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Modelo De Nicho Ecológico En Haemagogus Williston (Diptera: Culicidae), Vectores Del Virus De La Fiebre Amarilla

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Modelo De Nicho Ecológico En Haemagogus Williston (Diptera: Culicidae), Vectores Del Virus De La Fiebre Amarilla 149 Rev Biomed 2010; 21:149-161 Artículo Original Modelo de nicho ecológico en Haemagogus Williston (Diptera: Culicidae), vectores del virus de la fiebre amarilla Jonathan Liria1, Juan-Carlos Navarro2 1 Departamento de Biología, Facyt. Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia-Carabobo, Venezuela. 2 Laboratorio de Biología de Vectores, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela RESUMEN Introducción. Las hembras del género Haemago- distribución potencial resultaron las especies Hg. gus son los vectores de los arbovirus causantes de spegazzinii, Hg. capricornii y Hg. janthinomys. la Fiebre Amarilla (FA) selvática y Mayaro. Sin Conclusiones. De las 20 variables ambientales embargo, hasta el momento son pocos los estudios y topográficas, las tres señaladas predicen el de los patrones de distribución y origen de la biota, modelo de distribución potencial de los vectores. y su relación con la transmisión de FA. La superposición de la distribución potencial con Objetivo. Estimar la distribución potencial de la distribución de los genotipos de FA, sugiere catorce especies del género con base en modelo de que la transmisión del genotipo I de FA podría nicho y establecer su relación con la transmisión asociarse con Hg. celeste y Hg. equinus en el norte de arbovirus. de América del sur, Hg. capricornii en el sur y Materiales y Métodos. Se construyó una base de Hg. leucocelaenus en sur de Brasil, incluyendo datos de 354 registros geo-referenciados a partir parte de Bolivia donde no existen registros de de datos de museos e información bibliográfica. esta especie. Luego, el genotipo II se asocia en el Fue modelada la distribución potencial en modelo con Hg. soperi, Hg. janthinomys hacia el catorce especies con el algoritmo de Máxima norte de América del Sur y Hg. spegazzinii hacia Entropía y utilizando 20 variables ambientales y el sur del subcontinente. topográficas. Resultados. Las variables ecorregiones, Palabras clave: Aedini, Conopostegus, Fiebre precipitación y temperatura permitieron predecir Amarilla, MaxEnt, Neotrópico la distribución de las especies, mientras que la altura no parece influir en el modelo. Algunas ABSTRACT especies mostraron distribuciones potenciales en Ecological niche modeling of Haemagogus América Central: Haemagogus argyromeris, Hg. Williston (Diptera: Culicidae), vectors of yellow clarki, Hg. chalcospilans, Hg. iridicolor y Hg. fever virus lucifer. En otras especies las áreas se extendieron Introduction. Species of the genus Haemagogus desde el norte América del Sur hacia México: are the vectors of the sylvatic Yellow Fever (YF) Hg. mesodentatus y Hg. equinus; otras especies and Mayaro arboviruses. However, there are few se restringieron al norte de América del Sur: Hg. studies of the patterns of distribution and the origin celeste y Hg. albomaculatus, o restringidas para of the biota, and also their relationship with the Ecuador: Hg. soperi. Finalmente, con amplia YFV transmission and dispersion. Solicitud de sobretiros: Jonathan Liria, Departamento de Biología, Facyt. Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia - Carabobo. E-mail: jonathan.liria@gmail. com Recibido: el 17 de agosto de 2010. Aceptado para publicación: el 20 de octubre de 2010 Este artículo está disponible en http://www.revbiomed.uady.mx/pdf/rb102134.pdf Vol. 21, No. 3, septiembre-diciembre de 2010 150 Liria et al. Objective. Estimate the potential distribution of INTRODUCCIÓN fourteen species of the Haemagogus genus by Las hembras de los mosquitos (Diptera: mean of ecological niche model methodology and Culicidae) juegan un papel importante en la establish their relationship with the arboviruses transmisión de distintos organismos patógenos. transmission. Entre los patógenos más conocidos se encuentran Materials and Methods. A 354 database records los arbovirus, causantes del dengue, fiebre amarilla, was geo-referenced from Museums data and virus del oeste del Nilo (Flavivirus), Mayaro, literature records. The potential distribution was encefalitis equina Venezolana, y encefalitis equina modeled for fourteen species with the Maximum del este (Alphavirus), entre otros. Entropy algorithm and using 20 environmental and La fiebre amarilla (FA) es ocasionada por topographical variables. cepas de Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) que afectan hu- Results. Ecoregions, precipitation and temperature manos y vertebrados silvestres. Este arbovirus se allowed predicting the species distribution, while presenta en las regiones tropicales de África (prin- elevation does not seem to influence the model. cipalmente Nigeria, Camerún, Liberia, Gabón, Some species showed potential