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Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School
1949
Norwegian settlement in North Dakota
Walter J. Szczur The University of Montana
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Recommended Citation Szczur, Walter J., "Norwegian settlement in North Dakota" (1949). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5341. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5341
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NORWEGIAN SETTLEMENT IN KORTH DAKOTA
Salter J. Ssoaur (B.A., State fathers College, Minot, Borth Dakota) 1942
Presented in Partial fulfillm ent of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arte
Montana State University 1949
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Chairman' o f.
(x>.n> ______Dean of the Graduate Sehool UMI Number: EP40805
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Table ahoetog veto* for candidates to m m Dafco to—1839-1944 *«•«*•* 13® * F F t» I l P* to e Oafcota T a r rlto r iiil Cerssue o f 1885 134 mmtmx E* Genaueof* o f 1890 and 1900 * * * * » 139 w*ti®3i*qu®d©0 %m t»1oh «T m% tfp'mm Mm%p t %&»% i%mm *QS9t *&& *xd®0 £&& -aog ox p©tx*r*n©,i oqA **©ao «tii j© ©ox ptio qm m m » $ % 4m m- p»TP IT* P«o taotix%®%%b%a %**$ *m%mn oaoh jo own oqf %% sa«S pm £i f -et»o aqx jo iioxoooosod if©ox og #«*»ATH ■TZP&mt& Off* JO IfpiO® 0*1* x* O^IOin «sox«rfft ®$ P*q p i lo g oospiiH p&m%u® oh *000 99 pm 8 ©TqisaopTsuoo up oiottSpi ox woSoq leg x x«ux te n tio o q*uo©x *qx JO otppx® oox pjtooox XT*®* %m mm %% *©j©«g©jooo %oo •Am*q ©qx $o**pt*^oo m m -pm m%xmm $u%mAmm%p m s XTP®**o ubaj2 uexjo ®«i©'©xd©©d ©ooqx q$n©qXT¥ * PX«*©© nog ©qx jo poox 9©x«x®0dd ©qx ox ofnonoxxxoo ojoj ox 9uo%%mu tmodojtrii tt*©t|XJf©M oqx JO X«*X oqx 00:00 loaaog stegqi »ido©d ©qj 1 MMfMO a laglishaien, Swedes and the Putdi already had established settlements In Merles* there were some people from Horway in the colonies, especially lee York, hut they case individually and not in collective bodies to form settlem ents.2 there were several reasons for this long delay* First, the location of Morway In the far north placed it out of the paths of the great explorations and colonising movements of tee countries farther south* & second reason for this delay i s th at frm 1450 M il 1814, iorway was taider tee authority 2Borll«, History of tb« 8tor»«a«aP« opI*. p . 70 wio one knows how many Korwegl&ns e w e over dur ing tee Colonial Period or when they began to come* they d id not mwm In collective bodies as In tee good old Viking age* Morway, being subject to Denmark, was not in a position to enter the race with Spain, France, and tegland to m m to America first and claim tee land.* Ibid** p* 71* * * At Bethlehem, Fa*, is a Moravian cemetery, with a printed list of burials during tee 18th century* Mins out of tee 2600 names are listed as bom in Heresy* * « ♦* JIM * , p* 7 2 * , J * 0* letJen#e book. Scandinavian Immigrants in Mew fork 1630-1674”, gives biographies of thirty-four Swedes, ninety-seven Panes and fifty - seven nmm&mm who lived in Hew York during tee period. Among tee Morwegians listed is Anneken Headricks, tee first wife of «Tan AMhteM funder B lit, tee ancestor of the Vanderbilts, is mar ried her in lew Amsterdam, Feb* 6, 1650* . tee came from Bergen, Morw&yl he was from U trech et, Holland* They had te r s e ch ildren*” J"** r4 ♦J ©#4 © # m V* * t © m o •4 2f J* «HI J? 1 m * SI *£m*4: © I© %* *4 la^pr! <§* * <#*4 wi * * o o a *&®n © c: * «4 * • %%>* * ® «© © g j i © in A # Vi ft m £ l & J * 4 m If® © a ♦ O firf © © Pin 13 o M r \ *4 © 1 *"* *4 the® noise* ^ 9aeh wan the national feeling and i h were the conditions prevailing 1814* But the people in general had awakened to & as a nation and taken lie destiny into th e ir mm hands*5 Popular p u b lic to develop mud to make Itself felt* n lse them and In sp ire them to take d e fin ite action* Thus * self-inspired and self-determined, a few peasants and labor ers from southern Mommy went out on an expedition to Amer ica. This first expedition, usually sailed the Bleop party, 23 men besides women and children, In a ll 52 persons, le ft y their fatherland are several reasons for this and to America* her virtual independence, and th e ms put into notion, it was 4 lations* (Mew fork* 1944- 45) * 1st edition, p* 254. "In 183? B1 shop Jacob Keumaxm* one of i, admonished the pop ulation not to he lured to America* He warned of the dangerous voyagei he cited horrible examples of what had befallen earlier migrants I he drew m the Bible for reasons why ierwegtans should stay in Mommy* But he failed to impress those In fested w ith what he condemned was the s p ir it of restlessness *" to the Unlt^T ______[*' rffSwiT'Sity t'"rl|^ f^ p ^ ft. ^The" W rS i^ m s are the wuah u4.»wvn«v9Kt»«v>, readiest for a change* are quickest to try the new, and it Is they who most readily break the to the conditions here, and who most rapidly become Americanised." O’ 0 m *■* I?* « |i* «* © 0 C* <* * H «* & o © © ©i «♦ *s jar © *0 & ** 3 f* 0 «* ^ kI %m *3 0*' m m Q-4«% © © I* Hi © hi ©> m HH»i p» p»a m .1* *0. 19#*? 1 0 0 «* H c* m 3 ft 40 p» 0* 2© «♦ © &» fw* 0 & * 0* © ft m * *f J® © r $»* M © © «♦ifc 0 © © O W *3 K© H i © 0 f f © si © p r *» S3r H I t * s if 0 «r ** © © © pr 1 i* © s m *•» i S m m *f © “ % ** H ** S3 ** 8 pm- 0t 0 © 0 M © © . *3 0 0i © H- 9 *o « 0f H*i i I 0 yt © © ** e 1 © © was In terfered with*** Among these Quaker fam ilies we find the first thought of emigrating* They had received m impetus fro® their Eng lish brethren both in England and America* They began by circulating a subscription list In order to raise a fund which would be seed for sending representatives to America to In vestigate the conditions and the possibility of establishing a Norwegian colony * lleng Pearson and Knud Olson Side were sent to Amorica in 1821*? The first of these, lleag Pearson, was a lower of adventure * He had been In France* Germany and England and had bam taken prisoner by England during the % erllst History of the Norwegian People* p* 77* . * * It Is true that in Borway, too* there was some cause for religious and political discontent • The S tate Ghwrch in the 18th century had become rationalistic as! resented the activities of plet- istic reformers like H&uge, and the sectarians that began to get a foothold in Homey, as, for instance* the Quakers* It is true that the lead ers of the famous Sloop "Restauratlonen” were Quakers and that they looked for greater rellg- lous freedom In America than in Borway• S till, It must be noted that there were only ten Cor twelve) Quakers in Herway in lB2§, and some of these never emigrated at all* * * ** 7K*ndrio Ch*rle« Babeook, The SCBnairaaylftn Slm m t l a m* Ottltea Stetaa. (Illlnole7191*). 12 vols., vol* 3 , lo . 3*7 p^ M* "Xeng Peerson, called also Eleg Pederson and Person Heathmssier** w ho It it© duty to outer the wild waiifc-astwp.- region *» at in part the to lerwegtaa the few y oar© He landed ew York where hie companion died nearly & year's ; Peerson worked at odd ew w ith a pos elblllties. hews of Me return merchants and laborers came to World* Feeraon'e enthuslas© a ll# a sle e p o f tone tauratlonen" andean July 4ih, 1825# set out for aaerita*^ Fifty-two people embarked ©a tb only four or five...of those were 9 I t could not bare been relict one then to leave the country * Furthermore, after their In America, they 014 not e s ia b li ah a Quaker motive was the »mm as has h. Eaten, laytagaat.JMLfts -t© AMBlflitt. {lew fork, IfW TpTlEV^ "Horse-Amerlcan Centennial, Minneapolis• the Horse-Arnerican Centennial held In Minneapolis in f&h siimmer of 1925 celebrated the one-hundredth anniversary of the landing of the "He stauratlonen8 a forty-foot sailing sloop bearing the first group of Norwegian- Immigrants to America lorway* there were fifty-two of them when departed on July 4th, and fifty-three when they arrived at Hew fork ninety-seven days later, a girl baby having been bom on the Journey* . * *” Konrad Beroovicl, On lew Shores, (Hew fork, 1925) , p* 240* fh e MRos taurailonon” was augmented on the way by the b ir th o f a little girl, who died only recently as th e widow o f Mr* thitisor©, the Chicago publish er*” was made up of the ease, sine® there were not more than 10 or 12 Quakers in the whole country of lorway In 1825* This sea t has never made much headway in Horway. In 1846,” says Tverteraas In his ”Stavanger, 1814- adherents*® In 1920 the official census only $8 Quakers In the whole land* It Is suffic ient to say that this expedition was started by Quakers and under the leadership of © 5* *1 sj §>* m «► dr % S s SUfi,itl* £ $1 P # M 18g 4 jf t #7 ftwsr * • I**'®! J!*’ ff’NI 4# P 8F w 0 m0 •M'M <* im *■*m »m #* m ** * h-H *0 HII0 £»» flo 0 H 0* «♦ ** « *40 5 £ ^ 8.8 0 3P!1 2? ** 2t*SQ<»§$ &» C • H #4P 0 0 $ 0 5 $?» # » 0 * h o r <5»* * f* *■* © ** as ** «#■» < © H H *"* S ^ P ^ ^ Jf S♦ | i **■#%*» |* *•%h * %*g o' P ©m 0 ** M $rff as a suit able place for a Borweglan settlement, and it mm to this place that the sloop party was going. Kleng Pearson hiiaaelf was not m the sloop, hoe over, but he was there to meet i hm when they landed la few tork on the 9th of October, I825*i2 The sloop hat lost its course and me on the ocean for fourteen weeks; meanwhile, Pearson had come over in another ship* The sloop party mm now without money ant food, hist through Peeraonf a tireless efforts they were soon provided with these and were finally settled at Kendall* in Orleans County, lew York.*2 They suffered a great deal and often longed for their old homes in lorway, hut as tin# went on, they cleared part of their land and raised crops of grain* They became enthusiastic and wrote to their friends in lor* way* A few began to ©migrate, among the® was Hjert Oregovin- seen Hovland and family♦ lowland was the first man fro® the vicinity of Bergen, fie left lorway mainly because he was tired of the aristocracy rule,, and the easts system which was common a l l over Sorway* Many o f Mr* Ho viand * a country- 12Babi ilasent. p. 22. The new xork sveBingPost, Get* 10, 1885* “dr* rived last egmtiig (October 9, 1825) banish Sloop Restoration, Holland, 9f days fro® lorway, via Long Island Sound, with iron to Boorman and Johnson, 52 passengers* r, (lew *• * * in lovesbsr they reached their final des tination, Kendall, then called Murray, in Orleans County, lew fork, where the first Norwegian set- tlament was founded." §g § 3 f « tm^Sdauog « tm^Sdauog ©* J sxo ^ o ilFlfPlsric;! 0 I owje wSo o X p |ps| p « «♦' sss ***1 a®a* ®p* i fils sill ® s IlllHlii ©s©i|X *©!«•* # SS”~S~3"*Jt*3 = ^ S | * | | | | 8 I S f t l L * a ® i o f * m 4 mo *%o ...... »•% »•♦ Mi >* «* «#• TP t* «*o T» f.0 Incentive to go to A mmhmt of the sloop to Norway in I83A. Is had horn a Ill f ears and told of his many personal ©xpericn ces * He had no idea of. b@©oa$lng an ©migration agent* but as a result of Ms v isit, as well as Mr-* norland*© well conposed letters, sev eral hundred emigrants m m to America la 1836. Thee© were not hound for the Kendall settlement as this had practically up by this time. They were all going to Illinois* In 1833* the conditions in the Kendall settlement had unfavorable* the territory was overcrowded and there was little opportunity for expansion. So in the spring of that year* Kleng geerson* with two of his friends* set out to explore the western country. Pearson9s companions soon gave up the expedition and hired out to work for farmers* 15f1ob, History of Sorw.KiMt Imateratlon. p. 73 • " if nacrous letters ware written mm® p ra isin g American laws and institution®, and setting forth the opportunitl©® here offered* These letters were read and passed around to frten&s* Many who had relatives in America would travel long distances to hear what the last ^Americas** letter* had to report* Among the such In this way to their native districts was £j®rt Howland* He wrote many le t t e r s h mm p ra isin g American institutions* These letters were trans cribed and the copies distributed far and wide in the Province of Bergen* and a ware thus led to emigrate.* 13 8® continued on lilt journey alone. According to Ms own story f Ms travels took him through Ohio, tndlana, Illin ois, Michigan and part of Wisconsin. His picturesque account of the fin# meadows, thick forests and rich rolling prairies had a groat of foot upon ih@ tendall colony . Is had traveled over 2,000 Mice on foot, and had seen places much ©or® favorably located than the Ian* dall region, spots ©or® beautiful, ©ore healthful and more productive them any other in. the land* a® a direct result of this Journey, most of the people of Kendall sent west, as veil as all the 'later lorveglan immigrants* 4 colony vas established in Illinois called the Pox liver Colony, and fro© this colony, m a stopping place for emigrants, colo nies were established throughout th® whole Northwest* Fro© this time on emigrants cam® by the hundreds and thousands; stories of luck and prosperity gained wide publicity In lor way, and the lorwegian immigrants settled a ll over the north west*^ So the Horvegians of today find themselves in their *%J®rest, History of MorweMam People> vol. f , pp* 600-601. "la the April number of nHormandsforbundet* for 1913# Ir* Gotienborg shows how the emigra tion to America until quit© recently constantly increased, and how its rise and fall have de pended on economic conditions at home* "While the number of emigrants in the period 1836-1842 only reached a few hundred, * he writes, "it rose in 1843 to 1600, and has since not fallen below 1000 a year, in 1846 the potato crop in {continued) r i ch est 1? , vol. 2, pp* B«r»«| was poor, times were hard, h ig h , and rose to 4000 or 5080 , Midi th is quit© Q®m tart w ith fen 1851 to 1865t though the * * * # In. ISS6 sw— suddenly to 15,455 from 4,088 >, owing chiefly to the closing of the Civil far, which had hindered emigration* In the fo llo w in g years th e number mm gradually reduced fro® 10,35? la 18?3 to about 4,000 in 1874-1878* because of improved economic conditions, extensive railway construction, and other enterprises* But in the eighties another of hard times cane* Hallway construction and the emigration reached a volume greater than ever before* In 1882 the number rose to 28,804, Mid during that whole decade it exceeded 20,000 per year, except in 1884*1886 and 1889, when the to 15*000 a fear* The same con ditions existed in the beginning of the nineties* In 1893 shout 19,000 emigrated, hot in 1894 the was reduced to 5,642 because of good times* * « In 1899 when th e tin e s again became hard, * In 1900 it reached 11,000, in 1901 13,0001 it socrn increased to 20,000, and in 1983 It reached about 27,000* It regained above 20,000 until 1987, hut it dropped in I90S to 8,§00 because of hard times in America. In 1909 it rose again to 16,000 and in 1918 to al most 19,000, but dropped again in 1911 to about 12,000, and in 1912 to 9,185*** Mr* Gottenborg finds that In the period 1850-1911 707*986 per sons P* 194< ihen Minnesota and the Dakotaa were opened up, the Norwegians were among the first to come in and settle* In 1900 about four-fifths of all Marwegian Immigrants lived in seven north central states, that is, Minnesota, fatcomin, lows, Il lin ois, forth Dakota, South Dakota and Michigan* 13 *<8«rl|ii«Aa »* <«**- iin u «4j *** & ^.triy Ss Totss aa early aa 1840 , all the southern atatea in 1900 had law teas one pereeat of tfea Soroaglan ia«igHBi^f t while tli* in ^ is £tat£& to i o&ly ^»ut fire paroant** tw m o a * » * » o - 3&J# tm mmiminm or mmmim mimmtm to horth To the land o f th e have seemed aa the fu lfl linent of hi a desire for eoon- Its weod^bor&ered streams* was a to the purposes of the agrarian lor##-* t o oxen end wagon f t r e t to d r a i l la t e r , th e of Dakota In -earer, m s a faarserf 3 paradise * to toe to to e > the Red Hirer Valley ed with ly Korweglan" * toe. 3 mm Hirer' region resolved its of to# settlers* Thousands of D ev ils Lake and Mourn* 1 The Borweglan to toe third md fourth o f th e ^Carlton a Mm n D a k o ta torloal Quarterly * ¥ol* v, October, 1930*July^ into the northwestern states« Excepting the coning of the original group of Norwegian immigrants to the Haltod States in 1825 and their settlement in western Hew fork, the first period of Norwegian settlement in the United States begins in 1834 and 1838 when the settlers in Orleans County, Mew York, migrated to Illin ois and founded the Fox River Colony*^ Fro® that tine the northwestern states became the destina tion of the great majority of the Norwegian settlers# from there they overflowed into Wisconsin and established settle ments* In the year® 1839 and 1840 three very important sat* iism en ts were wade in southern and southeastern W isconsin, which were to become the centers of dispersion for pioneer Norwegian settlement® In lowat Minnesota and the Bakota®.3 2In «t C Jerset, Jf , {New fork, 1915) , ** * * seat of them sought new homes in the west ern state®, especially in La Ball® County, Illi nois, where the second Norwegian settlement was founded at Fox Elver in 1034 .