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Vazquezsoberanoraymundo.Pdf (2.905Mb) Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico-Sociales Doctorado en Historia y Estudios Regionales Los sirio-libaneses en Tabasco. La conformación de un grupo dominante: 1910-1935. Tesista. Raymundo Vázquez Soberano Directora. Dra. Filiberta Gómez Cruz. Línea de investigación: Circuitos mercantiles, puertos y población siglos XIX XX. Cuerpo Académico Consolidado. Estudios históricos de la Región Golfo, siglos XIX y XX. Xalapa, Veracruz; febrero de 2016. Índice Los sirio-libaneses en Tabasco. La conformación de un grupo dominante: 1910-1935. Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………………... 5 Introducción...................................................................................................................... 6 Capítulo 1. Tabasco: territorio, contornos e interacción en el sureste de México durante el ocaso de la centuria decimonónica y los albores del siglo XX. 1.1. La geografía del territorio tabasqueño. Las cuencas hidrográficas.......................... 47 1.2. El territorio tabasqueño. Organización interna y contorno regional........................ 58 1.3. Las vías de comunicación fluvial y las barras ejes articuladores del territorio tabasqueño……………………………………………………………………………… 67 1.4. La feracidad del territorio tabasqueño. Esperanzas y desencantos………………... 76 Capítulo 2. Tabasco: Colonización, inmigración y población extranjera en los años iniciales del siglo XX. 2.1. La política inmigratoria de México y su manifestación en el territorio tabasqueño hasta 1910……………………………………………………………………………… 89 2.2. La creación de una colonia en Tabasco. El caso de los puertorriqueños, 1904- 1913…………………………………………………………………………………….. 104 2.3. La inmigración independiente al sureste mexicano y su manifestación en Tabasco en las décadas iniciales del siglo XX…………………………………………………... 116 Capítulo 3. El contexto del Medio Oriente. Causas que propiciaron la emigración de sirios y libaneses de la Gran Siria. 3.1. Los maronitas y los drusos del distrito de Líbano. La formación de las comunidades y el origen del credo religioso.................................................................... 123 3.2. Maronitas y drusos. La gestación de una enemistad de graves consecuencias, 1788- 1842……………………………………………………….................................... 124 3.3. El tanzimat y los enfrentamientos comunitarios entre maronitas y drusos, 1839- 1860………………………………………………………………………..…………… 130 3.4. El comercio de la seda, la crisis económica y emigración a partir de 1868………. 134 3.5. La gran travesía. El paso inicial para hacer fortuna en América….………………. 138 Capítulo 4. Los sirio-libaneses en Tabasco. La conformación de grupo dominante. 4.1. Los sirio-libaneses en territorio tabasqueño. Los primeros pasos……………........ 143 4.2. El comercio ambulante, el camino hacia el éxito económico................................... 154 4.3. Los sirio-libaneses. La conformación como grupo dominante en el trópico tabasqueño……………………………………………………………………………… 161 4.4. La hispanofobia durante la Revolución Mexicana. Un factor a favor de la consolidación de los sirio-libaneses como grupo dominante en Tabasco……………… 173 2 Capítulo 5. Los sirio-libaneses en el trópico tabasqueño. Su desempeño como grupo dominante, 1915-1935. 5.1. Jacobo Nazar Jahboiter. Un sirio-libanés influyente en el trópico tabasqueño…… 188 5.2. Peculiaridades del proceso de asimilación de los sirio-libaneses en el trópico tabasqueño……………………………………………………………………………… 207 5.3. El ambiente sociopolítico del trópico tabasqueño, 1915-1925…………………… 213 5.4. Los comerciantes sirio-libaneses en Tabasco auge y declive, 1925-1935………… 237 Conclusiones………...................................................................................................... 276 Fuentes consultadas. Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………….. 287 Archivos………………………………………………………………………………... 301 Hemerografía…………………………………………………………………………... 306 Índice de tablas. Tabla 1. Tabasco. Partidos administrativos y municipios que los integraban en 1883.. 58 Tabla 2. Distancias de San Juan Bautista a las principales poblaciones por vía fluvial, 1900-1915……………………………………………………………………………… 70 Tabla 3. Contratos de colonización, deslinde y explotación de bosques celebrados por el gobierno federal con personas o compañías particulares, 1886-1910………………. 91 Tabla 4. Exportación total mexicana durante el periodo, 1877-1911………………….. 98 Tabla 5. Población de inmigrantes extranjeros con mayor presencia en México, 1895- 1940…………………………………………………………………………………….. 117 Tabla 6. Población de inmigrantes extranjeros con mayor presencia en el sureste mexicano, 1895-1940…………………………………………………………………... 118 Tabla 7. Población total de inmigrantes extranjeros en Tabasco, 1910………………... 119 Tabla 8. Sirio-libaneses que oficialmente residían en Tabasco, 1890………………..... 