Uitdagers Van De Gevestigde Orde

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Uitdagers Van De Gevestigde Orde 9] culture wars 2.0 - uitdagers van de gevestigde orde ICT heeft gezorgd voor een informatie-explosie die alle aspecten van het moderne leven beinvloeden: economie, politiek, overheid, media, onderwijs, gezondheid en het persoonlijke en sociale leven van burgers ICT heeft de samenleving ingrijpend veranderd: we leven thans in een informatie-maatschappij, "waarin de creatie, verspreiding, gebruik, integratie en manipulatie van informatie een belangrijke economische, politieke en culturele activiteit is" 1 de digitale revolutie, aangezwengeld door informatie & communicatie-technologie, wordt gekenmerkt door: ➢ een ongekende hoeveelheid informatie die ter beschikking komt voor iedereen met een internet-verbinding dit heeft geleid tot verdere emancipatie van de burger: burgers hebben toegang tot oneindig veel informatie dit maakt de burger meer (niet perse beter) geïnformeerd (via news-feeds, en alles is te ‘Googelen’) 2 daarbij kunnen zij zelf ook informatie delen (in theorie met de hele wereld, in praktijk met gelijkgestemden) ➢ enorme macht voor grote tech-bedrijven (Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc) die floreren op big data ICT biedt instituties / overheden ongekende mogelijkheden tot vergaring en manipulatie van informatie ook andere (non-tech) bedrijven en overheden maken gebruik van big data voor marketing en monitoring de informatie-samenleving zorgt zo voor nieuwe machts-ongelijkheid ➢ concurrentie voor gevestigde instituties; m.n. voor conventionele massa-media (krant, tijdschriften, TV, radio) deze concurrentie leidt tot een ondermijning van instituties die een monopolie hadden op informatie de autoriteit van gevestigde instituties komt onder druk te staan door alternatieve feiten / counter-narratives de vraag die daarbij om de hoek komt is: welke informatie is te vertrouwen? (die van gelijkgestemden?) ➢ verandering van de ‘regels’ en omgangsvormen in het (online, maar daardoor ook offline) publieke debat informalisering van de communicatie en online anonimiteit leiden tot ‘verruwing’ van het debat cyber-utopisme & de emancipatie van de burger als monitorial citizen de opkomst van het internet (m.n. social media) hebben gedurende de eerste jaren geleid tot optimisme cyber-utopisten zagen in de digitale revolutie tevens een democratische revolutie ➢ de hegemonie van de traditionele media zou gebroken worden door een egalitaire online community user-generated content & citizen journalism zou ‘gevestigde kennis’ vervangen door wisdom of the crowds ➢ hierarchische top-down structuren zouden plaats maken voor een platform- en netwerk-samenleving i.p.v. bezit / kapitaal zou het in de sharing economy gaan om delen (bijv: Uber, Airbnb, Taskrabbit, Lyft, Etsy) ➢ verschillende dictatoriale regimes hebben het veld geruimd dankzij Facebook en Twitter de arabische lente (begonnen in Tunesie in 2010) maakte plaats voor de arabische winter (vanaf 2014?) 90 maar het tegengestelde is ook waar: ➢ user-generated content heeft soms meer weg van online lynch-partijen dan van wisdom of the crowds ➢ online-diensten ondermijnen soms juist de rechten van burgers, consumenten en werknemers ➢ overheden gebruiken big data om burgers beter te monitoren, ten koste van bepaalde rechten / vrijheden polarisatie in het digitale tijdperk we zijn deze cursus begonnen met het SCP-rapport Burgerperspectieven 2019, dat handelde over polarisatie (p.2) het maatschappelijk debat over bijv. milieu & klimaat, of immigratie & integratie, of cultuur & identiteit, is gepolariseerd "Identiteit en politiek zijn de afgelopen jaren steeds meer door elkaar gaan lopen. Kijk naar een thema als klimaatverandering. Wat je ervan vindt, is gebaseerd op de club waar je bij hoort. Een weerlegging is meteen een aanval op je identiteit, op wie je bent." (Ian Buruma, NRC, 26 mei 2017) maar was dit vroeger anders, ten tijde van de verzuiling, toen Nederland wel een 4-ledige apartheidsstaat leek? elke zuil had z’n eigen krant, partij, scholen, sport-clubs, omroepen, ziekenhuizen, woningbouwverenigingen, etc er zijn echter belangrijke verschillen t.o.v. de samenleving nu: ➢ WO2 was een nationaal trauma en de wederopbouw was in die zin een gezamenlijk project ➢ de koude oorlog zorgde voor een gemeenschappelijk vijand en een duidelijk wereldbeeld ➢ er waren (van 1965 tot 1988) slechts 2 Nederlandse TV-zenders (en een handvol radio-zenders) ➢ het vertrouwen in, en gezag van instituties was nog niet op grote schaal onderhevig aan erosie ➢ de pacificatie-politiek en polder-cultuur ‘dempte’ de scherpe tegenstellingen tussen groepen in de jaren '90 zien we de toetreding van commerciële zenders tot het omroepbestel (Veronica, RTL, SBS, etc) ook leidt de commercialisering van publieke diensten, waaronder de media, tot een klantgerichtere