DOCSLIB.ORG

Distributed Eventual Leader Election in the Crash-Recovery and General Omission Failure Models

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distributed Eventual Leader Election in the Crash-Recovery and General Omission Failure Models University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Department of Computer Architecture and Technology Distributed Eventual Leader Election in the Crash-Recovery and General Omission Failure Models Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Candidate Christian Fernández-Campusano Supervisors Roberto Cortiñas Mikel Larrea 2019 (c)2020 CHRISTIAN FERNANDEZ CAMPUSANO Abstract Distributed applications are present in many aspects of everyday life. Banking, healthcare, or transportation are some examples of such applications. These are built on top of distributed systems. Roughly speaking, a distributed system is composed of a set of processes which collaborate among them to achieve a common goal. When building such systems, designers have to cope with several issues, such as dierent synchrony assumptions and failure occurrences. Distributed systems must ensure that the delivered service is trustworthy. Agreement problems compose a fundamental class of problems in distributed systems. Agree- ment problems follow a similar pattern: all processes must agree on some common decision. Interestingly, most of the agreement problems can be considered as a particular instance of a problem called consensus, and, as a consequence, they can be solved by reduction to consensus. However, there exists a fundamental impossibility result, namely (FLP), which states that in an asynchronous distributed system, it is impossible to achieve consensus deterministically when at least one process may fail. A way to circumvent this obstacle is by using unreliable failure detectors. A failure detector is an abstraction that allows encapsulating synchrony assumptions of the system and provides (possibly incorrect) information about process failures. A particular failure detector, called Omega, has been shown to be the weakest failure detector for solving consensus with a majority of correct processes. Informally, Omega lies in providing an eventual leader election mechanism. In this work, we propose a distributed eventual leader election service prone to concurrent crash-recovery and omissions failures. Additionally, this work presents a performance study of consensus algorithms in omission and crash-recovery scenarios. The main contributions of this work are: (i) a novel denition of an eventual leader election service in distributed systems prone to failures of computation and connectivity, (ii) a specication of a weak system model for a distributed eventual leader election service, and (iii) three implementation approaches of a distributed eventual leader election service (Basic, Communication-Ecient and Indirect- Leader-Trusting Mechanism). ii Acknowledgements To my dear mother (RIP two years ago), a brave and courageous woman. To my dear father, wise and consequent. To my dear sisters and brothers, survivors of the dictatorship in Chile. To my dear friends... To my dear advisors... iv Preface This dissertation presents the results from the research carried out in the Distributed Systems Group at the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. Additionally, the part related to Distributed Eventual Leader Service was developed in collaboration with Michel Raynal, researcher member of the Institut Universitaire de France & IRISA. The published articles related to this thesis are listed below: • A Performance Study of Consensus Algorithms (Chapter3). – Conference papers: - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea. Improving the TrustedPals Framework Using Paxos. PDP 2013: Work in Progress Volume, pp. 15-16 (CORE C). - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea: Boosting Dependable Ubiquitous Computing: A Case Study. UCAmI 2013: 42-45 (WoS). - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea: A Perfor- mance Study of Consensus Algorithms in Omission and Crash-Recovery Scenarios. PDP 2014: 240-243 (CORE C). – Journal papers: - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea: Boosting Dependable Ubiquitous Computing: A Case Study . IEEE Latin America Transac- tions: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 442-448 (2014) (JCR). • Distributed Eventual Leader Election Service (Chapter4). – Conference papers: - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea: A Leader Election Service for Crash-Recovery and Omission Environments. UCAmI 2014: 320-323 (WoS). - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Mikel Larrea, Roberto Cortiñas, Michel Ray- nal: Eventual Leader Election Despite Crash-Recovery and Omission Failures. PRDC 2015: 209-214 (CORE B). - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Roberto Cortiñas, Mikel Larrea, Jian Tang: Designing and Evaluating Fault-tolerant Leader Election