THE HORSEMAN of the KHYBER PASS Kings of Shahi Silver Jital

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE HORSEMAN OF THE KHYBER PASS Kings of Shahi Silver Jital Order Code: SHAHIALB The mountainous region of Central Asia comprising the eastern parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan and northwest India has always known war. Even now, the area, high in the Hindu Kush Mountains, proves difficult to hold; none of the three nations can exercise any lasting authority in these ancient tribal lands. In the sixth century C.E., the place was known as Gondhara, and nominally controlled by the Huns—a people famed for being great horsemen and even greater warriors. Some 200 years later, Gondhara was ruled by a succession of kings called the Hindu Shahi. It was the Hindu Shahi kings who first minted these silver coins—a simple and elegant representation of the diversity of the region. On one side is the soldier on horseback; on the reverse, the bull that is so sacred to the Hindus. Although Muslims and Hindus clashed for centuries over the lands, they agreed on one point: this is a beautiful coin, perfectly capturing the history and diversity of the region. Variations on this prototype were used by both Muslim and Hindu rulers for centuries afterward. This bull and horse design was used as a template by both Muslim and Hindu rulers for over six centuries. First minted by the Shahi kings ca. 650 C.E., Balban the Great, the Sultan of Delhi, was issuing similar designs as late as 1287. The names and denominations of this remarkably long- lived coin series were lost to history. As a group they are known today as jitals. These earliest silver Shahi jitals were crudely hand struck of 2.9 to 3.3 grams of high grade silver, averaging 17-18.5 mm diameter. Data: Album open measures: 11” x 7.5” Album folded measures: 5.5” x 7.5” Coin type and grade may vary somewhat from image .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Peshawar Museum Is a Rich Repository of the Unique Art Pieces of Gandhara Art in Stone, Stucco, Terracotta and Bronze
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Peshawar Museum is a rich repository of the unique art pieces of Gandhara Art in stone, stucco, terracotta and bronze. Among these relics, the Buddhist Stone Sculptures are the most extensive and the amazing ones to attract the attention of scholars and researchers. Thus, research was carried out on the Gandharan Stone Sculptures of the Peshawar Museum under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, the then Director of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP, currently Vice Chancellor Hazara University and Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar. The Research team headed by the authors included Messrs. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Muhammad Ashfaq, Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Muhammad Zahir, Asad Raza, Shahid Khan, Muhammad Imran Khan, Asad Ali, Muhammad Haroon, Ubaidullah Afghani, Kaleem Jan, Adnan Ahmad, Farhana Waqar, Saima Afzal, Farkhanda Saeed and Ihsanullah Jan, who contributed directly or indirectly to the project. The hard working team with its coordinated efforts usefully assisted for completion of this research project and deserves admiration for their active collaboration during the period. It is great privilege to offer our sincere thanks to the staff of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums Govt. of NWFP, for their outright support, in the execution of this research conducted during 2002-06. Particular mention is made here of Mr. Saleh Muhammad Khan, the then Curator of the Peshawar Museum, currently Director of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP. The pioneering and relevant guidelines offered by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP deserve appreciation for their technical support and ensuring the availability of relevant art pieces.
[Show full text]
Environmental Impact Assessment Report ______
Environmental Impact Assessment Report ________________________________________ Project Number: 47024-004 Loan Number: 3470-PAK Pehur High Level Canal Extension Project Prepared by Irrigation Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: 16 Oct 2019 NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars. This environmental impact assessment report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE (PMO) KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PEHUR HIGH LEVEL CANAL EXTENSION PROJECT ADB LOAN NO. 3470 – PAK ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT JUNE 2019 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CONSULTANTS: Engineering Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd, Sri Lanka (Lead Firm) Techno Legal Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd, Pakistan (JV Firm) AGES Consultants, Pakistan (JV Firm) Geotechnical Consultancy Services, Pakistan (JV Firm) Pehur High Level Canal Extension Project Environmental Impact Assessment Report TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
[Show full text]
Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha)
Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Ihsan Ali Muhammad Naeem Qazi Hazara University Mansehra NWFP – Pakistan 2008 Uploaded by [email protected] © Copy Rights reserved in favour of Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Editors: Ihsan Ali* Muhammad Naeem Qazi** Price: US $ 20/- Title: Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Frontispiece: Buddha Visiting Kashyapa Printed at: Khyber Printers, Small Industrial Estate, Kohat Road, Peshawar – Pakistan. Tel: (++92-91) 2325196 Fax: (++92-91) 5272407 E-mail: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Website: hu.edu.pk E-mail: [email protected] * Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Currently Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan ** Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan CONTRIBUTORS 1. Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2. Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3. Ihsanullah Jan, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 4. Muhammad Ashfaq, University Museum, Hazara University 5. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 6. Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 7. Muhammad Imran Khan, Archaeologist, Charsadda, Pakistan 8. Muhammad Haroon, Archaeologist, Mardan, Pakistan III ABBREVIATIONS A.D.F.C. Archaeology Department, Frontier Circle A.S.I. Archaeological Survery of India A.S.I.A.R. Archaeological Survery of India, Annual Report D.G.A. Director General of Archaeology E.G.A.C. Exhibition of the German Art Council I.G.P. Inspector General Police IsMEO Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente P.M.