** p* 603* In 1839 about forty emigrants formed a new set tlement at Huskego, 11 soon sin, the first Norwegian settlement in that state* Already la 1845 plan® were laid for the publication of a Norwegian news paper, and two years later "Nordlyset”, published by Iren iegg and lame® D* Reyaert, began to appear in the town of lorway, Racine County, in this set tlement * In 1844 the first Norwegian Lutheran church was built by Rev. C. 1. Clausen. In 1839 the first Norwegian settler® also appeared at Hook Prairie, and in 1840 the great Norwegian settle ment at Koshkonong, Pane County, Wisconsin, was founded*1* were the colonies known as Hock Prairie, it u e k e g e Generally speaking, the settlements in eta and Illinois compos© the first phase la the advance of the Norwegian settlers Into the northwestern states* the opening of Minnesota to settlement by the Sioux Treaties of 1851* the great number of immigrants during the fifties, the reports as to the desirability of lands vest of the M ississippi, and the exhaustion of immediately avail able lands in the vicinity of fellers Norwegians, led to the pioneering of northern leva and southeastern Minnesota, this .he second phase of the northwestward push of the lor- settlers* In the years fro® 1846 to the opening of hostilities by the Sioux In 1862, a large part of the land received fro® the Indians in the Treaty of Traverse dee Sioux was settled. The northern Iowa counties were penetrated and the land to a considerable extent was taken up by Norwegians in the years from 1846 to 1 8 5 5 Such settlements as those about Oecorah in Winneshiek County, about St. Ansgar in Mitch* e ll County, and about lorthwood in Worth County became cent ers fro® which Norwegians went to a ll parts of the northwest. 5. Briggs, Frontiers of fork, 1940} p« 362* "The treaty of Traverse do Sioux of 16§1 provided for the cession of the lands east of the Esd liver between Lake Traverse and the B uffalo liv e r to the United S ta te s . * Norwegians within her borders. In the period from the com ing of the earliest permanent settler about 1850 to the opening of the Sioux war, two large areas In southeastern Minnesota were settled by Norwegians* One of these areas extended westward fro® the M ississippi River along the Iowa boundary for a distance of about one hundred wiles and In* eluded the two southern tiers of Minnesota counties* Cent ers of settlement were In Fillmore, Houston and Mower Coun ties, and in scattered areas throughout the counties to the westward as far as Brown, Watonwan and Jackson Counties* the Flllaore-Houston County region was the west densely settled and became the source of a large number of North Dakota pioneers*6 The other large southeastern Minnesota area of Norwegian settlement was that known as the Goodhue County settlement, including also parts of Rice and Dakota Counties* This settlement, like the colonies farther south, was also an important center of diaper si on for Norwegian pioneer a in. northwestern Minnesota and North Dakota*? Several factors after 1865 led to the expansion of the Norwegians into western and northwestern Minnesota and S ettlem en t, p . 15* Tibia*. p« 15* 8 the tli# railroads, ««%t :» tra rad of tfet d o ll tar# Ite o f a o f ira i* other factors breu^it about tto rapid la Bort&^eeiitral lira#* ifi Hirer WUof*^ fTra 1065 on*. the p eat era of Hi# largest alagle mtmm la t h is 1 0 State Flaralfig Beard* crasultaxit’s Eo» gs.s aii.g-a.yw 1 giMligiJfiai .i«gwh»i-3TbTOBIIi«3M r*fiK"sM™ * % ... ♦ 4»* Eastern fiorth Dakota me settled first, fra there am doubtless several reasons* It Is the point of early exposure to westward rain Hem* It had Hie advantages of the era!lest $ilar iterate* of cemratcatiGn esprai&lly the railways* eastern part of the State supply of streams rad timber rad m ex* river valley of exceptionally rich rad tilled rail* 5 2 5 * 5 3 6 # Olwee a very interesting description of lb# Sioux nsm asL S p * settlement period began in that now territory*^ fit® fourth period mi expansion began in to# lat# s«rsnti#*.9 fillin gla to# MI iiftf ¥all#y* fa- sitwarim# to#general wjf®«wi o f lit® Horvegian s e ttle rs westward and norths## toard* the pr#**Ctrilfor per iod saw the' establishment of foreegian settlements in Xlli- H0i«t Wisconsin, Imm sad southern 11 rn essta* My 1S?0 toe .fringes of settlement touched to© borders of forth Dakota* As to# thirties bad boon the period of early settlemeut la Illin o is and $1aeonsin* to#forties in lmm9 to# fi f t lo s and six ties in flanesota* so to# se v e n tie s wore to# early year* o f early settleae&t in north Dakota* By 1880 to# f u ll for©# of to# westward movement of Mmrwm^km settlement mmm upon fo r th Dakota and in to# ######4lag decade# covered to# territory and stats with. $eittsgl«na« the ttorsaglau settlement in forth fatet* mm mostly a part of inter-state migration* This la especially true o f to# earlier stag##o f to# settlement period* lost of U E. l.'oBsa Atteatrot^, 7ba..j^^X-affi3L£a.-MM»irg «I thr.arwrt, Wat. (St. Paul, I96£) p. i. “ The groat Territory of Dakota, a# originally organised* in 1861 * extended fro# Minnoaota on to# east to ‘ to# Bosley Mountains on the west# and fro® Iowa to Nebraska on to# sou to , north ward to to# Brit lab Dominion. * * • " northern Dakota referred to toat part of to# Dakota ferrlteyy north of 'parallel 46 and fouto* mm Dakota to th at area sou to of to# parallel# the tool# of to # te rrito ry mm referred to a# Dakota* ssttisrs in 1900* 424,365 H th© tmttsd at as I: * or »© T6, fen 1869* , m X 4© 1900, ©ppr#»tiiat®lf thro® and ©n#-lmlf a s .la tli© proosdlng h c l £~ es&tax"? * *2 la. a© y#ar did 1: aarfeod «sv«s &o*« ip to UMft •or® earn© tli© f i r s t 1 , Pioneer m nw A m SftlUsaent. p. spurts for tli© Oslot© Territory to cad Inoli^llag i860 lis t tit© W and af@d®s to&othor* 13 Haf ®p to footnote 16# Chapter I * Qualey* io g n ^ la^ .p* 1?* a r a l i l L ^ aatetta* Mgaau, te p e r t-o f' The Cfovemor of Dakota* Executive Of fice Dakota Territory* Xankton* September 13# 18T9* fm* 4 # Howard* G o v ern o r Dakota Territory* "Immigration this fear has boom largo# far greater than la an? former fear* .and this large Increase extends to a l l p arts of the settled portion of the teirltor?— perhaps shout the mm® percentage o f Increase i n sash o f the three divisions* South eastern Dakota t e a had a varjr large increase of population* I am told h j person® in whom I hears eo n f idenoe that as man? as three hundred, terns* immigrant wagons* have passed into the southeast- am p art o f the Territory daily through the sum mer* . Quite as large a percentage has com# in to The second wave occupied th e *$rwat fo o d sn and *Fark Hegle&* areas of Minnesota and penetrated the Red River Valley* fill* great Influx in the eighties and nineties stopped momentarily in older settlements* Then* together with older lorwegiaa settlers» who were also migrating, the newcomers moved on into the great Dakota Territory*^ In the period from 1892 to 1905-* the Scandinavian immigration into north Pelceta equal- led 4? percent of the total Immigration to the state, and, of the Scandinavian Immigrant*,, the Norwegians formed 42 per* c e n t . * ? Although the valley of the Eed Elver of the North was not unknown to people in Minnesota and other states* it doe* not seem to have entered public consciousness as a plane for settlement until after 18€9. Prior to this time* the Red • E lver country* when thought o f a t a ll* was regarded a* a 1AL aurenc« u. Larson, Jfre, Northwest* p* TS* the American HIstorioaI He- view* vol XL* Bo* 1* October, 1934* (lew Xorfc, I f 34) • wEarIy in the forties the tide of■ lorwegi^ ml* g ra tis began a steady progress westward and northwestward toward, th e $pe&t River* Late in the decade it reached the eeimilea of north- eastern Iowa* In the early fifties it touched various point* In eastern and southern Minne sota* Sorweglan settlers appeared in Dakota in liSf * hut real settlement in that territory did not seme t ill the close of another decade* This was in Southern Dakota. 155u a le y , ?toawr 8iorwggl«L3.UItggrLt, p. 1 ?. vast prairie region, oowp&rstively unfit for cultivating, over which wild Indians roasted*2*^ Being ^woo&sminded”, it took th e Horwegi&n s e t t le r s sows tin e t@ tommmm convinced that the prairie could he as fertile and productive as more wooded regions. It siay he noted here that when the Horweg- 1 mm settled north Dakota, the trend of settlement was a!~ ^ mm% always along the streams and those areas where wood and water were easily available • the awarn tendency is racily, traced in the pioneer settling of the states farther east. : Paul Bjelffi Hansen is usually given »ogt credit as m Individual for introducing the Bed Elver Valley to the lor* weglans of the older settlements • Mr* Qualey In hla article, in Worth Dakota, g iv e s a good account of Hs&sen * s Journeys in the Red Elver Valley* mfkrn credit for introducing the Bed River^&llsy to the conscious-' ness of Horweglans as m attractive place for settlement must "Frederic toga® fmmm§ fh e L a st_.Mmrlcan Erantier* {Jew fork, lilS) * JT1* ^Between 1850 and 1870 there was considerable difficulty with the Dakota Indians, whose lands in Minnesota had bmn largely appropriated by the whites, and whose buffalo herds m th e Dakota p r a ir ie s were, fast being depleted by the hunting activities of traders and half-breeds * The Minnesota outbreak o f 1862 was follow ed by campaigns by draw* S ib ley and Sully in 1863 and 1864 which finally drove the hostile Dakota* to the "badlands” west of the Missouri river* d ll eastern Worth Dakota was now open for occupation and the completion of the first railroad to the eastern border in 1871 inaugurated tbs settlement period in earnest.* go to Paul Hjels-Hansen This mn cane to the Unit ®d States In 1867* Ha had had a fairly successful career as a journalist and publicist In Horway. The Horwegian emigra tion problem attracted lil» and on© of his motives in migra tin g mmmm to hats been to see for himself why it was that the Unit ad States was drawing so many of Ms countrymen* As subsequent events showed, ho beeais# entirely converted to the muss of emigration and was mm of the most Influen tia l writers In attracting Morwsgtans to this country* lie first work in ths Units# States was on the editorial staff of a Norwegian newspaper published at La Crosse, Wisconsin, the "Faedrelaadet eg gmlgranien* (the Fatherland of the Km- &t^heodore c* Blegen, Norwegian. O ration to Anarles* (Northfleld, 194oTp7W : "If Norwegian settlement In the southern part of Dakota antedates that In the northern area by a decade, this does not as an that there was any less enthusiasm for the prairies stretching west ward froa the Bed Elver than for the region far ther smith* the Norwegian exploitation of what became Worth Dakota opened with a paean of praise and was carried forward on a wave of high hopes# fhe paean was sounded by the trail-biasing journ a list, Hjel® Hansen, who wrote in lyric phrases about the rich Mack soil of the prairie, its Invigorating air, its ample room, and the ease of cultivating land "where there is not m much as a stone or stump in the path of the plow** fhe settlers themselves supplied the hopes as the Norwegian element in Berth Dakota in creased fro® 10 la 1870 to 8,814 in 1880 and to 73,744—nearly a fourth of the entire population of the state—In 1900** 2 ? igran t) * In 1869, Hansen was appointed by {Jovemer Marshall of Minnesota to act as m agent for the newly created Min nesota State Board of Immigration# He was to travel about in unsettled parts of tbs stats to investigate the possibil ities for Immigrant settlement. Hansen's first journey was up into tbs Bed Elver Val ley In the .summer of 1869* He left La Crosse on June 17 and went via It# Paul and St# Cloud to llexandrla with two com panions on a twelve day trip, into the *wi Id ernes®**# the party travelled in a fa m wagon drawn by slew moving oxen* the route they tool led through Douglas, ottertail, Wilkin and Clay Counties, Minnesota# Passing throufgi the newly begun village of Breokenrldge, the travelers went on up the Bed Elver Valley to Fort ibercroifibie cm the Dakota side of the river* Fro® this point they crossed the river and want to Georgetown, fifty miles northward. This was the north ernmost point reached# The return trip was made by the same route and on July 31 Hansen wrote a lengthy account of his journey, copies of which were sent to the "Kordiok Folks* Mad", published in Minneapolis, and to “Faedrelandet og Ste* igrant ea*. A few translated excerpts from this letter w ill serve to show Hansen's great enthusiasm for this new region* *In truth, the air here is Just as wondrously invig oratin g m the land is beautiful and fruitful* * # The whole prairiet which does not have the ©lightest bulge or rig®, la the most fertile land mm could wish. It cons lets of rich black soil with a alight intermixture of wmI on a of clay* On this prairie there is room far sew- o f s e t t l e ment, it is mot only aim# but the opinion of a ll mem *ho have seem this part of the country, that It presents so many advantages, that Is, for Scandinavian farmers, that Immigrants are-likely to stream in here within the momt year, that this tract of land w ill 1m tern years he built up and under cultivation, and that it them w ill become one of the richest ami most beautiful regions 1m America* the ; soil is fertile to the highest degree and Is exceptionally easy to cultivate for there is mot as much as a stone or stump in the way of the plow* foods are to be found In are to ran through the middle of the whole long valley* Steamships al* come up fro® the British w ill in a few years * • * « cam take 160 acres of Homestead land, and, if he has the op portunity to do so, he can in addition buy 160 acres for two hundred dollars* With an area of 3M acres of this land, every family that does not eare to live too pretentiously can make a comfortable livelihood*" In his next article sent to.the *Nordiek Folkeblad* Hansen elaborated on his previous description, he having made a second trip as far as Fort Abercrombie la August, 1869, which seme only to have confirmed his earlier im pressions and to have made him even more enthusiastic. Sub sequently, he travelled through other parts of Minnesota and recorded his impressions la a series of twelve letters pub lished in the two Norwegian newspapers already mentioned* Contemporary reco g n itio n o f Hansen* s In flu en ce i s to be found in a letter written August 20, 1875 to the editor of the "Budstikken" {published in Minneapolis) from a pioneer Nor wegian settler in Traill County, North Dakota* A part of the letter, translated from the Norwegian,follows: "Goose River Crossing i s lo ca ted on the Dakota sid e of the renowned Bed River Valley which was first opened for settlers after F. Hj elm-Hansen had personally explored the entire northwestern part of Minnesota* As a result of his journey he concluded that joT all the excellent land he had seen, the Red River prospects were the best for a thrifty, in d u striou s and hardy people* When a man, in whose word there lies a guarantee of honesy, personally seeks to find for his countrymen the most fertile and the most easily cul tivable land, it Is not surprising that many set out for the regions which h© pointed out* The effect of his excellent art tales was evidenced the nmsi year in the for® of large fleets of the so-called *prairie setaemrs* which cruised the width and breadth of those tremendous distances which had to be traversed in order I# reach their destination* • • If the barren reaches of five years ago are recalled* one w ill now find great changes* Where a few years age the half* wild Indians had their hunting grounds and there they found celebrated their war dance around the much-prised white scalps, there now are ripening grain fields, evidences of progress, enlightenment and Industry* been below in the valley stands the Norwegian church, the spire of which points to Ml® who has helped ms In the past and who we are certain w ill oontlnue to aid me** The letters end articles by Hansen were read by thorn* sands of Norwegians both in this eewniry and in Norway * To moot of their readers these letters opened a new land of op* portunity—a rich, undeveloped region to which they tsasedl* to migrate* The tremendous Increase in lmmi- ■' A from Norway in 1869 and the early seventies was urn* due in part at least to Hansen*s letters* Certain it is that his writings Introduced the Bed Elver falley Into the consciousness of the Norwegians, both here and in Nor way, as a mmmm® 9 liffi X8®€* Osicoto <*PP o i l !W^*Sl»wr til ,0 Mwm&Mlt lift# **!