150 Tabla 9. Lugar de origen y población de residencia de Sirio-libaneses en Tabasco, 1891-1900……………………………………………………………………………… 152 Tabla 10. Sirio-libaneses matrimonios de carácter endogámico, 1895-1923………….. 169 Tabla 11. Establecimientos mercantiles sobresalientes propiedad de sirio-libaneses en Tabasco, 1908-1923……………………………………………………………………. 171 Tabla 12. Sirio-libaneses. Matrimonios exogámicos con nacionales, 1914-1930…….. 209 Tabla 13. Establecimientos mercantiles propiedad de sirio-libaneses en Tabasco, 1925- 1930……………………………………………………………………………… 238 Tabla 14. Sirio-libaneses que llegaron a Tabasco entre 1920-1935…………………… 244 Tabla 15. Exportación tabasqueña de plátano roatán a Estados Unidos, 1920-1935…... 246 Tabla 16. Salario diario de trabajadores en Tabasco…………………………………... 252 Tabla 17. Clausura de establecimientos mercantiles de sirio-libaneses, 1928-1935 261 Índice de gráficas. Gráfica 1. % de población extranjera en los estados sureste, respecto de la población total en 1910……………………………………………………………………………. 88 Grafica 2. % de la población extranjera en México, 1895-1940……………………….. 89 Gráfica 3. % de colonos puertorriqueños por municipio de origen……………………. 107 3 Gráfica 4. Población de inmigrantes extranjeros con mayor presencia en México, 1895- 1940……………………………………………………………………………… 117 Gráfica 5. Población de inmigrantes extranjeros con mayor presencia en el sureste de México, 1895-1940…………………………………………………………………….. 118 Gráfica 6. Población sirio-libanesa y española en Tabasco, 1890-1910………………. 120 Gráfica 7. Población española y sirio-libanesa en Tabasco, 1910-1940………………. 195 Índice de imágenes. Imagen 1. Las cuencas hidrográficas de Tabasco…………………………………….... 48 Imagen 2. La inundación de 1909 en San Juan Bautista……………………………… 57 Imagen 3. Plano del Estado de Tabasco ………………………………………………. 60 Imagen 4. Las barras de Tabasco ……………………………………………………… 71 Imagen 5. Lugar de procedencia de los colonos puertorriqueños llegados a México en 1903…………………………………………………………………………………….. 106 Imagen 6. El Imperio Otomano y su expansión en Medio Oriente…………………….. 122 Imagen 7. Pueblo de Zahale en la Gran Siria en 1896…………………………………. 162 Imagen 8. Carta enviada desde Huimanguillo por Alejandro Salomón a su tío Pedro Pedro con fecha del 22 de febrero de 1902…………………………………………….. 166 Imagen 9. Cuenta de Rosendo Gamas con Juan Atala, 1913………………………...... 182 Imagen 10. Tomás Garrido Canabal en su despacho…………………………………... 187 Imagen 11.Cédula migratoria de Jacobo Nazar Jahboiter. 30 de octubre de 1939…….. 191 Imagen 12. Ramón Elías Hechem 1945………………………………………………... 236 Imagen 13. Manuel Jaidar en 1927……………………………………………………. 247 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS. Con gratitud a la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco y a la Universidad Veracruzana. Por su apoyo económico al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) y al Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (PRODEP). Por su asesoramiento, tiempo y motivación. Mi más sincero agradecimiento a la doctora Filiberta Gómez Cruz. Por su amistad, generosidad y apoyo incondicional para que pudiera cursar los estudios de doctorado y concluir esta investigación al doctor Fernando Valenzuela Pernas. Por su amistad de siempre y discusiones académicas relacionadas con esta tesis al maestro Jesús Arturo Filigrana Rosique y al licenciado Elías Balcázar Antonio. A mi esposa, Leticia Rodríguez Rodríguez y a nuestras hijas Abril y Abigail Vázquez Rodríguez dedico esta investigación por los esfuerzos compartidos. 5 Introducción El presente trabajo se encuentra diseñado desde la perspectiva de los estudios históricos regionales y centra su atención en el estudio del proceso mediante el cual los inmigrantes sirio-libaneses lograron conformarse en un grupo dominante en el estado de Tabasco, situado en el sureste mexicano, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1910 y 1935. Entre sus objetivos destacan el análisis de las razones que ocasionaron la salida de éstos inmigrantes de sus lugares de origen, la situación que hizo posible su llegada y adaptación al ambiente local y las causas que hicieron posible que en unión de sus descendientes lograran el ascenso económico y la notoriedad social en el ámbito tabasqueño hasta conformarse en un grupo dominante que se mantuvo como tal hasta 1935. Conviene destacar que el arribo de los sirio-libaneses a México y en este caso al territorio tabasqueño se inscribe en el marco de un proceso histórico más amplio que ocasionó la llegada de millones de inmigrantes procedentes del Medio Oriente a los países de América Latina durante la segunda parte del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Diversos factores de orden socioeconómico, político, religioso y tecnológico influyeron en la gestación de su salida de Levante, entre los cuales destacaron, por una parte, el control despótico del
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