[Show full text]
Religious Transformation and Development Among the Pakhtuns: a Historical and Analytical Study
Religious Transformation and Development among the Pakhtuns: A Historical and Analytical Study Himayatullah ∗ Like their inaccessible hilly terrain hidden away in huge mountains the origin of the Pakhtuns is also shrouded in mystery. There are various theories put forward by different scholars and historians regarding their origin. The first theory, which was propounded by Niamatullah in Makhzan-i-Afghani, was that, the Pakhtuns are the descendants of Hazrat Yaqub (A.S), which means they are of Bani Israelite origin. It goes on to say that the Pakhtuns collectively embraced Islam on the invitation of Hazrat Khalid bin Walid during the lifetime of Hazrat Muhammad (SAW). 1 The proponents of the Bani Israelite theory considered Khalid bin Walid a descendant of that Jewish community who migrated from Babul to Medina. Another theory regarding the origin of the Pakhtuns is that they belong to those Aryans who laid the foundation of an advanced culture at about 1500 B.C. It has been stated that the Aryans, on account of natural calamities, left their original homeland Central Asia and settled in the area of Bakhtar in Afghanistan in the shape of different tribes. In the fields of Bakhtar they spent their days and nights. After some time with increase in their population, the area remained not helpful and productive for them. Therefore, they started migrating from Bakhtar in groups in different phases. After the migration of two main branches from Bakhtar, the remaining Aryans left behind, decided of permanent settlement in Bakhtar. They are known as the ‘Aryans of Bakhtar’ or the ‘Central Aryans’.
[Show full text]
Download the Book from RBSI Archive
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS ' SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED , TORONTO RUINED BUDDHIST STf)PA OF TOP-DARA, ABOVE HAIBAT-GRAM. ON ALEXANDER'S TRACK j* TO THE INDUS PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF EXPLORATIONS ON THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER OF INDIA CARRIED OUT UNDER THE ORDERS OF H.M. INDIAN GOVERNMENT BY SIR AUREL STEIN, K.C.I.E. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS FROM ORIGINAL SURVEYS MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1929 TO THE MEMORY OF COLONEL SIR HAROLD DEANE, K.C.S.I. THE GREAT WARDEN OF THE INDIAN NORTH-WEST MARCHES THIS RECORD IS INSCRIBED IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE AND SINCERE ADMIRATION PREFACE explorations described in these pages had for their THEscene a region beyond the administrative border of the Indian North-West Frontier not previously accessible to Europeans. In the initial chapter of this volume a brief account will be found of those recent developments in 'tribal polities' which through the rise to power of a strong and capable ruler in the person of the Miangul Badshah, now 'Wall of Swat', brought peace to a land singularly favoured by nature but for centuries torn by the discord of man. For the enlightened spirit with which he welcomed my visit and for the unfailing help and care by which he rendered my travels both safe and fruitful, I shall ever cherish deep gratitude. But equally grateful I feel to those kind friends on this side of the border whose willingly offered support, as recorded in the same chapter, made it possible for me to explore that fascinating country under the generous auspices of H.M.'s Indian Government.
[Show full text]
Rural Society in Afghanistan
Rural South Asian Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, 2015 RURAL SOCIETY IN AFGHANISTAN Nancy Hatch Dupree Director, Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University Kabul, Afghanistan The research paper surveys the population of rural Afghanistan in the context of its proximity to the archaeological sites. The population and its relationship discussion focuses on Afghanistan’s regional position, highlighting certain aspects of the environment that affect rural life, followed by some efforts to reach out to rural populations. Mentioned throughout are significant attitudinal changes that have taken place since the nation stepped from the shadows of isolation onto the global stage just a little over one century ago. Keywords: Afghanistan, Baghlan, Family, Kushans, Oxus Afghanistan – a land of majestic mountain beauty where small towns cluster on fertile plains here and straddle rivers there, where villages mantled by orchards cling to barren mountain slopes above grasslands that give way to an array of semi, sandy, stony and salty deserts crisscrossed by diverse types of irrigation systems that ultimately succumb to vast desert wastes. These extremes of nature cover an area of some 652,230 square kilometers inhabited by a vaguely estimated population of between twenty-four and thirty-five million. This broad range stems from the fact that no complete official census figures are available. Various sources use an assortment of estimates to promote their interests. The total population in 1979 was said to be twenty-four million with eighty-five per cent inhabiting rural areas. A much quoted estimated total population of 31.3 million for 2014 with some seventy-seven percent living in rural areas, includes an estimated six percent of the nomadic population which has settled down owing to conversion of pasture lands for agricultural development, an improved transportation infrastructure, war-disrupted migration routes and a substantial loss of livestock during years of drought and conflict.