• lOStloM* South gte&ot* {South Bakota* %&&)* mA% the ttmm of ill# ta&grmtiOR lima flareiaf of the first Semdin**l*si settlers In Dakota* the ¥e?*g* frogs the port of iepertsire stress the Atloi&le ^ nag mad# in galling vessels «a€eongmed fm m € %® 10-metes* M «ii grant's tlekel {food m% in- eluded) gust |25 per etalt C ehll&res half *f are} «§ fur ms #«wr la rk ,sod |6 fros Sev Xtrk (vi* the Lafee*} to gilessifcee* The latter M&Amm mm severed in 15 to 2 0 dips* t%mm the f® m ilm beteeen the vestem short of Late Mietitgaa ant Ee^lteaeng* end nsn# were the emigrants she* . in the forties# traversed that peri of m tty I ob' t continued} Land filings in millions of acres year by yew fro® 1880 to 1887 tell the story; 2.3* 2*7, 4*4, 7*3# 11*1, 4*5, 3*1# and 2*1* Thus the peal; was reached during 1883 and 1884*** L* s* *•» &>*!;»* In the Kprtfr»9flt,. {»«* Xork, 1889) vol. 1, ^ the processes by which public lands are obtained* "Any citizen of the felted States, or person, who has declared his intention of becoming a citizen, may enter upon any unoccupied or unreserved quar terns® cti on (160 acres) of the public domain, and within thirty days after settlement he must file his "declaratory statement” with the nearest Gov ernment land office* In this statement he simply declares his intention to cultivation we upon the land he has taken. Within a year he must prove by witnesses that he has actually been cultivating and living upon his land, and then ho can have a patent of it tvm the Government for |1*23 an acre, or, if it be within fifty miles of the north ern Pacific Ballro&d, for §2*50 an acre* this is called wpre-euptionw* Under the Homestead lew, he can have a quarter-section free, or, to be ex- act, by paying the land office fee of from fX4 to $18* But he must go upon his land within six months after an try and live there* He must culti vate it for five years, sad then he can have Ms patent* But he has no right or claim in the land until Mbs necessary cultivation has been don®. He can buy it under the pre-emption law, if he choos es, so seen as the conditions of that law have been observed* If he be an honorably discharged (continued) 3* making entries for land at the various land officer, the ■ large number o f Korwegl**** s e t t lin g on Dakota lands during t h is period makes i t obvious th a t the percentage was not sm all * ITe# and cheap land was perhaps the greatest single attraction In the United States for Norwegian immigrants.2^ Being assent lally agrarian minded, with tillers of the soil as ancestors for centuries, it is natural that the Norweg ians should seek a like occupation in this country.2* It is ^(continued} soldier or sailor who has served not less than ninety days* or the widow of one* the tin# of actual service under the M il he de- duet ed from the requisite five years of residence. Under the Tlaker Culture dot* he may scour# a quarter-sectlon of such 1and as is naturally devoid ©f timber, which Includes practically the whole of Dakota, by planting and cultivating ten acres of trees for eight years* and when he "proves up" he met- show that he has planted and cared for 2,700 trees* of which at least 675 we living' and in good condition. * 22Qualey, Pioneer mmmlrn. Settlement^ p. 21. ^haurene# s!. Larson, lorweMsn Element In Northwest* . "The Norwegian immigrant came w ith a strong at tachment to the soil* He hungered for l&ndi he felt the need of a boms. A home, however, could not be a mere abiding place; home, as he saw it, was something to which on® has the title of own ership* * . ** 24M ««d Ala worth Hoaa, Tb* Old toria In the S«w (M.w ’/or*, 191*), p. 73* "Hugged Horway freezes into the souls of her sons a sense of the preciousness of level, fertile (continued) 35 a ls o s ig n ific a n t th at ?§ percent o f th e Korwegl&n l « i l» grants have com© fro® rural areas In Rorway while only 22 percent have ooise fro® urban a r e a s The s iz e o f th e la id units In this country in comparison with the common peasant h oldings in Europe was a lso a r e v ela tio n to the Immigrant®* The settler® wrote haok to Morway telling of the remarkable land opportunities la Aueriea. The fact that one could oh* tain 1£0 acre® of fine farsing land for next to nothing was a magnetising power which attracted immigrants to the north© west a® long a® there was land to be had. Qy the time of the period when Morth Dakota mm being settled* people In ilorway, in certain district® particularly, by mean® of let* ter® fro® friend® and relative#* newspaper accounts* pamph lets Issued by railroad companies and Immigration bureaus, and the agent® of railroad and steamship companies had be- cose quite wel 1-acquainte& with land opportunities in Amer ica.2^ Paul Hjela-Basjae, in the first article he wrote in 2 (continued} land, and there are no great cl ties to infect the imagination of her country dwellers. What wonder, then, fiat In 1900 nearly four-fifth# of our Horwegiana were outside the cities. In 1900 half of them were tiller® , and sixty-three percent o f t h e ir grown son®*8 oe Qualey, Pioneer J , P. 22. 26Jwi ng appeal to women bn settle in Da- kot®. (continued) 3 6 this country, writ its for publication in a daily paper in Berway, gives full information as to the available lands in the American northwest together with other useful informa-* lion* Bottlers tended to flow in the direction, naturally# ^(continued) "It perhaps ought to be stated here, for the ben e fit of widows and single women over twenty-one years of age, that they are as much entitled to homesteads as men, and the women of Dakota gen erally w ail themselves of the privilege* fs can point you to young women in Dakota who carry on quite a stroke of f arming now,. who came here penniless a few years ago* Qm mmm now has three hundred and twenty acres of land, paid for fro® her wages as servant girl, at |4*00 per week* I t i s the investm ent o f what she has sav ed from her wages in the last tie years. We, of Dakota, believe in Women’s Eights, especially the right to take a homestead and manage it to th e ir mm lik in g .* 1 Herbert S. Schell, of Dakota TamtSry. m * W - ll *iorth Pg^ota liStoScai Quartei^y, {Bismarck, 1932-33) fol* ?II* *fbe Information dl©geminated through the news papers and immigration pamphlets during this per iod was designed to make the most favorable im pression possible upon the prospective Immigrant. Slurring reports of grasshoppers, droughts and bits sards were refuted as having little or no foundation. The climate was described as salub riou s * Contribution® by actual settlers relb&ed the early history of the settlement* and des cribed varied farming experiences. a Bon t a w County agriculturist challenged any locality to beat his county in good crops* A yield of 75 bushels of corn, beets weighing 19 pounds, 70 pound squashes and carrots measuring two feet In length were some of the agricultural feats of Ben Horn®© County * In general, however, the accounts were moderate in tone*111 Ibid. * p. 19* «Fmc* M* f& hl, th e Norwegian member o f the 1m- (continued) 3? wfbre good land was available, and, In the ©as® of toe lor* weglans, the tendency was to follow the wooded areas to pref erence to the prairie* The favorable reports a s to th e Bed Hlver lands and the lands to the tributary valleys coupled *< continued) migration board (Dakota Territory) generally directed his activities toward the Scandinavian migration* He made frequent trips to eastern Minnesota, Iowa and southern Wisconsin whence a tor^o moveinent to Dakota had previously taken place* Inducements were obtained fmm ra ilro a d s to the for® of special rates for colonists. Steamships vere met at Montreal and Quebec* Most of the settlers tod to Dakota by Wahl located in the northern part of the territory, partic ularly to Cass County.” Harold 1* Briggs, me S et^ M kota Historical Quaterly, vol. VII f p. Ilf* "As a rule the newcomer to Dakota, who had re sisted ike temptations and blandishments pre sented by the eitissue of the nei^iborlng states and finally reached to# territory, bad an enter taining story to tell of the m thods employed by Dakota ® eastern neighbors to dissuade immigra tion from going to eastern Dakota, toe Infor mation was often given that Dakota was no place for a white mm and th a t nothing f i t fo r th e substance of civilised people could be grown on its arid plains. It was depicted m a land o f perpetual drouth to summer and terrible bliss,ard# in the winter* If a farmer were fortunate to get the promts e of a good crop the grasshoppers were sure to devour It before it could be har vested. Bren potato## were not safe from the ravages of the gluttonous insect, that would dig into to# ground to mumme the tuber#* ttaaqr Indian stories were told, and the redskins were said to be constantly raiding the settlements and killing the settlers* It was even reported that "nearly a ll dead people to the territory could be found without their scalplocks." The people at Sioux City would often Infer® parties of immigrants headed for Dakota that the Great American Desert would be found Just west of the James liver** 3 § with the eommratlve exhaustion of good Heasateed land farther sast and south turned the attention of home seek ers to Dakota Territory In the latter years of the seven t i e s * Although the early Norwegian settler la northern Da kota settled m desirable land, irrespective of rail con nections, they eowld not haw® bam unaware of the advance of the railroads toward th® Red River Valley * One of the points brought cut by Hansen in depicting th® glowing pos sib ilities of th® Red River lands was the expectation that a railroad would he built through the entire region* The influence .of the railroads In the Norwegian settlement of • lerih Dakota, however, case rather in the second stage of pioneering* The first pioneers esse In when the nearest railroad was hundreds of wiles in the row and when there was no early prospect of rail connections. These settlers took up land in desirable areas and carted their fare pro duce as wueh as a hundred alls® to market* later* when th® railroads cam®, a second and much greater wave of settlers arrived. This® took up the remaining heeestead land, of which there was plenty, and bought up the land around by the railroads and land speculators * The approach of the railroads to Horth Dakota was at first not activated so ouch by the desire to bring la set tlers and. develop the land as to tap the rich led. Elver 39 %rad# which had been sc lag on for many year® between the Bed River settle® eat * Pembina, door get own, Fort Abercrom bie and the Minnesota markets, St* Cloud and St* Paul*2? la the ease of the Northern Pacific Railroad, the trans continental passenger traffic was another factor* the Red Elver caravans riled between St* Cloud and points m th e Red Elver carrying freight for the military posts and for the Hudson's Bey Company posts in the lower Red Elver Valley. In 1858, €,000 carts were engaged in the trad#* In 1859# a stage line connected St* Cloud with the head of navigation on th# Red River, th# point varying seasonally.2® In th# 29 ##»« year th# first steamer ms put in servicem th# river* ^HarolS S. Briggs, ErpiftU***..** th* Horth.eet. p. 132. "The famous led Elver tra il was opened In 1844 when a number o f Red E lver c a r ts brought fu rs and buf* falo-robes to St* Paul* % 1658 Pembina had be come well established a# the Canadian base and by 1858 six hundred carts mmm to St* Paul bring ing goods valued at approximately two hundred thousand dollars, two-thirds of which were es timated to consist of fur and buffalo products*" ffitbid** p. 3®0* . A line of stage-coaches established between fort Abercrombie and Fort 8ary In th# spring of 1871 also encouraged immigration to th# Had Elv er V a lley . Qualey, F« 25* ^Colonel Clement A. Lounsberry, Early History of Hgrtfa Patot*. (Washington, sT c.. l3£5) p. 353- "The Indians had protested against th# us# of th# river for steamboats, complaining that th# boats drove away the game and killed th© fish, while th# whistle mad# such an unearthly sols© that It disturbed th# spirits of their dead and their fathers could not rest In their graves*♦** 40 mmm at the earliest Norwegian settlers In North Dakota 'worked part of the year on the Red River steamboats * thaw was constant expectation that a railroad would he built into mm Red River Valley but this did m t materialise until 18?1*31 Axel follefson m u m It State' Historical Society, m l* ? , P* R?8 « the Hudson Bay Company had three steamboats on the Red River (1873)» plying between Bracken- ridge and Winnipeg* they were the * InternationalM the "Dakota* and the "Selkirk*. Captain Griggs, who lived for many years afterward® in Grand Forks commanded the "Selkirk** In 18?3 I worked on the "International* at first and later on the "Dakota** the mm employed on the latter were a ll Norwegians* We were paid #35 a month besides getting our board* our work consisted in loading and unloading freight, besides carrying aboard a a cord of wood apiece daily* the "International* had two boilers and burned twenty-two cords a day* It had a orew of twenty-two deck hands besides the captain, the pilot and the other officers. The "Dakota with one boiler, burned eleven cords a day* It had a working crew of eleven sen.