distributions in Senegal y Kenia) y América del Sur (Brasil, Co- Central America: Haemagogus argyromeris, Hg. lombia, Bolivia, Perú y Venezuela) en las cuales clarki, Hg. chalcospilans, Hg. iridicolor and Hg. se señalan anualmente más de 5.000 y 300 casos, lucifer. In others species the areas were extended respectivamente; sin embargo se estima que la from north of South America toward Mexico: Hg. verdadera incidencia es de 10 a 50 veces mayor mesodentatus and Hg. equinus; while others were que la registrada en fuentes oficiales (1,2). restricted to north of South America: Hg. celeste En el continente Americano, la FA ocurre en and Hg. albomaculatus, or restricted to Ecuador: dos ciclos de transmisión, el selvático (enzoótico- Hg. soperi. Finally, Hg. spegazzinii, Hg. capri- epizoótico) y el urbano (epidémico). El primero, se cornii and Hg. janthinomys were the species with desarrolla en bosques primarios, y secundarios y wide potential distribution. es mantenido por monos (Alouatta, Ateles, Cebus Conclusions. Based on 20 environmental and top- y Pithecia, entre otros) y marsupiales arborícolas ographical variables, the three variables reported que actúan como hospedadores, y mosquitos de los (ecorregions, precipitation and temperature) were géneros Haemagogus (vector primario) y Sabethes important to predict the potential distribution of (vector secundario), siendo el humano afectado the vectors. The overlapping between the species tangencialmente cuando se interna en estas áreas potential geographical distribution and the YF gen- selváticas por razones principalmente laborales o otype distribution, suggest that the transmission of turisticas. Luego en el urbano, la transmisión se YF genotype I could be associate with Hg. celeste lleva a cabo por migración de humanos infectados and Hg. equinus in the north of South America, Hg. con FA silvestre a las ciudades; completándose capricornii in the south and Hg. leucocelaenus in el ciclo con mosquitos, específicamente Aedes south of Brazil, including a part of Bolivia where aegypti, que se infectan y transmiten la FA a hu- this species have no records. Then, the genotype manos sanos (3). II can be linked with Hg. soperi, Hg. janthinomys Muchos de los aspectos bio-ecológicos en to the north of South America and Hg. spegazzinii Haemagogus y epidemiología de FA selvática, toward the south. fueron estudiados durante 1950-1960 en Panamá (4-7). En cuanto a la distribución geográfica (8), Key words: Aedini, Conopostegus, Yellow Fever, el género se encuentra restringido a América MaxEnt, Neotropic Central, Norte de Suramérica, e islas del Caribe (desde Jamaica hasta Martinica), esta última área Revista Biomédica 151 Modelo de nicho en Haemagogus con 19 de las 28 especies. En América del Sur, posibilidades de analizar las relaciones entre los alcanza el norte de Argentina, con excepción de la factores ambientales y la ecología de los vectores costa Pacifica del Golfo de Guayaquil (Ecuador) o la transmisión de enfermedades en salud pública y ciertas elevaciones de los Andes. Con una sola (20). Así por ejemplo, se han realizado estudios en especie registrada en el Neártico, en Texas-USA. modelos de distibución para flebotómos (21,22), Sin embargo, así como en otros géneros de triatominos (23-25), y mosquitos (26-30). Culicidae, los patrones de distribución y origen de la biota no han sido estudiados empleando MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS métodos cuantitativos (9). Recientemente, se han Para el estudio se construyó una base de datos utilizado los registros almacenados en la base de de 354 registros a partir del material de Museos en datos del Catálogo Sistemático de Culicidae (10), USA (NMNH-Smithsonian), Venezuela (DERM para relacionar la riqueza de mosquitos (y especies y LBV-MBUCV), y recursos bibliográficos. Las endémicas o restringidas) versus las áreas geográ- localidades fueron georeferenciadas mediante ficas donde éstos se encuentran (11,12). gacetillas por país (31), mapas y Biogeomancer La biogeografía estudia la distribución de (32). Seguidamente, esta base de datos puntuales los seres vivos en espacio y tiempo, al reconocer se exportó como capa en ARCVIEW 3.2 (33) patrones de distribución, proponer hipótesis junto con mapas digitales de Norte, Centro y acerca de los procesos históricos que los causaron Suramérica. y proporcionar un sistema de regionalización Fue modelada la distribución potencial de biótica del planeta (13). No obstante, la fase catorce especies con el algoritmo de Máxima inicial de cualquier estudio biogeográfico histórico Entropía (34-36). Se tomó como criterio de se relaciona con la determinación de áreas de selección aquellos taxa que presentaran registros endemismo (14-16). En este sentido, en Culicidae en varias localidades (preferiblemente en, al se ha realizado el análisis parsimonioso de menos, dos países) y a su vez con énfasis en las endemicidad, para relacionar los mosquitos especies
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