Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios E Conceitos Básicos ______

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Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios E Conceitos Básicos ______ José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior 1 ___________________________________________________________ 2 Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos ___________________________________________________________ José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior 3 ___________________________________________________________ KARATE-DŌ SHŌTŌKAN HISTÓRIA, PRINCÍPIOS E CONCEITOS BÁSICOS JOSÉ ERASMO DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR 4 Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos ___________________________________________________________ TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS Este trabalho é de propriedade intelectual de José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior, não podendo ser comercializado sem a prévia autorização do autor, de acordo com a Lei 9.610 de 19 de fevereiro de 1998 (Lei dos Direitos Autorais). O autor autoriza a reprodução desta obra desde que sem fins comerciais, podendo ser copiada em sua integralidade e repassada com fins educacionais e sem ônus aos praticantes de Karate-Dō. de Oliveira Júnior, José Erasmo Karate-Dō Shotokan – História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos - Brasília/DF, 2011. Revisado em 2016. 227 p. :il. _____________________________________________________________ José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior 5 ___________________________________________________________ ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................07 BUNBU-ICHI [文武一]...........................................................................09 A ORIGEM DO KARATE-DŌ [空手道].................................................12 HISTÓRIA DO KARATE-DŌ SHŌTŌKAN [空手道松濤館]..............20 BREVE HISTÓRICO DO KARATE-DŌ [空手道] NO BRASIL..........42 BUJUTSU [武術] e BUDŌ [武道]...........................................................44 DŌJŌKUN [道場訓]................................................................................46 NIJŪKUN [二十訓]..................................................................................56 PRINCÍPIOS E FUNDAMENTOS DO KARATE-DŌ [空手道]..........64 O TREINAMENTO DO KARATE-DŌ [空手道]..................................70 DŌJŌ [道場] – O LOCAL DE TREINAMENTO..................................74 SENSEI [先生], SENPAI [先輩] e KOHAI [後輩].................................77 A ESTRUTURA DE ENSINO NO DŌJŌ [道場]..................................82 REIHŌ [礼法] - ETIQUETA BÁSICA NO DŌJŌ [道場].....................88 O SIGNIFICADO DA EXPRESSÃO “OSU” [押忍]..............................95 KARATE-GI [空手衣]..............................................................................97 O SÍMBOLO DOS CÍRCULOS CONCÊNTRICOS.............................102 EXERCÍCIOS PREPARATÓRIOS.......................................................106 TÉCNICAS BÁSICAS.............................................................................110 COMO FECHAR AS MÃOS......................................................112 6 Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos ___________________________________________________________ PONTOS DE CONTATO NAS MÃOS E BRAÇOS................113 PONTOS DE CONTATO NOS PÉS E PERNAS....................116 TACHIKATA [立方] (BASES)...................................................119 DESLOCAMENTOS.................................................................135 DEFESAS...................................................................................139 GOLPES DE BRAÇO................................................................145 MAKIWARA [巻藁].....................................................................151 GOLPES DE PERNA................................................................153 KATA [型] ..............................................................................................159 KUMITE [組手]......................................................................................165 KYŪSHO [急所].....................................................................................171 TERMINOLOGIA JAPONESA BÁSICA..............................................178 ESPORTE VERSUS ARTE MARCIAL.................................................184 MATÉRIA PARA EXAME DE FAIXA..................................................186 APRENDENDO E TREINANDO OS KATA [型] BÁSICOS.............192 BIBLIOGRAFIA E DICAS DE LEITURA...........................................226 Sensei Funakoshi, fundador do Karate-Dō Shōtōkan, realizando Bunkai de movimentos do Kata Bassai-Dai José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior 7 ___________________________________________________________ INTRODUÇÃO O presente caderno didático é uma compilação de diversos textos e dados extraídos da leitura de diversos livros, da internet e dos ensinamentos recebidos