EM4727

Performance Horse

Member Manual & class rules

College of Agriculture and Home Economics • Washington State University • pullman Washington 4-H Youth Development Policy for Protective Headgear Use in the 4-H Equine Program

Washington State University Cooperative Extension recommends that 4-H youth who participate in the 4-H Equine Program wear protective headgear when they work with, are around, drive, or are mounted on a horse, pony, or mule. All Washington 4-H youth participating in Western Games, Hunt Seat Over Fences, Rodeo, Team Penning, and Team Roping Projects and activities will wear American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and Safety Engineering Institute (SEI) #1163 equestrian approved protective headgear, properly fitted and with a chin strap, when mounted and riding in 4-H horse riding activities. October 1, 1995, all junior 4-H youth in the Performance Horse Project and Driving and Trail Riding Projects and activities will wear protective headgear in addition to those projects above. October 1, 1996, all junior and intermediate 4-H youth in the Performance Horse Project and Driving and Trail Riding Projects and activities will wear protective headgear in addition to those projects above. October 1, 1997, all junior, intermediate, and senior 4-H youth in the Performance Horse Project and Driving and Trail Riding Projects and activities will wear protective headgear in addition to those projects above. Contents

Performance Horse Class Rules for Project 5 Performance Horse 35 Purposes 5 General Rules 35 Requirements 6 Herdsmanship 38 Planning Your Project 6 Exhibitor 38 Keeping 4-H Records 6 Regulations for All Seats 38 Horse Types 6 Class Divisions 39 Gaits 7 Judging Requirements 39 Conformation 8 Fitting and Showing 40 Fitting and Showing 10 Hunt Seat Equitation 41 Grooming 12 Saddle Seat Equitation 44 Equitation 15 Stock Seat Equitation 45 Hunt Seat 15 Bareback Equitation 47 Saddle Seat 20 Pony Division 48 Stock Seat 22 Optional Equitation Classes 49 Bareback 27 Trail Horse Class 49 Trail Horse 27 Pleasure Classes 50 Pleasure Classes 30 English Pleasure—Other Showing a Pony 31 than Hunter Type Division 50 The Show Ring 31 English Pleasure — Hunter Type Division 50 Western Pleasure Division 51 Pony Pleasure Section 51 Additional Popular Classes 51 County Options 52 Resources 53

tables 54-58

Performance Horse

Purposes

Develop leadership, initiative, sportsmanship, Learn show ring rules and etiquette. and responsibility. Learn to show courtesy to the public, judges, Develop self-reliance and patience by working show and fair officials, and other competitors. with your animal daily. Learn to appreciate riding as a safe, healthy, Learn cooperation as one member of a horse wholesome form of recreation. and rider team, and by sharing your experiences with others. Learn to care for and manage a performance horse. Learn to accept reality; in a performance situation, there can be only one winner, and Develop speaking ability by expressing your you may not have done as well as you ideas before groups in demonstrations, judging expected. contests, and other activities.

Learn to work with other 4-H'ers and leaders. Learn to be a versatile horse person.

Learn to show and handle horses safely. Experience the pride of being able to take care of and show your 4-H animal. Learn to keep good records and to use them to make management decisions. Enjoy and benefit from the experience of being an active member of a 4-H club or 4-H Learn about performance equipment and its program. care.

5 Requirements controlling the horse) are covered in Beginning Horsemanship, EM4842. You should have completed, or be currently enrolled in, the Beginning Horsemanship Many people can help you plan and carry out Project. your project: parents, 4-H leader, county extension agent, other 4-H leaders, teen You may own or lease a horse for this project, leaders, club members, breed associations, but you are ultimately responsible for the daily local horse groups, trainers, breeders, horse care and feeding of your project animal. If you show judges, farriers, and veterinarians. board your horse, you may delegate this Attending 4-H or open shows in your area will responsibility to another. also help you plan the goals you wish to work When leasing a horse, make a business-like toward. Above all, plan to have fun! agreement with the owner; include such things as length of time you are to keep the horse, Keeping 4-H Records training, use, feeding, special care, showing, and breeding. Always live up to your part of the Your record book is important. Some fairs and bargain. shows require it. A completed record book Members of the same family may jointly care may be required before you can receive your for and show one animal. If you do this, you year pin. It also may be required when you may need to make adjustments; for example, apply for a 4-H trip, grant, or scholarship. two members of the same family may not Keeping accurate records can help you see compete in the same class or compete for the your progress, decide what shows to enter, same championship. and help you keep track of your expenses, You need a saddle, bridle, saddle blanket, income, and riding time. Keep your records halter, lead rope, and grooming tools. You are up to date. It is easier to work on records responsible for the care of this equipment. consistently, keeping them current, than to try Keep a record of your expenses and monies to catch up at the end of the year. earned, training and riding time, vaccinations, veterinary care, goal setting, etc. Learn the Horse Types specific rules for the classes you plan to enter. You may enroll in the project without a horse. A horse type is not a breed, although each This option offers you the opportunity to learn breed tends to produce animals of a particular about horse showing, show classes, rules, and type. Type is determined by the conformation procedures. You may wish to share the of an individual animal, making it suitable for information you gain with other 4-H members a particular purpose. There are three basic as part of a leadership project.

Planning Your Project

Plan your project according to the type of horse and style of riding you prefer. Other considerations may be needed if you are showing a green horse or just beginning to show. Basic horse types, styles of riding, preparation for a show, safety rules, and 4-H record keeping are discussed in this publication. Basics of horsemanship (horse behavior, leading, grooming, saddling, bridling, mounting and dismounting, riding position, and Figure 1. Hunter Type 6 types of riding horses or ponies—hunter, balance. Typical breeds are the American saddle, and stock. These three types encompass Quarter Horse, Paint, and Appaloosa. many breeds. Hunter Type

Tall, long legs, long neck; most have long, low, efficient strides; stamina and ability for lengthy gallops. They are used for hunting, jumping, and cross-country riding. Race horses and steeplechasers are also hunter types. A typical hunter breed is the Thoroughbred.

Figure 3. Stock Type

Gaits

Your horse should have good gaits. Conformation defects of the legs, shoulders, and hindquarters will produce a horse with hard or rough gaits. Most horses have three natural gaits—walk, trot, and gallop. The rack and slow gaits of the American Saddlebred, the running walk of the Tennessee Walking Horse, and the pace of the Standardbred may be Figure 2. Saddle Type natural or acquired gaits. A natural gait is one performed by natural impulse and without Saddle Type training. An acquired gait is the result of Head carried proudly, refinement, grace, and specific training and practice. The acquired quality; well-proportioned body, attractive gaits are the rack and slow gaits. The slow gaits carriage; showy gait action. Should be pleasant may include the stepping pace, running walk, to ride. Used for show, park, and pleasure fox trot, and amble. riding. Typical breeds are the American Some horses do not trot naturally; instead they Saddlebred, Morgan, Arabian, and Tennessee perform an intermediate gait. For example, the Walking Horse. Tennessee Walking Horse performs at a flat- footed walk, running walk, and canter—never a Stock Type trot. Paso Fino horses do not trot. Morgan Well-balanced and muscular; close-coupled horses sometimes do a single-foot instead of a and built “close to the ground”; massive trot. In most 4-H classes, the horse or rider will forearm and hindquarter muscle for sprinting not be penalized for not performing a trot if the ability, power, and agility. The best can “turn on horse does not trot naturally. a dime and give you back a nickel change.” Each gait should be executed in a smooth, Used for roping, working cattle, cutting trails, collected manner, with action that is not pleasure riding, and events requiring speed and excessive or labored. Certain breeds naturally

7 Conformation have more action than others. For example, the American Saddlebred will have more action at Regardless of the type of horse you choose, the walk and trot than the Quarter Horse. look for one with good basic conformation. The Take into consideration the gaits your horse has horse should have balance and symmetry, with and the way they are executed in planning your all parts blending together in correct show activity. proportions. Your horse should have substance, quality, and refinement.

Figure 4. Long, arched neck Points of Good Conformation Clean, moderate withers, set well back Small ear

Well-muscled loin Large eye Short-coupled Short back Long, well-muscled croup Well-sprung ribs Fine Wide quarters throatlatch Wide jaw Deep through the heart Long, sloping shoulder Prominent stifle Deep chest Short arm Long underline Long, well-muscled forearm

Cannon bone in Wide gaskin Tendons stand well out from bone vertical line with point Short cannon of buttock Large, flat, well- Sloping pastern Long line from hip to defined joints hock Foreleg set squarely under shoulder Hooves in proportion to size of leg and body

Wide forehead

Well-rounded Deep, moderately croup wide chest

Wide jaw tapers Wide Stifle to small muzzle Well-muscled forearm Gaskin well- Front leg set muscled inside squarely under and out point of shoulder Forelegs straight Hind legs set straight and and parallel parallel, not too wide 8 Poor conformation can cause problems, for leg injuries; (2) a parrot mouth, with upper example: (1) lack of proper proportions in the teeth that extend over lower teeth, may leg will often result in an animal that has short interfere with eating. Figure 5 illustrates strides, rough gaits, weak legs, and is prone to conformation defects to avoid.

Figure 5. Conformation Defects Ewe neck, will throw head up Large ear Long-coupled Small eye Long back, weak Weak loin Heavy head Flat ribs, lack of Steep croup stamina Low withers Roman nose Narrow quarters lack power Shallow through Small nostril heart Angle of head and neck too sharp Thick throatlatch, cannot flex Short, straight shoulder, short rough gaits Long arm, short stride Puffy hocks Short forearm, short stride Sicklehocks, prone to injury Small, round joints, weak

Long cannons Short, upright pasterns, rough gaits Hooves too small in proportion to legs and body

Narrow jaw Drafty, loaded shoulder Lack of muscle Fat, not muscled Bull neck Long narrow Rafter hips face

Weedy Short, bunchy muscles Shallow, Body too narrow chest heavy for legs

Too wide Bowed Crooked hocks front legs Cow hocks Toes out Base wide Base narrow Toes in

9 Fitting and Showing halter and under the chin or over the nose to The purpose of showmanship classes is to teach the other side. With a very long chain, you may you courtesy, good grooming, poise, run the excess up the off cheek. confidence, and how to fit, train, and handle When leading your horse, do not put your hand your horse. Your horse should be well- on the chain. A chain approximately 15 to 24 groomed, clean, well-trained to the required inches is long enough. Don’t yank or jerk on routine, and well-mannered so that it will stand the lead shank if you have a chain under your quietly, but alertly, while in the class. horse’s jaw or over your horse’s nose. A chain is Frequently practice leading, turning, stopping, a poor substitute for good training. and setting up your horse. Practice times should Whips or crops are permitted in an English not be long. Five minutes a day is better than Fitting and Showing class. When English and one hour, once a week. A properly trained Western classes show together, whips are horse will walk, trot, stop, set up, and turn with prohibited. The whip (Saddle Seat) may be no little or no “pull” on the lead. longer than four feet including the snapper. The The tack you use to show your horse should be crop (Hunt Seat) may be no longer than three clean and fit well. If you show in hunt attire, feet. Hold it in the left hand with the loose end you may use either a halter or hunt bridle. If of the reins. Excess motion with the whip may you show in saddle seat attire, you may show disturb horses near you and result in a lower with a halter or English show bridle. If you score from the judge. Crops and whips may be show with the double bridle, you may use prohibited at each county’s discretion. either the snaffle or curb reins for leading. The Class Procedure other set of reins are put over the neck near the withers. When entering the ring, walk on the left side of When you show in Western attire, you may use your horse at about the throatlatch area. Hold a halter, either leather, web, or rope, with a the lead shank 12 to 18 inches from the halter matching lead. with your right hand and carry the loose end folded in your left hand, not coiled around your An Arabian show halter with or without snaffle hand (Fig. 7). Walk briskly in the direction the bit is acceptable for Western and Saddle Seat, ringmaster or judge tells you. The horse should but is not encouraged in Hunt Seat. No matter travel with its throatlatch even with your which halter you use, make sure that it fits shoulder (Fig. 8). Keep at least one horse length properly and has a throatlatch (Fig. 6). behind the horse in front of you. When you line up as directed by the judge, ring secretary, or Crown directly behind the ears announcer, keep enough room for the judge to Nose band pass between the horses and have a good view halfway of your horse. between eye and Throatlatch nostril not snug but no looser than 1” Chin strap 1 1-1 /2" below jaw

Figure 6. Proper Halter Adjustment Figure 7. Holding the Lead Shank

Lead shanks with chains attached are Set your horse up with all four feet square or permissible if they are used properly. The chain according to breed type, with its head up and may be run through the ring on the side of the its weight on all four feet. Keep the horse alert

10 Move quietly and promptly with as little commotion as possible. Never stand directly in front of your horse in the danger zone (Fig. 10).

Danger zone

Safe zone Safe zone

Figure 8. Leading Position and posed at all times. When the judge inspects your horse, respond to his or her movements with the “quartering system” (Fig. 9). Mentally divide the horse in four quarters. When the judge is in the right front quarter, you are on the left front quarter of the horse, keeping an eye on the judge. When the judge is in the back right quarter, you are in the front right quarter watching the judge. When the judge moves to Figure 10. Danger Zone the front, step around the horse’s head quickly and quietly, using three or four steps. The objective is for you to be in the quarter If your horse moves out of position in line, adjacent to the judge’s position. move it back quietly, so as not to disturb other horses in the line. Don’t wave your hat, throw When turning your horse 90 degrees or less, the shavings, or wave your arms to keep your horse may be turned to the left. For turns more horse’s attention. Such actions will result in a than 90 degrees, always walk around your lower score from the judge. horse to the right. When asked for your individual performance, walk briskly toward the judge, unless otherwise Handler is instructed. Stop your horse at least 5 to 10 feet here or here directly in front of the judge. There are several X X ways of conducting individual workouts. (Listen carefully to the judge’s instructions and follow them exactly.) Here is an example: (1) walk out of line, to the judge; then set up the horse for 1. Left front 2. Right front inspection; (2) walk away from the judge in a quarter quarter straight line, at least 20 feet; (3) pause slightly, immediately turn horse to right and walk 3. Left hind 4. Right hind around horse in a tight turn, holding it back quarter quarter slightly so it pivots on its hindquarters; (4) turn completed, pause slightly, immediately trot toward the judge in a straight line; (5) stop the horse at least 5 feet from the judge; (6) set up the horse for inspection; (7) face the judge and Figure 9. Quartering System wait for dismissal.