* 51mgmo V. awrtl.y, m s p rs ot Railroad ■ (5a* f«3c* 1SS3), The point for crossing the Red River was not finally determined until more than half the di vision had been built. It had been ordered by the Board of Directors the previous year that the crossing should be *at apoini six miles north of the block store or warehouse owned by the %&- son Bay Company at Georgetown** This was about twenty wiles north of the place afterward select ed. The change was made in August, 1871, when P resident Smith, in company with other members of the Board, went to the Red River Valley and spent a week riding up and down the stream look ing for the most feasible place combining the two features they desired to find—a favorable cros sing and a good site ftr a town. They selected the s i t e o f the p resent town o f Moorhead because the ground was higher there than at any otter place on the river which they visited* * * «H 41 Tills expectation was perhaps as potent m the actual oomiag of th© railroad in attract ins settlers. Although all tlis railroads %mm active in attracting settlers to their lands, the northern Pacific sows to fewer# been especially enterprising in its campaign of colonisation* Holding as it did the lion*# share of railroad lands la Morth Dakota it is natural that it should he the m at anxious to dispose of th# property*^2 Th# northern Pacific Company ^%orth#rt* P acific Railroad Company, I t j & f .. £1 li£atM 3Laer^.m m ^ W/|, |l • 44* ' '6* And h© it fin*ther enacted That th# President of the United Stats# shall cans# th# lands to b# surveyed for forty ail## in width on both sides of the entire line of said road, after the general route shall be fixed, and a# fast as nay be required by the cons true tlen of said rail road} and the odd sections of land hereby granted shall not be liable to sale, or entry, or pre emption, before or after they are surveyed, ex cept by said eoapany, a# provided in this Act; but the provisions of the act of September, #la t een hundred and forty-one, granting preemption rights, and the act# amendatory thereof, and Hi# act entitled *An Act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain approved May twenty, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, shall be, and the mmm are hereby, extended to a ll other lands on th# line of said road when smr* veyed, excepting those hereby granted to said company; and the reserved a lte r n a te se c tio n # shall not be sold by th# Government at a p rim le s s thm' two dollar# sad fifty pent# per acre, when o ffered for sal#*" 42 maintained a general European agency *t London with branches In L iverpool, German, Holland and the Scandinavian ceuniri©© for th© distribution of propaganda and the sale of th® iorth- ®m Paclfl© lands* In 1S?3# Colonel Baits Mattson was en gaged by th® Northern Pacific Railway to represent the ®o«p~ • any in th® Scandinavian countries.^ Mattson had been quit© prominent In Minnesota politics haring been elected to th© office of secretary of State In itif and having previously been a sseasber of the State Board of Xem% ration* la 1883, the company was maintaining 124 agents in Norway, Sweden, Densark, H olland, Sw itzerland and Germany, and 632,590 Mor th em Pacific publlcat 1 on® had been dietrlhuted froa Liverpool* In 1884, Northern Pacific land was being advertised In two hundred American and Canadian newspapers, sixty-eight Ger man papers and thirty-two Scandinavian American papers*^* to furrier Indicate the activity of the Northern Pacific in promoting ©migration from Norway, the following is quoted; "The Northern Pacific railway company has a gen eral agency In Christiana presided over by an Americanised Morwegian of ability, who Is fanning the flame assiduously with a general disaeelnatlm of emigration literature. Al ready he has seeursd 2,000 settlers for th® new country, who w ill leave Christiana on the 6th of May for the Northern Pa c ific count fy.*1^ 53 QuaLjr, Ploaowr Kog*«d*a SOtttocwnt. p. 25 25 3W * I p* 25 mixnm m tm mmrnim nmtiMmnr or hqbth mmtA Although the g rea ter number o f Morweglana came to Morth Dakota a fte r 1880* a coneiderabi® number o f s e t t l e ment® bad been mate prior to that date# the earliest re corded Norwegian settler Is a certain Daniel Olson who set tled at SI* Joseph, near Pembina, la 1861** there were a number o f Norwegians la a regiment o f s o ld ie r s sta tio n ed at fsjk Abercrombie la 1B€3*® bf these was the 'towM Ole Paulson* a famous pioneer Borwegl&n pastor and missionary* In 1869, a Norwegian named if* c* ^ Nelson was appointed cus- tone collector at Pembina*^ Me filed on land in Pembina Uxal Tollafeon, Hlatgrlcftl .H o f on f lorwoWtoaa t rim m& M m jglw ; *C 147V SiiiettQnrof e State IIatSioSST m elety of North Dakota, (Bismarck,. 1908} f sole#, vol* 7* *ffe« f i r s t Norwegian to lo c a te in the v a lle y was undoubtedly Daniel Olson who* with his family settled in the French half-breed settlement at old St* Joseph near Pembina in 1861 * * *, p . 14? « first Norwegian buried in the region of the valley was a soldier named Lund, who was origin ally from Stavanger* Norway* Is enlisted as & soldier in the Civil War* but previous to this he had spent some time in Basque Oounty, Texas* Me was burled at the Fort Abercrombie cemetery In 1862* (0Ives tad, iordstaeudene 1 Amlrlka, Min neapolis, Minn*, 1907, 308.}**1 State Plaqn|ng^Boft||^aa^fforfc» gj>yrw WW> "Fort Pembina, established 1870. Established (continued) 44 township ana mmm to here* been on© of th© first to do so# Pembina County then extended over the entire ©astern pert o f northern Dakota T erritory* The la te r Pembina County , la th© northeastern comer of the state* was newer ftry lly settled by Norwegians#^ There was, however* a Icelandic settlement in that county. The southern th© Bed Elver Valley rather than Pembina County becai point of entry for most of the Norwegian settlers in seems to be acknowledged as the first year of Norwegian settlemei In. the upper Bed liver Valley In North Dakota*$ In that rich Hoel settled in Aber* 3( continued) on our northern boundary* I t protected the Bed Elver of the North and Pembina County and kept watch on th# Indians crossing and was another Fort Pembina where Winnipeg now stands# P. 148 lane In Pembina county before 1380, when Severson came there froa Bergen Norway# Norwegian settlements have been wade la this county * on© near St* Thomas, and th© other in Park Township^ west of Sense!* In 1880 and 1881* **• P* 150* were Inolined to settle .the Dakota side first as the land there Is somewhat higher and not equally subject to Inundation*1 erombie township In Hlehl&nd County.^ Ho«l o i h c . from froadhjem, lorwajr* via Quebec to Drnm County* W isconsin, la 1868, worked in the sawmills there for a time and then, bear ing of th# wonderful lands in th# Red Elver Valley#mm to Fort Abercrombie th# next year.? H# took land along th# post for the ©astern part of the Dakota#♦ Cap tain James L* Flak# need this post a# th# last trading post before escorting the gold seeker# going west. First Federal post built in State on an old ox tra il between Winnipeg and St* Paul.w It is located in Richland County» 7ToU.f.on, BlBtorto*! Botee on Norwegians, p. 15*. *Einar Seal was a native of Resraabao, Trondhj#©, lopway, and together with Peder Wold, Amt Skaar* void, and Slvert Drags#th came from Bunn County, Wisconsin, crossed th© Red River and settled at Fort Abercrombie, July 18, 1870* Trm the pub lic and private letters of 01# Strandvold In Cass and finer tfoel lit Richland County, as well a# other personal letters to friends m& r e la - lives, settlers were induced to come to th# , southeastern corner of Horth Dakota In large num bers* Among th# settlers who came directly to Richland County may be mentioned Anders Mo, Bans ityhra, Ole Martinson, Ole Moon, Syver Heel, Jen# Hagen, and si vert Li# void. Portly after the s# had located on their land, other settlers arriv ed* Among them were Erick Reel, John Wold, Johan Olson, Oilbert Olsen, Torvald Jacobean, and 01# Benson. One reason for so many coming to Rich land County was that Fort Abercrombie was the gateway to Horthera Dakota. Many of the first land seeker# crossed th# Red River at this point sine# th# soldiers stationed at Fort Abercrombie were ready to protect them In case of attack by In d ian s. 11 Wild Elo« River, west of the fori* More settlers followed to 1871 an* 1878, coning largely fro® £ m and tm C laire Counties, Wisconsin. Bo mm amors to this district are re corded until 1077# 1§7§# and 1379 when settlers arrived frm forth County, leva and other points.^ fh® Southern Dakota counties la th® Red liver Valley received Scrwegiaa settlers at approximately the ease tins, to to# early seventies*9 to 1870, ill# pioneer Mwmmg&ms m%umMk* p* 27 %#© wDuring the early seventies, settlers frm Iowa, a large proportion of who® sere Scandinavians or of Scandinavian descent began cosing into toe ter ritory and locating mainly along toe streaas trib utary to tb s Bed E lver, th e (loose, Sheyenn® and others, and beginning operations cm a small scale in the way of opening ferae* So sell satisfied were these pioneer settlers, in the main, that their neighbors and countrymen whom they had le ft behind profited by their advice and mm a le e to steadily increasing numbers* John Lindstrom mm from Mortovood, Iota, in th# fall of 1870, locat ing at toe mouth of toe Shaycan#. lie nearest neighbor mm at that time sixteen mile# down the river. In 1873* with hie brother tors, he locat ed steer fortowood, in Grand fortes County, fialvor Sales* Hole Worse#, and others located in that vicinity to 187** to 1870, fetor thinglostad, Hans Thinglostad, Paul Johnson, Andrew Nelson, and others, a ll from to® v ic in it y o f itortowood, Iowa, located to the vicinity of the present vil lage of lortowood, in this state, in 1875 and 1878* ♦ . * ** Af settled in Com County* These came fro® the township of Wilmington in Houston County, Minnesota, sad settled on the Wild Rio# River* Othor settlers case fro® Houston, Fillmore and Goodhue Counties in Minnesota and fro® Rook P r a ir ie , Wis consin, in the years following and took land along the Shey- onn# River**® Mr* F* A* Buskers, the editor of tit* **Bud~ stiokken of Minneapolis”, visted Fargo la 18?4 and a sh ort tr ip out across th® p r a ir ie to the Sbsycnn® liv e r settlements* Re stated In his description that almost all o f th e farms were owned by Morwegians. Small logbouges and large wheat stacks stood at the edge of the woods bordering the river and the farms extended out into the prairie* In 10Toll*faon, HftorioX Sotftagn Boratgiann, »• 153-15*. Concerning the eaFly days In Cass County, C* Fradrlckson fro® Horace has written: "I was a child seven years old when my mother wm% fro® St* Josogar, Iowa, to th e w ild ern ess o f Worth Dakota* I t was In th e month o f September, 18?1* By railroad we could only go as far m M orris, Minnesota, where our father act us and fro® where we continued our journey with oxen about 160 miles across the wild prairie* We received mall so soldo® that the news was often three months old* the nail was car ried between Fort Abercrombie and Fort tot ten and about t on wiles fro® our settlement there was a station* the postmaster at that place was a half-breed who could not read and for this readon the settlers were allowed to ex amine a ll the mall whenever they expected a letter, which they always did* The last to cows of sours® had to be content with what was left. Still I do not believe that they ever accused each other of theft* But one can rea lise that such a process of handling the mall was unsatisfactory* (Hivestad, Morn*endeae 1 Amerlka, 158-159).* m Fargo iher® were only a few Norwegian tradesmen at that tls© *3^ Trai 11 County, th® next county north of Gass, re ceived Korweglan settlers in 18?1 when a group from Blt4h- e ll County, Iowa, took up land along the Coos® Hirer west of Caledonia*i2 Here settlers followed from southeastern Minnesota .and also settled la the Geese Elver region# the settlement following that rivoR across the entire county and extending on Into the adjoining steel® County*3^ the u Qji*l»yf PlPowr sonwdian s»UXaaant. p. 2 8 . larolX*f«m, Historical Sotoeon SorwaRiana p. 158* "frail! county was first settled by Eorwegiaas in 1ST!* The first to com® were 01# and forger Thompson, Ole .Suet and C hristian and Carl her* see* These cast® fToe Mitchell County, Iowa, and settled in the region of Caledonia by the led Elver In 1871 • Among the newt to arrive way be mentioned I* Klep, iu Bust# 4* Am®sen, I* Vinge, If# Borland, Jena Mikkelaen, 0* and g*. Fleberg, SngetKrwt larsen# P* Herbrasdsen, Kmut Rank, and I* Ingv&ldsen* These and many oth ers who casse about th® same t ie #raised wheat and barley* There was, however, pr&etieally m market forth# snail a- mount o f grain th a t they could raise* Martin Hives tad states that these Icrwegians at first had to bring their farm products by oxen and wagon tran sp ortation to A lexandria, Minnesota, nearly 200 miles away# But this lasted only a very short tine since they soon secured a near er market in Fargo* ** ^Aatoa HiU*«l*nd, a** Ior»ftl«* Lutfaaran ChvrcfalB The Bed River Valiev* Collect ions of Hi© State Sistorieal loci ety of Berth Dakota, (Bismarck, 1908) 7 vela*, vol* 7*7. *7*- "Even He skin filed on a claim near the present site of Portland in 1872* a# gives the follow- (continued) In a northwesterly direeltoa and decided upon land S teele ©f the early settlers a 91M# j^WPlpjpdaW ftWfitll AfHBWw **0©**^* *.«!*» and pr&otieally all tlnber land was taken mp* Thm settle- to tee northern edge of the woods river#. westof the present tonne of Wortewood III# p* 271 ty in 1871# aftsfc tVO fear© In rjnsswwt* / , ****hkf«k#«m»# arrival in this ©otantry* He telle ©f tee m m m a t th e mm* $ m aa# 1871# a Albert tea# Minnesota# arrived in Hans Arneson Christian Eal&or, b esid e s oxen ««*** «»»««**»# three head of oxen# We 50 This settlement warn afterwards reached by the advance of settlers along the Goose Hear and ultimately the two north ern tiers of townships In Steele County be came predominantly lonreglaa.^ The talk, of these earn#-In the late seventies and the eighties. In 1884* a writer said: *Th# county has a population of 4,000, mostly Amrtoane* The majority of the fo reig n ers are Morwegi&ns who# a s a c la s s , are good c i t izens, industrious and thlrfty.*^ The earliest settler in Steele County is probably Final Sager, who ewe here as early as 13?2* Others sow fell wed and many settlers on the Goose River have been here from that date. The Norwegians began settling In Grata Fork® County in 18ft ata were probably the first of any nationality there.*® These first comers sett led In the souths? astern corner of the 16 Oolon.l Cleaent A. Loun»b.rry, Barly Htetorr of North Dakota, (Washington, 0. C., 19X9)p. 227. The new surveys gave townships of thirty-six sootions, sash one mile square, containing 640 acres, or quarter sections of 160 acres. The system of surveys of public lata® in vogue throughout the United States, was adopt ed May 7, 1784, by Cormrom upon a report by a committee o f which IJoaae J efferso n was ch air man. The o r ig in o f the system i s not known, be yond the facts reported by the committee. 17Qualay, Plone.r HorwaKlan 3.ttlament. p. 28. IS B. 0. Skulasen and Svoinbjorn Johnson, Norwegians mAJM mjfkmL 2kom History of The Sed Rlver Valley , H Grand Forks, iS®9)*2 vole., vol. 1. ”In 1872, the Norwegians Half or Hansen and Hal- tor Bentru settled In Grand Forks dounty. Two years later eight families arrived trm North- wood, Iowa, and settled near the Goose Elver* . .