[Show full text]
Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region
Liechtenstein Colloquium Report Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region Wolfgang Danspeckgruber Editor Volume IV 2009 Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region Wolfgang Danspeckgruber Editor Liechtenstein Colloquium Report Volume IV © 2009 The Trustees of Princeton University Produced and published by the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination This report was made possible in part by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The statements made and the views expressed herein are solely the responsibility of the contributing authors. Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA Telephone: 609.258.6200 Facsimile: 609.258.5196 Electronic Mail: [email protected] Website: www.princeton.edu/lisd CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Foreword Wolfgang Danspeckgruber .................................................................................................................. 6 Special Statements Opening Address Rangin Dadfar Spanta .................................................................................................................. 7 An Exit Strategy for Afghanistan Volker Stanzel .............................................................................................................................. 10 Special Statement Rita Kieber-Beck ........................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
BS Archaeology
DRAFT CURRICULUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY FOR 4-YEAR BS PROGRAMME HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD – PAKISTAN i. Goals and Objectives of Learning ii. Learning Outcomes and Competencies iii. Teaching methodology- How to teach iv. Assessment methodology v. Evaluation vi. Reading and Writing materials vii. Recommendations STANDARDIZED FORMAT / SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR FOUR-YEAR INTEGRATED CURRICULA FOR BACHELOR DEGREE IN BASIC, SOCIAL, NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES STRUCTURE: No. of Credit Sr. Categories courses Hours No. Min – Max Min – Max 1. Compulsory Requirement (No Choice) 9 – 9 25 – 25 2. General Courses to be chosen from 7 – 8 21 – 24 other departments 3. Discipline Specific Foundation 9 – 10 30 – 33 Courses 4. Major Courses including research 11 – 13 36 – 42 project / Internship 5. Electives within the major 4 – 4 12 – 12 Total 40 – 44 124 – 136 Total number of Credit hours 124-136 Duration 4 years Semester duration 16-18 weeks Semesters 8 Course Load per Semester 15-18 Cr hr Number of courses per semester 4-6 (not more than 3 lab /practical courses) Title of the Course Credit Hours: Prerequisites: Specific Objectives of course: Course Outline: Lab Outline: Recommended Books: Journals / Periodicals: World Wide Web: 2 LAYOUT: Compulsory General Courses to be Discipline Specific Requirements (the student chosen from other Foundation Courses has no choice) departments 9 courses 7-8 courses 9-10 courses 25 Credit hours 21-24 Cr. Hours 30-33 Credit hours Subject Cr. Subject Cr. Subject Cr. hr hr hr 1. ENGLISH I 3 1. Introduction to 3 1. Introduction to 3 2. ENGLISH II 3 Anthropology Archaeology 3.
[Show full text]
Pakistan Archaeology
Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ISLAMABAD i Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 ii Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 Chief Editor Abdul Azeem Editor Mahmood-ul-Hasan DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ISLAMABAD iii BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. Abdul Azeem Dr. Aurore DIDIER Director, Director, Department of Archaeology and French Archaeological Mission in Museums, Government of Pakistan, the Indus Basin Islamabad CNRS-UMR 7041/ArScAn 21, allee de l’Universite 92023 Nanterre Cedex-France Mahmood-ul-Hasan Dr. Chongfeng Li Assistant Director, Professor of Buddhist Art and Department of Archaeology and Archaeology, Museums, Government of Pakistan, Peking University, Islamabad School of Archaeology and Museology, Beijing, China Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Dr. Luca M. Olivieri Khan Director, Former Director, Taxila Institute of Italian Archaeological Mission in Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam Pakistan University, Plazzo Baleani, Islamabad, Pakistan Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Rome, Italy Mr. Saleem-ul-Haq Dr. Pia Brancaccio Former Director, Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology and Department of Art and Art History, Museums, Government of Punjab, Drexel University, Lahore, Pakistan Westphal College of Media Arts and Design, Philadelphia, USA iv © Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan 2017 ISSN 0078-7868 Price in Pakistan: Rs. 1000.00 Foreign Price U. S. $ 40 Published by The Department of Archaeology and Museums Government of Pakistan, Islamabad Printed by Graphics Point Pak Media Foundation Building, G-8 Mrkaz, Islamabad, Pakistan v CONTENTS Illustrations……………………………………………….. vii Editorial…………………………………………………... xii Explorations Discovery of Rock art in Azad Jammu and Kashmir 15 M. Ashraf Khan and Sundus Aslam Khan and Saqib Raza……..