11 Additional Tests

You may be asked to do these additional tests: 1. Back. Turn and face your horse on the near side (do not change hands). Without touching your horse, back at least four steps (or number requested by judge). 2. Side-pass. You should be able to side-pass your horse from the ground in either direction. You may use your hand on the horse’s barrel. 3. 360-Degree Turn on Haunches to the Right. Figure 11. Five-Gaited American Saddlebred This is a complete turn, once around. You may not touch the horse with your hand. 4. 180-Degree Turn on the Forehand in Either Direction. You may use your hand to ask the horse to move the hindquarters. You will need to change hands on the lead when on the off side. 5. Lead from the Off (Right) Side. You will need to change hands on the lead. Position is the same—about even with your horse’s throatlatch. Other possible tests are listed in the Fitting and Showing Rules section in this publication. Figure 12. Three-Gaited American Saddlebred Grooming

Grooming methods differ for different breeds of Stock Type horses. Refer to Beginning Horsemanship, These include the Quarter Horse, Paint, Pinto EM4842, for information on basic grooming. See (stock type), and Appaloosa. Show these breeds Table 1 (p. 54) for a summary of grooming and set with a shortened (pulled), roached mane or a up preferences. natural length mane, and a natural length tail Grooming by Breed or Breed (Fig. 13). Type

Be aware of the correct style of grooming for your breed or breed type in fitting and showing or riding classes. American Saddlebred

Show pleasure horses with full mane and full natural tail; forelock and first lock of mane may be braided for English classes. Five-gaited horses are shown with full mane and set, full tail; forelock and first lock of main braided (Fig. 11). Three-gaited horses are shown with forelock and Figure 13. Stock Type mane roached; set, clipped tail (Fig. 12). 12 Saddle Type

Saddle types are Arabian, Morgan, Half- Arabian, Palomino, Pinto (saddle type). These breeds are shown with full, natural manes and natural, unset tails (Fig. 14).

Figure 16. Thoroughbred

Grade Horses and Ponies

Groom your grade horse or pony according to Figure 14. Arabian Horse its type. If your horse resembles a stock type and you are showing in Western classes, you may wish to shorten the mane. If you have a Tennessee Walking Horse horse resembling the Arabian, leave the mane The forelock and first lock of the mane are and tail full and natural. Use your own braided. Pleasure classes do not allow a set tail discretion. (Fig. 15). Many trimming and grooming variations exist based on breed type and practicality. For example, a horse that spends time in a pasture should not have inside ear hair trimmed out because it protects ears from summer insects. Following is a review of the typical trimming done to prepare a horse or pony for fitting and showing. Legs

Clip fetlocks and legs closely (white legs are sometimes “booted-up”). Figure 15. Tennessee Walking Horse Trim edges of hair above coronet band short. Carefully cut off “chestnuts” (horny, insensitive growths found inside and above the knees and Thoroughbred or Hunter Type hocks) close to skin. They are softer after bathing. The mane may be left full or pulled and Ergots (small, horny growths at the back of the shortened. The tail is left long and full. You may fetlock) may have to be snipped off close to braid the mane and tail as a hunter when skin with scissors to allow close clipping of showing in Hunt Seat classes (Fig. 16). fetlock hair. Welsh Pony, Shetland Pony, Connemara Mane

Generally, pony breeds are shown with full Train the mane to lie smoothly on one side. natural manes and tails. Clip a bridle path just behind the poll. Length varies by breed and/or conformation. Some

13 breeds discourage a bridle path. It is not • White markings look whiter when clipped required. closely (but not so close that "clipper Pull the mane or leave it long and natural. stripes" are left or that the pink skin shows). Braiding is allowed, but not generally used, in • A Roman nose or big ears can be Western or Saddle Seat. minimized by a larger forelock. Banding is acceptable. • A thin neck may look heavier with a little extra mane. Head • Thinning and slimming the top of the tail Trim the long hair between the jaws and under can make hindquarters appear wider. the throat closely. How to Trim If you choose to clip the whiskers, keep them cut short. The hair above the eyes may be cut You will need electric clippers, hand clippers, to 1-2 inches. The long whiskers of the muzzle or a comb and a pair of sharp fetlock scissors and above the eyes serve the horse as a with curved blades. Electric clippers are easiest warning system when something is close to its to use and have the best results; however, a face or eyes, especially in the dark. If your fairly good job can be done with scissors and horse is pastured most of the time, it is best to comb and a lot of patience. leave the whiskers about 1 inch long. Never The following clipper blades are clip the hairs inside the nostrils or the recommended: #10 for general clipping; #15 eyelashes. These are essential for the horse’s for finer clipping; and #40 (surgical blade) for safety and comfort. “sharper” ears and bridle path. Trim the outside ears, leaving the points on. If you use scissors, use a comb to lift the hair Trimming the inside ears is optional; pastured and snip it off to give a smoother surface and horses should not have inside hair clipped protect the horse from an accidental jab. Hand out—only clipped even with the outside of the clippers are hard to operate, tiring to use, and ear. do not blend well. Tail Legs

Leave as long and full as it will grow. Bushy If using electric slippers, use a #10 or #15 tails may be thinned and pulled somewhat. blade. You may trim the direction of the hair or The tail may be banged for hunters. “boot-up,” which means clipping against the Disguising Conformation Faults hair growth. Careful clipping can help disguise Trimming. (#15 blade recommended). Trim the conformation faults. For example: excess hair from the lower legs by pointing the clippers down and running them lightly and • Thick legs can appear more refined by evenly down the leg with the hair growth. clipping closely along the contours of the Repeat several times, being careful to lift the tendons. blades gradually at the end of each stroke. This • A thick throttle looks thinner when clipped thins and removes the excess hair, but does not closely underneath and when the horse has change the color of the clipped areas. a slightly longer than average bridle path. To trim the fetlock, pick up the hoof and run the • A blemish, such as a thickened tendon or clippers around and under the bulge of the large ankle, can be minimized by clipping fetlock joint. less closely over the blemish and blending Reverse the clippers and trim the hair at the the clipped hair at the knee. coronet band by clipping upward, making an even edge all around the hoof.

14 Hunt Seat Equitation Booting-up. (#10 blade recommended). Clip against the direction of the hair, blending Hunt Seat Equitation is designed for cross- carefully below the knee and hock. country riding and jumping at free forward Ears gaits. The stirrups are shorter than in other seats. Hold in one hand and clip outer edges. Clip Sit with the head and eyes up, and the body downward on the upper part and upward along slightly forward, a couple of degrees in front of the lower curve of the ear. To leave a natural vertical. Keep your back and make a straight point, do not clip the tips. line from elbow to the bit with your arms. The The inner ear hair can be trimmed even with hands are held slightly above and slightly in the edges to give a neater appearance without front of the withers. The knees are bent, with removing the inner ear hair. If you clip the the calves in contact with the horse. The heels inside of the ear, first place a large piece of are down and the ankles relaxed (Fig. 17). cotton in the ear to keep hair from falling down Sit in the saddle at the walk, incline forward to inside. Brush the inside of the ear clean before post the trot with a slightly forward motion, and removing the cotton. return to nearly vertical at the canter. When a Muzzle sitting trot is asked for, (slow the horse slightly) sit upright as at the walk. At the hand gallop, If you decide to remove the whiskers, first use the body has the same inclination as at the the #10 blade. They can then be clipped even posting trot. When jumping or galloping, lean closer by using #40 or finishing carefully with a forward, seat out of the saddle, in a two-point safety razor. It is not required that you or half-seat position so your center of gravity is completely remove the whiskers. over the horse’s center of gravity. Jaw

Use a #10 blade and clip against the direction of the hair growth. Do not clip the cheek or Head up jowl because it will change the color of the Eyes up hair. Bridle Path Straight line from Use a #15 or #40 blade (#40 gives the neatest, elbow to bit closest trim). Clip forward to prevent the bridle path from getting longer each time it is trimmed.

Equitation Knees bent The three basic seats are Hunter, Saddle, and Calves in contact with horse Stock. You may also ride bareback in all of these types. Dressage has its own distinctive Ankles relaxed style of seat. The body position in all seats is basically the same. The equitation rider is Heels down judged on seat, hands, legs, and balance. The response of the horse to the rider, temperament of horse to rider, and attitude of horse may also Figure 17. Hunt Seat Position be considered by a judge.

15 Pommel Seat Cantle Browband

Gullet Rear panel Cheekpiece Crown piece Skirt Dee ring Cavesson Throatlatch Keeper Front panel Flap

Knee roll Stirrup leather Snaffle bit Sweat flap Stirrup iron Reins Girth Stirrup pad

Stirrup bar Cavesson

Point Curb Snaffle rein pocket chain Leg roll Knee roll Sweat flap Pelham bit Curb rein Front panel Billets

Figure 18. Hunt Seat Saddles

Hunt Seat Tack Dropped Jumping saddle or all-purpose saddle, which nose band may have knee rolls (Fig. 18); A snaffle, Kimberwick, Pelham, or full double bridle, with a cavesson or dropped noseband (Fig. 19).

Martingales and tie-downs are optional in Figure 19. Hunt Seat Bridles Over-Fence classes, but are prohibited in Flat classes. Hunt Seat Attire You may wear a stock tie and pin and a hunt coat in a dark or conservative color (Fig. 20). • Turtleneck sweater, long-sleeved tailored Be sure your stirrup irons aren’t too narrow. shirt, or ratcatcher; 1 There should be at least /2 inch of extra width • Pants, breeches or jodhpurs; beside your boots in the stirrups. Crops or bats • Tall boots with pants or breeches tucked in, are optional, but may not be longer than 3 feet. or jodhpur boots with jodhpur pants. Spurs are optional, but must be blunt • ASTM-SEI equestrian-approved helmet. unroweled and not over 3 inches long. 16 (1)

ASTM-SEI-approved headgear

(2) Right snaffle Right curb Hunt coat Turtleneck Left curb Left snaffle sweater Stock tie and pin (3)

Breeches

Boots

Figure 20. Hunt Seat Attire

Holding the Reins (4) Use both hands on the reins. The method of holding the reins is optional and the ends of the reins may fall on either side. Single reins are used with a snaffle or Kimberwick. Laced or braided reins are often used for a better grip. The rein generally goes between the ring finger and the little finger. Figure 21. Addressing the Reins Some bridles have “double reins.” In this case, the wider reins go to the snaffle or upper bit ring. The narrow reins go to the curb rings. Position of Reins While Mounting. When How to Address (Pick Up) the Reins (Fig. 21). mounting, begin as in Step 1 above. Then (1) Take up all four reins at the buckle in right separate the reins as in Step 2, with the reins in hand. (2) While retaining reins in right hand, the left hand, or simply gather the reins in the insert all four reins through fingers in left hand left hand, then “address” the reins after and slide hand down to the horse’s neck. (3) mounting. Release reins with right hand and reach down Over Fences to take up right reins. Separate the curb and snaffle with the little finger, snaffle on outside. Jumping your horse can be fun, but do not (4) Release right reins from left hand. Keep your attempt it until you are an experienced Hunt thumbs on the reins to prevent slipping. Seat rider. A qualified leader or adult should

17 teach you how to jump. Start low and learn to line. In order to jump with success, a horse jump at the trot before jumping at the canter. must take off at the correct spot. A fence that Balance is very important in jumping. Using a rests on the ground has a distinct ground line. A cavaletti (a series of poles or low jumps an single rail has no ground line and this makes it equal distance apart) will steady a horse’s stride a difficult fence. A horse is inclined to take off and strengthen your position and balance (Fig. from a point too close to the fence. Only take a 22). jump from the “approach side” of the fence.

Distinct ground line

Ground line on approach side of fence

Figure 24. Ground lines

Figure 22. Cavaletti

If you are not balanced, you may be “left behind” and fall behind the motion of the horse Post and (Fig. 23). The horse is “punished” in the mouth rail and back and its hind legs may be knocked into the fence, resulting in a stiff, painful landing. Hold the mane or a neck strap while learning, Wall to avoid accidental abuse to the horse’s mouth. Reins should be slightly slack.