** 51 county in the vicinity of ihymoi* in the present township® o f Wall©* Bentru and Aaerleus* - In 1873* more s e t t le r s came to this region from Fillmore County, Minnesota*^ In 18?4~ 76, a group of families from Nerthwood* Iowa* settled In the timber tracts on the Coos© Elver in southern Grand Forks ^ninty and gave their settlement the name of itertbweed In so ■ memory of their former Iowa home. A third settlement In 9ToUefaon, H istorical Koto a m mrmeRlmxs. P- 159. ntb% Norwegians began to s e ttle Grand Parka County In 1872 and were thus among the earliest pioneers* the first settlers located along Bed Elver in the southeastern part of the county, which la te r became the townships of t a i l s , Ben in*, and Americas* In 1872 .Knut Hud* a single man* from H&llingdal, Norway* made his home In the northeastern part of Wall#* about 7 miles south of Grand Forks* Halvor Ssatru and Halwer Hanson* both from Kalllngdal* -Norway* came with families to Bentru township in 1072. Ole Dokken and Sven Qu&mmen* both with families* came to this neighborhood about the same time* In 1073 Aslak forkelsen and Knut Jorgenson and Gun stein Svenkeson came fro® Fillmore County* Minnesota* ■and settled in the southern part of Wall#*' the two former bringing their families*” ^°H»id.. p. 165-166. In 18?4 Knut Haul son and Anders Bakkaa* o rig i nally from Hallingdal* Norway* came with their fam ilies from Horthwood* Iowa* the following year Fan! 0. Johnsop, also a native from Hailing- dal* came with hie family fro® Freeborn County* Minnesota. In 1876 Anders 3i©rva, Feder Hans and Iver fhingelstad arrived fro® Clayton County, Iowa. Hans Thingelst&d and Anders Shsrva drove the whole distance* a tr ip which respired about six weeks*; They brought along horses* oxen* and several head of cattle* Tim Norwegians who settled Northwood, Lind, and Loretta townships came chiefly fro® Iowa and Minnesota. Bom# emigrated d irectly from Norway but these were comparatively few in number* Origin ally they were mainly fro® R&lllngdal* Hadeland * Sator and Trondhjets^ N o|y^*^ sad#tm 1879 m the upper Ty&tls Riven in of the enmity* la 1877* it group of fasti* l i e s f&m Blooming Prairie, lianasota* laid the teals for a largo Mi flour! sfolng settlaeeat In northeastern' $rand Forts County In His wietfilty of the present loan - of leki~ noek * A mattes* of £or*eglaas also settled la the eifcy of grand forks la 13?4* fit# flrani forks fMeade511 was IS shod la 1880 and th ere wars River region to make the paper a the next etoonty north of Brand forks, did not resolve fonrsglan sot tiers anill 18?6 when a ease to tbs region near Brafton* They did along the lad Strsr on aso m a t o f a. broods there* Other* earn in 1878 and IQNismt s its of Imah*2^ :lm 1879# a ^eontlnned) v .» P * 1^7*' ' the f i r s t settlers along tbs upper part of tbs 9oo*e River were squatters as tbs .land was not opened for filin g before 1878, even though the township lines in this part of the country-had teen, laid out by 1876* As early as 1870 and 1871 a umber of townships new the KM River were surveyed by loses E* Artt«trongf whilst tees la the central and western parts of the county wars surveyed later*"** by Abraham Jackson ease from Houston Jounty, Minnesota* azxd settled In the northern. part of the county around Sasple* Another area la fslsh County to which tonregtan settlers caste was the region west of Grafton on the Park Biwar* These also wane in IS?? * Walsh Const?* together with fettMiis County * pretieusiy taken up.# oooplotoi" tho first tier of north Dakota led El wear counties * By 1380 there war# §*SS? fo reign torn Morwegiaas la these counties in m total population of 2?1828—approxi mately twenty percent*2^ lost of these pioneers had seas % esceji and fans wagon* % 1330* however* the Manitoba rail- road served all these counties and the Morthmm P a cific* # Oasselton branch also penetrated northward thresh i& yrilie and L&riisor#*2^ Brsckenrldge*' Fargo and. Grand Forks were ^CeaatlMsd} . • ‘ ty —the next south of festb turn along the fmd liv e r—were 0* ■'*§• Dahl and Ole Kelgsaea# They settled mar the preseat site of Hash, in 187$* * 24nn6hip, Port? Xears. af. p*y.alo;>««nt,, p. 351. • ♦ * Inddly* lSSo f the road oilseed the led River a t Wahpet&n* and was Mil It north to fare go* In May* 1881, Fargo, and Grand Forks were connected by fail*, and la December, 1881* the lin e north from Grand Forks was opened to Graf ton* The west lias was also extended t o Larl- aone* In 1882 the north line was extended to Heehe, and the west lime to Bartlett* $mm after this Mr* Mill’s magnificent pro ject of extending the read to the fad fie Coast took’«hape» The great undertaking reached Minot In 1886f and the western boundary of the state in ISS?** «♦ H 58! H» 0 1**® a at I** a a me !•« «r a § H I* f ^ a <* ■ S 3 # ** a C^’ a *a&. w*4*P *0 a *■"' a *8?f ^Slogan, Horweglan _ ___ p* 506. "Before"’the of the IS?®*#* th into Dakota in its eastern counties# a id * - land # in the southeast# eomsr, up through a ll the rich counties lying the Bed liver| and it was this fertile land that re- stained a center of concentration from 56 *fhe progress of Barnes County w ill be understood when I state that within & year 728 entries of government land have been made, with an average of 160 aeres each, and 116,000 acres w e now wider cultivation* The settlers are principally Swedes and iorwegians, but a great aanjr Jaerl- owe and Scotch are now costing in#* Judging by tlie la s t clause, the writer was evidently not a Scandinavian* the General land Agent at Valley City was a Norwegian fro® Kuah- ford, Minnesota, named B# w* Benson* m article in the "Northern Pacific Times", alec published at Valley City, spoke in the highest terns of hie services in hocusing this r e g io n * ^ the pioneer lorwegtan settlements la nausea County . ^(continued) pioneer days to the twentieth century* The Bor- weglang also liked the ^leyenae ceuntiy end pio neered there, too, in the. 1870*s building up their settlement s la the 1880*8 and finding a trading and cultural nucleus in the Dakota town o f V alley GUy** aBQnnlw» flmtmm Mmmmt&m. S ettlem en t* pp# 30-31* I • 3 3f • Th® building of the road to-1172, CSorthera Pacific Railroad) gradually attracted the at tention of immigrants and a steady wave began to cross the Bed liver* * * « Many selections had hem made in ranges §6, 57, and 58, to Barnes County, and others steadily pressed westward through the ranges until the James Elver to range 6* was reached in 1879* ***** 57 were oontlnuatlona of the Shoyenne Valley oettloBento In southern Barnes County* te e f i r s t known settlem en t was made near Preston i m 1878 by Horwegians from Rushford, Min nesota* la 1882, tee Lisbon settleisent was lads. 4 large part of the Ho nr eg! an settlers took land In tee teeyenne Valley which ferns a large part of Ransom County# Some of tees# ease from southeastern Minnesota and from Wltmesheik County, Iowa, while later cowers cam® directly fro® iorway By 1880 1 there were 6,24? foreign born Sforwegians in Berth Dakota, Id *9 percent of the total population* This number does not in clu d e t h c la r g e number o f o a tir e born lo r - woglana who came* from sta te s fa rth er e a st and who formed a large part of the Horwegian element in Dakota*^ BmM of tee Borweglana were to be found In the Red River valley or la the territory drained by its tributaries. Jaggg-£gJ?m.»?».. 6g5rIS-^g7« P; 5* ."Fort Bmmm* 18€T# i i i l t to protect building o f railroad and guard tee m ail routes and ©mi grant trains during te e gold rush* tee s ite of tela old fo rt i s mi th e aieyerme River %n Hanson County * * Hanson should be sp e lle d Hansom* 3% waley, DepwHteeSC" o F ,]^ wlS 5 S io r ^ Um.ML2bSLlMmUUm,sJL There were 13*245 foreign bom Norwegians in Da kota territory In 1880* 311M4*» p * 31. sa the advance of settlement in th© eighties was ©ini* l&r to that of th© provisos decade to that th© first pio n eers ©awe to advance of to© railroads. During th© ©l#itl©s* how over* the railroads war® building nor© rapidly and they were seldom far behind the pioneers. The footer of rail connections became m m of a consideration although the settlers selected the most desirable lands 1 rrespeotlve of whether or not a railroad would soon he built to serve them, that was particularly the ease In the Turtle Mountain and Mouse River territory and to a lesser degree in the Devil*© lake region * Settlement In the southern part of the state was wore directly the outgrowth of railroad expansion. A sketch of the pioneer settlements in the eighties and nine* ties w ill serve to bring out these conclusions * la 1380* a group of Horwegi&n settlers ease to the v ic in it y o f -law in Jfelaon County . This settlem en t soon spread to Include a large part of the Sheyenne Valley in d* f llls e ii* f?» C. Hoffsommer, d iva H. Benton* guinea in festem Morth Dakota. Rulle- tln 214. (Fargo* 1928} * p* 14. *In 1873 the Northern Pacific Railway was built fro® Fargo to Bismarck. The Great lertheni reached Fargo and Grand Porks in 1880* Devil*© lake in 1883* and Minot In 1886. By the latter date the railroad© wax*© building branch line© in the east era part of the State* following the settler© and reaching out for the wheat which they were producing in increasing quantities.* ■h m P C$ a a ♦a P> «♦ H t* «♦ «* V*^A-..Ji. *y *3# I p. m 0 m Q «♦ ■#* m «* ** «♦ * a H Xf H* m 2 2 a ©m c+ o ' < t a #* H* H •» O •s# fi* O # H* ** H «* 'M 2 f m. I** sis n & ST Inm Q l 0t«l ip H* a O S ■«* 0 «♦ O J** «♦ *•% m **8 N o m **% * i-* # «♦ Jw# P H JP* *-* 9 a <5fi SI C* ** H m 2 * M f* .HI N 0 M M i* jMk 2 c^1 I* •iTT£*S jo im d 1! aiti aaaaaq aafaf purtoatt %aif* pax^qes f f t ' ill® rich possibilities of the Dovll^h* Lake region and both th e Great Northern road and th® Northern P a c ific had lln e a there by 1885* In the northern tier of Dakota counties# almost a ll the pioneer settlements sere made sell In advance railroads * Cavalier County was first settled by in 1882 when a group from Jaefeson County # Wleseas***.* in the vicinity of Milton and Oenabrock in the southeastern part of the county* The neat county to the westward# faw ner County, received settlers fro® at* Croix County, Wiscon sin# In 1384# who took laud in the vicinity of Ease in the southern part of the county the Reverend John Blegen, on a missionary journey for the Norwegian Lutheran confer ence In 1886, stated that there was only one Norwegian fast- ily in the village of Cando at one tine* The great Mouse Elver regies in Rolette# Bottineau, McHenry and Ward Coun ties became the destination for a large number of Norwegian m i m a . p• jOW * . vi s ion begins at Fargo and the work of construction was begun in th® spring o f 1872 # and the track reached Jamestown#93 1 /2 wiles# by the end of the working season* pioneers in the eighties*5^ Th© territory shout th© Wil low Rivar, a tributary of th© Mouse Elver, was pioneered in 1882* The Reverend Mr* Rlegcn in 1886 wrote that there were on© hundred people in bunselth hut "only one of thee# was a Norwegian and I regret to say that he ran a saloon* 1 was pained and chagrined to learn this".37 g@ also wrote of the settlements on the *illow Elver beginning four miles south of Dunselth as follows s "For eight silos down on both sides of th© stream the settlers were all Norwegians* Many had lived there for two or three years and had built thews©!?©* rather good houses* *38 The Turtle Mountain reg ion in northeastern Bottineau County was first settled by Worwegiang fro® Polk County, Minnesota, in 1883* Settle ment was made in and near the present town of Bottineau. These pioneer settlers in Bottineau County oast© overland from Bevilfb 1*Is©* The two first comers came from Folic County in 1003* explored Bottineau region, returned to Crookston, Minnesota to sell their holdings in Folk County* and then returned to Bottineau the same year, walking the hundred mile* fro® Devils Lake on foot. In t he succeeding 56El8g«i, Korw.Klim Migration. p. 506. . • * About 1883 s e t t le r s poured in to th© v a lle y of th© Jwee; and in approximately th© same per iod they headed for th e D ev ils Lake reg io n , push ed into the rich Mouse River country beyond Dev ils lake, and built compact settlements in north central Dakota with Minot as a center • * * * * 3 7 Su*l*y, P lon .ar m m m X m 3«ttlamant. p . 33* % M .. P* 33* years, tti# entire northwestern part of Bottlneau County bo* came sottish with Korwegians* In 1888 ana 1839* a eonsld- arable settlement was made in Cordelia township, northeast W of Bottineau# those who settle here case partly from .Dakota County* M innesota, and p artly from T r a ill Comity* Dakota T t»ltery#1^ The Sorwegi an settlements in Pierce Comity were along the line of the Great Northern railroad, la tely ia the north western port, of the county* The first settlers oame la 1085 and took land in the vie ini ty of Barton and tagby* la 100? the flurrleane umk settlement in the northeastern earner of the county was bepm. This settlement had a difficult time of it at first* frost nipping the crops the first year and drought wiping them out the following three years* The set- 41 tiers did not leave, however* p . 239. *• * r* i^the §aSS slie f^^Me . Bed Riv e r ) * Richland and Cass Counties were s at tied in 1870; Traill and Steele in I8fl| Grand forks In 18?2; Walsh In 1878* * * * Beginning with 1377* the Norwegians added Barnes County to their posses sions* Then in rapid succession east# Banana end Griggs (1878)» Helson, Sargent and Dickey (1880}* Morton (1881}* Stutsman* Ramsey and Bo- lette (1882) * Bottineau, Benson* Mdyf Fester and lereer (I8ip) * and so on.* steadily lug for 30 years until the whole state lay at their feet* 4 lQualey, f l on—r »w»wliftSattlcaont. p. 33* *A letter fro® a settler in McHenry County 1» 1B84, quoted in Andreas* Atlas# read »fellows5 "During the la s t sunnier* Mouse Hirer received her share of lasigraUon* and* notwithstanding it was between eighty and one hundred miles f r w any railroad* there are now about two hundred families settled on the river In McHenry and Stevens Coua~ t te a —all of the best class and with fine herds of w a ttle sad horses**2 Th© foreign element is Morweglen—the rest of- the s e ttle rs being- Americans * the Keverend Ir* Blegen passed through this region in 18S6 and found Norwegian #et~ tiers all along. the valley and In tributary valleys such as Antelope falley#“fifteen miles east of theMouse.Hiv#r* Oat tie risin g seems to have, been th# principal occupation there at the timo*^ The louse .Elver continue# up into f&rd County and in th# entire valley the Norwegians see® to have been among the earliest settlers* Among the first to settle in Ward County were, a group from Haeine County, Wisconsin, who se ttle d new *%. 9. Lltofey, editor, Hlatory of Th* Formation af |gggMaa-ta "eoiloay^ of ji» State H istorical .•Society, (Grand forks, 1923) * 7 vela*, vol* 5# P* 2^7* "The law of 1891 eliminated frots the map the following countless * * * stevena** Stevens County became a p art of Ward and ttclean Cotm~ ties* ^Qualey, Pioneer »or**Rl«a 3*ttleaoot. p. 34. 64 Minot and Burlington In 18B2* Mith th# arrival of th# Groat Horthem In th e let# e ig h tie s and th# subsequent building o f the So© Line up the valley* settlem en ts were wade up th e entire valley cen ter!ng a t such point#a# Oarpioand Ken- aare*^ According to the Territorial Census taken in IMS* there were 109 Horwegiana in ®ard County in a total popula- rion o f 25?* This number includes not only the foreign. bom but a lso those bom In th is couftiry of Merwegian par- antThese Mouse River settlem ent s marked th e lim it o f th e northwestward advance of Norwegian settlers until la th e late eighties and early nineties*^ p* 340-341 the Great northern Railroad was extended from Orookstea to M I Forks* -and froa thence on west to the Pacific Coast by susses#- ivo stages* This system was at first known as th e at* Paul a Pacific* then as the St* Paul* Minneapolis &' Manitoba, taking its present nans* the Great northern* in 1890** Ibid.. p. 341 The Minneapolis, St* Paul 4 Sault Sis. Marie Railroad* wore fam iliarly known as the nSm*» has also don# much for the development of fforfit Dakota* It# lines* too* were extended without' a bonus and without a land grant* and wore pushed in competition with the Great northern to almost all part# of the state*51 *5Qu&ley, ?iooe«r Sontealwa.Settlement. p. 34. 46WtIl*®n» Hoffso®»«r, Baaton. 