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Non Ischemic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac MRI

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Non Ischemic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac MRI Non ischemic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac MRI Mahi L. Ashwath MD, MBA, FACC, FASE, FSCMR President, Iowa ACC Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology Division of Cardiology University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics 1 Normal Cardiac MRI Normal Cardiac MRI LAD infarct – ischemic cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathies Genetic Mixed Acquired Hypertrophic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic right Restrictive Stress / Takotsubo ventricular Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy cardiomyopathy Non compaction Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy Storage Tachycardia Mediated Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy 5 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Dilated Cardiomyopathy • Dilation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles • Usually associated with increase in total cardiac mass • Incidence 5-8 cases per 100,000 population • Upto 14% of middle aged and elderly population have asymptomatic LV systolic dysfunction • Causes: ▪ Viruses ▪ Gene mutations • Distinguish from ▪ Ischemic Cardiomyopathy ▪ Valvular Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Variety of mutations associated with hypertrophy of the LV and occasionally the RV • Prevalence 0.2 – 0.5% • Histology • Hypertrophied myocytes with • Myocardial disarray • Microvasculature with decreased luminal cross sectional area • Impaired vasodilatory capacity • Abnormalities • LV outflow obstruction • Diastolic dysfunction • Myocardial ischemia • Mitral regurgitation 9 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Presentation - Symptoms • Heart failure • Fatigue • Dyspnea • Myocardial ischemia • Chest pain • Arrhythmia • Palpitations • Pre-syncope or syncope 10 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – Presentation - Signs • Systolic murmurs: • Obstruction murmur – ▪ Harsh crescendo – decrescendo murmur ▪ apex and LLSB – ▪ increases with increase in obstruction – upright posture, Valsalva, post PVC or with nitroglycerin ▪ Decrease with sitting, handgrip and following passive elevation of the legs • Mitral regurgitation with a posterior jet ▪ mid – late systolic murmur at apex Diagnostic testing • Goals: • To establish the diagnosis of HCM • To identify the presence or severity of obstruction • Assess mitral regurgitation • Risk of arrhythmia • Overall LV function Tests performed: • EKG • Prominent abnormal Q waves in the inferior and lateral leads – due to septal depolarization of the hypertrophied myopathic tissue • Deeply inverted and prominent T waves with apical variant of HCM • Echo • Left ventricular hypertrophy • unexplained increased LV wall thickness ≥15 mm systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve • LVOT obstruction • Ambulatory EKG monitoring • assessment for ventricular arrhythmias and risk for sudden cardiac death • Exercise testing • abnormal blood pressure [BP] response to exercise) and for the assessment of LVOT gradient • Cardiovascular magnetic resonance • Genetic Testing Management - To Decrease Obstruction • Decrease contraction • Beta-blockers • Verapamil • Diltiazem • Disopyramide • Maintain afterload • Avoid vasodilators • Avoid diuretics • Increase volume • Hydration • Ongoing angina • Ranolazine • Persistent Obstruction • Myectomy • Alcohol Septal Ablation 14 Surgical Myectomy • Indication for Myectomy • LVOT obstruction • Angina, dyspnea, and/ or syncope resulting in significant impairment in quality of life • Symptoms persist despite appropriate medical therapy • Procedure involves • Direct removal of septal muscle • Mitral valve repair • Apical approach if significant hypertrophy of distal portion of LV • Complications: • Excessive removal of tissue – VSD • LBBB or CHB • Aortic regurgitation rarely • Long term outcomes • Improvement of symptoms • Lower rate of appropriate ICD discharges • Improvement of Pulm HTN • Improved survival compared to obstructed patients Ablation • Creates a localized myocardial infarction • Abnormalities of MV and pap muscle cannot be addressed • Significant reduction in LVOT gradient, minimal requirement for repeat procedures • Complications • Coronary artery dissection • Pericardial effusion • Larger MI • Complete heart block • Ventricular tachycardia • ? Arrhythmic death 16 2011 ACCF/ AHA guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 2011 ACCF/ AHA guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Risk factors for SCD 19 2011 ACCF/ AHA guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 22 Screening • Genetics: • Autosomal Dominant • Genetic Testing: • Screen first degree relatives • H&P, ECG, Echo, genetic screening of first degree relatives if a definite HCM mutation identified • No screening up to age 12, unless high risk • Annually ages 12-18 years • Adults – every 5 