Brush

Gate

Figure 25. Typical Straight Fences

Figure 23. Center of Gravity

Over-Fences Classes. Refer to the following examples of jumps (Fig. 24, 25, 26). When Oxer (second approaching a fence, the horse judges the point rail 3" higher) at which it intends to take off by looking at the line at the base of the fence, called a ground Figure 26. Typical Spread Fence

18 Braiding Hunters

Hunters are customarily braided for neatness and to enhance the line of the neck. Braiding can greatly improve appearance, especially with a coarse, bushy mane, but it must be done correctly. It is better to leave a mane clean and Figure 28. French Braiding unbraided than to braid it sloppily. French braiding is permitted on horses with naturally French Braiding This type of braiding is done full manes, for example, the Arabian. on horses that have long manes that you don’t want to cut or pull short. (1) Braid is started as a Braiding Procedure (Fig. 27). Separate a 2- to 4- 3-strand braid. (2) When braid has reached the inch segment of mane; wet with a sponge and desired level, begin adding a 1- to 2-inch comb. Separate the segment into three equal section of mane each time the left side of the strands, and braid two-thirds of the way to the braid is crossed to the center. (3) Secure braid end. Keep the braid very tight, especially at the with a rubber band or yarn. beginning. To achieve a raised look, use the same Lay a 10-inch piece of yarn behind the braid; procedure, but go under each strand rather than add the ends to two of the strands of hair and over. keep braiding. Separate yarn ends from hair; wrap around braid and pull through tightly. Braiding a Tail. Tails are braided for neatness Thread both yarn ends through a needle; sew and to show off the hindquarters and legs (Fig. up through top of braid, around left side, and 29). To get the effect of a raised braid, go under up through again. Repeat on other side of braid. each strand, rather than over as in normal Separate yarn ends. Wrap yarn ends around braiding. and tie in center; cut ends short. Braids may also be fastened with two rubber bands; use a (1) (2) (3) size #8. Other braiding techniques include scallops, sewn-in button braids, continental, and French braiding.

(1) (2) (4) (5) (6)

(7) (8) (9) (3) (4) (5)

Figure 27. Braiding a Mane Figure 29. Braiding a Tail

19 Saddle Seat Equitation Body vertical Hands about waist high Saddle Seat Equitation was developed primarily Wrists supple Shoulders back for showing three- and five-gaited American Saddlebreds. Now many breeds are shown Back straight under English tack in the Saddle Seat manner, Upper body balanced over two of the most common being the Arabian and legs the Morgan Horse. You use a basic balanced seat, but are placed further back on the horse for greater collection. The stirrups are longer and the hands are held higher. Posting motion Knees flat on is vertical, not forward (Fig. 30). saddle

Toes straight ahead Heels down and back Stirrup on ball of foot Rider is in center Knee should just of seat, not too cover the stirrup far forward or leather back

Stirrup on ball of foot Heel down Figure 30. Posting Motion Stirrup hangs to, Toe no farther forward just at, or below than knee ankle bone Sit with head up, body vertical, upper body Figure 31. Saddle Seat Position balanced over legs and shoulders and back straight. The hands are held about waist high, Flat seat wrists slightly bent, fingers relaxed, and knuckles turned in at about a 30-degree angle. Park Saddle The thighs are rolled inward, knees are flat on the saddle, and the stirrups on the balls of the No knee feet. The lower legs must rotate out away from roll the horse’s sides to keep the knees flat on the saddle (Fig. 31). Flat seat set far back Saddle Seat Tack Cut-back Cutback, park, or flat saddle without knee rolls head (Fig. 32); Leather or web girth; Wide Cut-back Full double (Weymouth) bridle or a Pelham Flap Saddle bridle—may have colored browbands and nosebands (Fig. 33). Figure 32. Saddle Seat Saddles

20 ASTM-SEI-approved English hunt cap Shirt and tie Cavesson helmet Tailored shirt Curb chain Saddle coat or strap

Pelham bit Kentucky jodhpurs Curb rein Snaffle rein Jodhpur boots Crown piece Browband Figure 35. Saddle Seat Attire Throatlatch

Bradoon strap Spurs are optional, but must be blunt Cavesson unroweled type and not over 3 inches long. Whips are optional, but must not be over 4 feet Bradoon or snaffle long, including snapper.

Curb bit Choosing an English Saddle Snaffle The saddle should fit the rider. Typical seat reins Curb chain or curb strap sizes are: Curb reins Lip strap Saddle Seat Hunter or Cut-Back

Figure 33. Saddle Seat Bridles 1 1 Youth 14 /2 - 15" 19 - 19 /2" Adult 16 - 18" 20" Large Adult 18 - 19" 21 - 22" Saddle Seat Attire These sizes may vary because the saddle tree is • Tailored long-sleeved shirt; measured before padding and outer coverings are added. Also, the shape of the seat and its • Tie; depth can affect how it fits. Always try out a • Pants or Kentucky jodhpurs; saddle before buying to make sure it fits both • Jodhpur boots (Fig. 34); you and the horse. Measure an English saddle • ASTM-SEI equestrian-approved English-style from the nailhead at the pommel to the center helmet. of the cantle (Fig. 36). You may wear a matching coat and jodhpur Nailhead pants of a dark or conservative color (Fig. 35). Cantle

Figure 36. Nailhead/Cantle Figure 34. Jodhpur Boots

21 Dee-ring snaffle (D-ring) Egg-butt ring snaffle

Loose-ring snaffle Full-check snaffleBradoon snaffle Weymouth curb Figure 37. Basic Bits

Basic English Bits The Pelham combines snaffle and curb into one A snaffle bit is any bit that does not have bit (Fig. 40). The Pelham is a double-action bit. shanks. It is a direct action bit. A snaffle has The snaffle rein pulls back on the lips; the curb rings and usually has a jointed mouthpiece (Fig. rein pulls on the lower jaw and bars. The curb 37, 38). pressure lowers the head and makes the horse Jointed mouthpiece flex at the poll. The snaffle ring picks up the horse’s head.

Figure 40. Rings Pelham Bit Figure 38. Snaffle Bit

When the reins are pulled it applies direct The Kimberwick bit (Fig. 41) is generally used pressure on the corners of the mouth, the on a horse that is too strong for a snaffle and tongue, and the bars. Snaffle bits are used to where the rider is not yet capable of using the train or school horses. They are not as severe as double reins on a Pelham bridle. It includes a curb bits. The snaffle and curb bits are used curb chain, may have a solid or jointed together in a full double bridle. A small snaffle mouthpiece and solid or slotted D-ring. or bradoon is used with a curb, usually a Weymouth curb bit. The curb bit works by leverage: (1) the Figure 41. mouthpiece presses on the tongue and bars; (2) Kimberwick Bit the chain presses under the chin; and (3) the bridle presses against the poll. The curb pressure tends to lower the head and make the Stock Seat Equitation horse flex at the poll (Fig. 39). Stock Seat is a working seat, used for all-day 3 riding and handling cattle. It is similar to the English seats in position, but you do not post 1 the trot. The reins are kept loose and held in one hand. This seat can be shown at a walk, 2 jog/intermediate gait, and lope. Sit with head and eyes up. A straight line falls Head raised Flexed at poll through the ears, shoulders, hips, and ankles. Your body is straight, legs under the body, a Figure 39. Curb Bit Action slight bend in the knees, and the heels down.

22 Hold the hands in the center of, and slightly horn, and the reins held evenly. The legs are above, the saddle horn, and the reins lightly close to the horse’s body from thigh to ankle, with a slight slack. Looking from the front, your and the toes pointed straight ahead (Fig. 42, shoulders are even, the hands held in the center 43). See Table 2, p. 55, for a summary of of the body at about the level of the saddle guidelines and faults.

Straight line through ears, shoulders, Hat straight hips, and ankles Eyes ahead Eyes up Shoulders even Light reins, slight Back straight contact Wrists bent—fists Legs under body pointing forward Hand held slightly above and in center of saddle horn Slight bend Reins even at knees Legs close to horse from thighs to ankles Heels down Toes pointed ahead

Figure 42. Stock Seat Position

Shoulders uneven Back rounded Looking down Elbows out

"Riding the cantle" Weight on one side

Toes out

Feet forward Legs away from horse’s sides

Hand too high and Body twisted, leaning held to one Hand into rein hand side too high

Body bent forward at waist Reins Reins too uneven long Heels up

Figure 43. Common Faults

23 Stock Seat Tack (Fig. 44)

• Western or stock saddle Leather • Clean saddle blanket or pad • Western-style bridle with a curb strap (Fig. 45) or curb chain, and a Western-style bit. Braided leather Hobbles, reatas or lariats, and breast collars are optional. You may use shin boots, splint boots, bell boots, and other protective devices in Medal classes, Reining, Western Riding, and Flatchain Green Horse classes.

Latigo carrier Horn Flatchain Fork Seat Cantle Figure 45. Curb Straps Pommel Rear housing Gullet Mechanical hackamores, tie-downs, Rear skirts Martingales, draw-reins, and nosebands are Saddle not allowed in Western classes. Lining strings Stock Seat Attire

Off billet Flank billet • Long-sleeved shirt with collar; Fender • Necktie, kerchief, bolo tie or pin; Stirrup leather • Jeans, trousers, or Western pants; Front skirts Stirrup • Belt; Latigo • Western boots; Flank (or back) cinch Cinch • ASTM-SEI equestrian-approved helmet (may Connector strap be Western-style helmet). Chaps, gloves, and spurs are optional. A vest, jacket, coat, and/or sweater may also be worn Crown piece (Fig. 46). Browband Whips are not allowed

Cheekpiece ASTM-SEI-approved Western-style helmet

Throatlatch Shirt Tie, shirt Western suit Belt

Curb strap Matching Jeans or jacket and Western pants Curb bit western Rein boots pants Figure 44. Stock Seat Tack Figure 46. Stock Seat Attire

24 How to Hold the Reins Western Bits and How They Work

Use one hand for reining in Stock Seat classes. Many types of shanks exist, from the simple You may not change hands during a class, but cutting horse style to the ornate spade and may use either hand. Reins are most commonly halfbreed shanks. The mouthpieces also differ held in the left hand. Split or romal reins are in severity. Generally, the higher the port, the equally acceptable. more severe the bit. When using romal reins, the hand is around the Curb Bit. The shanks on the curb bit give the reins with the romal end coming out the top of rider leverage action on the horse’s mouth. the hand by the thumb. The romal is held in the When the reins are pulled, the shanks act as other hand, with approximately 16 inches of levers to press the bit down on the horse’s rein separating the two hands. No fingers are tongue and the bars of its mouth. At the same permitted between the reins (Fig. 47). time, pulling the reins also applies pressure on the chin groove and the poll. Any bit with reins attached to the end of the shanks is considered a curb bit. This is true even if it has a jointed mouthpiece. A curb bit without a chinstrap is useless. Curb bits can be more severe than snaffle bits because the leverage action increases the force applied. The action of the curb bit results in indirect pressure on the horse’s mouth. The longer the shanks, the more leverage (more severe). Do not use a curb bit as a training bit. It takes time and training to change a horse Figure 47. Romal Reins from a snaffle bit to a curb bit (Fig. 49, 50).

Cutting horse style

When using split reins, you may hold them the Spade same as romal reins, with the free end in the opposite hand, or you may hold them with the palm facing down with one finger between the reins, and the free end falling on the same side as the rein hand (Fig. 48).

Half-breed

Grazing

Figure 49. Samples of Curb Bit Shanks

Figure 48. Split Reins

25 High port Low port the cinch. This allows the horse freedom of its front legs and helps prevent binding, which can Medium cause sores (Fig. 51). port Spade Port with cricket or roller Straight bar (very severe; no tongue release) Full double rigging

Mullen mouth, does not press on tongue

3 /4 double rigging Half-breed, high port with roller

Figure 50. Types of Ports

Choosing a Western Saddle 7 3 5 /8 - /4 - /8 Center-fire rigging The saddle should fit the rider. Typical seat Figure 51. Western Saddle Rigging sizes are: Pony 12 - 13" Western Tack Adjustment 1 Youth 14 - 14 /2" Properly adjusted tack makes your horse more Adult 15" comfortable, which makes your ride more Large Adult 16" pleasant, and helps you have a safer ride. These sizes may vary because the saddle tree is Bridle. The bit should fit in the corner of the measured before padding and outer coverings horse’s mouth causing, at most, one or two are added. Also the shape of the seat and its wrinkles. The upper shank, where the headstall depth can affect how it fits. Always try out a is attached, must not be tight against the horse’s saddle before buying to make sure it fits both face. Often you will need to bend this upper you and the horse. Measure a Western saddle shank to fit correctly. The browband lays from the back of the pommel to the center of comfortably on the head without pulling the the cantle. headstall against the ears. A split-ear crown piece fits comfortably around one ear without Many types of riggings exist; they vary from full binding. For the throatlatch, allow at least two double to center-fire. Your horse’s conformation fingers between the strap and horse’s throat determines the riggings. A horse with a well- when the horse’s head is in the correct position. laid-back shoulder would be comfortable with Adjust the curb strap or chain to allow enough a full or 7/ rigged saddle, while a horse with 8 space for two fingers (flat) between the strap shorter or steeper shoulders requires a 3/ or 5/ 4 8 and chin. rigged saddle. When the saddle is correctly placed behind the shoulder blade, there should Saddle Blanket or Pad. This comfortable be some space between the horse’s elbow and padding extends about 4 inches in front of the 26 saddle. Put the blanket and then the saddle (2) (3) forward of the proper place and slide them back into place. Never pull the saddle forward. Latigo knot, use Pull the blanket up in the gullet of the saddle to when cinch ring prevent binding over the withers and to allow has no tongue air circulation under the saddle. (1) (4) Saddle. It settles into the pocket behind horse’s shoulder blade. When cinched tight, there 1 Figure 53. Cinching should be two finger widths of space (about 1 /2 inches) between the withers and the arc of the fork under the saddle horn if the rider weighs Bareback Equitation less than 150 pounds. If the rider weighs more In Bareback classes, the tack and attire are the than 150 pounds, there should be a three-finger same as for each equitation class except that no clearance (Fig. 52). saddle is used. Hand and seat position are the same as if a saddle were used. You must post the trot in Hunt Seat and Saddle Seat Bareback Equitation. Chaps may be prohibited in Stock Air space Seat Equitation at each county’s discretion. Training Equipment The items shown in Figure 54 are often used when training horses but, with certain Arc of fork exceptions, are not allowed in classes. Martingales are allowed in Jumping or Over- Fence classes, but are prohibited in Flat classes Figure 52. Saddle Clearance (which includes Hunter Hack). Nosebands are prohibited in Western classes. You may use additional padding or a pad with a “cutout” portion for the withers if you need Trail Horse 1 more space. If there is more than 1 /2 inches, You may show in a Trail class in either English the saddle tree could be too narrow for the or Western tack and attire. However, your tack horse’s back. Check the back for dry spots after and attire must be correct for the style of riding a long ride, which indicate that the saddle is you choose. If you ride in English tack, you pinching the horse’s back. This can lead to may use two hands on the reins. serious back sores; if additional padding does A well-trained and intelligent horse is curious not solve the problem, the saddle should not be about strange objects or obstacles. The horse is used. not graded down for sniffing or looking over an The front cinch should hang straight down and obstacle as long as the rider is in control, and about 2 inches behind the horse’s elbow. When the horse proceeds through the obstacle tight, the cinch should be centered on the without undue delay. A horse that barges ahead without any apparent sign of curiosity might horse. Be sure the cinch is long enough so the well walk off a cliff, and is graded down. Head, rings are not directly behind the elbow (Fig. eye, ear, and nostril movement show that a 53). horse is curious. A back cinch is optional. Always buckle this Riders will automatically be disqualified from last when saddling and unbuckle first when the class for swearing. unsaddling! The back cinch should be snug and Striking the horse ahead of the cinch will there must be a connecting strap between it disqualify you at the obstacle at which it and the front cinch. occurs.