3ttllat.la£a4. p. 18. •* * * the extension of the Greet Northern stimu lated immigration to a considerable extent, but C continued} In the region south of the Bewlis Lake territory, Norwegian settlers were taking up land during the e ig h tie s along th# upper SheyenB# Elver ant in th#2 mm Elver Malloy* In Wells Goofty, immediately south of Benson County, th# earliest Norwegian settlers took land at th# headwaters of, Pipestem Greek, a. tributary of th# 2mm® River, in th# vi cinity of Bowden* fMs was In 1984* In 1886, a settlement was sad# along the Croat Northern Bailway In th# vicinity of Cathay. Later settlers occupied th# region at th# head waters of th#2mm Elver In the northern part of th# , county* Eddy County* *§ Norwegian settlers located largely In th# Sh#y~ mem Malloy in th# northern part of that county, ©entering in th# vicinity of afo#ymn@* the earliest settlemenV In - th is lo c a lit y was "Jotunhaijsen** Norwegian® a ls o s e tt le d near lew Rockford in 1883* In th® newt county to th#' south- ward, roster County, Norwegians settled near Carrington in : 1983* Settlers flowed into th# 2mm Elver Valley and into the eastern part of the county In 1983 and after, Molby, G lenfield, Ncrdmore, Garfield and ftrarass feeing among the principal settlements there **t the Norwegian settlements in the southern part of ^{continued} there was much unoccupied land. further east and the Mg influx of settlers into the Northwestern part of the State did not start until shout 1901** 66 Icrth Dakota sere to a considerable extent the result of railroad expansion* the dreat Korthero* th® northern faeif- ic and the Boo lines a ll building roads through this area la th# sight iss*^ Sargent County* s early Nwwsgiaa settle- meats war# in th# northeastern part of th# county in th# vi cinity of Milnor and Dslamr#* these settlers ©am# in 1681 and 1883# At th© earn# Urns, settlors took land around Fer ry* Eansc^, and But land In th# southeastern part of th© county * fh# northern Pacific branch from Fargo to minor* built in th# early eighties, undoubtedly led settlors into this region* the country farther south was penetrated by both th# Great Northern and the Soo lines in th# late eight ies. In 1882 and 1883* the’ first lorwsgian# settled in th# 48UsunBberry, .Bljjiaj*. P* 339. **Xa 1880 the Fargo ^ Southwestern Railroad was built Cm Fargo to th# dames liver * eighty- e ig h t m iles* and La Wmm' was made i t s terolJNmgfrf while Davenport* Leonard, Sheldon* Lisbon and Srtglev&l© became th riv in g cen ters along I t s route* A year later* in 1881* the Jamestown 4 northern was built to a point in Foster County forty-three miles north# Carrington was plot ted and rapidly grew into a thriving town while Fingree* Edmunds'and le lw ill# along i t s rout# became trade end poatoffice centers for dis tricts near them* Many farms were opened by mm who bought lands of th# road* * these railroads later bosom# part of th# northern Pacific system * 6f vicinity of m enials In Dickey County* Those earn# fm® Wisconsin* Later, settlements were made in the eastern part of the county around Oates, Clement and lerway Spur. La lour# County, adjoining Blokey County on the north, wm - settled by Honregi&ns in 1882 and after**? These formed the Griswold settlement in the northeastern part of the county. In 1883, Horweglans settled near Sdgeley, which was for a long time the western terminus of the Fargo and Southwestern branch of the lor them Pacific* A considerable Horweglan settlement was made in McIntosh County in 1884 and the years following* This settlement centered at Ashley and.extended on northward from fiat point* The settlers were mostly from flgeonsln, and, with the except ions of a merchant and a laborer, a ll were farmers, according to the 49Lounsb«mr* Early Hli^onr ofjlorth Sakota. p. 3*0. * * * In 1882 th e dames River V alley Hoad from Jamestown to La, lours was built and by short ex ten sion s m% th# C. a I . f* and c* l« a it* T# Railroads which had built from the south, m& a spur track was built fra® Carrington to Sykeston, where Mr* HIchard Sykes had bought lands md op ened several large farms in Wells County* All these roads bearing separate corporat# names ' were built as branches of th# northern Faoifi© and were projected by the impulse given by ~ tifaf ttoid Influx of immigrants that followed th# and c u ltiv a tio n o f th e lands aXong th# sain linein 1879-80.w 68 1885 Territorial Census.^ In 1885* there were forty Hor- wegtans in all in the eounty In a population of 282. In JSmoiui County, settlers ease In the late eighties and set tled In th© vicinity of Larvlck and along Beaver Creek. The settlement® -in Mein tosh and' Samos Counties were quite far in advance of the railroads, no connections feeing est ablished until in the nineties when the Boo line passed through the northern part of the two counties* The pioneer Norwegian settlements in the western part of horth Dakota prior to 1890 were quite obviously the re sult of the railroad expansion in this region* 4s early as 1878, a Norwegian settlement was mad# is Burleigh County in and about Fainted .WoodsThese settlers evidently earn© os the Northern Pacific to Bismarck and then went up the Missouri Elver in search of land.52 in Kidder County, a ^Quaioy, Fionaer Sarwetaan Settl.iB.nt, p. 35- 51Ibtd.. p. 36. ^8a»aHey, Sorthawa ?a.olflo Railroad. p. 308. "During the spring and summer of 1872 the road {northern Pacific) was built to Bismarck* & new town on ^ ie e a st b mk of the Missouri ^Iwer* which remained th* western terminus until 1878*" !M |*# P* 395* "The building of Missouri Division was begun early In 1878, by the transportation of ties* Iron and other material in th# dead of winter across the Missouri River on the ice* b track was laid upon the frozen surface of th# stream under the direction of general Hosser* then the engineer in charge of com trust ion, and for sev eral weeks locomotives and cars were run from (continued) Norwegian settlement mm mad# laHi# western p a rt o f the county I n t h e v ic in ity o f Loagedahl*^ In Stutsman County, Jam© a town and the James Elver Valley was the sen tar of Nor wegian settlements In the early eighties* & Norwegian set* tlem ent was made at. Washburn mi th# Missouri Elver la south ern McLean County* Across the Missouri River on Mercer Elv er, settlers earn# in 1883 from Olenweed, Minnesota* and set tle d near fit an ton* Morton County was settled by. Norwegians as early m 1881 when a few settlers took up battle raising eUk and wheat growing In th# immediate v ic in it y of Mandan. Settlements farther west were mad# la the eighties in Stark, Duirn and Billings Counties* ftinMaipk County settlement was ^2C continued) bank to bank* u n til th# fire s were actually put out .on the engines by th# water which covered the melting ice* and the hazardous passages were discontinued and th# track removed a few days be fore the froses bridge yielded to th© rising cur rent of the river*11 ^State Planning Board, Consultants Report* December 15, 1935* P* 2. Of the 151*000 inhabitants In 1885, the f ir s t two north -and-south tie rs of cou n ties in the east end contained 116,000 or nearly TT per cent, while the th re e most easterly rows held 133,'300 or §8 percent* MCldder, Burleigh* Emmons and Merton Counties in the central west and southwest part of th# State contained 14,000 persons, or slight ly over 2.1 percent of all* at that tlmc-maoy of.th e counties, especially those just named* contained much ©or® territory than they do now." 5*Qualsy, F lo n .er aorwcudan 8*ttle»aafc. p . 56. ? 0 at fay lor, me of the Northern Pacific towns* to which aet- tiers cam® la 1883 and 1884.. this was th® only Horweglan. settlement In th® county for many years# In t il 11 ass County, &. Norwegian settlement was sad# at Hoffluad la 188? and Bmms to have remained th® only settlement for seme time. The nearest market was W illis ton* thirty miles aw&y#^* In Villard County* th® Census of 1885 reported forty-seven Nor wegians*^ These war® from Illin ois and Wisconsin* and* ex cept for some team sters, w e r e ,a ll engaged In' farm ing. By 1890# the Norwegians had planeared the desirable agricultural areas In the eastern two-th ird® of!f earth D a k o ta #57 Settlement followed the water-coursos in gcncral* rail lines Being a secondary coitslderatloru Good farming land with plenty of wood and water was the primary factor la th# pio neer Horwegl&na* choice of a place to settle and make a 55fixi00nt Hoffsearner* Benton, Bulletin 214. p* it* wThe Her them Fad fie Bailroad was extended w est from the Missouri Hlver at Bismarck in 1881 and completed to the coast in 1883# and ths Groat northern was Built fro® i?'lnoi to W illlston and on into Mon tana in 188?. * # *" ^Qutdoy, Pioneer Kcr.*3Llan S a ttla s e n t. p . 36. Vill&rd "County later became part of Stark and Billings Counties. ^tllls«Na# Boffsomtier* Benton, Bulletin 214. p. 18. "The Tree-Claim Act and Preemption law were repealed In 1891, after which date settlers were limited to homesteading 160 acres or the puretsaee of railroad land. • * #" n &mm* At th# time forth Dakota became a state, the eensus figure# show that the Norwegian foreign bora formed 14*1 percent of the total population* If the Amer lean-born Nor wegians were included, probably twenty-five percent of the total population of North Dakota In 1890 was of Norwegian sto ck . Norwegian settlement of western North Dakota contin ued throughout the 1S901# and 1900*#, being considerably accelerated by the *back to the land movement * between 1900 and 1910*59 Burke and Divide Counties were settled by lor- ^Department of the Interior, Census Office, t i c s o f the Peculation of The Doited State# At fhe^aerStS^M SsTilSSSSirSrcTriiM T. f S X f,wH SST*111, 684, 686, 688, 690. In 1890 there were 25*773 fo reig n bom Norweg ia n s in Worth Dakota o f a to ta l population of 182,719. there were 44,698 Norwegian a of nat iv e and foreign birth in the State ©a th a t date* 59st»t. Planning 8o«rd, Gonwtltant. Rwort. £>«e«a- ber 15, 1935, p. 3- * Between i 960 and 1910 the population almost doubled, th e increase being over 88 percent* the western part of the state now received rap id settlement. Two or three things had happen ed which account for this* land settlement law# war# made more favorable for those desiring semi- arid tract®, the available supply of first-rate and d esira b le land elsewhere had been or was be ing exhausted, that decade witnessed an except ionally heavy immigration from abroad, much of which was Scandinavian people, who were accus tomed to northern climates and were land hungry * ** Willson, Hoffsommer, Benton, Bulletin 214. p. 19* "The "Back to the land movement” was on between 1900 and 1910, people wore land hungry, fortune# had been made by in crease# in land value# in th# (continued) wegl&ns .primarily during this pmriod of aoeelera&ed s e tt1#* meat* The enlarged tioneateai act o f 1909 increased the ietspo of settlement m m iderably * The railroads played their part in the settleaexit of the western pari of Sorth Dakota Of building mm U m especially between 1907 ao continued) central west* aril people eiipeeted a repetition o f those increases in all land* Railroad lin e s built between 1907 and 1915# opened up p raeb ie- a lly a l l the western part of the State to sot* tlesent* lot only famors but feuslaessaeii* pro* fesslonal men* laborers* school teachers# and people of wary mile la Ufa flocked to the warn country to got free homesteads or cheap m il* read Im d** ^Siate Planning Board# Consultants Report*. Poesnfesx' 15# 1935# P* If* ®la 1909 the enlarged homestead act- was passed which permitted sot tiers to homestead 320 « r n / 6xn>m«. p. 4, *tm 1930 the country providing lerth Dakota with th e la r g e st number o f fo reip i-feem was lensrsy* It was the birthplace of 31*337 which Is 29*8 percent of the foreign-born white stock or 4*6 percent of the total population* 22*617 origin ated in Russia (3*3 per wet of the total popula tion) i 10*114 originated in Osmany (1*5 -percent of the total population} i 12*241 mmm from Qm- ada (1*8 percent); 8*470 fro® deaden (1*2 per*, cent)* Thirty percent of the State * s population (continued} 73 ^(continued) I s o f Morsreglan sto ck , 12*8 8*0 peroent Geraum* 3*9 percent Canadian * ># 4*4 percent Swedish* * • * The Norwegian grants are distributed over the entire showing no special preference for any tie# that were chosen by other I f tm Mmmmrn rmma the norwegian Immigrant case to the United States and to north Bakota with a strong attachment to the soil* to the land-hungry lorwegian pioneer of the seventies and eighties the seemingly endless realties of Dakota prairie east hare seemed as the fulfillm ent of his desire for soon* sale security* which to him was of groat importance* Hie Bed Biver Talley with its wood-bordered streams and the rolling plains to the west* was a region Ideally suited to th e purposes o f the agrarian Horseman * When he first cane Into the State he settled along the streams and those areas where wood and water were, easily available * Being "woods® inded* It took the Morwegian settler some time to become convinced that the prairie could be as fertile and productive as more wooded, regions* He found the soil fertile and easy to cultivate for there were no stones or stumps la the way of the plow* Many Uorwegiana earns late the state during the time of the great land bow* 1S79-1B86, a period of plentiful rain fall and .no droughts to discredit the new territory* Is found that hard spring wheat could be grown successfully and that corn could be grown intthe southeastern part of the State* free and cheap land could be easily obtained under the Howe* 75 stead Act, the fisher Culture Act or he could buy it under the Pre-espUon Law.* this was probably the greatest single attraction in lerth Dakota for the Norwegian itaiBigrani. Cos ing primarily fro© the faming dietri cts in Horway, it is natural that he should seek a like occupation in this coun tr y . the first Norwegian settlers o mm Into the State by oxen and wagon, some o f them d rivin g a few head o f c a t tle and horses* Many brought their fam ilies with them while others waited until they had staked out their claims and had some sort of shelter built before bringing out their wives and children; which was usually the following summer* The first spring or summer each settler broke only a sm all amount o f land, usually about five to ten a Ores on each quarter section* Moat of the first summer was spent building a home of logs, sod or a combination of both. I t time didn't permit, a roof extending a few feet above a dugout became a temporary residence or sometimes an excava tion in a hillside with a lean-to provided shelter* Along wooded streams the settlers usually built log huts about fifteen by eighteen feet with a loft which was about large enough to enable a man to stand erect in the 1See footnote 21, Chapter II* n cantor. That served &8 a barroom# The crack a between the las® wore fille d with clay which was sornotlmes mixed with grass to give it ©are of an adhesive quality * The roofs were covered with bark, grass, sod or dirt* Out on the p rairies away fro© wooded streams they built their first home® from sod* Thais, the sod shanty be- case characteristic of the prairie settlements* It was made of sod bricks obtained by turning w ar furrows of even width and depth* The sod was out with a spade into bricks about three fe e t long and these were la id side by side e- round an enclosure which was of test about sixteen by twenty feet* Spaess were l e f t for doors and windows and every third layer was placed crosswise for greater stability* The cracks war# filled in with dirt* then the wall was built high enough, door frases and window frames were put in and sod b u ilt around them. A forked post in each end of the house supported a ridge pile frost which rafters could be laid to the top of the wall* Brush, prairie gras® and sod were used to complete the roof* These were usually temporary hoses* As soon as rail roads reached the vicinity of the settlements, lumber was shipped in and modem houses were built* The f ir s t stables were of sod, but a fte r the new frame home was constructed and the farmer felt that he was financially able, he built n modern barns and shads of lumber too# The first years the seeding sad harvesting wars quits o fte n dona by hand# The f l a i l or a hors# power machine« m used to thresh the crop* Usually after the second harvest th e farmer was a b le to buy a horse drawn d r i l l sad. h arvester and also a share la a threshing sachlne with his neighbors# S ettle the produce to market* wheat, other cereals* potatoes* and some times a beef animal or pig* was a problem♦ the first lorwegians In Traill bounty had to bring their farm products by oxen and wagon tran sp ortation to Alexand ria* Minnesota* nearly 2G0 wiles away* But this lasted only a short time since they soon secured a nearer market in Fargo* The farmers’ in Grand Forks County brought their produce to Fargo as soon as the railroad was built to the town* The trip required about seven days* six of which were spent on the road* tat# in the fall sow# neighbors usually clubbed together* went to Fargo and bought enough supplies to last until spring* later a supply station was establish ed in Caledonia in Traill County on the Eed Itiver near the mouth of the Goose * About 1S?