de diversos professores nestes 29 anos de prática desta arte e que podem facilitar a compreensão e, consequentemente, o aprendizado do Karate- Dō Shōtōkan [空手道松濤館]. O mesmo se presta a servir como uma fonte de consulta rápida para que os praticantes do nosso Dōjō [道場] possam sanar dúvidas e assim lapidar os princípios e as técnicas aprendidas durante as aulas, lembrando que aqui apenas as técnicas básicas serão tratadas. Desta forma o Karateka [空手家], à medida que vai graduando-se, deve sempre buscar o conhecimento por meio de seu professor, cursos, seminários e da leitura de livros acerca do tema. Além disso, ao final do presente trabalho serão indicados livros que certamente o auxiliarão na compreensão e aprofundamento no “caminho”. Deixo claro que a presente obra retrata o entendimento deste autor sobre a arte, não sendo a verdade absoluta, mas uma visão e prática pessoal do Karate-Dō [空手道]. Nessa visão, o Karate-Dō [ 空手道] em sua essência visa ao aperfeiçoamento do caráter do homem, o que deve ser encarado como uma busca constante e permanente por toda uma vida. Junto com esse objetivo, o Karate-Dō [空手道] traz, a seu praticante, saúde física e mental e ainda a possibilidade da autodefesa contra possíveis agressores. Diferente das academias onde o foco são os torneios e competições, e onde se ensina a sempre buscar a vitória custe o que custar, o Karate-Dō [空手道] aqui tratado, tem como foco o aperfeiçoamento do caráter humano, com ênfase na autodisciplina e autorrealização. Assim, não perder um combate será consequência dessa busca feita por meio de um constante e árduo treinamento por toda uma vida. Ressalte-se aqui que no Karate-Dō [空手道] o fim é o próprio meio, assim seu objetivo não é chegar a algum lugar (por exemplo, galgar altas 8 Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos ___________________________________________________________ graduações), mas sim estar constantemente treinando e aproveitando cada instante desse treinamento, aprendendo e descobrindo coisas novas a cada treino, com ajuda do seu professor, de um colega de treino ou de suas pesquisas em livros, internet etc. Desta forma, deve-se estar sempre com a mente aberta para receber novos conhecimentos e com coragem para modificar os pré- conceitos já fixados. Lembramos, nesse ponto, que o treinamento realmente deve ser acima de tudo constante, mas isso não quer dizer que tenha de ser chato e entediante, muito ao contrário, deve ser encarado com alegria, satisfação e bom humor. O aprendizado das técnicas deve sempre ser feito com pequenos e fáceis passos, com muitas repetições, por meio dos quais devemos procurar realizar a técnica de forma correta. Deve-se ter em mente que se uma técnica é praticada intensivamente, mas de forma incorreta, o Karateka [空手家] se tornará muito bom em fazer algo muito errado. Ora, o movimento treinado de forma errada criará um programa motor no praticante e tornar-se-á difícil de ser corrigido. Para isso não acontecer é preciso: 1) entender o movimento/técnica; 2) procurar visualizá-lo mentalmente de forma mais clara e completa possível; 3) começar a treiná-lo de forma lenta, aumentando gradualmente a intensidade com que faz o movimento. Lembre-se de que poder e velocidade vêm de técnicas corretas e não de outra forma. Por fim, agradeço a todos os professores com quem aprendi e treinei Karate-Dō [空手道] em todos estes anos. E claro, não posso deixar de agradecer a todos aqueles que tiveram a coragem e dedicação de escrever ou de alguma outra forma divulgar conhecimentos sobre nossa arte. Agradeço, principalmente, àqueles de quem reproduzi textos e imagens no presente registro, pedindo desculpas aos que não foram citados por não ter conseguido identificar o verdadeiro autor de alguns textos. Osu [押忍]!!! Brasília/DF, 11 de janeiro de 2011 Erasmo Edição revista e atualizada em 2016 José Erasmo de Oliveira Júnior 9 ___________________________________________________________ BUNBU-ICHI [文武一] (Literatura e militarismo são como uma única coisa) Antes de abordar o conceito Bunbu-ichi [文武一] propriamente dito, iremos postar alguns trechos do texto escrito pelos Hanshi [ 範師] (Os ideogramas literalmente significam: "exemplo/modelo + mestre/perito/ professor" - somando-se essas idéias, fica-se com a noção de algo como "exemplo de mestre") Ōgata Taketora [緖方竹虎] e Hamada Teshin [はまだ てんしん], que foi gentilmente traduzido pelo Sr. Joséverson Goulart e que trata da filosofia da Dai Nippon Butoku-kai [大日本武徳会] (Associação das virtudes marciais do grande Japão), filosofia essa embasada pelo referido conceito, para que se entenda a importância que o tema representa: “É dito há muito tempo que a pena e a espada são como as duas rodas de uma carroça e as duas asas de um pássaro. Consequentemente, elas pertencem a um único conceito de virtude universal e são naturalmente inseparáveis. 10 Karate-Dō Shōtōkan - História, Princípios e Conceitos Básicos ___________________________________________________________
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