27 Rein stop

Running martingale Standing martingale Can be used in Hunt Seat Over Fences. Cannot (allowed in same classes as running martingale) be used in Flat Hunt Seat or Hunt Seat Pleasure classes.

Nose button Fiador Nose piece Bosal Curb strap

Heel button

Mecate

Mechanical hackamore Bosal or true hackamore (cannot be used in any type of Western or English classes)

Western bridle with tiedown (cannot be used in any type of Western classes)

Figure 54. Training Equipment

28 Recommended Obstacles 9. Mounting and Dismounting from Either 1. Gate. Approximately 60 inches high with Side. Use the procedure for correct latch available at that height. No rope mounting and dismounting for the style of gates are allowed. The rider should not riding for which you are dressed. change hands over the gate. 10. Side-Pass. This may consist of poles or logs 2. Walk-over or Lead-over. Not over 16 in several combinations; any or all may be inches high and in multiples a maximum raised off the ground up to 24 inches. You of 10 inches high. Suggested obstacles may be asked to side-pass your horse in include a log or low jump. Space between one or both directions. The side-pass may poles is generally 20 to 24 inches for walk- be used in combination with another overs. No rolling poles are allowed. obstacle, such as the mailbox. Slots are 3. Safe Bridge or Platform. This obstacle never closer than 24 inches wide between should have a side clearance of at least 3 poles. feet 6 inches. 11. Walk through Bushes or Brush. The brush 4. Cavaletti. Jog-overs are 3 to 3.5 feet apart may be placed on the ground or held up (space is measured between poles). Lope- by fences. Very large logs with the overs are 6 feet to 7 feet apart. branches still attached are not recommended. The horse should not try to 5. Serpentine (Jog-Arounds). a) Pylons are 6 eat this obstacle. feet apart minimum (base to base); guardrails are 3 feet to either side of 12. Walk Up to or Pass Plastic, Paper, Canvas. pylons. Or, b) Pylons are 3 feet apart 13. Logs. At least four logs are used, which minimum (base to base); guardrails are 6 to may be varied distances apart. Different 8 feet to either side. sizes may be used. The ends of the logs 6. Back through Obstacle. Obstacles can be may be raised off the ground. poles or logs in several combinations and 14. Put On or Remove a Coat or Slicker. The arrangements. Any or all of the logs may slicker is provided by the show be raised off the ground. Minimum side management. clearance: on ground, 28 inches; elevated, 15. Carry an Object. Carry a sack of material, 30 inches; barrels, 32 inches. perhaps from one barrel to another. 7. Bank. A short, steep slope which may be 16. Turns. Turns in a small area. The area may sandy or semi-solid. This type of bank be a circle or square of logs, heavy wood requires a horse to head straight up or or plywood, or be drawn on the ground straight down. with flour or lime. Do not use ropes. 8. Water Crossing. This obstacle should not 17. Knots. You may be asked to tie a manger or be deeper than 2 feet for ponies or 3 feet bowline knot. for horses. Horses may drink without 18. Questions. You may be asked questions penalty. from Beginning Horsemanship or this manual. Jog In Gate Low jump Stop Walk over Figure 55. Sample logs Trail Course Lope Step over log

Out Bridge WalkWalk Back through Stop

29 Walk Rail work is generally optional in obstacle classes. Many shows will ask the contestant to The walk is a four-beat gait. It should be brisk, walk, trot, or lope from one obstacle to another, true, and flat-footed with good reach. thus eliminating the need for rail work. If you Trot are asked to jog or lope toward an obstacle, stop your horse far enough away from that The trot is a two-beat gait. It is performed at obstacle to give the animal a good look at it medium speed with moderate collections. The before asking the horse to go through it. This normal trot must be mannerly, cadenced, does not apply to an obstacle which you are balanced, and free-moving. This is an English asked to trot or lope over. gait and posting is required. Many of these obstacles may be used in Intermediate Gait combination. For example, you may be asked to side-pass over a pole, up to a mailbox, and This gait is for breeds that do not have a normal side-pass back in the opposite direction away walk, trot, and canter, for example the from the mailbox. Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Standardbred Pacer, Missouri Fox Trotter, etc. These gaits are Competing in an obstacle course is fun, but lots judged in accordance with their breed of training time at home is required. Before association rules. Posting is not required. entering a trail class, a horse and rider should be able to perform the basic maneuvers needed Extended Trot to complete each obstacle: back, side-pass, turn This is a two-beat gait. The extended trot is on forehand, turn on haunches. Try to accustom faster and stronger than the normal trot. It is your horse to basic obstacles such as poles, or performed with a lengthened stride, powerful back through obstacles every time you ride. and reaching, at a rate of speed that varies Riding through water or brush when you are among horses; each horse attains its own strong pleasure riding will get your horse used to these trot in harmony with its own maximum stride. obstacles. Don’t lose your temper and try to The horse must not be strung out behind. A force your horse to go through something that horse at the extended trot should show frightens it. Go slowly and carefully when moderate collection without exaggerated high training your horse for obstacles so that it will action in the front. It must present a willing trust you and have confidence when you ask it attitude while maintaining form. The strong trot to go through a strange obstacle at a show. See is mannerly, cadenced, balanced, and free- Table 3, p. 56, for a summary of trail obstacle moving. This is an English gait; posting is dimensions. Table 4 (p. 57) shows qualities required. used to judge obstacle course rides. Jog-Trot

Pleasure Classes This is a two-beat gait. The jog should be free- moving, easy riding, mannerly, and cadenced. Pleasure classes differ from equitation, where It is slower than the normal trot, but must the rider is judged. In a pleasure class, the maintain the appearance of a definite two-beat horse is being judged, and you must show the gait. This is a Western gait; posting is not judge that your horse is a pleasure to ride. allowed. If asked to extend, the Western horse Gaits will lengthen the stride and the rider will continue to sit and not post. All gaits are performed with willingness and Canter or Lope obvious ease, cadence, balance, and smoothness. Remember to smile! This is a three-beat gait. This gait should be smooth, unhurried, with moderate collection,

30 correct and straight on both leads. This must be Special emphasis is placed on the walk. Horses a definite three-beat gait, not a “hoppity” are penalized for being on the wrong lead at shuffle. Horses showing under hunter tack the lope. You may be asked to back your horse. should show the ability to move on at the Horses are judged on manners, performance, canter. The word “canter” is used in English substance, quality, and conformation. classes and the term “lope” is used in the Optional Classes Western classes. The horse is penalized for being on the wrong lead. Several classes may be offered as Pleasure Hand Gallop or Extended Canter classes or Advanced Equitation classes. They may include Western or English Riding Horse, This may be asked for, but no more than eight and Working Hunter. Classes for horses that do horses are to gallop at one time. It is performed not exhibit a trot, such as the Tennessee with long, free, ground-covering stride under Walking Horse, Paso Fino, and Standardbred control. The amount of ground covered may (pacer), may be offered if there is enough vary between horses due to the difference in demand. Classes for three- and five-gaited natural length of stride. The hand gallop is not a Saddlebreds may also be offered on demand. fast collected canter, but a true lengthening of See Table 5 (p. 58) for a summary of qualities stride, correct and straight on both leads. used to judge pleasure horse entries. Extreme speed will be penalized. English Pleasure—Hunter Type Showing a Pony

Tack and attire are the same as in Hunt Seat In some counties, classes for ponies only may Equitation. Horses enter the ring at the normal be offered. If both pony and horse classes are trot. Horses are shown at the walk, normal trot, offered, you may show your pony in only one strong trot, and canter both ways of the ring. equitation class in your age division. For Horses are penalized for being on the wrong example, if you are a junior rider showing a lead at the canter. You may be asked to back pony, you may show your pony in Pony Stock your horse. Horses are judged on manners, Seat Equitation, but not in Junior Stock Seat performance, quality, and conformation. Equitation. In divisions where no pony classes English Pleasure—Saddle Type are offered, you may show a pony in your age division with riders showing horses. Tack and attire are the same as in Saddle Seat Pony classes are always restricted to ponies up Equitation. Horses enter the ring at the normal to 56 inches high. Any animal 56 inches or trot or intermediate gait. They are shown at the taller must show in the horse classes. Pony walk, normal trot, or intermediate gait, strong classes may be divided into two height groups: trot, and canter both ways of the arena. Horses 1. Small pony—under 48 inches are penalized for being on the wrong lead at the canter. You may be asked to back your 2. Large pony—48 inches to 56 inches horse. Horses are judged on manners, performance, quality, and conformation. The Show Ring

Western Pleasure Study the rules section of this publication, Tack and attire are the same as Stock Seat which lists tack, attire, class rules, and routine Equitation. Horses enter the ring at the walk, or for all 4-H performance horse classes. It will tell as directed by the ringmaster. Horses are shown you what to expect when you show your horse. at a flat-footed walk, a smooth, easy-riding jog Know the rules before you enter a show. or intermediate gait, and a lope on a reasonably 1. Long before your entry in a horse show, loose rein with little restraint. you must prepare by conditioning and

31 grooming your horse. A good diet, a good the ride. Accustom your horse to the trailer worming program, proper hoof care, and or truck before the actual ride to the show. consistent exercise are all important in 7. Upon arrival at the show grounds, check in making your horse look its best. A healthy with the show office to receive your horse shows better than an unhealthy one. number. Find out when your class is being 2. Decide what classes to enter and prepare held and allow yourself plenty of time to yourself and train your horse by practicing dress and saddle your horse. When you class routines and gaits long before the saddle and bridle your horse, check to be show. The actual time a horse is in the ring sure you have all the required equipment. seldom exceeds 20 minutes, so you cannot Warm up your horse at least 10 minutes use the show ring to train your horse. The before entering the ring. Your horse may ring time is only long enough to need to walk for a few minutes, or trot demonstrate an ability already learned. briskly for 5-10 minutes. The warm-up 3. Study the class list, rules, and entry time will vary with the horse’s information. Fill out the entry form, making temperament. Be ready when your class is certain that you fill in all the blanks. You called. and your parents sign the entry form. You 8. Showing in performance classes is, and will not be allowed to show without your should be, fun. The fun results from parent’s or legal guardian’s signature. knowing that both you and your horse are 4 Before the show, do all the necessary fully prepared to accept the challenge of trimming of your horse and remove any the show ring. Be familiar with class bot eggs from its legs and body. During procedures. Your approach to a class warm weather, bathe your horse prior to should be serious and businesslike. Do not the show. Use mild soap and rinse your wave to friends or show off. Avoid horse thoroughly. Do not blanket a horse bunching up together in the ring. Make a during cold weather to keep a winter coat small circle, or cut across part of the ring to from growing, unless you plan to keep find a free space in the arena. Keep your your horse blanketed the entire winter. horse under control at all times. If it Covering the horse with a light sheet may becomes unruly, ride to the center of the help keep its coat from bleaching in the ring and ask permission to leave the arena. hot sunlight during the summer. Keeping Don’t endanger other horses and riders. If the horse in its stall during the day and out your horse kicks, tie a red ribbon on its tail at night will also prevent bleaching. to warn others. 5. Clean all the tack you will use at the show. 9. Obey class commands smoothly. When Check cinches for wear and fraying. Be riding, position your horse so that the sure saddle blankets are clean. Gather judge has a good view of it at all times. together your grooming tools; include a Never deliberately block the judge’s view bucket and sponge for last minute touch- of another exhibitor. When lining up, allow ups. Bring hay and a water bucket to the room on either side of your horse for the show for your horse. Be sure your clothing judge to get a good view. Have your horse is neat and clean, boots are polished, and standing squarely on all four feet or hat, gloves, and accessories are all according to breed type. Keep alert at all together. times. 6. You will usually transport your horse to the 10. When the winners are announced, win show by truck or trailer. If your horse is graciously—lose the same way. When nervous in the trailer, bandage its legs. riding to pick up a ribbon, take care to Blanketing will help keep it clean during avoid stepping on the judge, steward, or