[Show full text]
Business / Entrepreneurship Development Through Tourism Promotion in Punjab
Final Report Public Disclosure Authorized Business / Entrepreneurship Development through Tourism Promotion in Punjab Assessment and Improvement of Women Participation in Economic Activities Around Selected Sites February, 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Submitted to The World Bank Submitted By: SEBCON Socio-Economic and Business Consultants Public Disclosure Authorized Contents List of Acronyms v Women’s Participation in Tourism Development 1 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Institutional Arrangements of Tourism Development, Archaeology and Religious Sites in Pakistan 2 1.2 Geographical Profile 4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4 Punjab 5 1.3 Review Background 7 Surveys on Business and Employment 8 Scope of Work and Objectives 8 1.4 Methodology 9 Sample Size 10 Findings from Selected Sites 11 2 Historical Sites 12 2.1 Katas Raj 12 Location & Historical Background 12 Significance as a Tourist Site 13 Total Number of Tourists (Monthly/Weekly/Daily Cycle) 14 Profile of the Tourists (gender, age, socioeconomic characteristics) 14 Access to the Site and Availability of Basic Facilities 14 Current Business Environment and Involvement of Women 14 Issues and Constraints for Women Employment/Business 15 Potential Business Environment & Scope of Employment for Women 15 Issues and Constraints for Women Employment/Business 15 Recommendations 15 2.2 Lahore Museum 17 History 17 Significance as a Tourist Site 17 Tourism at Site 18 Total Number of Tourists (Monthly/Weekly/Daily Cycle) 18 Profile of the Tourists (gender, age, socioeconomic
[Show full text]
Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan Company to Explore the Ancient Sites in South-East Afghanistan
From 1833–8, Charles Masson (1800–1853) was employed by the British East India Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan Company to explore the ancient sites in south-east Afghanistan. During this period, he surveyed over a hundred Buddhist sites around Kabul, Jalalabad and Wardak, making numerous drawings of the sites, together with maps, compass readings, sections of the stupas and sketches of some of the finds. Small illustrations of a selection of these key sites were published in Ariana Antiqua in 1841. However, this represents only a tiny proportion of his official and private correspondence held in the India Office Collection of the British Library which is studied in detail in this publication. It is supplemented online by The Charles Masson Archive: British Library and British Museum Documents Relating to the 1832–1838 Masson Collection from Afghanistan (British Museum Research Publication number 216). Together they provide the means for a comprehensive reconstitution of the archaeological record of the sites. In return for funding his exploration of the ancient sites of Afghanistan, the British East India Company received all of Masson’s finds. These were sent to the India Museum in London, and when it closed in 1878 the British Museum was the principal recipient of all the ‘archaeological’ artefacts and a proportion of the coins. This volume studies the British Museum’s collection of the Buddhist relic deposits, including reliquaries, beads and coins, and places them within a wider historical and archaeological context for the first time. Masson’s collection of coins and finds from Begram are the subject of a separate study.
[Show full text]
The Legendry Master Sculptors of the Ancient Buddhist Sculptural Art of Gandhara in Taxila
www.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 7, No. 10; October 2011 Sang-tarash: the Legendry Master Sculptors of the Ancient Buddhist Sculptural Art of Gandhara in Taxila Shabnam Bahar Malik Ph.D Director, Research and Development, Bahria University, Islamabad Shangrila Road, E-8, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-51-926-3419 E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 15, 2011 Accepted: June 3, 2011 Published: October 1, 2011 doi:10.5539/ass.v7n10p195 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n10p195 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to get various stakeholders acquainted with the immaculate work of [re] production of Buddhist Sculptural Art of Gandhara in Taxila, by master sculptor [s] using genuine stones and centuries old techniques. The paper reviews the [re] production process as practiced at present by the master sculptors in their workshops. The article analyses the major obstacles in open marketing of these exquisite pieces of Buddhist stone art. The findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews of master sculptor [s] in Taxila, in particular in village Pathrian (pseudonym). Current analysis is carried out in the backdrop of various socio-religious and legal impediments obstructing the promotion and very survival of this ancient art form. Based on findings the study proposes some viable solutions to preserve and promote this dying art from total extinction. Keywords: Buddhist, Stone art, Gandhara, Taxila, Master sculptors, Preservation 1. Historical Background Gandhara is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada) which was located in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan. The kingdom lasted from early 1st millennium BC to the 11th Century A.D.
[Show full text]