Evolution of Brains and Behavior for Optimal Foraging: a Tale of Two Predators
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Dating Placentalia: Morphological Clocks Fail to Close the Molecular-Fossil Gap
Puttick, M. N., Thomas, G. H., & Benton, M. J. (2016). Dating placentalia: Morphological clocks fail to close the molecular-fossil gap. Evolution, 70(4), 873-886. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12907 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1111/evo.12907 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document © 2016 The Author(s). Evolution published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.12907 Dating placentalia: Morphological clocks fail to close the molecular fossil gap Mark N. Puttick,1,2 Gavin H. Thomas,3 and Michael J. Benton1 1School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom Received January 31, 2015 Accepted March 7, 2016 Dating the origin of Placentalia has been a contentious issue for biologists and paleontologists. -
Interglacial Refugia Preserved High Genetic Diversity of the Chinese Mole Shrew in the Mountains of Southwest China
Heredity (2016) 116, 23–32 & 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/16 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Interglacial refugia preserved high genetic diversity of the Chinese mole shrew in the mountains of southwest China KHe1,2, N-Q Hu1,3, X Chen4,5, J-T Li6 and X-L Jiang1 The mountains of southwest China (MSC) harbor extremely high species diversity; however, the mechanism behind this diversity is unknown. We investigated to what degree the topography and climate change shaped the genetic diversity and diversification in these mountains, and we also sought to identify the locations of microrefugia areas in these mountains. For these purposes, we sampled extensively to estimate the intraspecific phylogenetic pattern of the Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes)in southwest China throughout its range of distribution. Two mitochondrial genes, namely, cytochrome b (CYT B) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), from 383 archived specimens from 43 localities were determined for phylogeographic and demographic analyses. We used the continuous-diffusion phylogeographic model, extensive Bayesian skyline plot species distribution modeling (SDM) and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to explore the changes in population size and distribution through time of the species. Two phylogenetic clades were identified, and significantly higher genetic diversity was preserved in the southern subregion of the mountains. The results of the SDM, continuous-diffusion phylogeographic model, extensive Bayesian skyline plot and ABC analyses were congruent and supported that the Last Interglacial Maximum (LIG) was an unfavorable period for the mole shrews because of a high degree of seasonality; A. squamipes survived in isolated interglacial refugia mainly located in the southern subregion during the LIG and rapidly expanded during the last glacial period. -
Controlling the Eastern Mole
Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA9095 Controlling the Eastern Mole Dustin Blakey Introduction known about the Eastern Mole, and County Extension Agent successful control in landscapes Agriculture Few things in this world are requires a basic understanding of more frustrating than spending valu their biology. able time and money on a landscape Rebecca McPeake only to have it torn up by wildlife. Mole Biology Associate Professor and Moles’ underground habits aerate the Extension Wildlife soil and reduce grubs, but their Moles spend most of their lives Specialist digging is cause for homeowner underground feeding on invertebrate complaints, making them one of the animals living in the soil. A mole’s most destructive mammals that can diet sharply reflects the diversity of inhabit our landscapes. the fauna found in its environment. In Arkansas, moles primarily feed on earthworms, grubs and other inverte brates. Moles lack the dental struc ture to chew plant material (seeds, roots, etc.) for food and, as a result, subsist strictly as carnivores. Occasionally moles will cut surface vegetation and bring it down to their nest, as bedding, but this is not eaten. Figure 1. Rarely seen on the surface, moles are uniquely designed for their underground existence. Photo printed with permission by Ann and Rob Simpson. Contrary to popular belief, moles are not rodents. Mice, squirrels and gophers are all rodents. Moles are insectivores in the family Talpidae. Figure 2. Moles lack the dental structure This animal family survives by to chew plant material and subsist feeding on invertebrate prey. There mostly on earthworms and other invertebrates. are seven species of moles in North America, but the Eastern Mole Moles are well-adapted to living (Scalopus aquaticus L.) is the species underground. -
Mammal Species Native to the USA and Canada for Which the MIL Has an Image (296) 31 July 2021