32 ribbon person. If you do not receive an horse time to overcome its fear; then ride award, exit in an orderly manner after all by the obstacle. Do not punish your horse. the awards have been given out. Be a good 9. When your horse is too full of steam, work sport. Win without bragging and lose it on a longe line a few minutes before without complaining. riding. 11. You and your parents must know and 10. Don’t try to show an untrained horse. follow the ground rules of the show. These Teach the horse at home, not in the show rules will generally be posted at the show ring. office. Parents and other adults are not 11. Keep calm, confident, and collected. A allowed to help clean stalls, clean or nervous show person creates an groom your horse, coach while you are in unfavorable impression. the show ring, or approach the judge until the show is over and all judging is 12. Follow the instructions of the judge and completed. ringmaster carefully, courteously, and exactly. Safety Rules and Precautions 13. Be courteous and respect the rights of 1. At a show, tie your horse far enough away other exhibitors. from strange horses so they cannot fight. 14. Be a good sport. Win without boasting; 2. Avoid letting your horse kick. Space horses lose without complaining. when possible. If your horse is a kicker, tie 15. Know your horse, its temperament, and a red ribbon on its tail to warn other riders. reactions. Control your temper at all times, 3. When leading your horse, always walk but let your horse know you are its firm beside the horse, not ahead or behind. and kind master. Always turn the horse to the right and walk 16. Know your horse’s peculiarities. If around it. someone else is riding it, tell him or her 4. Never wrap a lead strap, halter shank, or what to expect. reins around your hand, wrist, or body. A 17. Do not punish your horse, except at the bad accident could result if the horse instant of disobedience. If you wait even a spooked. minute, your horse will not know why you 5. Keep longe lines and leads off the ground are punishing it. Punish without anger, lest to prevent them from entangling your feet. your punishment be too severe. Never 6. When using a double-rigged saddle, do the strike your horse about the head. front cinch first, the rear cinch last; when 18. Never ride off and leave a mounting rider unsaddling, unbuckle the rear cinch first. alone. Failing to do so can spook your horse and 19. Make sure the excess latigo strap does not cause a bad accident. work loose and drag. The horse may step 7. Soon after starting to ride, dismount and on the latigo or it may hang up on tighten the girth. Horses often swell up something, scaring the horse and causing it when first saddled, and failure to tighten to injure the rider. girths later can result in serious accidents. 20. Manners and suitability to the owner are 8. Keep your horse under control at all times prime qualities in any horse. Know your and maintain a secure seat. Horses are horse and make sure that your manners are easily frightened by strange objects and at least equal to your horse’s. noises. Anticipate these things and steady 21. Never race. Horse play is only for the your horse. If your horse is frightened by unmounted horse, not for the horse and an obstacle, steady the animal; give your rider.

33 22. Treat other people on horses and afoot in 25. If you use a lead shank with a chain, use it the same way you would like to be treated. properly. Never jerk or yank on the lead 23. Wear boots when riding and handling strap when you have the chain under your horses. Tennis shoes can slip through the horse’s chin. Using a chain to control your stirrups. Soft-soled shoes will allow the horse is a poor substitute for good training. toes to curl around the stirrup. Be certain 26. Before jumping, learn to go over a cavaletti your stirrups are not too narrow for your with and without stirrups. 1 boots. You should have an extra /2 inch of 27. If a rider falls from a horse, he or she space between the side of the stirrup and should not be moved until checked by a your boot. nurse or physician. 24. Wear ASTM-SEI equestrian-approved 28. Keep bridle reins, stirrup leathers, protective headgear when riding. This will headstalls, curb straps, and cinch straps in help prevent head injuries if you fall from the best possible condition. Check these your horse. items frequently for signs of wear, cracking or fraying. Replace or repair any that need care.

34 Class rules for Performance Horse

General Rules

These Performance Horse Rules are 4-H policy in 2. Youths who reach their 19th birthday before Washington State. For situations not covered in January 1 of the current 4-H year are no this rule book, refer to Washington State longer eligible for 4-H membership. Horseman and American Horse Shows Requirements Association rules for the current year. When 4-H rules conflict with Association rules, 4-H rules Project Enrollment supersede all others. Counties may create or adapt rules to meet Members should have completed, or be local needs. As an example, a green horse (age currently enrolled in, the Beginning 5 or under) could be allowed in either regular Horsemanship project. performance horse classes using training Headgear Requirement equipment, a green horse longe line class, in- hand trail class for green horses, a cross pole Washington State University Cooperative equitation and hunter class, or aged green Extension recommends that 4-H youth who horse class (horses over 5 that have never been participate in the 4-H Equine Program wear shown). protective headgear when they work with, are around, drive, or are mounted on a horse, Age and Enrollment pony, or mule. Refer to the Washington 4-H policy on the inside front cover for specific Age implementation. 1. Youths in the third (3rd) grade who have Equipment reached their eighth (8th) birthday by January 1 of the current 4-H year are Each member must have equipment for the eligible to enroll in the 4-H horse program. specific classes entered. Refer to the appropriate divisions. Adjustments to tack and 35 attire for valid medical reasons is permitted, must be offered before Western Pleasure. If provided show management is notified prior to entries warrant, Saddle Seat or Hunt Seat the class. Equitation must be offered before English Project Animal Pleasure classes. If entries warrant, it is recommended that all shows offer at least two Each member is expected to have access to one Equitation classes and a Fitting and Showing or more horses. A lend-lease agreement is Class; for example, Stock Seat Equitation, permissible if the member cares for the horse. A Bareback Equitation, and Fitting and Showing. member may borrow, rent, or lease a horse for 4-H Shows, Open Shows, and Fairs a project. Indicate this in the record book. Also, Offering 4-H Classes members of the same family may use the same horse, but each member must have separate Classes designated as 4-H classes in the state of record books and must list the project animal as Washington must be governed by this manual. being used jointly. If clarification is needed, refer to current Washington State Horseman Rules. Possession Ribbons and Awards Project animals must be in possession of the member at least 90 days before the animal may 4-H uses the Danish System of Awards. In this be shown at the official county exhibit activity. system every contestant receives an award—a The member is encouraged to keep a record of flat blue, red, white, or yellow ribbon. Trophies, expenses and monies earned in a 4-H record rosettes, etc., may be awarded in addition to book. The horse shown in a 4-H exhibit activity the Danish System Awards. must be the project horse. Participation

Replacement Show management may invite participation Counties have the option to use an appeal from 4-H clubs outside the county or may limit board or committee process to determine if the participation in its 4-H show to 4-H members animal in question can be replaced in the case from its own county. This should be stated on of death or severe injury. the entry form. Horseless Horse Project Conduct

A youth without access to a horse may enroll in These rules shall apply to the following the Horseless Horse project. Primary members persons: owner, exhibitor, family members, and (grades K-2) may also enroll in the Horseless friends of the person participating in the show Horse project. or fair. Show and Ring 1. No one is allowed to coach contestants while the contestants are in the show ring. Show Classes 2. The ring is off-limits to everyone except working show personnel. Any or all of the classes listed in this manual may be offered at a show or fair where 4-H 3. The judge should not be approached until classes are conducted. judging is completed. 4. Any infractions of the above may cause Class Priorities dismissal of contestants from the class and When management must choose between the show. Equitation classes and Pleasure classes, 5. The ringmaster, paddock steward, or gate Equitation classes must take priority. For person should advise the judge of any example, Stock Seat and Bareback Equitation unruly horse so the judge, at his or her

36 discretion, may dismiss the exhibitor and medication which could affect the performance horse from the class. or disposition of the horse, resulting in an unfair 6. Show management reserves the right to advantage. dismiss any youth or party from any 4-H 4-H Ground Rules class or show for any misconduct or lack of sportsmanship, infractions of the ground Leaders and Parents: Be sure your members are rules, and/or class rules for 4-H aware of the following ground rules when Performance Horse as stated in this participating in 4-H activities. manual. Show management may forfeit all BREAKING ANY OF THE FOLLOWING RULES awards received at the show or in the class. MAY RESULT IN DISMISSAL BY SHOW Protests MANAGEMENT FROM THE SHOW AND FORFEITURE OF ALL AWARDS. ALSO, ANY When an individual is assisting with a 4-H GROSS ABUSE OF THESE RULES MAY RESULT show, no one should interrupt or interfere in IN THE REMOVAL OF A 4-H MEMBER FROM any manner. Someone who does not agree with THE 4-H PROGRAM. what is being done should take written 4-H events are provided for under the auspices comments to the management. A judge’s of Washington State University Cooperative decisions, representing his or her individual Extension. For youth safety, we ask that these preference, are not protestable unless they are rules be observed. alleged to be in violation of the rules. 1. No alcoholic beverages. The protest must be in writing, signed by the person making the charges, and addressed to 2. No drugs. the “Show Management.” Protests shall be 3. No smoking or chewing tobacco in the lodged within 12 hours of the time of the cause exhibit area. of protest. The protest shall be acted upon by 4. No dogs allowed on grounds unless on a the show committee. Counties may require a leash or confined. deposit to be paid with the protest. This deposit 5. No abuse of animals. will be refunded if the protest is upheld. 6. No coaching of exhibitors while they are Entry Regulation Concerning Accidents in the ring or showing their animals. 7. Only 4-H members may ride, groom, Each horse and rider is eligible as entered on an school, or handle a horse while on the appropriate entry form. It is understood that the show grounds. parent or legal guardian and the 4-H participant 8. The ring is off-limits to everyone except make the entry at their own risk and are subject working show personnel. to class rules for 4-H Performance Horse as stated in this manual. If any loss or damage 9. Approach the judge for information only, should occur from any cause, the participant, not to dispute placings, and only after parent, or legal guardian will not make any judging is completed. claim against anyone connected with the 4-H 10. A visibly ill animal can be dismissed from event or owner(s) of the grounds on which the participation by show personnel. show is located. 11. All exhibitors will participate in Drugging herdsmanship if offered. 12. Leaders will ask any members of their club The following statement is Washington State’s to leave the grounds if behavior is 4-H philosophy and policy regarding drugging unacceptable. of animals: It is not consistent with Washington State 4-H policy to administer any drug or 13. No riding horses double at any time.

37 14. No riding horses using halters only. arrangements to have members of the same 15. No racing or running horses outside the club park or tie their horses in the same area. show arena. Horses should be properly tied with safety in mind. The club should have a sign or banner Post these ground rules at every 4-H function. identifying the club. The basic considerations for neatness, courtesy, conduct, comfort of the Herdsmanship horse, and work done by the 4-H members can be generally the same as in the herdsmanship When Stabling Is Available rules for shows where stabling is available.

First Division Basis for Scoring (when stabling is not available) Each exhibitor is responsible for the care and Club Members: cleanliness of his or her own horse and Appearance (clean and neat) 5 equipment. The 4-H members may assist each Friendliness, courtesy, and conduct 5 other, but the parents are not to help, unless the Cooperation on job where needed 5 safety of the child or horse is at stake. Work done by members 5 The individual exhibitor will be judged on Subtotal 20 seven criteria: Horse: • Cleanliness and grooming of the horse; Securely and properly tied 10 • Securing gate; Clean and comfortable 10 • Tying of horse; Evidence of feeding and watering 10 Safely tied in relation to other horses 10 • Cleanliness and arrangement of water and feed; Subtotal 40 • Cleanliness of stall; General Club Area: Club area clean, neat, and orderly 20 • Identification stall cards; Tack, feed, and other equipment stored • Exhibitor decorations (see State 4-H Fair for convenience, order, and safety 15 Premium List). The 4-H exhibitor should check the stall he or Club banner or sign for identification 5 she has been assigned carefully for protruding Subtotal 40 nails, splinters, and other objects that might Total 100 cause injury to the horse before placing the animal in the stall. Exhibitor Second Division

The second division is the club. This consists of Regulations for All Seats the things that the club must work on as a The exhibitor section is divided into the whole. These responsibilities include following divisions. The prize list must state cleanliness of the barn aisle and the tack room, which competition is to be offered. and displaying the club banner. Educational effects are optional for each county. 1. Fitting and Showing—if entries warrant— may be divided into: One-Day Show with No a. Western Stabling b. Saddle Seat Show management wishing to offer c. Hunt Seat herdsmanship judging during a one-day show d. Pony with no stalls available should make

38 2. Bareback Equitation—if entries warrant— 3. Any rider not having his or her mount may be divided into: under sufficient control shall be dismissed a. Western from the ring and shall be disqualified from b. Saddle Seat that class at the judge’s discretion or by the c. Hunt Seat show chair or committee. d. Pony 4. Change of horse is permissible in the ring 3. Stock Seat Equitation only in Fitting and Showing classes. No 4. Hunt Seat Equitation handler shall be asked to perform a test with another horse before performing the 5. Saddle Seat Equitation same test with his or her own horse. 6. Pony Equitation—may be divided into: 5. Attendants are not allowed in the ring a. Stock Seat except at the request of the judge(s). b. Hunt Seat c. Saddle Seat (Hunt and Saddle Seat may be 6. When additional tests are desired, the combined if necessary). judge’s instructions to riders shall be publicly announced. It is suggested that the 7. Optional Equitation Classes judge review these instructions with the Class Divisions announcer immediately before they are announced to assure mutual understanding Grade of the wording. Judges must ask the same All classes shall be divided, if entries warrant, tests of each rider. into the following divisions: 7. If eliminations for a class are separated 1. Junior Member—3rd, 4th, and 5th grades; from the final phase of the performance, each phase shall have equal consideration 2. Intermediate Member—6th, 7th, and 8th in selecting the winner. The final phase grades; shall be conducted in the same manner as 3. Senior Member—9th, 10th, 11th, 12th the elimination except a different course grades, and not 19 years of age before may be used in Hunt Seat classes, and January 1 of the current 4-H year. Seniors different tests may be used in all classes. If may be divided into Senior A: 9th and 10th a posted workout is to be used at a later grades; and Senior B: 11th and 12th grades, time, it should be posted near the “in” gate and beyond, in counties where enrollment before the workout is called. warrants. 8. The fair or show management has the right Horses and ponies compete together unless to disqualify any horse showing signs of pony classes are offered. For safety, the lameness, unsoundness, or stress, from separation of pony and horse classes is further competition. Management instructs encouraged. Ponies are not to compete with the judge not to use such an animal in the horses in the same divisions when pony classes placings and to inform the exhibitor in the are offered. arena that the horse is lame or unsound. Judging Requirements 9. Each contestant shall be given a number by show management. This must be 1. Only the rider is judged in Equitation displayed on the rider’s back at all times classes; therefore, any horse that is suitable when the contestant is being judged. The and capable of performing the required rider or handler will be penalized for class routine is acceptable. having his or her hair or anything else 2. The fall of horse or rider shall not obscuring the judge’s view of this number. necessarily eliminate rider, but the rider 10. Division of Classes. If the number of may be penalized at the judge’s discretion. entries in any one class is so large that it