benadering het eind van de 20e eeuw bracht de opkomst van het internet en het begin van de 21e eeuw de social media vooral de social media hebben de wereld fundamenteel veranderd; niet in het minst op politiek vlak met de commercialisering van de media en de opkomst van social media zijn de ‘dempende’ mechanismen verdwenen dit heeft ook zijn weerslag op de politiek: polderen maakt plaats voor profileren, en daarmee voor radicaliseren in de scorebord-samenleving zijn er winners & losers; en the winner takes all 2016 wordt wel gezien als het jaar waarin de traditionele mainstream media het aflegt tegen online (social) media november 2016 vroegen veel mensen, in de V.S. en wereldwijd, zich af hoe Trump tot president kon worden gekozen één van de vele verklarende factoren is de polariserende werking van social media (Facebook, Twitter) het verdien-model van deze platforms is het genereren van aandacht, wat verkoopbare informatie oplevert het verzamelen (data-mining) en analyseren van data (m.b.v. algoritmen) levert kennis op, en kennis = macht deze informatie wordt dan ingezet voor bijv. personalized marketing / customized advertising dit werkt niet alleen zo voor commerciële reklame, maar ook voor nieuws en politieke campagnes dat betekent dat ook nieuws en politieke boodschappen via social media personalized en customized zijn m.a.w: we krijgen datgene voorgeschoteld waarvan wat het algoritme ‘weet’ dat het ons interesseert / raakt en zo wordt het internet steeds meer een medium waarin gebruikers hun eigen meningen bevestigd zien die meningen worden vaak meer gevormd door gevoelens van verontwaardiging of woede, dan door argumenten 91 tabak, alcohol, fijnstof, verkeer en keukentrapjes maken elk afzonderlijk meer slachtoffers dan terrorisme toch halen deze zaken zelden het nieuws; omdat het geen nieuws is, en omdat het geen gezicht heeft op social media geldt dit des te sterker: nieuws over vermeende vijanden verspreid zich als lopend vuur voor steeds meer mensen (vooral jongeren) is het internet / Facebook de de belangrijkste nieuws-bron gebruikers 'liken' web-sites die aansluiten bij hun wereldbeeld, en dit wordt gemonitord door Facebook gebruikers krijgen vervolgens nieuws gebaseerd op hun voorkeuren, zoals geanalyseerd door Facebook nieuws verwordt zo tot een echo-chamber, waardoor gebruikers ongemerkt deel uitmaken van een bubble "For all the hope that comes from connecting with new people and new ideas, researchers have found that online behavior is dominated by “homophily”: a tendency to listen to and associate with people like yourself, and to exclude outsiders. Social networks are bad at helping you empathize with people unlike you, but good at surrounding you with those who share your outlook. The new information ecosystem does not challenge biases; it reinforces them." 3 social media maken de wereld zo niet tot global village (Marshall McLuhan), maar polariseren juist; bijv: Facebook's 'customized feed' bij de amerikaanse verkiezingen droeg bij aan polarisatie en desinformatie 4 "Since May of this year (2016), The Wall Street Journal has run a project called “Blue Feed, Red Feed,” showing side-by-side Facebook streams of news sources popular with, respectively, liberal and conservative audiences. The resulting social-media feeds look like they’re from two parallel universes. Within a circle of friends or like-minded acquaintances, social media certainly fosters connection. But the further one zooms out - to whole societies or the course of global affairs - the more this connection is marred by tribalism and mutual mistrust." 5 regels en omgangsvormen in het online ‘publieke’ debat waar de ‘echte’ maatschappij gereguleerd wordt door regels en instituties, is het internet een vrijplaats cyber-utopisten en cyber-punks zagen het internet als het beloofde land van gelijkheid en free speech maar vele van hen zijn de afgelopen jaren gedesillusioneerd geraakt m.b.t. deze ‘belofte’ van vrijheid algoritmen die sites als Google en Facebook gebruiken filteren informatie toegesneden op ons profiel zodoende zorgt onze online activiteit voor filter-bubbles, waarin we onze voorkeuren bevestigd zien een nieuwe generatie (millennials) is opgegroeid in een wereld van ICT, commercialisering en social media sensationeel, schokkend nieuws vestigt de aandacht op zich, maar ontlokt gebruikers ook (emotionele) reacties zo ontstaan zgn. filter-bubbles of echo chambers, waarin gebruikers elkaar bevestigen in hun eigen gelijk en zo leidt het ‘vrije internet’ tot nieuwe vormen van tribalisme en parochialisme; oftewel van wij/zij-denken het internet maakt het mogelijk dat gelijkgestemden van over de hele wereld virtueel samenkomen zo ontstaan online sub-culturen waarin users zich bevestigd zien in hun eigen waarheid / smaak / moraal platforms / forums Facebook, Youtube, Tumblr,
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