years, usually up to age 40-50 years 23 Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy EKG Strain pattern – Blueberry on top Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • No LVOT obstruction, can have mid cavitary obstruction • Common in East Asian populations • No or mild symptoms • Audible and palpable S4 • Giant negative T waves on EKG • Spade like configuration of the LV on echo and MRI • Associated apical wall motion abnormalities, including hypokinesis and aneurysm 30 Fabry Cardiomyopathy Fabry Cardiomyopathy Fabry Cardiomyopathy • HCM mimicker • Glycogen storage disorder • Abnormal scar pattern with inferolateral patchy enhancement Other mimickers • Aortic Stenosis • Hypertension • Athlete’s Heart • Volume Depletion • Sub aortic membrane 36 HCM Take Home… • Diagnosis and differential diagnosis • Treatment of symptoms • Avoid vasodilation, dehydration • Risk of SCD • Family Screening 37 Restrictive Cardiomyopathies Amyloidosis • Amylum - starch (Latin) • Extracellular deposition of amyloid • Deposits stained with Congo Red dye display an apple green birefringence • Types of Amyloid • Light chains (AL) - “Primary” • Systemic AL amyloidosis involves the liver, kidneys, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, lung and heart • Cardiac infiltration is present in most patients with AL amyloidosis • Transthyretin (ATTR) - “Senile” or “Familial” 40 Cardiac Amyloidosis • Heart failure • Diastolic dysfunction > systolic dysfunction • Lower extremity edema • Hepatic congestions, ascites, dyspnea • Low cardiac output • Electrophysiologic • Syncope due to bradyarrhythmias or Advanced AV block or ventricular arrhythmia • Heart block • Tachyarrhythmias • Low voltages on EKG • Imaging / Laboratory • Left ventricular “hypertrophy” • Elevated troponin 41 Amyloidosis - EKG 42 Amyloidosis - Echo 43 Strain pattern – apical sparing – cherry on top Amyloidosis – Treatment Strategy • Treatment of Heart failure • Diuretics • Treatment for ATTR Cardiomyopathy • Tafamidis for – ATTR-ACT trial • Liver transplant • Need biopsy for exact type of Amyloidosis • Affects prognosis • Treatment of clonal plasma cell disorder • Chemotherapy • Stem cell transplant 45 Treatment - cardiac specific • Diuretics/ salt restriction • Usually have peripheral edema/ ascites • Avoid • Digoxin, beta - blockers, vasodilators • Orthostatic hypotension • Midodrine • Treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias • Pacemakers • Bradyarrhythmias - esp ATTR 46 Endomyocardial Fibrosis Endomyocardial Fibrosis Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy • Synonyms: • Apical ballooning syndrome • Broken heart syndrome • Stress induced cardiomyopathy • Transient regional dysfunction of the left ventricle • By definition, • Absence of angiographic evidence of obstructive CAD or acute plaque rupture, pheochromocytoma, myocarditis • New EKG abnormalities • Modest troponin elevation 51 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy • Mechanisms: • Catecholamine excess • Microvascular dysfunction • Multivessel coronary artery spasm • Common WMA - apical, • can be mid-ventricular, basal, focal and global types • May have myocardial edema on MRI, but no scar • Can be due to physiological (males) or psychological (females) stressor • Supportive and standard CHF care • Recovery of function 52 Myocarditis Myocarditis • Increased risk of sudden cardiac death • No competitive sports for 3-6 months • Echo, Holter monitor and stress test prior to clearance 55 Pericarditis with pericardial inflammation Left ventricular non compaction • Altered myocardial wall • Continuity between the LV cavity and deep intra trabecular recesses • Genetics: • Sporadic or familial • Autosomal dominant inheritance is more common than X-linked inheritance or autosomal recessive inheritance • Yield of genetic testing in patients with LVNC is around 40 to 50 percent • Overlap in the genetic loci implicated in the major cardiomyopathies • LVNC and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • LVNC and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • Co-occurs with congenital heart disease or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 59 Left ventricular Non compaction • Exercise: • LVEF <50 percent, • ECG abnormalities, • arrhythmia, • symptomatic presentation, • and/or a positive family history of cardiomyopathy • counseled to refrain from competitive endurance sports or weight lifting (similar to patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) • LV non compaction may be associated with • Heart failure, • Thromboembolism • Ventricular arrhythmias in adults • Family counseling and screening • All patients with LVNC should receive family and genetic counseling 60 Sarcoidosis Circulation. 2009;120:1969-1977 Pathological correlation of sarcoidosis and sudden death Tavora et al. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:571–577) Pathological correlation of sarcoidosis and sudden death Tavora et al. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:571–577) ARVC Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
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