Algorithms. PDP 2015, Work in Progress Volume, pp. 3-4 (CORE C). - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Mikel Larrea, Roberto Cortiñas, Michel Ray- nal: A Communication-ecient Leader Election Algorithm in Partially Syn- chronous Systems prone to Crash-Recovery and Omission Failures. ICDCN 2016: 8:1-8:4 (CORE B). – Journal papers: - Christian Fernández-Campusano, Mikel Larrea, Roberto Cortiñas, Michel Ray- nal: A Distributed Leader Election Algorithm in Crash-Recovery and Omissive Systems. Information Processing Letters 2017, Volume 118: 100-104 (JCR). vi Contents Abstract i Acknowledgement iii Preface v Contents viii List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Algorithms xiii 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation......................................1 1.1.1 Aim of the Thesis..............................4 1.2 Contributions....................................5 1.3 Thesis Outline....................................6 2 Background7 2.1 Distributed Systems.................................7 2.1.1 Concurrent and Distributed Computing.................8 2.1.2 Safety and Liveness Properties......................9 2.1.3 Types of Distributed Systems.......................9 2.2 System Models for Distributed Systems...................... 11 2.2.1 Processes.................................. 11 2.2.2 Distributed Algorithms........................... 12 2.2.3 Communication Links........................... 13 2.2.4 Time and Timing Models......................... 15 2.2.5 Process Failure Models........................... 18 2.2.6 The Environment and Non-Determinism................. 21 2.3 Distributed Agreement Problems.......................... 22 2.3.1 The Non-Blocking Atomic Commitment Problem............ 22 2.3.2 The Consensus Problem.......................... 23 2.3.3 The Eventual Leader Election Problem.................. 25 2.4 Unreliable Failure Detectors............................ 26 2.4.1 Properties of Failure Detectors...................... 26 2.4.2 Failure Detector Classes.......................... 28 2.4.3 The Omega Failure Detector........................ 29 2.4.4 The Notion of Failure Detector Reduction................ 29 2.4.5 Approaches to Implementing Failure Detectors............. 31 2.5 Building Blocks for Fault-Tolerant Applications................. 31 vii 3 A Performance Study of Consensus Algorithms 33 3.1 The Study Context.................................. 33 3.2 An Overview of the Considered Consensus Algorithms............. 34 3.2.1 Chandra-Toueg’s Algorithm........................ 34 3.2.2 Lamport’s Paxos Algorithm........................ 35 3.2.3 Some Points of Comparison between both Algorithms......... 37 3.2.4 Both Algorithms Solve Fault-Tolerant Agreement............ 38 3.3 Case Study: Improving the TrustedPals Framework............... 38 3.3.1 Solving Yao’s Millionaire’s Problem.................... 39 3.3.2 A Proposal for Improving TrustedPals.................. 40 3.3.3 System Model and Assumptions...................... 41 3.3.4 Architecture of TrustedPals........................ 42 3.3.5 Obtaining ΩOm From a Simple Reduction of ^Pom ........... 42 3.3.6 A Novel Design of Architecture for TrustedPals............. 44 3.4 A Practical Comparison of both Consensus Algorithms............. 44 3.4.1 Related Studies............................... 45 3.4.2 Simulations................................. 45 3.5 Experimental Results................................ 47 3.5.1 Impact of Scalability on Average Latency................. 47 3.5.2 Understanding the Behavior of Average Latency............ 47 3.5.3 System under Multiple Simultaneous Failures.............. 51 3.6 Chapter Summary.................................. 53 4 Distributed Eventual Leader Election Service 55 4.1 Leader Election in Distributed Systems...................... 55 4.1.1 Synchrony and Failure Models...................... 56 4.1.2 Resilience to both Crash-Recovery and Omissions Failures....... 56 4.1.3 About the Detectability of Failures.................... 57 4.1.4 Failure Detection and Leader Election.................. 57 4.1.5 Communication Eciency......................... 58 4.2 System Model and Assumptions.......................... 58 4.3 Specifying an Eventual Leader Election Service.................. 60 4.3.1 From Ω to an Eventual Leader Election Functionality.......... 61 4.4 Diculties Underlying System Model Assumptions............... 63 4.5 Implementing an Eventual Leader Service..................... 64 4.5.1 Basic Eventual Leader Election...................... 65 4.5.2 Communication-Ecient Eventual Leader Election........... 71 4.5.3 Indirect-Leader Trusting Mechanism................... 78 4.6 Chapter Summary.................................. 86 5 Conclusions and Future Work 89 5.1 Research Assessment................................ 89 5.2 Future Work..................................... 91 References 93 viii List of Figures 2.1 Steps of a process.................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ACM SIGACT News Distributed Computing Column 28