£ a steam flour m ill was built her#* to which the settlers resorted for flour and feed* the railroads were usually not far behind the settler and as he moved west he as a rule had a place to market his T8 produce within a reasonable distance of his Labor on the farm was provided by the settler* his wife and sMMp#b« .. Sis son was looked upon as sufficiently developed at fourteen to do the work of a w s wad the wore sons he had the wore prosperous he usually bmmm* The w ife's work on the fans seemed never dons# As a role It «ai continuous frm daybreak ttH dark* with the family working together it wasn't long before wore far® land was acquired and new buildings and modem conveniences appeared. the settlers along the rivers usually caught plenty of fish, enough for the summer months and some to salt deem for the winter* Upland gam© birds such as prairie chickens were plentiful* Berry bushes produced quite well along the streams, their fruit giving the regular diet sms© variety* The food supply was usually plentiful* Mr* Axel Tcllefaon in his wegii>^s...M.:fhe.. Bed Elver fa lle n gives m interesting account of faming in the Heose Elver region as related t o him by Mathias Haldor, an early Horwegton settler* wW© had six or eight acres of field and for two years we threshed our crop with a flail* we placed two basswood lo g s m either side of the threshing floor to kmp the wheat from scattering and blowing away * Either the second or third spring that I was here* I intended to go to Fargo with mmm: 79 potatoes to sell* At Ha river the bridge was gone. X found a man who had a boat, but Its carrying capacity was not very great* I had to take the wagon apart and trans port it across in pieces* Then I took the yoke of oxen and had thorn swim ewer to the other aids.* *fho Hudson Bay Company had a sto r e a t Caledonia and one at Frog feint* they sold groceries to us m cred it * In Caledonia they up: si to have a barrel of boor standing in the middle of the floor and whoever earn# in to trade could h elp him self* One year th e Hudson la y Company threshed our grain and we were to pay for the threshing after we had hauled our grain to market* As a result many old timers are s t i l l owing the Hudson Bay Company for threshing as well as for groceries* This was fortunate for us for we ted no money with which to buy food* • . * The f i r s t year Simeon was on h is claim he liv e d in a dugout which was made in the side hill* This consti tu ted th e Improvements necessary to hold th e land* There were no sod houses by* the river** *0ttr nearest market was Benson, Minnesota* % bro ther Christian was down there in the fall to buy flour* I went to Otter Tail County to buy seed wheal* The only thing we had to s e l l was a h e ife r or a o a lf * Then we came up here in our wagons to had a breaking plow with us* The first *•* 50 i *•* 5? $ s* a i 4 0 H* •0 M « $ 0 *0 4 i S 0 m o *»■I * «** 0 4 *10 •0 * **% $ s M Ms! 5 3 *> § r y ar 0 8 P> i *0H i ? « *•* » m a*** O•0 2 0* s I m & p pb ** I I i £ «»*-% -y § a0 « WH* I m a ** aM s . r f 0 0 *0 | 51 P s «* » £ 0 i i f H*sr s s *$i 3 a0 # I f E 0 0* «* pu » hi m» I tar # 0 I a a $# 0 H*» I «* ** ♦*% 4 I iK 0 t § 0 01 0 0» p 4 *4 tt m a I § 9 2 ‘ ■ T ST 2 <* m M*at* » it0 M # O «£ & & m s ** IS a O3* 1 M0 §m 0 3 a «♦ ! n H c* s «♦ 0 *■*3 % Q, t ff* t I 0 «♦3 «♦ 1 3 ** I 3 0 flf I q 3 *» *•% a 0 Z a si 3 I § H § 8 I I 1S m 0 & & i # m0 a 2 a t I H s t m s 0 I 5 S <4 «* a 0 ** 0 , <8 H» & 8 t e m «♦ * I If * i» % 3 M S f* ■? 0 1 i m 41 tt I f 0 mor ** «♦ 0 **% * s I tt 0 c* 3 €♦81 Sf tt t t h* H» 58 e# 0 tt 3 <4 13tt ft tt* *$ M 0 00 ** *♦ # as H* » 0 ■f*» tt tt m ■ty.jAft H tt tt 4 3 0 § 0 0* §** 41. |m«A ** gs H| 0 «♦ «* Of 3 •f# o jar 0 M» I A 0 * *4 W 1^^ {% 0WF 3 sr 4 0 t t 3f tt H> |» A # tt # e» $ «3 tt o 13it w c# H* *•* * ■ £ 1 «•% H* xfGi ’l l tt ®S M ^#dtt a t* «o s» 0 *f ijptti $ < !f %, 4* Hoverstad* States. (Fargo* 1913), ppV ^-ix* fillSon* loffsw®er, Benton* BuHetla 214.,* pp* 64*-68* 4Horv«rat*3, mmmlm mmsm. pp. 20-21. m im m ? t i t mmmims mb fusil m m m m the Berwegtan pioneers generally mmm frm th« o ld er seitleiseiila where they had spent a few fears after their arrival, during which time they had seme la eontaat with one or wore of the. Morwegian churches la this country* ihose aiming from the western part of iorwsy* who had bmn in flu en ced hy the Haugeaa revival, joined one of the bodies which had its origin in that movement, and those whose sympathies were with the state church at home, generally sought member ship in the Earweglan synod*1 Mprn immigrating to new reg- ^Killeslaad, Moryegian lutheran Shuiyh* p. 210* During the middle period of the Ifth oentuif Scandinavian Immigrants from Sweden, Morway rat Denmark began to arrive* The first of these to organise was the Haug* synod in 1846* I t was named in honor o f Hans Hie Ison Mange, the P ietist Reformer of Borway, and organised by Elling Itlsoa, a lay preacher* J, 1* Neve, (Barllmglom, Xgwaf 19161, p* 586*. Hms MlSlson H&uge (1771-1844) * *• • ♦ He was mmmwtad in 1796 and. soon began to preach the Word to the people * » * » He did not pit himself directly In opposition to the clergys but, while their sermons were per meated with rationalistic views, leading to re ligious Indifference, if mot to open ungodli ness, he preached the gospel in its purity and simplicity, telling sinners to repent, find forgiveness in Jesus Chri at, and live a mew lif e * • * ,** 84 Ions they sought to extend their church by organising con gregations and calling upon the synod of which they were members to supply them w ith pastors* In order to a s s is t them In th in work and to oar# fo r th e members who had mowed beyond their organised Jurisdiction, the synods sent out mission pastors to the frontier settlement#* , In acsaral* ties where various groups of. settlers had located, m& where aynodical affiliations differed, matters' were complicated* then the settlers could set up separate organisation#-rep**, , resenting the various tendencies, the difficulty was solved, but %m small communities free congregations were organised, leaving the matter of syao&loal affiliation to be decided at a later date* denarally these congregations became part of the synod of which the pastor was a meaner. there were in 18T0, four, and in 1$76, five synodlcal bodies of the Norwegian Lutheran faith in the United States * Only the three larger ones were represented in the lied Hirer Valley during the territorial period* p these were i th e Norwegian synod, about equal In membership to a ll the others taken together,* the lorwegisa-Banish Oonferenee, which hav ing lost the Danish element through a separation and was generally known as the Conference; and the Evangelical Lath- 2Hln»aland, Norwegian totMntn Qhurah. p. 211. 85 eran Church, w hich'after XS?6 was known as Hauge#s synod These two 1 at ta r bodies were sm all but growing r a p id ly , and there was. strong competition for membership between the Conference and Horwegian synod in the early days In the State* The schism which oeeuredd in the Norwegian synod, bringing about the temporary organisation of the ^nti-lis- sour! an Brotherhood in 1886* was also felt in this S ta te .^ Ministers and congregations' seceded: from the- Norwegian synod and Joined the new organisation* thus making fm& separate ohurOhbedles among tbelitrwegian i4*th#rsos In tbs Red River Valley* with nearly an equal membership to ward the close of the territorial, period* The f i r s t Norwegian Lutheran congregations organised h a 1917* Hauge’a ajmod with two otbar groups hesms the IwangelleaX Lutheran Churoh. him*, aplwf History of Utthenta Church, p. 397- "the most v io le n t controversy within the synod (Missouri Synod) raged around the question of predestination {1080} * Schmidt attacked Wal- ther’a theory of election contained in the Bynod ical records of 18?? and 1S?9* the synod was divided Into two opposing camps * To pre vent a division* it left the- aynodtcal Confer ence in 1883* lewever* a schism occurred seven years later* Schmidt and his followers (a th ird of the synod) withdrew end formed a ^brotherhood”* In 1890 they united-with other bodies* forming the United Norwegian Lutheran Church*® in what la mm Morih Palcota* data, back to 1 8 7 1 W ring' th a t year the If&mne*s oongreg&tlon of the Evangelical Lntfe- aiW- C&urdfc «i» or^iiaad inthe northeast eem e'r o f E iih - Xand County and Tripll congregation of the Morweglan synod was organised in Qm& County on the nod Hi? or wont o f . ag Ceorgstown* Beginnings. of on organlsation, which war# perfected the following year, wore also made in Case Coun ty on the Sheyen&e Hlver near Hickson* The f i r s t organi sation of a church in Traill County took place in l87t* That year MX congregation of the Conference was organised on the goos© Hirer, between Hillsboro and Mayville* -Tim f i r s t church In Barnes County was the Sh@y©rma Valley con gregation, organised in 1873 northeast of Wily# Thai sane year Trinity church was organised in lalsh County on P erl E lv er, four wiles west of Orafton* In 1875 two congrega tions were organized in trend Forks County, Hoi, on th e toose Elver southeast of Horthwood, and Walls east o f Wmmp** son* In 1ST? th e l i t t l e Forks congregation was organised in. S te e le County on th e Coos® Elver* The following year- the Lutheran church of Rutland was organised In Sargent County* In 1879 th e f ir s t Lutheran church in Pembina county %XXX@eXand, lorwejclan Lul^heran Church, p . £12* 6ib id . p.a(». two Parishes were founded in CountjL the 8ed fiU w Lake congregation near Balkan and th* northern Sfcegranne Valley c&ngragation .at Lea posiofflee* In 1882 &%®fwmm. Oengragatlon was organised la Dataller County on the aonfgi - '. . . a fcransh of Paris River* soathwtBt o f Ml It on • . During too seventies toort wore thirteen tio n s oxjgaalsod in f r a i l l County#. ©oven in ElaBXand* In grand Fox**# three in w&Xs!i# two In J£ana»a0 each of the following oouniios* %me8| B&rgsnt# Steele t and PoaMma* After 1870 a n l i r of early ohurches war# loa&tad along the rigors* Soon afte r 1880 eleven e$ogr*» gallons were organised In Highland County # -seven in. Cass* fifte e n in tra il!# twenty-* seven In fa!ah* siic in Pembina* ##fon in Sargent, twelve in Haaaoa# thirteen in Barnes, Bint in Steele, thirteen in Srigga, fifteen in Mel eon and In C avalier Goo&ty* fp fHill3«Xand, Kortkglan Gburoh, p , £13. m In 1900 & nm body* the Lutheran Brethren, which, bad been organ! sad in Wisconsin, that year, began to establish congregations in the Had B iver V alley * In "1917# the lu th - ©ran Brethera had nine snail congregations located Is Rich* land* Hansomf Sargent, T raill and Srand Porks Counties*^® The Lutheran Free church, a composite of minority factions organised in 1897# had is 1917* thirty-four com- gradations distributed throughout the counties Is the Red Fiver Valley with the mmptlm of Bmgmt* Bang*** synod had thirty-one churches scattered throughout the Bed Fiver v&lley# w ith the exception of ¥m~. Mnajf In Walsh County th is synod had seven churches and is five counties It had only on# congregation In each* The United Norwegian Lutheran church was represented in :alL> these counties, varying fwm % wo to nineteen in 11 each* The Horvegian spied had organised fifty-seven ^ fllleelan d , lorweitlan Lutheran Church* p* 212. ^j#, p « . butt* mm® $m m to #Msh to also rmtmemo& to a# tbs In 1936 Ilir« soro Dakota with o f on© om ry 3*5 f it local churches mumty to to# stmt# m jfe* S* a* nilson, iaJ|2EJai * >* tf# If# OOF# RllifeftP o f i# with fit f Mo 6«>oi mo soot heavily in to# soot o f & o tfm g F# half of it# 90 Thin decrease was probably dtt# In part at least to the fol low ing fa c to r s: (1J a decrease In number o f fa m e In some areas which has resulted in a decrease in the population and the abandonment of churches* (2) A tendency on the part of some denomination© to enlarge parishes by consolidating neighboring oongregations# C3) A tendency on the part of sm s religious bodies to cooperate and combine two congre gations of different denominations making one organisation* In 1947# there were 508 Horwegian Lutheran congrega tions In the State# a gain of 5 percent over the year 1946* the meidjership consisted of 97*322 soul© baptised add 6?#206 souls confirmed which was a gain of 3,891 and 1#669 respect ively in that year**^ These 508 churches had only 138 act ive pastors, an average of on© for every 3*6 congregations* It must be remembered that the entire membership of this church is net of Morwegian ancestry# but they are by far in the majority# the only other religious group in Berth Dakota of lorweglan extractl on at the present time is the Lutheran free Church. Their membership Is not large compared to that of the Norwegian Lutheran Church.2*^ Then, 15T. P« 3oX«b , editor, tuthgran Almanac and Year Boofe, 1949 (Slnn«ftpolia, 1948] ™ l6K. 0. ffaage, Lattar (Hoonan# if* P at, Jan* 8# 1949) "You w ill find on page 13 of this book (Lutheran Almanac# 1949) th at th ere are a number o f oth er (continued) 91 . too, some Norwegians are members of other Protestant and non^Protestant religious bodies. fver since Hie territorial days the church feme do* ponded cm the Ladies Aid Beeletles of the various congre gations for ouiti of Its support. Assisted by the leumg People1 s organisations, these societies hare generally equipped Hie church edifices with furniture and fixtures* Choirs, temperance societies and mm*a clubs are social organizations which have been provided for in ©any congre gations* Sunday Schools are provided for in raost congregations. Several weeks of religious instructions are given in many churches during the summer months* the subjects taught have to rather recent times included catechism, Bible history, church history, music and Norwegian. Recently the study of Norwegian has praetl eally been d Is contl aued and a ll the time is being devoted to religious instruction* Teachers for these schools are being provided for by students from the various church colleges or the pastor himself in many 1ns- stances does the instructing* ^{continued} Lutheran bodies in the United States* Some of these also have churches in North Dakota. Never theless their greatest strength lies in other states, the only one of these bodies that is of Norwegian extraction is the Lutheran ire# Church * th e ir mesfcership i s n ot large compared to that of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. . . . nevertheless our church originated among the Norwegians and they are s till by far in the majority, * . *" m B tsliit supporting their local pmtor sat oongrs§e* tl the lersegiaa Lutherans la Berth Dakota hare carried on irarie**® educational end aissioimry enterprises 17ierlief llqlayi^iil^ P* 383* *ln 1903# the Lutheran Brethren built their first aaS only school—the Lutheran Bible School, located at tahpeton# »• X>*# I9®> 1918# * ■•# •* m* 3?9~3t$* 1l#h#fti l& oatlon TffiflPl JtfiMhl OraoS ISrka Gellege SraMleHs, S# P . lipl-lSSt U aitM Grand Berks College trani Berks* I . 