39 would present a problem, either in judging Western Tack. Horses may be shown in a halter or safety, the class must be divided into with a throatlatch. Whips are not permitted. sections. Each section is judged in the Saddle Seat Tack. Horses may be shown in same manner, with the top blue ribbon halter or double bridle. If a full double bridle is winners in each section coming back to used, the horse may be shown off the curb or compete against each other for any top snaffle. awards. It is recommended that no more Whips. Whips are permissible with Saddle Seat than 20 horses compete collectively in a attire and Hunt Seat attire. If used with Saddle small arena, or no more than 30-35 horses Seat attire, the whip may not be longer than 4 compete collectively in a large arena at feet, including snapper. If used with Hunt Seat any one time. attire, the whip, crop, or bat may not be longer 11. Competitors must be penalized for than 3 feet. Whips are not allowed in Western incomplete appointments, but not Fitting and Showing. If all classes are judged necessarily disqualified. together, whips are not allowed. 12. If there is confusion about a rule and/or a Personal Attire requirement and no clarification can be located, the “benefit of the doubt” is to be Refer to the appropriate equitation division for given to the 4-H member. attire requirements. Spurs and chaps are not 13. All basic class appointments are to be allowed. Exhibitors and judges should bear in adhered to in all classes, except designated mind that at all times entrants are being judged special pleasure classes for breeds that do on ability rather than personal attire. However, not have a normal walk, trot/jog, or canter/ careful grooming and neatness are the first lope (i.e., Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, considerations regarding the handler’s Missouri Foxtrotter, etc.). Only in a special appearance and attire. pleasure class will breed-specific Judging Requirements appointments be allowed (i.e., Western- Cavesson, two hands on reins, etc.). Exhibitors will be asked to demonstrate their ability to lead, turn, set up, and move their Fitting and Showing animals as the judge requests. Additional tests as listed may be asked. Appointments The following principles always apply: • Individual tests must be performed with Tack official(s) involved in the same relative Halters may be made of webbing, rope, or position to each exhibitor. leather, but must have throatlatches. Shanks • The exhibitor shall not stand directly in may be of webbing, rope, or leather, and be front of the horse. from 5 to 8 feet long. A chain is not required, • The quartering system is required. but it may be used either over the nose or • Horses may be shown, trimmed, and under the chin, with the excess chain run up groomed according to breed type. the off cheek or doubled back to the lead. All tack should be clean and well-fitted to the • The exhibitors shall not touch the horse horse. except when executing a requested test that allows such touch (for example, side- Hunt Seat Tack. Horses may be shown in halter, pass and turn on the forehand), and to English show bridle, snaffle, pelham, or full double bridle. Arabian show halter may be used, but is not encouraged.

40 smooth the mane or forelock if the judge’s 2. Side-Pass. You may touch your horse. If inspection has disturbed the grooming. you carry a whip, do not use it to touch Basis for Scoring your animal unless you have received permission from the judge to do so. 10% The 4-H Member. Neat, clean, and 3. 360-degree Turn on Haunches to the Right. properly dressed. Attire suitable for 4. 180-degree Turn on the Forehand. From the type of tack being used on the the near side, hold the lead in the left hand horse. Poised and confident. and use your right hand to ask the horse to Courteous, prompt, alert, and move. From the off side, hold the lead in attentive. the right hand and use your left hand to 30% Horse and Equipment. Condition and ask the horse to move. general appearance show thriftiness— 5. Lead from the Off (Right) Side. Reverse neither too fat nor too thin. Hair your hand position—left hand holding the smooth and glossy. Mane and tail lead with the excess in the right hand. glossy. Horse free from dandruff, dust, and dirt. Mane and tail combed or 6. Answer questions on the parts of the horse. separated out, and clean. Ears, chin, 7. Answer questions on grooming and jaw, muzzle, bridlepath, and fetlocks showing of specific breeds. trimmed, or trimmed according to 8. Explain the use of grooming tools. breed type. Feet clean and trimmed, 9. Fitting and Showing Demonstration (1-2 shoes optional. Hoof dressing, for minutes). example, hoof black, is permissible. Clipped mane should be neat and 10. Demonstrate the proper use of a whip and short. If showing Hunt Seat, forelock, a chain. mane, and tail may be braided but it 11. Change horses (this test may be used only should be done neatly and correctly. after the handler has demonstrated the Bridle or halter should be of same test with his/her own animal). serviceable material, fit horse properly, and be clean. Horse should Hunt Seat/Hunt Seat be well-mannered and trained to Over Fences Equitation show at halter. 60% Showing. Ability to show the horse to Seat and Hands good advantage, to lead at the walk and trot, set up, and move the horse General as directed by the judge. Exhibitor The rider should have a workmanlike should watch both the horse and the appearance, with seat and hands light and judge. Exhibitor must be able to supple, conveying the impression of complete follow directions as given by the control should any emergency arise. judge. Judge may ask additional tests of contestants. Hands Tests Hands should be slightly over and in front of horse’s withers, knuckles 30 degrees inside the 1. Back Horse. If asked to back, turn and face vertical, hands slightly apart, and making a horse, and back it at least four steps, bring straight line from horse’s mouth to rider’s elbow. it forward, and set up again. You should be Method of holding reins is optional and the ends able to do this without touching your horse of the reins may fall on either side. However, all or changing hands on the lead. reins must be picked up at same time.

41 Basic Position mouthpiece may be covered in latex, rubber, or Eyes should be up and shoulders back. Toes plastic, or may be uncovered. A single twisted should be at an angle best suited to rider’s wire snaffle meeting this criteria is acceptable. conformation; ankles flexed in, heels down, A judge can penalize a horse with calf of leg in contact with horse and slightly nonconventional types of bits and nosebands. behind girth. Iron should be on the ball of the Boots and wraps are not permitted in Flat foot (Fig. 56). classes, but boots are permitted in Over-Fences classes. Martingales and tie-downs are permitted in Over-Fences classes, but are prohibited in Flat classes. Optional. Breast plate or breast collar. Personal Attire

Exhibitors and judges should bear in mind that at all times entries are being judged on ability rather than on personal attire. However, neatness is expected in the rider’s attire. Required. Wear a ratcatcher, long-sleeved tailored shirt, or a turtleneck sweater; pants, breeches, or jodhpurs; tall hunt boots or jodhpur boots; an ASTM-SEI equestrian- approved helmet. Optional. Hunt coat (conservative colors recommended); spurs; crop or bat (not over 3 feet long); tie or pin. Figure 56. Hunt Seat Position Class Routine Position in Motion Over Fences At the walk, sitting trot, and canter, body The performance begins when the horse enters should be a couple of degrees in front of the ring or is given the signal to proceed after vertical; posting trot—inclined forward; entering the ring. Except for refusals, jumping galloping and jumping—same inclination as the faults of the horse will not be considered unless posting trot. it is the result of the rider’s ability. Appointments These major faults may be cause for elimination: Tack 1. A refusal. Saddle. Type of English saddle used is optional; 2. Loss of stirrup. however, a cut-back park-type English saddle or a Western saddle is prohibited. 3. Trotting while on course when not part of a test. Bridle. Snaffle, Pelham, Kimberwick, or full double bridle (all with cavasson or drop 4. Loss of reins. nosebands) are allowed. The snaffle may have a 5. Excessive speed. solid or jointed (up to three pieces) Each contestant may circle once before mouthpiece. The mouthpiece must be at least approaching the first jump. He or she shall then 3 /8-inch diameter, as measured one inch from proceed around the course, keeping an even the rein ring. Any taper shall be gradual. The pace throughout.

42 Tests Three cumulative refusals will eliminate the horse and rider. Instructions must be announced publicly. Any or all contestants may be called back to 1. Halt (4 to 6 seconds) and/or back. perform at a walk, trot and canter, or to execute 2. Hand gallop. any appropriate tests. 3. Figure-eight at trot, demonstrating change Flat Classes of diagonals. At left diagonal, rider should Contestants shall enter the ring and shall be sitting the saddle when left front leg is proceed at least once around the ring at each on the ground; at right diagonal, rider gait (walk, trot/intermediate gait, and canter) should be sitting the saddle when right and, on command, reverse and repeat. The front leg is on the ground; when circling order to reverse may be executed by turning clockwise at a trot, rider should be on left either toward or away from the rail. Light diagonal; when circling counter-clockwise, contact with horse’s mouth is required. Entries rider should be on the right diagonal. shall then line up on command. Individual 4. Figure-eight at canter on correct lead, pattern work may be requested by the judge; demonstrating simple change of lead. (This however, the pattern is only a portion of the is a change whereby the horse is brought total class. Off course will be penalized, but not back into a walk or trot and restarted into a necessarily disqualified. All tests used must be canter on the opposite lead.) Figures to be on the flat. commenced in center of two circles so that one change of lead is shown. Class Requirements 5. Work collectively at a walk, trot, or canter. Over-Fences Classes 6. Pull up and halt (4 to 6 seconds). Height of Fences. Not to exceed 3 feet. Height 7. Ride without stirrups or drop and pick up to be determined by ability of horse and/or stirrups. rider. 8. Turn on the forehand. Number. Courses consist of at least six 9. Figure-eight at canter on correct lead, obstacles with at least one change of direction. demonstrating flying change of lead. Types of Fences. Basic types of fences are 10. Execute serpentine at a trot and/or canter allowed. Bizarre and dangerous jumps are on correct lead, demonstrating simple or prohibited. Post and rail, wall, gate, brush, flying changes of lead. coop, planks, picket fences, etc., are allowable. 11. Change leads on a line, demonstrating a Spreads should not exceed 3 feet. Wings at simple or flying change of lead. least 12 inches higher than the jumps and 24 12. Canter on counter lead. No more than 12 inches wide are compulsory when jumps are horses may counter-canter at one time. less than 20 feet wide. Distance between standards should be a minimum of 9 feet. 13. Turn on the haunches from the walk. Requirements for Specific Flat 14. Demonstration ride of approximately one Classes minute. Rider must advise judge beforehand what ride he or she plans to Junior: Tests 1-6 demonstrate. Intermediate: Tests 1-9 15. Verbal Test: question(s) regarding basic Senior: Tests 1-15 tack and equipment, stable management, or anatomy of the horse. The same questions are asked of each rider.

43 Saddle Seat Equitation

Seat and Hands

General

Judge should note that the required equitation seat should be in no way exaggerated, but be thoroughly efficient and most comfortable for riding the type of horse called for at any gait and for any length of time. In Saddle Seat Equitation classes a rider should convey the impression of effective and easy control. To show a horse well, the rider should show himself or herself to the best advantage. Ring Figure 57. Saddle Seat Position showmanship shall be taken into consideration Appointments by the judge. Hands Tack

Hands should be held in an easy position, Saddle. Flat English type. Forward seat, neither perpendicular nor horizontal to saddle, jumping, and Western saddle are prohibited. and should show sympathy, adaptability, and Bridle. Full double bridle (curb and snaffle) or control. The height the hands are held above Pelham. the withers is a matter of how and where the Martingales or similar tie-downs are prohibited. horse carries its head. The method of holding the reins is optional, except both hands must be Personal attire used and all reins must be picked up at one Exhibitors and judges should bear in mind that time. The ends of the reins should be on the off at all times entries are being judged on ability side. rather than personal attire. However, neatness Basic Position is expected in the rider’s attire. To obtain proper position, rider should be Required. Wear a long-sleeved tailored shirt; placed comfortably in the saddle and find the tie; jodhpur boots (short); ASTM-SEI equestrian- center of gravity by sitting with a slight bend at approved helmet; and pants or Kentucky the knees, but without the use of irons. While jodhpurs. Saddle suit may be worn, but must be in this position, adjust leathers to fit. Irons of conservative colors and will not be given should be placed under the ball of the foot (not preference by the judge. toe or “home”), with even pressure on the Optional. Spurs (must be unroweled); whips or entire width of sole and center of iron. Foot crops (must not be over 4 feet long, including position should be natural (neither extremely in snapper). nor out) (Fig. 57). Class Routine Position in Motion Class to enter ring turning to the right and Walk. Slight motion in saddle. proceeding in a counter-clockwise direction. Trot. Slight elevation in saddle posting; hips Class shall proceed at least once around the under body, not mechanical up and down nor ring at each gait (walk, trot/intermediate gait, swinging forward and backward. and canter) and, upon command, reverse and Canter. Close seat, going with the horse. repeat. The order to reverse may be executed by turning either towards or away from the rail.