    ACM SIGACT News Distributed Computing Column 28 Idit Keidar Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Technion Haifa, 32000, Israel [email protected] Sergio Rajsbaum, who edited this column for seven years and established it as a relevant and popular venue, is stepping down. This issue is my first step in the big shoes he vacated. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Sergio for providing us with seven years’ worth of interesting columns. In producing these columns, Sergio has enjoyed the support of the community at-large and obtained material from many authors, who greatly contributed to the column’s success. I hope to enjoy a similar level of support; I warmly welcome your feedback and suggestions for material to include in this column! The main two conferences in the area of principles of distributed computing, PODC and DISC, took place this summer. This issue is centered around these conferences, and more broadly, distributed computing research as reflected therein, ranging from reviews of this year’s instantiations, through influential papers in past instantiations, to examining PODC’s place within the realm of computer science. I begin with a short review of PODC’07, and highlight some “hot” trends that have taken root in PODC, as reflected in this year’s program. Some of the forthcoming columns will be dedicated to these up-and- coming research topics. This is followed by a review of this year’s DISC, by Edward (Eddie) Bortnikov. For some perspective on long-running trends in the field, I next include the announcement of this year’s Edsger W.
    [Show full text]
  • Edsger Dijkstra: the Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders
    INFERENCE / Vol. 5, No. 3 Edsger Dijkstra The Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders Krzysztof Apt s it turned out, the train I had taken from dsger dijkstra was born in Rotterdam in 1930. Nijmegen to Eindhoven arrived late. To make He described his father, at one time the president matters worse, I was then unable to find the right of the Dutch Chemical Society, as “an excellent Aoffice in the university building. When I eventually arrived Echemist,” and his mother as “a brilliant mathematician for my appointment, I was more than half an hour behind who had no job.”1 In 1948, Dijkstra achieved remarkable schedule. The professor completely ignored my profuse results when he completed secondary school at the famous apologies and proceeded to take a full hour for the meet- Erasmiaans Gymnasium in Rotterdam. His school diploma ing. It was the first time I met Edsger Wybe Dijkstra. shows that he earned the highest possible grade in no less At the time of our meeting in 1975, Dijkstra was 45 than six out of thirteen subjects. He then enrolled at the years old. The most prestigious award in computer sci- University of Leiden to study physics. ence, the ACM Turing Award, had been conferred on In September 1951, Dijkstra’s father suggested he attend him three years earlier. Almost twenty years his junior, I a three-week course on programming in Cambridge. It knew very little about the field—I had only learned what turned out to be an idea with far-reaching consequences. a flowchart was a couple of weeks earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Mastering Concurrent Computing Through Sequential Thinking
    review articles DOI:10.1145/3363823 we do not have good tools to build ef- A 50-year history of concurrency. ficient, scalable, and reliable concur- rent systems. BY SERGIO RAJSBAUM AND MICHEL RAYNAL Concurrency was once a specialized discipline for experts, but today the chal- lenge is for the entire information tech- nology community because of two dis- ruptive phenomena: the development of Mastering networking communications, and the end of the ability to increase processors speed at an exponential rate. Increases in performance come through concur- Concurrent rency, as in multicore architectures. Concurrency is also critical to achieve fault-tolerant, distributed services, as in global databases, cloud computing, and Computing blockchain applications. Concurrent computing through sequen- tial thinking. Right from the start in the 1960s, the main way of dealing with con- through currency has been by reduction to se- quential reasoning. Transforming problems in the concurrent domain into simpler problems in the sequential Sequential domain, yields benefits for specifying, implementing, and verifying concur- rent programs. It is a two-sided strategy, together with a bridge connecting the Thinking two sides. First, a sequential specificationof an object (or service) that can be ac- key insights ˽ A main way of dealing with the enormous challenges of building concurrent systems is by reduction to sequential I must appeal to the patience of the wondering readers, thinking. Over more than 50 years, more sophisticated techniques have been suffering as I am from the sequential nature of human developed to build complex systems in communication. this way. 12 ˽ The strategy starts by designing —E.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2584 Edited by G
