Adjunct Professor, University of California, Berkeley School of Law and Hastings College -
Administrative Lawt
SURVEY ARTICLES Administrative Lawt by Johnny C. Burris* James M. Landis, in many ways the prophet of the modern concept of administrative law and process both in theory and practice,' commented in 1938 that: The last century has witnessed the rise of a new instrument of govern- ment, the administrative tribunal. Without too much political theory but with a keen sense of the practicalities of the situation, agencies were cre- ated whose functions embraced the three aspects of government. Rule- making, enforcement, and the disposition of competing claims made by contending parties, were all intrusted to them. As the years passed, the process grew.2 What was true in 1938 is even truer today. The process continues to grow at a rate which defies the ability of the most diligent lawyer to keep track of developments.3 This article is a continuation of earlier efforts4 designed t Copyright 0 1988 by Johnny C. Burris. * Associate Professor of Law, Nova University Center for the Study of Law. University of Kentucky (B.G.S., 1975); Salmon P. Chase College of Law, Northern Kentucky University (J.D., 1978); Columbia University School of Law (LL.M., 1984). 1. T. McCitw, PRoPtirs OF REGULATION 153-209 (1984); D. RrrcHiE, JAMES M. LANDIS (1980). 2. J. LANDIS, THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 1-2 (1938) (emphasis added). 3. See, e.g., S. BREYER, REGULATION AND ITS REFORM 1-2, appendix 1 (1982); K. DAVIs, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TEXT 3-4 (3d ed. 1972). It may also defy the ability of the courts and particularly the Supreme Court to continue to perform the traditional role assigned to them in the administrative process. -
Fourth Amendment Remedies As Rights: the Warrant Requirement
FOURTH AMENDMENT REMEDIES AS RIGHTS: THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT DAVID GRAY* INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 426 I. THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT AND ITS CRITICS ................................ 433 II. MIRANDA AND THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES ........... 436 III. FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES ........ 443 A. “The right of the people . .” ...................................................... 444 B. “. to be secure . .” ................................................................. 457 C. “. shall not be violated.” ......................................................... 460 IV. THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT AS A CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY ....... 464 A. Our Adaptable Fourth Amendment ............................................. 464 B. An Emerging Threat: The Advent of Professional Law Enforcement ................................................................................. 469 C. A Constitutional Response to the Emerging Threat..................... 473 V. A REMEDIES-AS-RIGHTS AGENDA FOR THE 21ST CENTURY ............... 481 The constitutional status of the warrant requirement is hotly debated. Critics argue that neither the text nor history of the Fourth Amendment supports a warrant requirement. Critics also question the warrant requirement’s ability to protect Fourth Amendment interests. Perhaps in response to these concerns, the Supreme Court has steadily degraded the warrant requirement through a series of widening exceptions. The result -
Photographers' Guide to Privacy
Photographers’ Guide to Privacy What every cameraman, photographer and videographer should know about invasion of privacy standards in the 50 states and D.C. Fall 2007 A primer on invasion of privacy The question of when the coverage and agrees that a news organization has omitted by reporting a misuse of taxpayer money. reporting of news becomes an invasion or played down facts that put a truthful state- (Harris v. City of Seattle, 152 Fed.Appx. 565 of privacy is a difficult one, especially for ment in its proper context. In 2003, a Florida (9th Cir. 2005)) photographers and videographers. jury awarded $18 million to Joe Anderson, The invasion of another’s privacy is a Reporting news stories in a way that the owner of a road-paving company who “tort,” meaning a civil wrong against another serves and informs the public will often entail sued over a Pensacola News Journal article that results in injury. publicizing facts or displaying images that that truthfully reported he had shot and A privacy tort occurs when a person or will embarrass or anger someone. killed his wife. However, the fact that an entity breaches the duty to leave another To make privacy matters even more diffi- investigation determined that the death was person alone. When journalists intrude on cult for journalists, courts constantly redefine a hunting accident was not mentioned until a person’s privacy and cause emotional or what is private based upon interpretations two sentences later, which Anderson said cre- monetary injury, they may be forced to pay of the elusive legal standard of a “reasonable ated a false impression that he murdered his damages. -
183 Poses a Greater Threat to the Exclusionary Rule Than the Past Decisions That Limited Its Application. First, the Court's
2006] THE SUPREME COURT — LEADING CASES 183 poses a greater threat to the exclusionary rule than the past decisions that limited its application. First, the Court’s two newest Justices joined the majority opinion in full.79 Second, the majority was willing to bar the application of the exclusionary rule without regard to its de- terrent effect.80 Finally, the majority’s emphasis on changed circum- stances — the expansion of § 1983 and internal police discipline — could justify overruling Mapp.81 It remains to be seen how far the Court will go, but Hudson is a strong signal that the exclusionary rule is in trouble. 6. Fourth Amendment — Suspicionless Search of Parolees. — In 1787, Jeremy Bentham argued that the ideal prison would consist of cellblocks encircling an interior opaque column from which wardens and guards could monitor prisoners without themselves being seen.1 Because the prisoners would not know when the wardens were watch- ing them from inside the column, Bentham surmised that the prisoners would attempt to conform their behavior to acceptable standards at all times.2 Although Bentham’s Panopticon has met with considerable criticism,3 his core idea — that supervision, real or imagined, can deter ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 79 In another case from last Term, the new Chief Justice noted that “the exclusionary rule is not a remedy we apply lightly” in view of its social costs and declined to apply the rule to viola- tions of the right of foreign nationals under the Vienna Convention of Consular Relations to con- sular notification of their arrest or detention. Sanchez-Llamas v. -
Judicial Review Scope and Grounds
JUDICIAL REVIEW SCOPE AND GROUNDS By Scott Blair, Advocate THE TRIGONOMETRY OF JUDICIAL REVIEW In Scotland, unlike England and Wales, the judicial review jurisdiction is not limited to cases which have an element of public law. As explained by Lord President Hope in West v. Secretary of State for Scotland 1992 SC 385 at 413 the scope of judicial review is as follows: “ The following propositions are intended therefore to define the principles by reference to which the competency of all applications to the supervisory jurisdiction under Rule of Court 260B is to be determined: 1. The Court of Session has power, in the exercise of its supervisory jurisdiction, to regulate the process by which decisions are taken by any person or body to whom a jurisdiction, power or authority has been delegated or entrusted by statute, agreement or any other instrument. 2. The sole purpose for which the supervisory jurisdiction may be exercised is to ensure that the person or body does not exceed or abuse that jurisdiction, power or authority or fail to do what the jurisdiction, power or authority requires. 3. The competency of the application does not depend upon any distinction between public law and private law, nor is it confined to those cases which English law has accepted as amenable to judicial review, nor is it correct in regard to issues about competency to describe judicial review under Rule of Court 260B as a public law remedy. By way of explanation we would emphasise these important points: (a) Judicial review is available, not to provide machinery for an appeal, but to ensure that the decision-maker does not exceed or abuse his powers or fail to perform the duty which has been delegated or entrusted to him.