44 Entries shall line up on command. Individual 12. Figure-eight at canter on correct lead, performance may be requested by the judge; demonstrating simple change of lead. This however, the pattern is only a portion of the is a change whereby the horse is brought total class. Off course will be penalized, but not back into a halt/walk and restarted into a necessarily disqualified. canter on the opposite lead. Unless Class Requirements specified, it may be started either facing the center or away from the center. If Junior: Tests 1-8 started facing the center, it must be Intermediate: Tests 1-12 commenced from a halt. Figures are commenced in center of two circles so that Senior: Tests 1-15 one lead change is shown. Tests 13. Change leads down center of ring or on the rail, demonstrating simple change of Instructions must be announced publicly. lead. Judge specifies exact lead changes, as 1. Pick up reins (only in line). well as beginning lead. In a simple change 2. Circle at a trot. of lead, the horse is brought to a halt/walk 3. Performance on rail. and restarted into a canter on the opposite lead from the halt or walk. 4. Performance around ring. 14. Ride without stirrups for a brief period, 5. Feet disengaged from stirrups. Feet with no more than one minute at the engaged. In the line-up only. trotting phase. Riders may be asked to 6. Change of diagonals down center of ring engage stirrups at the halt or walk. or on the rail. 15. Demonstration ride of approximately one 7. Execute serpentine at a trot. A serpentine is minute on own mount. Movements must a series of left and right half circles off be selected from tests 1-14 above. Rider center of imaginary line where correct must advise judge beforehand what ride he diagonal must be shown. or she plans to demonstrate. Rider must 8. Back for not more than eight steps. have two copies (one for the judge and 9. Figure-eight at trot, demonstrating change one for the announcer) of a written one- of diagonals. Unless specified, it may be minute workout, in case the judge asks for started either facing the center or away this test. The test must be stopped at the from the center. If started facing the center, end of one minute, but the rider will not be it must be commenced from a halt. At left penalized for not completing it. diagonal, rider should be sitting the saddle when left front leg is on the ground; at Stock Seat Equitation right diagonal, rider should be sitting the saddle when right front leg is on the Seat and Hands ground. When circling clockwise, rider should be on left diagonal; when circling General counter-clockwise, rider should be on right Riders will be judged on seat, hands, diagonal. performance of horse, appointments of horse 10. Execute a serpentine at a canter on correct and rider, and suitability of horse to rider. lead, demonstrating a simple change of Results as shown by the performance of horse lead. This is a change whereby the horse is are not to be considered more important than brought back to a halt/walk and restarted the method used in obtaining them. Good into a canter on the opposite lead. hands are paramount. 11. Circle at the canter on the correct lead.

45 Hands

Arms are in a straight line with the body—the arm holding the reins bent at the elbow. Only one hand is to be used for reining and hands shall not be changed. Hand should be around reins. When using romal or when ends of split reins are held in hand not used for reining, no fingers are allowed between the reins (Fig. 58). The rider may hold romal or ends of split reins to keep from swinging and to adjust position of the reins, provided they are held at least 16 inches from the rein hand—the hand is above and as near the horn as possible. Figure 59. Stock Seat Equitation Position When split reins are used and ends of split reins fall on the same side as the rein hand, one Position in Motion finger between the reins is permitted. The position of the hand not used for reining is The rider should sit to the jog and not post. At optional, but should be kept free of the horse the lope, he or she should be close to the and equipment, and held in a relaxed saddle. All movements of the horse should be manner—with the rider’s body straight at all governed by the use of imperceptible aids; times. shifting of the rider’s weight is not desirable. Bracing against horn or coiled riata will be Appointments penalized. Basic Seat Position Tack

The stirrups should be just short enough to Saddle. Any standard Western saddle may be allow heels to be lower than toes. The rider’s used, but it must fit the rider. Silver is not to be body should always appear comfortable, given preference by the judge. Tapaderos relaxed, and flexible. Feet should be placed in (stirrup covers) are not allowed. the stirrups with the weight on the balls of the Bridle. Any Western bridle that includes a curb feet. The stirrup width varies on Western strap or curb chain may be used. This includes saddles. If stirrups are too wide, the foot may bridles with throatlatches and split-ear bridles. have the appearance of being “home” when, in Throatlatches on all bridles are strongly reality, the weight is being properly carried on recommended for safety purposes. the balls of the feet. Bit. Any standard Western bit is acceptable. A standard Western bit is defined as having a shank with a maximum length of 8!/2 inches. The mouthpiece will consist of a metal bar #/8 to #/4 inches in diameter as measured one inch in from the shank. The bar may vary from a straight bar to a full spade with nothing extending below the horizontal plane of the mouthpiece other than a roller attached to the center of the bit. Jointed mouthpieces, swivel Figure 58. Stock Seat Equitation ports, and flat polo mouthpieces are permitted. Hand Position with Split Reins Silver is not to be given preference. Curb chains or leather chin straps may be used but must be at least !/2 inch wide and must lie flat against

46 the jaws of the horse. No mechanical Junior: Tests 1-4 hackamores, tie-downs, running Martingales, Intermediate: Tests 1-6 drawreins, or nosebands are allowed. Senior: Tests 1-11 Optional. Hobbles, a lariat or reata, and breast collars are optional. Tests Shin boots, bell boots, or other protective Instructions must be publicly announced. devices may be used only in Medal, Western 1. Back. Reining Equitation, Western Riding, and Green Horse classes. 2. Individual performance on the rail. 3. Figure-eight at the jog. Personal Attire 4. Lope and stop. Exhibitors and judges should bear in mind that 5. Figure-eight at lope on correct lead, at all times entries are being judged on ability demonstrating simple change of lead. (This rather than personal attire. However, careful is a change whereby the horse is brought grooming and neatness are a consideration back into a walk or jog and restarted into a concerning the rider’s appearance and attire. lope on the opposite lead.) One figure- Hair must be well-groomed and fastened so as eight demonstrates two changes of lead not to cover the rider’s number. and is completed by closing up the last Required. Wear a long-sleeved shirt with collar; circle and stopping in the center of the necktie, kerchief, bolo tie or pin; pants or eight. trousers; belt; ASTM-SEI equestrian-approved 6. Figure-eight at lope on correct lead, helmet; Western boots. demonstrating flying change of lead. Optional. Chaps and spurs are optional but not 7. Change leads down center of ring, given preference by the judge. A belt is optional demonstrating simple change of lead. if a vest is worn that covers the belt loops. Gloves, vest, jacket, coat, and/or sweater may 8. Ride serpentine course, demonstrating also be worn. flying change of lead at each change of direction. Class Routine 9. Demonstrate sliding stop. Contestants enter the ring at the walk or jog or 10. Execute 360-degree turns (spins). intermediate gait, and are to be judged at a flat- 11. Rollbacks. footed four-beat walk, a jog or intermediate gait, and a lope. They shall be worked both Bareback Equitation directions in the ring and shall always be on the correct lead. The order to reverse may be Seat and Hands executed by turning either toward or away from the rail. Individual performances may be General requested by the judge; however, the pattern is only a portion of the total class. Off course will Riders will be judged on hands, seat, and be penalized, but not necessarily disqualified. suitability of horse to rider. Class Requirements Hands, Basic Position, and Position in Motion Riders should be able to perform not only the These basic points are the same as for Stock ring routine demanded of them, but also Seat, Saddle Seat, or Hunt Seat Equitation. No additional tests the judge requests. Horses shall mount or dismount is required or allowed. be required to back in a straight line in all classes.

47 Appointments Fitting and Showing

Tack May be divided by grade, or into Saddle Seat, Hunt Seat, and Western if entries warrant. Bridles are the same as for Saddle Seat, Hunt Otherwise, all types may compete together. See Seat, or Stock Seat Equitation divisions. Spurs, rules for Fitting and Showing Division. whips, or crops are optional; if used, must Bareback Equitation follow rules of the division in which they are being used. See rules for Bareback Equitation Division. Personal Attire Stock Seat Equitation

Attire shall be appropriate to the equitation See rules for Stock Seat Equitation Division. division. Chaps may be prohibited in Bareback Hunt Seat Equitation at the discretion of the show management or county. If prohibited, it must be so stated in the See rules for Hunt Seat Equitation Division. For premium list. Chaps are prohibited at State 4-H Over-Fences classes: Horse Exhibit. 1. Small ponies (under 48 inches)—fences not Class Routine higher than 2 feet 3 inches high.

The horse shall enter the ring at the walk, 2. Larger ponies (48 to 56 inches)—fences not unless otherwise instructed. Horses are to be more than 2 feet 6 inches high. shown both directions in the ring at a walk, Saddle Seat Equitation trot/jog or intermediate gait, and canter/lope on the correct lead, and on command, reverse, See rules for Saddle Seat Equitation Division. and repeat. Western riders must sit the jog. Rider’s Age English riders must post the trot on the correct diagonal. Individual performance is given at the A contestant riding a pony may be of any age judge’s discretion. within the allowed age requirements. However, the pony and rider must be suited to each other. Class Requirements Pony Size Refer to specific sections in each equitation division. If entries warrant, the Bareback class In counties where there are not many ponies, should be divided into Western and English ponies of any size (up to 56 inches), may sections, with the English section again divided compete together. When there are a great into Saddle Seat and Hunt Seat sections, if number of ponies, they may be divided into entries warrant. small pony and large pony divisions: 1. Small Pony—under 48 inches high. Pony Division 2. Large Pony—48 to 56 inches high.

In shows where large numbers of contestants Class Requirements show ponies, classes for ponies only may be Refer to rules for the appropriate class for class offered. If so, riders showing ponies may not routine, tack and attire, and tests from which a compete in both the pony and horse divisions judge may choose. in those classes. If pony classes are not offered, ponies compete with horses in the riders’ respective classes.

48 Optional Equitation Working Classes Trail horses are required to work over and Western or English Riding through obstacles. Tests which may be required Horse Equitation are: negotiating gate; carrying objects from one part of the arena to another; riding through This is an equitation class judged on the water, over logs, or simulated brush; riding Western or English Riding Horse Pattern (Fig. down, into, and up out of a ditch, without 60). If entries warrant, this class should be lunging or jumping; crossing a bridge; backing divided into Western and English classes. through obstacles; side-passing; mounting and Riders’ requirements are the same as in dismounting from either side; and performing previously described equitation divisions. any reasonable conditions encountered on the 1. Stock Seat trail. 2. Saddle Seat Unnatural obstacles such as fire extinguishers, perforated plywood in water boxes, or exotic 3. Hunt Seat animals should be avoided. Care in preparing Riders are disqualified for not following the the course should be exercised to prevent a pattern. The pattern must be posted one hour direct advantage to either a small or large prior to the class. horse. The course is to include a jog and a lope of Gate suitable duration to determine the way of going. Management is encouraged to design obstacle courses that may be negotiated in 90 seconds. While the horse is in motion, the rider’s hands shall be clear of the horse to avoid cuing. Judges are encouraged to advance any Walk horse taking excessive time on to the next obstacle. Entry will be judged on responsiveness, willingness, and general Log Stop attitude. Back Appointments

Western Jog Tack. Same as for Stock Seat Equitation. Personal Attire. Same as for Stock Seat Equitation. Lope Marker English—Saddle Seat

Tack. Same as for Saddle Seat Equitation. Personal Attire. Same as for Saddle Seat Figure 60. Western or English Riding Pattern Equitation. Trail Horse Class English—Hunt Seat Tack. Same as for Hunt Seat Equitation. All classes are divided if entries warrant. Horses Personal Attire. Same as for Hunt Seat and ponies compete together unless pony Equitation. classes are offered.

49 Trail Obstacles and Tests 5. Optional Pleasure (Breed or Type; Color, The course will have a minimum of six etc.) obstacles. Show management will determine Judging Requirements the maximum. Tie-breaker obstacles will be predetermined before the trail class starts. Trail In Pleasure classes, judging is based on class may be posted at any time, but no performance of the horse. The horse must give changes are to be made after posting. a distinct appearance of being a pleasure to Instructions must be specific. Scoring to be 0- ride. All gaits must be performed with 10, with 10 being the highest on each obstacle. willingness and obvious ease, cadence, Obstacles and tests may include: balance, and smoothness. Horses should be agile, athletic, supple, prompt, willing to show 1. Gate impulsion with calmness and good manners, 2. Bridge or platform and serviceably sound. 3. Walk-over or lead-over English Pleasure—Other Than 4. Back through obstacle Hunter Type Division 5. Bank Appointments 6. Water crossing 7. Mailbox See Exhibitor Section. 8. Mounting and dismounting from either Qualifying Gaits side The horse must give the distinct appearance of 9. Side-pass being a pleasure to ride. All gaits must be 10. Walk through brush performed with willingness and obvious ease, 11. Walk up to or pass plastic, paper, canvas cadence, balance, and smoothness. Enter the ring at a trot or intermediate gait, perform walk, 12. Logs trot, and canter both directions in the ring. The 13. Put on or remove a coat or slicker rider may be asked to back. 14. Carry an object Basis for Judging 15. Jog-over Horses are judged on manners and 16. Lope-over performance, with emphasis on a pleasurable 17. Serpentines (jog arounds) ride (80%); and on conformation (20%). 18. Turns English Pleasure—Hunter Type 19. Tie manger knot Division 20. Tie bowline knot Appointments 21. Questions from Beginning Horsemanship or this manual. See Hunt Seat/Hunt Seat Over-Fences Equitation. Pleasure Classes Qualifying Gaits

Pleasure Horse divisions include: The horse must give the appearance of being a pleasure to ride. All gaits must be performed 1. English Pleasure, Other Than Hunter Type with willingness and obvious ease, cadence, 2. English Pleasure Hunter Type balance, and smoothness. Enter the ring at the 3. Western Pleasure trot. Horses are shown at a walk, trot, and 4. Pony Pleasure canter both ways of the ring. The rider may be asked to back. The hand gallop may be asked