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2584 Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis, and J. van Leeuwen 3 Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo André Schiper Alex A. Shvartsman Hakim Weatherspoon Ben Y. Zhao (Eds.) Future Directions in Distributed Computing Research and Position Papers 13 Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Karlsruhe University, Germany Juris Hartmanis, Cornell University, NY, USA Jan van Leeuwen, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Volume Editors André Schiper École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculté Informatique et Communication IN-Ecublens, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail: andre.schiper@epfl.ch Alex A. Shvartsman University of Connecticut, Computer Science and Engineering Unit 3155, Storrs, CT 06269, USA E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Hakim Weatherspoon Ben Y. Zhao University of California at Berkeley, Computer Science Division 447/443 Soda Hall, Berkeley, CA 94704-1776, USA E-mail: {hweather, ravenben}@cs.berkeley.edu Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. CR Subject Classification (1998): C.2.4, D.1.3, D.2.12, D.4.3-4, F.1.2 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-00912-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks.
    [Show full text]
  • 31 International Symposium on Distributed Computing Andréa W
    31 International Symposium on Distributed Computing DISC 2017, October 16–20, Vienna, Austria Edited by Andréa W. Richa LIPIcs – Vol. 91 – DISC2017 www.dagstuhl.de/lipics Editor Andréa W. Richa Computer Science and Engineering School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE) Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA [email protected] ACM Classification 1998 C.2 Computer-Communication Networks, C.2.4 Distributed Systems, D.1.3 Concurrent Programming, E.1 Data Structures, F Theory of Computation, F.1.1 Models of Computation, F.1.2 Modes of Computation ISBN 978-3-95977-053-8 Published online and open access by Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik GmbH, Dagstuhl Publishing, Saarbrücken/Wadern, Germany. Online available at http://www.dagstuhl.de/dagpub/978-3-95977-053-8. Publication date October, 2017 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC-BY 3.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. In brief, this license authorizes each and everybody to share (to copy, distribute and transmit) the work under the following conditions, without impairing or restricting the authors’ moral rights: Attribution: The work must be attributed to its authors. The copyright is retained by the corresponding authors. Digital Object Identifier: 10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2017.0 ISBN 978-3-95977-053-8 ISSN 1868-8969 http://www.dagstuhl.de/lipics 0:iii LIPIcs – Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics LIPIcs is a series of high-quality conference proceedings across all fields in informatics.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Consensus in Asynchronous Message-Passing Systems: a Survey
    Int. J. Critical Computer-Based Systems, Vol. x, No. x, xxxx 1 Byzantine Consensus in Asynchronous Message-Passing Systems: a Survey Miguel Correia*, Giuliana Santos Veronese, Nuno Ferreira Neves and Paulo Verissimo Faculdade de Ciˆenciasda Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract Consensus is a classical distributed systems problem with both theo- retical and practical interest. Asynchronous Byzantine consensus is cur- rently at the core of some solutions for the implementation of highly- resilient computing services. This paper surveys Byzantine consensus in message-passing distributed systems, by presenting the main theo- retical results in the area, the main classes of algorithms and by dis- cussing important issues like the performance and resilience of these algorithms. Keywords: distributed algorithms; distributed systems; consensus; Byzantine faults; arbitrary faults; asynchronous model; message pass- ing; Byzantine consensus Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Correia, M., Veronese, G. S., Neves, N. F. and Verissimo, P. (xxxx) ‘Byzantine Con- sensus in Asynchronous Message-Passing Systems: a Survey’, Int. J. Critical Computer-Based Systems, Vol. x, No. x, pp.xxx–xxx. Biographical notes: Miguel Correia is an assistant professor in the Department of Informatics at the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Lisboa, and an adjunct faculty member of the Carnegie Mellon In- formation Networking Institute. More information about his research can be found at http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/∼mpc.