Mammal species native to the USA and Canada for which the MIL has an image (296) 31 July 2021 ARTIODACTYLA (includes CETACEA) (38) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei - Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 7. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Bos bison - American Bison 2. Oreamnos americanus - Mountain Goat 3. Ovibos moschatus - Muskox 4. Ovis canadensis - Bighorn Sheep 5. Ovis dalli - Thinhorn Sheep CERVIDAE - deer 1. Alces alces - Moose 2. Cervus canadensis - Wapiti (Elk) 3. Odocoileus hemionus - Mule Deer 4. Odocoileus virginianus - White-tailed Deer 5. Rangifer tarandus -Caribou DELPHINIDAE - ocean dolphins 1. Delphinus delphis - Common Dolphin 2. Globicephala macrorhynchus - Short-finned Pilot Whale 3. Grampus griseus - Risso's Dolphin 4. Lagenorhynchus albirostris - White-beaked Dolphin 5. Lissodelphis borealis - Northern Right-whale Dolphin 6. Orcinus orca - Killer Whale 7. Peponocephala electra - Melon-headed Whale 8. Pseudorca crassidens - False Killer Whale 9. Sagmatias obliquidens - Pacific White-sided Dolphin 10. Stenella coeruleoalba - Striped Dolphin 11. Stenella frontalis – Atlantic Spotted Dolphin 12. Steno bredanensis - Rough-toothed Dolphin 13. Tursiops truncatus - Common Bottlenose Dolphin MONODONTIDAE - narwhals, belugas 1. Delphinapterus leucas - Beluga 2. Monodon monoceros - Narwhal PHOCOENIDAE - porpoises 1. Phocoena phocoena - Harbor Porpoise 2. Phocoenoides dalli - Dall’s Porpoise PHYSETERIDAE - sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm Whale TAYASSUIDAE - peccaries Dicotyles tajacu - Collared Peccary CARNIVORA (48) CANIDAE - dogs 1. Canis latrans - Coyote 2. -
Mammalian Species 117
MAMMALIANSPECIES No. 117, pp. 14, 5 figs. Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. BY Galen B. Rathbun Published 8 June 1979 by the American Society of Mammalogists Rhynchocyon Peters, 1847 cyon chrysopygus apparently does not occur in the gallery forests of the Tana River, in the ground-water forest at Witu, or in the Rhynchocyon Peters, 1W7:36, type species Rhynchocyon cirnei dry bushlands between the Galana and Tana rivers. This ele- Peters by monotypy. phant-shrew's habitat is being cleared for exotic forest plantations Rhir~onaxThomas, 1918:370, type species Rh~nchoc~onchr~so- and agriculture all along the coast, resulting in a discontinuous pygus Gunther. and reduced distribution. It will re-occupy fallow agricultural land that is allowed to become overgrown with dense bush (Rathbun, CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Macroscelidea, Fam- ily Macroscelididae, Subfamily Rhynch~c~oninae.Corbet and unpublished data)' Hanks (1968) recognized three allopatric species of Rhynchocyon FOSSIL RECORD. As far as is known, the Macrosceli- (figure 1) for which they wrote the following key: didae have always been endemic to Africa (Patterson, 1%5). But- ler and Hopwood (1957) described Rhynchocyon clarki from the 1 Rump straw-colored, contrasting sharply with surround- early Miocene beds of Songhor, Kenya (near Lake Victoria). Ad- ing rufous pelage ----------.-------.-------R. chrysopygus ditional Miocene material from Rusinga Island, Kenya, has been Rump not straw-colored ---------.------.-------------------2 referred to this extinct form (Patterson, 1%5), which was smaller 2(1) Rump and posterior half of back with a pattern of dark than the extant species of Rhynchocyon. R. clarki contributes lines or spots on a yellowish-brown or rufous ground; significantly to the forest related fossil mammal fauna from Ru- top of head without a rufous tinge ._._._....._._R. -
Richard Dawkins, Bracketted V2.Wps
For all the many years that have passed away Matthew Lee Knowles 2010/11 (all the bracketed text extracted from ‘The Ancestor’s Tale’ by Richard Dawkins ) (and that is a myth too) (and in this context it always is man rather than woman) (although it baffles me why anybody regards this as an explanation for anything, given that the problem so swiftly regresses to the larger one of explaining the existence of the equally fine-tuned and improbable premeditator) (last long enough to make black holes, for instance) (though it often is) (the number of surviving species at the time of observation) (in the main a good book, so I shall not name and shame it) (a human species, probably ancestral to us) (boreal means northern) (and no less) (it is a intriguingly unfamiliar thought that there is always one such species) (including humans) (exactly in most cases, almost exactly in the rest) (it didn’t fossilise) (all but one of the other lineages went extinct) (quite a lot deeper into the past, and probably no longer in Africa) (most of) (or women) (or more) (petrified gum from trees) (as they tediously do) (or sixteen) (or hexadecimal) (see the Elephant Bird’s Tale) (especially microfossils) (see plate one) (tree rings) (carbon fourteen) (uranium-thorium-lead) (potassium-argon) (which I can sing) (or blossom, depending upon your taste) (unless, as has been recently suggested, their knotted strings were used for language as well as for counting) (the next copying ‘generation’) (it is the French hard c in comme) (American children call it ‘telephone’) -
Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management
Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Use of Wildlife Damage Management Methods by USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services Chapter I Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management MAY 2017 Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS) Program completed Risk Assessments for methods used in wildlife damage management in 1992 (USDA 1997). While those Risk Assessments are still valid, for the most part, the WS Program has expanded programs into different areas of wildlife management and wildlife damage management (WDM) such as work on airports, with feral swine and management of other invasive species, disease surveillance and control. Inherently, these programs have expanded the methods being used. Additionally, research has improved the effectiveness and selectiveness of methods being used and made new tools available. Thus, new methods and strategies will be analyzed in these risk assessments to cover the latest methods being used. The risk assements are being completed in Chapters and will be made available on a website, which can be regularly updated. Similar methods are combined into single risk assessments for efficiency; for example Chapter IV contains all foothold traps being used including standard foothold traps, pole traps, and foot cuffs. The Introduction to Risk Assessments is Chapter I and was completed to give an overall summary of the national WS Program. The methods being used and risks to target and nontarget species, people, pets, and the environment, and the issue of humanenss are discussed in this Chapter. From FY11 to FY15, WS had work tasks associated with 53 different methods being used. -
An Evolutionary View on the Japanese Talpids Based on Nucleotide Sequences
Mammal Study 30: S19–S24 (2005) © the Mammalogical Society of Japan An evolutionary view on the Japanese talpids based on nucleotide sequences Akio Shinohara1,*, Kevin L. Campbell2 and Hitoshi Suzuki3 1 Department of Bio-resources, Division of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan 2 Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada 3 Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan Abstract. Japanese talpid moles exhibit a remarkable degree of species richness and geographic complexity, and as such, have attracted much research interest by morphologists, cytogeneticists, and molecular phylogeneticists. However, a consensus hypothesis pertaining to the evolutionary history and biogeography of this group remains elusive. Recent phylogenetic studies utilizing nucleotide sequences have provided reasonably consistent branching patterns for Japanese talpids, but have generally suffered from a lack of closely related South-East Asian species for sound biogeographic interpretations. As an initial step in achieving this goal, we constructed phylogenetic trees using publicly accessible mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from seven Japanese taxa, and those of related insular and continental species for which nucleotide data is available. The resultant trees support the view that four lineages (Euroscaptor mizura, Mogera tokuade species group [M. tokudae and M. etigo], M. imaizumii, and M. wogura) migrated separately, and in this order, from the continental Asian mainland to Japan. The close relationship of M. tokudae and M. etigo suggests these lineages diverged recently through a vicariant event between Sado Island and Echigo plain. The origin of the two endemic lineages of Japanese shrew-moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris, remains ambiguous. -
The Preface of “Evolutionary Biology and Phylogeny of the Talpidae”
Mammal Study 30: S3 (2005) © the Mammalogical Society of Japan The preface of “Evolutionary biology and phylogeny of the Talpidae” The symposium “Evolutionary biology and phylogeny pleasure to say “Mission accomplished”! of the Talpidae” was held on the 3rd of August as part of This symposium was accompanied by three poster the IX International Mammalogical Congress (IMC9) in presentations. Dr. N. Sagara presented his new research Sapporo, Japan, 31 July–5 August 2005, and attracted topic, ‘Myco-talpology’, which is the science pertaining about 50 individuals interested in the family Talpidae to the ecological relationships between mushrooms and and other subterranean mammals. moles. Dr. Y. Yokohata communicated his and his After a brief introduction by Dr. Y. Yokohata, Dr. S. student’s research on lesser Japanese moles. The first Kawada highlighted his recent studies on the karyologi- poster examined the social relationships between indi- cal and morphological aspects of the lesser-known Asian vidual moles in captivity, while the second documented mole species, and forwarded several taxonomic prob- and compared the diet of an isolated insular population lems yet to be addressed. Dr. A. Loy followed this (Kinkasan Island) of moles inhabiting a ‘turf’ habitat presentation by discussing the origin and evolutionary altered by high populations of sika deer with those in history of Western European fossorial moles of the genus natural ‘forest’ environments. Talpa based on her and her collaborators’ studies of their In this proceeding, the following -
MAMMALS of WASHINGTON Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA
MAMMALS OF WASHINGTON If there is no mention of regions, the species occurs throughout the state. Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA (New World opossums) DIDELPHIDAE (New World opossums) Didelphis virginiana, Virginia Opossum. Wooded habitats. Widespread in W lowlands, very local E; introduced from E U.S. Order INSECTIVORA (insectivores) SORICIDAE (shrews) Sorex cinereus, Masked Shrew. Moist forested habitats. Olympic Peninsula, Cascades, and NE corner. Sorex preblei, Preble's Shrew. Conifer forest. Blue Mountains in Garfield Co.; rare. Sorex vagrans, Vagrant Shrew. Marshes, meadows, and moist forest. Sorex monticolus, Montane Shrew. Forests. Cascades to coast, NE corner, and Blue Mountains. Sorex palustris, Water Shrew. Mountain streams and pools. Olympics, Cascades, NE corner, and Blue Mountains. Sorex bendirii, Pacific Water Shrew. Marshes and stream banks. W of Cascades. Sorex trowbridgii, Trowbridge's Shrew. Forests. Cascades to coast. Sorex merriami, Merriam's Shrew. Shrub steppe and grasslands. Columbia basin and foothills of Blue Mountains. Sorex hoyi, Pygmy Shrew. Many habitats. NE corner (known only from S Stevens Co.), rare. TALPIDAE (moles) Neurotrichus gibbsii, Shrew-mole. Moist forests. Cascades to coast. Scapanus townsendii, Townsend's Mole. Meadows. W lowlands. Scapanus orarius, Coast Mole. Most habitats. W lowlands, central E Cascades slopes, and Blue Mountains foothills. Order CHIROPTERA (bats) VESPERTILIONIDAE (vespertilionid bats) Myotis lucifugus, Little Brown Myotis. Roosts in buildings and caves. Myotis yumanensis, Yuma Myotis. All habitats near water, roosting in trees, buildings, and caves. Myotis keenii, Keen's Myotis. Forests, roosting in tree cavities and cliff crevices. Olympic Peninsula. Myotis evotis, Long-eared Myotis. Conifer forests, roosting in tree cavities, caves and buildings; also watercourses in arid regions. -
The First Record of Anourosorex (Insectivora, Soricidae) from Western Myanmar, with Special Reference to Identification and Karyological Characters
Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 40(2), pp. 105–109, May 22, 2014 The First Record of Anourosorex (Insectivora, Soricidae) from Western Myanmar, with Special Reference to Identification and Karyological Characters Shin-ichiro Kawada1, Nozomi Kurihara1, Noriko Tominaga2 and Hideki Endo3 1 Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan E-mail: [email protected] 2 Adachi Study Center, The Open University of Japan, 5–13–5 Senju, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120–0034, Japan 3 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (Received 3 March 2014; accepted 26 March 2014) Abstract We collected six mole shrews in Tiddim Town of Chin State, western Myanmar. They were captured in a human-modified artificial environment, although mole shrews usually inhabit forests. External and skull measurements indicated that the species was Anourosorex assamensis, previously known only as an endemic species of the Assam region of India. This is the first record of this species from Myanmar. Karyological examination revealed the species was diploid with a fundamental autosomal number of 2n=50 and NFa=96. These numbers correspond to the Taiwanese species A. yamashinai, but several differences were apparent in chromosomal morphology and the position of secondary chromosomal constrictions. The karyological information suggests A. assamensis is a full species separate from A. squamipes in China. Key words : Mole shrew, Anourosorex assamensis, morphological identification, karyotype. karyotypes, and should therefore be considered Introduction separate species. After that, Hutterer (2005) Mole shrews, the genus Anourosorex Milne- reclassified all four Anourosorex as four distinct Edwards, 1872, are semifossorial shrews known species based on size differences. -
Life History Account for Townsend's Mole
California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Interagency Wildlife Task Group TOWNSEND'S MOLE Scapanus townsendii Family: TALPIDAE Order: INSECTIVORA Class: MAMMALIA M016 Written by: G. Hoefler, J. Harris Reviewed by: H. Shellhammer Edited by: S. Granholm DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SEASONALITY Townsend's mole is found along the North Coast in Del Norte and Humboldt cos., from the Oregon border south through about two-thirds of Humboldt Co. Optimum habitats are annual grassland, wet meadow, and early seral stages of redwood, Douglas-fir, mixed conifer, and montane hardwood-conifer forests. Townsend's mole in California mainly is a species of lowland river bottoms. SPECIFIC HABITAT REQUIREMENTS Feeding: Earthworms comprise 55-86% of the diet, with the remainder insects, seeds, roots, leaves, slugs, snails, and small mammals (Wight 1928, Moore 1933, Pedersen 1963, Whitaker et al. 1979). Forages beneath the surface in light, base-rich soils. Cover: This mole is almost entirely subterranean, spending its time in underground burrow systems. Requires well-drained, friable soil for burrowing. Reproduction: Nests in a grass-lined cavity 15-20 cm (6-8 in) below the surface. Nests sometimes are placed under "fortresses" (large mounds of earth 75-125 cm (30-50 in) in diameter), or near the center of a cluster of several normal-sized mounds (Kuhn et al. 1966, Maser et al. 1981). Water: Water needs are met from the diet, especially from earthworms. Pattern: Prefers well-drained, friable soils. Avoids dense woods and thickets. Clearing, draining, and fertilizing of cropland and pasture may have increased numbers of Townsend's mole.