50 Additional Popular Classes for; no more than eight horses may gallop at one time. Western or English Riding Horse Basis for Judging Appointments. 1) Western. See Stock Seat Horses are judged on manners and Equitation Division. 2) English. See Hunt Seat performance (60%); on quality and Equitation, or Saddle Seat Equitation. conformation (30%); and on suitability of horse Working. This is neither a stunt nor a race. It is to rider (10%). a competition in the performance and Western Pleasure Division characteristics of a good, sensible, well- mannered, free, and easy-moving horse. Horses Appointments will be judged on quality of gaits (walk, jog, and lope or walk, trot, and canter), change of See Stock Seat Equitation. leads, response to rider, manners, and Qualifying Gaits disposition. A judge may require an exhibitor to repeat or reverse any part of the routine. Refer Horses are shown at a flat-footed, four-beat to Figure 60 for pattern. walk, free-moving, easy-riding jog trot/ Credit shall be given for and emphasis placed intermediate gait and lope both directions in on smoothness, even cadence of gaits and the the ring, on a reasonably loose rein without horse’s ability to change leads precisely and undue restraint; extended gaits may be easily, rear and front at the center point requested by the judge. The rider may be asked between markers. The horse should cross the to back. Special emphasis is placed on the log at both jog/trot and lope/canter without walk. breaking gait or radically changing stride. Basis for Judging Markers must be 30-50 feet apart. Any horse not following the exact pattern will be Horses are judged on manners, performance, disqualified. and conformation (see Table 5). Basis for Judging. Judging is based on Pony Pleasure Section performance with emphasis on manners (70%), If entries warrant, classes for ponies only may conformation (20%), and appointments, be offered. If they are offered, the pony may not equipment, and neatness (10%). Silver is not to be shown in another Pleasure class in the same count. division (i.e., if Pony Western Pleasure is Color Class (Western or English) offered, the pony may not show in Junior Western Pleasure). If entries warrant, all three Open to Albinos, Appaloosas, Buckskins, Duns, Pleasure divisions may be offered for ponies. Grullas, Paints, Pintos, and Palominos. Horses must show a recognizable coat and/or color 1. Pony English Pleasure Other Than Hunter pattern. They are shown at a walk, trot/ Type (see Pleasure Section). intermediate gait, and canter or lope both ways 2. Pony English Pleasure Hunter Type (see of the ring. Pleasure Section). Basis for Judging. Judging is based on colorful 3. Pony Western Pleasure (see Pleasure qualities (40%), performance and manners Section). (40%), and conformation (20%). 4. If entries warrant, the above may be divided Versatile Pleasure Horse into: Small Pony (under 48 inches) and Large Pony (48 to 56 inches) sections. Horses are shown both ways of the ring in 5. Western Reining Equitation. Western and English tack and attire (show management indicates which is first). One 6. Western or English Riding Horse.

51 Special Pleasure Classes groom is allowed to assist in changing for the second phase. The same rider shows both Classes for breeds that do not have a normal phases. All changes are to be made in the ring; walk, trot, or canter, i.e., Tennessee Walker, safety will be judged and speed is not a Paso Fino, Standardbred-Pacer, and 5-gaited consideration. Horses must stand quietly and Saddlebreds, may be offered. These classes are back readily. operated in accordance with the individual Basis for Judging. Judging is based on breed association performance rules. The rules performance (70%), conformation (20%), and for these classes are in the American Horse appointments (10%). Each phase counts Shows Association Rule Book. equally. Bridle Path Hack, Hunter Type County Options

Refer to Hunt Seat Equitation for tack and attire. Counties may add classes to fit the needs of Horses are to be shown at a walk, trot/ riders in their county. Rules for these classes intermediate gait, canter, and hand gallop; and should be printed and placed in the member’s must back easily and stand quietly. Emphasis is rule book. Additional rule sheets should be placed on horse’s suitability to purpose. made available to out-of-county 4-H’ers participating in county shows. Sources for rules Bridle Path Hack, Other than Hunter Type are in the American Horse Shows Association and Washington State Horseman current year Refer to Saddle Seat Equitation for tack and rule books. attire. Show according to breed type at an The following are examples of the classes that animated walk, animated trot/intermediate gait, may be used: and canter. Horses must stand quietly and back 1. Working Hunter Over Fences readily. 2. Pleasure Class according to Breed or Type, Basis for Judging. Judging is based on i.e., Arabian, Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, performance (60%), manners (20%), and etc. conformation (20%). 3. Command Class/Disciplined Rail Road Hack 4. Matched Pairs English tack and attire shall be suitable to 5. Working Pairs horse’s type. Horses are shown both ways of the ring at flat-footed walk, trot/intermediate 6. Combination—Driving and Riding gait, fast trot-extended intermediate gait, easy 7. Reining canter, and hand gallop with ability to move 8. Medal Equitation Classes on. No more than eight shall hand gallop at 9. Green Horse Classes (Horsemanship, one time. Light contact shall be maintained. Pleasure, Fitting and Showing, and Aged Horses must stand quietly and back readily. Green Horse) Basis for Judging. Judging is based on 10. Costume Class or Pageant Class performance (60%), manners (20%), and substance (20%). 11. Fun Classes, i.e., Egg and Spoon Race, Dollar Bill Race (Bareback) Hunter Hack 12. Adult/Parent Classes Horses are to be shown at a walk, trot, and canter both ways of the ring. The class includes jumping two fences (up to 3 feet) and a hand gallop one way of the ring. Backing may be required.

52 Resources

For additional information to help you in the Performance Horse Project, refer to the following WSU publications, available from your leader or Cooperative Extension Office: EM4842 Beginning Horsemanship CO/201 Horse Science, Unit 2 EB1612 Feeding the Performance Horse EB1283 Recommended Vaccinations for Washington Horses EM4849 Equestrian Helmet Safety

53 Braiding optional (forelock and first lock of mane with ribbons) Braiding optional (forelock than 1" Bridle path no more No braiding except Hunt Seat Bridle path 1" Ears need not be trimmed inside Body clipping common and first lock of mane braided with ribbon Forelock No braiding except Hunt Seat Minimum bridle path (up to 2") No hoof black Face, ears, and legs trimmed, but natural look is desired No braiding Natural appearance is desired Roached mane is acceptable No hoof black (clear only) and first lock of mane braided with ribbon Forelock Body clipping common and first lock of mane braided with ribbon Forelock Bridle path 1-2" optional Braided mane and forelock Minimum bridle path Full feathers allowed in “A” Braiding optional for “B” Ears not trimmed inside Stretched horses: manes and tails long natural Pleasure SquaredSquared one behindHind - one forward, not stretchedSquared, Bridle path 6-8" not stretchedSquared, SquaredSlightly stretched Usually shown as typical Hunters, braiding optional Minimum clipping Squared Clear hoof polish only No braiding SquaredSquared Bridle path 6-8" Stretched to conformation Bridle path according Stretched Natural, muzzle, ears, feathers not clipped Open, so all four legs can be viewed the side from Balanced on all four feet but may be up to 4" Bridle path not required, Square, not stretched Bridle path: none or up to 2" Bridle path 4-6" Bridle path 6-8" Manes and tails natural American Saddlebred Table 1. Trimming and Grooming Breed Preference Options Preference Breed and Grooming 1. Trimming Table BreedAndalusian Appaloosa/P.O.A. Arabian/Part Arabian Connemara Set UpMiniature Horse Missouri Fox Trotter Morgan Mustang Paso Fino Peruvian Paso Trimming and Grooming Preferences Shetland Pony Tennessee Walking Horse Warm Bloods Welsh Pony

54 Mandatory Schooling horse pattern Off Falling off horse Falling off reins Two-handing Finger between romal reins than one finger More between split reins of cinch in front Touching Excessive voice commands Excessive circling Major delays in transitions Improper appointments Illegal equipment Excessive body motion Popping out of saddle Horse’s mouth gaping Heavy hands Constant bumping gaits Restrictions causing untrue fall saddle to prevent Touching horse Touching slack Less than 16" of rein between hands Interfering with another rider Excessive spurring Loss of contact between legs and saddle, foot and stirrups Loss of stirrup jog to walk from Breaking lope to jog from Breaking Allowing horse to back crooked Missing leads to back Failure Equipment not fitting horse to use corners and rail Failure Unsuitability of horse and rider Saddle not suitable to rider’s size Attire fits poorly Dirty boots Ungroomed horse Unclean equipment Sitting off center Sitting off Sway back Round back Losing center of balance Unsteadiness position Incorrect Uneven stirrups Motion in legs weight in stirrups Insufficient position Incorrect walk to jog from Breaking jog to lope from Breaking Not standing in lineup and judge Consistency of rider’s form Suitable attire, fits well Suitable attire, Well-groomed horse Clean equipment Keeping center of balance Complete contact with saddle Straight back Quiet, light hands Maintaining consistent head position position Proper leg position Secure weight in stirrups Proper motion Controlling evenly on ball of Weight foot Heels lower than toes Maintaining horse in good form at consistent gaits Ability to maintain horse under adverse conditions Good Minor Faults Major Faults Disqualification Guidelines Only horse Good attitude toward General Overall Appearance Seat Hands Legs Control Table 2. Stock Seat Equitation Table

55 Table 3. Mandatory Dimensions of Trail Obstacles

Walk-overs Single poles Maximum height 16" Multiples Maximum height 10" Minimum width between poles 20" 20-24" between poles is considered good spacing for walk- overs, depending upon difficulty desired. No rolling poles

Cavaletti (ground poles) Jog-overs 3' to 3'6" apart (space between poles) Lope-overs 6-7' apart 7' is preferable for most horses

Back-throughs On ground Minimum of 28" between Elevated Minimum of 30" between Barrels Minimum of 32" between

Side-passes Single pole up to 24" high Slots: never closer than 24" wide (space between poles)

No tires

Serpentines (jog-arounds) Pylons 6' apart (base to base) minimum Guardrails 3' to either side of pylons Pylons 3' apart (base to base) minimum Guardrails 6-8' to either side of pylons If tall standards are used, dimensions can be looser

Gate Approximately 60" high with latch available at that height

Bridge or Platform Minimum side clearance 3'6"

Any other maneuvers Figure horse's base measurement at 5', front hooves to back hooves

56 Off course* Western: two hands on reins; more than one finger between split reins; fingers between closed reins Illegal equipment Bleeding mouth Cuing horse in front of cinch or girth Failure to attempt prescribed course Lameness Off course* Off Off course* Off Disqualification Jumping over or stampeding through obstacles Spooking when carrying objects Refusals Knock-downs Refusals to maintain gaits Failure side of bridge Off Knock-down of elevated elements Stepping out of confining elements Losing gate Fussiness and extreme tension Refusals Pulling rather than pushing gate Tense over or through obstacles Nervous when carrying objects Slight touches hesitant Too to stay on center Failure lines Slight touches Slant side-passes positions Wide Slow responses Poor head position Steady going Alert Careful, but willing Attentive Careful Willing See Pleasure Classes See Pleasure Smooth Good position Responsive to aids (on the General side; 3) skipping an obstacle the wrong 2) negotiating an obstacle from direction; course is defined as: 1) taking an obstacle in the wrong *Off line of travel. sequence; and 5) not following the correct by the judge; 4) negotiating obstacles in wrong unless directed Calmness Obstacles Water Plastic Brush Plants Carrying objects Agility Obstacles Walk-overs or lope cavalettis Trot Bridge Table 4. Trail Horse Chart of Desirable and Undesirable Qualities 4. Trail Table Trail Good Minor Faults Major Faults Elimination or course) Walk Jog/Trot Lope/Canter Control Obstacles Gates Back-throughs Side-passes and/or on forehand Turns quarters Serpentines

57 Table 5. Western Pleasure Chart of Desirable and Undesirable Qualities

Pleasure Good Minor Faults Major Faults Disqualification

Walk Ground-covering Slow Nervous Flat-footed Disinterested Jigging Good attitude Not attentive Not walking Jog Easy riding Too slow Not performing a two-beat Good motion Too fast jog Consistent Failing to jog both front and Steady back Hard or rough riding Lope Easy riding Too slow Wrong lead Good motion Too fast Pulling Consistent Hard or rough riding Steady Not performing three-beat lope Extended Jog Easy riding Inconsistent speed Breaking gaits Good motion Pulling 58 Consistent Hard or rough riding No increase in speed Back Proper flexion Hesitant Throwing head Readily responsive Not backing straight Gaping Back in straight line Pulling Not backing Rearing General Smooth Over- or under-flexion Throwing head Two hand on reins Steady Sour ears Bad mouth Fingers between closed reins Easy riding Switching tail Constantly bumping the bit More than one finger between Proper flexion and Inconsistent speed Gaping split reins balance Out of balance Obvious schooling Kicking Good attitude Poll too high or too low, Constant breaking of gaits Illegal equipment could throw horse out Lameness of balance Cuing horse in front of cinch Improper or incomplete Bleeding mouth appointments

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

By Jennifer Leach, Cowlitz/Wahkiakum 4-H Agent; Pat Pehling, Snohomish County Horse Resource Leader; and Jerry A. Newman, 4-H Youth Development Specialist, Washington State University. Washington State University Cooperative Extension publications contain material written and produced for public distribution. You may reprint written material, provided you do not use it to endorse a commercial product. Please reference by title and credit Washington State University Cooperative Extension. Issued by Washington State University Cooperative Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in fur- therance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Cooperative Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, color, gender, national ori- gin, religion, age, disability, and sexual orientation. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local Cooperative Extension office. Trade names have been used to simplify information; no endorse- ment is intended. Replaces EM4753. Revised January 1996. Subject code 812. B EM4727