    [Show full text]
  • Money Transfer Made Simple Alex Auvolat, Davide Frey, Michel Raynal, François Taïani
    Money Transfer Made Simple Alex Auvolat, Davide Frey, Michel Raynal, François Taïani To cite this version: Alex Auvolat, Davide Frey, Michel Raynal, François Taïani. Money Transfer Made Simple. 2020. hal-02861511v2 HAL Id: hal-02861511 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02861511v2 Preprint submitted on 17 Jun 2020 (v2), last revised 16 Feb 2021 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Money Transfer Made Simple Alex Auvolat École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France [email protected] Davide Frey Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France [email protected] Michel Raynal Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France Department of Computing, Polytechnic University, Hong Kong [email protected] François Taïani Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France [email protected] Abstract It has recently been shown (PODC 2019) that, contrarily to a common belief, money transfer in the presence of faulty (Byzantine) processes does not require strong agreement such as consensus. This article goes one step further: namely, it shows that money transfers do not need to explicitly capture the causality relation that links individual transfers.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributed Computing Column 36 Distributed Computing: 2009 Edition
    Distributed Computing Column 36 Distributed Computing: 2009 Edition Idit Keidar Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Technion Haifa, 32000, Israel [email protected] It’s now the season for colorful reviews of 2009. While you can read elsewhere about the year in sports, top-40 pop hit charts, people of the year, and so on, I throw my share into the mix with a (biased) review of this year’s major distributed computing events. Awards First, let’s look at awards. This year we learned that two women were recognized with ACM and IEEE prestigious awards for their achievements in, (among other things), distributed computing. Barbara Liskov won the 2008 ACM Turing Award for a range of contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, some of which are in distributed computing. The award citation mentions her impact on distributed programming, decentralized information flow, replicated storage, and modular upgrading of distributed systems. I include below a short reflection, by Rodrigo Rodrigues, on Barbara Liskov’s Turing Award and legacy. Looking ahead to 2010, it was recently announced that Nancy Lynch is the recipient of the prestigious 2010 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award1 for her contributions to foundations of distributed and concurrent computing. The award is given for outstanding contributions in the field of information processing in relation to computer science. Leslie Lamport has won the same award in 2004 for his seminal contributions to the theory and practice of concurrent programming and fault-tolerant computing. The 2009 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing was awarded to Joseph Halpern and Yoram Moses for “Knowledge and Common Knowledge in a Distributed Environment”.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing Consensus in the Heard-Of Model
    1 Characterizing consensus in the Heard-Of model 2 A. R. Balasubramanian 3 Technical University of Munich, Germany 4 Igor Walukiewicz 5 CNRS, LaBRI, University of Bordeaux, France 6 Abstract 7 The Heard-Of model is a simple and relatively expressive model of distributed computation. Because 8 of this, it has gained a considerable attention of the verification community. We give a characterization 9 of all algorithms solving consensus in a fragment of this model. The fragment is big enough to cover 10 many prominent consensus algorithms. The characterization is purely syntactic: it is expressed in 11 terms of some conditions on the text of the algorithm. 12 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Distributed computing models; Software 13 and its engineering → Software verification; Theory of computation → Logic and verification 14 Keywords and phrases consensus problem, Heard-Of model, verification. 15 Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.9 16 Related Version A full version of this paper is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09621. 17 Funding A. R. Balasubramanian: UMI ReLaX, ERC Advanced Grant 787367 (PaVeS) 18 Igor Walukiewicz: ANR FREDDA ANR-17-CE40-0013 19 1 Introduction 20 Most distributed algorithms solving problems like consensus, leader election, set agreement, 21 or renaming are essentially one iterated loop. Yet, their behavior is difficult to understand due 22 to unbounded number of processes, asynchrony, failures, and other aspects of the execution 23 model. The general context of this work is to be able to say what happens when we change 24 some of the parameters: modify an algorithm or the execution model.
    [Show full text]
  • Michel Raynal an Algorithmic Approach
    Michel Raynal Fault-Tolerant Message-Passing Distributed Systems An Algorithmic Approach Fault-Tolerant Message-Passing Distributed Systems [email protected] Michel Raynal Fault-Tolerant Message-Passing Distributed Systems An Algorithmic Approach [email protected] Michel Raynal IRISA-ISTIC Université de Rennes 1 Institut Universitaire de France Rennes, France Parts of this work are based on the books “Fault-Tolerant Agreement in Synchronous Message- Passing Systems” and “Communication and Agreement Abstractions for Fault-Tolerant Asynchro- nous Distributed Systems”, author Michel Raynal, © 2010 Morgan & Claypool Publishers (www. morganclaypool.com). Used with permission. ISBN 978-3-319-94140-0 ISBN 978-3-319-94141-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94141-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953101 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Scalable Consensus in a Hybrid Communication Model Michel Raynal, Jiannong Cao
    One for All and All for One: Scalable Consensus in a Hybrid Communication Model Michel Raynal, Jiannong Cao To cite this version: Michel Raynal, Jiannong Cao. One for All and All for One: Scalable Consensus in a Hybrid Commu- nication Model. ICDCS’19 - 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Jul 2019, Dallas, United States. pp.464-471, 10.1109/ICDCS.2019.00053. hal-02394259 HAL Id: hal-02394259 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02394259 Submitted on 5 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. One for All and All for One: Scalable Consensus in a Hybrid Communication Model Michel Raynal⋆,†, Jiannong Cao† ⋆Univ Rennes IRISA, 35042 Rennes, France †Department of Computing, Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Abstract—This paper addresses consensus in an asyn- shown that enriching the read/write system with synchro- chronous model where the processes are partitioned into clus- nization operations such as compare&swap(), fetch&add(), ters. Inside each cluster, processes can communicate through or LL/SC allows consensus to be solved for any number of a shared memory, which favors efficiency. Moreover, any pair of processes can also communicate through a message- processes, despite asynchrony and the crash of all except passing communication system, which favors scalability.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic Early-Deciding Techniques for Consensus
    Generic early-deciding techniques for Consensus Piotr Zieli´nski University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory [email protected] March 29, 2004 (the author is a student) Abstract: Two techniques for obtaining efficient agreement protocols are described. Firstly, Consensus frameworks, such as Lambda [7], allow one to easily construct latency- optimal agreement protocols tailored to particular settings. Unlike Lambda, our frame- work consists of rounds that do not have to terminate and thus are easier to implement. It can also handle Byzantine failures. Our second technique presented exploits the Validity property of Consensus and we used it to design an atomic broadcast algorithm that is one communication step faster than any other known algorithm [13]. Keywords: Consensus frameworks, agreement protocols, Byzantine faults Contact author: Piotr Zieli´nski University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory William Gates Building 15 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FD UK Email: [email protected] Phone: +44 1223 7-63691 Fax: +44 1223 3-34678 Generic early-deciding techniques for Consensus Piotr Zieli´nski University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory [email protected] March 29, 2004 1 Introduction The Consensus problem amounts to reaching a common decision in a distributed envi- ronment where f out of n processes can fail. The FLP impossibility result [6] states that this problem is unsolvable in purely asynchronous settings, even if only one process can fail. As a result, a great deal of Consensus-related research has focused on minimally extending the model (e.g., with failure detectors [3], randomization [1], or time con- straints [4]), and designing Consensus algorithms optimized for the worst case scenarios allowed by the model.
    [Show full text]