1# 1900-1910 Mr* weglan Lutheran Bible School Wahpeton, M* 0* 1903-1918 free XorthwMtera Coll«g« Valva, R. o. 1910-1912 Hor- weglaa cm&fm vt tm m m m im m p o u tic s - fh© »orweglaa usually entered the field of polities rather slowly* h# M out Ms *first papers* for the pur pose of acquiring land* not neoeesarlly that ha night vet* in the next election. But sometimes ^Lrmmstaiioea ware such that tha Norwegian pioneer settlors had to manage their own community affairs* manipulate American institutions* and oftan district end township. Ha did this usually through force of necessity* ©specially in newly settled areas* In tha early years of his sattleaent ha was usually too May breaking up tha prairie *bMldltig a to # f learning &agll#h and adopting American customs * to give much i l m and atten tion to public affairs# lot until the leisure of sum degree of success was hi#* did he yield to his natural inclination for polltlea of the larger sort# the fiorwegian* of a ll the Scandinavian peoples* has the strongest liking for politic# and ha# had the moat tho rough political training at hose* line© 1814 he ha# lived and aeted in a eem m tiy markedly democratic. He under stands the meaning of the Fborth of July all the better be cause he and his ancestors have for three or four genera tions celebrated the Seventeenth of lay the independence of lorway and the advent of republicanism. It may be said 94 that h® brought with him to dmerlea a fairly clear under standing of the tseaning mt republicanism; elections, rep resentation, local self-government and constitutions* He has a tendency to favor the Republi can party in national politics for several reasons* Many of them east* to the Hotted States during the ClvllWar period and shortly thereafter* To thee the name Republican had something In it that was fascinating and 1m their minds the Democratic party had been associated with the maintenance of slavery It was a Republican north which bad opened up the free lands of the teat for settlement and It was to that party that they owed their homestead rights• Wot until the moral questions were superseded by economic questions relating to * Babcock, Scandinavian Element* p* 159-160* . *&* they read theie s^eches of the great leaders, as they heard fro® Kegroec themselves the w ile of slavery, as they learned of the high-handed doings in Kansas, the seal of the Boandlnavlans for human freedom increased. there were m eld party traditions, feelings, or feuds, to keep the® fro® judging the issue of slavery’s expan sion on its merits; no loyalty to the memories of dead heroes held the® in mortmain* Seme few of the® voted for Cass In 1848 and for Fierce in lif t , but by 1856 there was only on® issue for them: simply and straightforwardly and al most to a man, they became Republicans*" 95 the tariff* currency, and labor did tbs Norwegians begin t# arrange the®selves in any eonslderable nuabere outside the Republican party#2 From 1892 to 1948 they have under varying eirewetenoee left the party five time# and after e&eh such excursion they have returned for the most part♦ ^ Babcock, Board limy lan Element, p. 164* "Another believes that a eonslderable portion of the Scandinavians voted the Populist ticket in 1892 and 1894, but that they ware normally believers in the protective principle and there fore naturally affiliated with the Republican party* {better of <1* M* Dahl, Secretary of S tate o f Sforth Dakota, March 24, 1896*} Tellefson, fH&terleal notes on Sorweislana* p* 165* "George Taylor Ru^i, professor of Scandinavian languages in the University of Worth Dakota, estimated in 1895 that "until a fee years ago over four-fifths of the (Scandinavian) secular press mere strictly Republican in politics* (8* f * Rugh, *The Scandinavian American", lit erary northwest, Feb*, 1895* He estimated the total number of papers at "about 125"*) w %«© Appendix III. the State went Fiepubli can in both the national and state election, 1948* Larsen, P* 78* Grand Forks Geenby , fo r th S h o ta , where n early one-half of the voting population is Horwegian, offers an excellent illustration of independent or, if one prefers, erratic voting* the county began to vote for President in 1892* though it has always had a somewhat restless electorate, th e Republicans managed t o secure major! ti ©s fo r their candidates from Harrison to Taft*- Trouble began in 1912* In that year Wilson carried the county, Roosevelt following close behind* f 11- son won again in 1916* Since that year Grand Forks County has given majorities to larding, la FelXette, Hoover, and Roosevelt* this is a record that is not easily etched*" 96 In loo&l and state politics they liar# played much the earn® role. Party lines aren't followed as closely aa iaittatlonal politics.*' they have supported the Icii-parilasa league,, a dissident of the Republican party in toe State, fo r a number o f y e a r s th e y hare sleeted several of their people as governors* Other State offices lift* those of treasurer, MCI tor and Lieutenant-Governor, not to mention eowmlssionerships and appointments to boards, have also been frequently filled by Norwegians they probably made their first venture into politics in township organisation and administration. It was organ ising these new townships, working toe town machinery, oar* rylng on elections, levying and collecting taxes and laying out roads, that the immigrants learned toe rudiments of American politics* In some townships all or marly all toe offices are held- by Sorveglaiis* luch of toe business in *fhe Non-partisan League movement is an agrarian move ment, cm toe whole a movement of property owners to benefit themselves as such, to insure their own hold upon toe. land they have acquired and the processes of storage, exchange, and marketing up on which their prosperity depends. ^Bakoooic, Sg«nd3Ln«nan gXwMBat. p . X50. In toitoPstoSir^Snu^atotare of 93 wwsbars contained 17 non of Scandinavian parentage in 1895* and IS in 1901—16 Norwegians, {b American bom), one Sane, and one Icelander.* thas© eoismunltlefi in their first years was carried on la a foreign tongue but official records Mr# kepi In Kngllsh* township affair# shad# off almost imperceptibly Into county: affair# and the Norwegians soon began to take part In toe latter* The county offices which seem to be most attractive to the® are those ©f ah#rifft treasurer, auditor, and r e g is te r o f deeds4 high percentage of the## office# ©specially, and also other county offices are today held by lorwegl&na.^ Met- attrac tive to Scandinavians are those of sheriff, treas urer, auditor and register of deeds* * * * Sstl- mating on the basis of a sure minimum, with the difficulties In Identifying names eliminated, toe Scandinavians for several year# after 1095 filled approximately . « • , one fifth of the 268 (coun ty offices) In North Dakota* * * *“ 7IM4.. p . 147. * * • More recent illustrations are to be found la 'toe ©lection of 1904* In Traill County, North Bakota, toe sheriff, judge, treasurer, auditor, register, surveyor, coroner and superintendent of schools were of Scandinavian origin* * * •* c h a t h e v i i up* o* f « mkmm fhe standard of living among the Norwegian asitlcrs, whether on the fame or la the towns, has hot been wary dif ferent free that of their American neighbor# * It mm Id not vary much In a doghouse or eabitt on the prairie whether the occupant was a Norwegian or of other stock. The foot was usually of wheat, milk, fish, wild fowl, pork, comon veg etables or whatever he grew on his fare or could obtain in town which usually consisted of the basic necessities# The eloping was rather primitive ami usually rough hut suffic ient to proteet hi® fro® the element©. But with prosperity, Americanisation, and the settling of the region about thorn, they took to comforts and luxuries Just as soon as they could afford the®. the hospitality of the fforwegians is one of their greatest distinctions. The coffee pot is always In use, and coffee and pastries made from Old County and American recipes are served whenever anyone chances into a Norwegian home, as well as at meals and between steals* It is still a habit among the settlers to eat a lunch,, cots Is ting of coffee, sandwiches and cake in the middle of the afternoon, espec ially in summer when the days are long. Some also add a m% mx* %u%%%%8-svm * m wop wi^Tf * iaUNg^ oift ptiw n W ® x M » p ® m wopofWf fj *ttPP soofnbso t*0ff*a *&»tf ©tfwqooow tar «f £*p®i soowp •% ♦tifwop jo sfwswoit s f f U fa «tf« **tf 'llw it# 3ofti®f«ls ojpBi s|i| pm* pxmutfmmmp tafffo a #t|$ 't^TU* %®msB 9 u% *mm& *#mx& m% « i * W u % % m m ~mwm m%$o *8m m mm- SttfAwet * 0 0 0 1 j m m p mm J@ oSpo otn 0 1 m m m m t * XTOAfwafqotin po» fpaooo mu. of fWAf* o© Im p o» Boon f£t{ ot| mmm m m w tp mm® m% *m®wm t n f f f * s mm j o m&m%& m ppm pm m m%mxm®% m m m ^m q warn * uotm *48M0g m% &mtT*A Stiffr»H 2® mm %mm£ sqf Stiosra oofsnofssC* Bmmm j© m m m . m m & m m j xm m%% um m m £*p mi% sooj *tif«sp jo . ©oOTp* 9 jo fOAfmmm mm £tp*f*tdoo «T f l *eo®f8*000 i*fo©d« • 0 0 m*s ftffs m m m ttfff-fon mm *% mmwmp m t& m m m *m 2® %*®* m £ *Stffou 8 p jo pooj o*x* 008 £o*y •owooiia «f &xv® ptmoj oo* oiiftOfA ea&in l9po& *%vmm *»ftfO« £fJ» 8 J# o jv t ®t|f ftffOltp OWffldfNf8 ®A q0 P4* OffOfA ooSuepotm psSofdf* %v$xm m% &W% m%* £*m *83|ff» P to pm f mm£ ® m m®% H *f ofw« «ftu *oft©fA pn* oofpooo&w otff m pm£*x& mwmp to p o d # pm mmM *mtw*l®m offoa uf*ftm©ta~-©fsrm jo p p j sow mmpkmm* ©iy *%f tlfWftXJWBi f t f f 8 s o s i f f s s m % pm PXO uf psofnbo* ®wa £wp W •fWOW OAfJ SOffWO JO f f ^ P I « f m *0000000J m m Of tptlftf mo er mewing about the f lo o r . In mrm. Norwegian towns and communities, MJule iakktf, or ChrlBtmm Fools #1111, make the rounds of the homes between Christmas and Ksv lea r# They a rt young people dressed la @©#tuae and masked, who call on the neighbors and aw glwn food and drink at each home visited* A holiday in a ll Kmrwwgln communities la the Seven teen th o f May, Horway’ s Indwpwndaasft Bay* The f e s t i v i t i e s usually Include speeches, plettloktns and dancing* The Norwegians prefer marrying In their am national ity group. In the seventies, if a mm sought a wife outside Ms nationality, ha was guilty of a form of disloyalty which could scarcely fee forgiven* Carriage with other Scandinav ian* was always a proper proceeding, a German bride, too, mi^xt expect to fee blessed, if she was of the right congre gation* today they intermarry with a ll nationality groups| the mating urge and religious belief of the spouse feeing primary while nationality is a secondary consideration. Mr* Norlie in Ms America published in 1925 states that % # * of the Morweg- lan men who do not take Norwegian girls to wife, 55*%$ mm** ry Swedish girls, IQ$B$ marry Banish, 4*5$ marry F innish, B*5% marry German and 14*8# marry British and Canadian, whereas only 6*5$ marry non-Teutons* Of the lerweglan take Norwegian mmm mm husbands* 52* I8 * $ f £ Denes* %*&0 mm&xf Mtnts# B+60 B r itish e r s and Canadians* whereas The Horweglaxts* th en , see® to the atedes and Danes than to say of their Is* at least, the ease with the first varl* or "ohlvaree*, with uously on some slow vehicle and taken streets to an of blaring automobile Horn is expected to climax t h is and cigars for the crowd 4 wedding dance is usually held at the tine of the char! v a r i or fTo© the publication of the In a in 18% to elem ent never ‘ o f I t s ©will a fmmm for debate o f » a essays into o f the i» P « 0 $•£J j* # Hi© itw I* m§•* S3 @1 O $ § MlW nm •o !-* W3 new country the b e n e fit o f th e s o c ia l and p o lit ic a l endow ments o f th e members and le a n t t o meet th e demand® o f th e nee eondltl one here, to promote a mutual understanding and agreements among Norwegians In America and &mk to preserve the history of the Morwegi&n immigrants * The lodges have supervision over and distribute aid to their needy members and look after the subscription© for life insurance* the members keep posted on labor conditions In this country so as to be able to aid the newcomers In securlng poeitions. the organisations seek to secure kite b e st le c tu r e r s and by means o f song and addressee to d evel op an appreciation for Norwegian melodies and the memories of tbs native land* Tbs Scandla Society was organised In 1893 with its aim being *to stimulate interest in recent problems and in Scandinavian literature** and that this shall be accomplished by means of lectures, debate© or discus©ions, readings, the editing of a paper by the members of the organlmtion and A by the forming of a library* for about thirty years Staiidla existed as an important factor in developing the social and Intellectual U fa of the Scandinavians of arsad Forks* Poring this period, the society ?ollef8oa« Hlatoricax H o f oa Hgrwegtaao. p. 187- W k had & number o f lite r a r y programs, concerts «Bd celeb ra tio n s of various Haas and possessed * library eoaalatlxis of gew- oral hundred books* 0rand forks College m s erected by the Bad River bal lsy Lutheran Association in 1S91* ' This association m utated of persons alio were ambers of Rorweglan Lutheran congrega tions of the led liver Valley* The school was opened In the fa ll of lit 1 witt Professor i * Boalkvam m p H n o lp el and Professor l* 3* Knu&son as iraaaurer# According to a report by the latter, luly 8, 1893# the total value of the school property was then about #35*000.^ the school had. a fair attendance for Its Hud as 2Q1 students had enrolled Owing the academic year of 1892-93* Of these one hundred forty were fro® Berth Dakota sad sixty from Minnesota* In the somer of 1893# at the close of the g second school year there were six graduates* On account of the poor crops mens many of the far mers of Berth Dakota and m et era Minnesota in the early nine ties, the matters of the association failed to subscribe to the paying of the college debt* furthermore# many subscribers were unable to pay their subscriptions. ^TollafBon, Hlatorloal Bolas on HorvmUm. p- 1?6. 6IMd». p. X77. 1.05 The lack #f fundsmmmMmtmd th e o f the school as a Lutheran Institution and it was sold in May ©f IB94. Th© college mm bought back in W by the iforweg- ian Ewa&gelleal Lutheran synod the «aln m m offered by the school war© a prepar atory ©ours© for those ©ho had not coapXeied the eighth grade In th e mmmm schools* a normal course which Included a ll the branches required for a first grad© teacher’s certificate9 a Lather College preparatory course to meet the demands of those who were preparing to enter the Luther College at Ds~ eorah«r Iowa* a ccaiiserclal course Including shorthand |»¥W» • Orand Forks College eo&ilnued its successful worSc in ®r&od Forks t ill 1911 whan it was moved to Velva, north Da kota* A few years later the school was disoontlisited* In Worth Bshota U n iversity a mi department was established in 1S91 with Oeorge f. Hygh as Assistant fra* fessor* Instruction was offered in lorweglan far beginners as well as for s^vanoed students# la the former ©curse eel* ectiona were reed fro® fSJorneon and Lie, also Ibsen’s *St Buickehjeffi® and *ferj© Vigen®* together with exercises la composition* In the advanced class Kiellan&’s "skipper ^Toll«fson, BUtorlo*! Notaa on Morwalane. p. i77- 1 0 6 1erse% Ibsen** "Brandw, Lie’s "Dan Freasynte” and f#gnarfs "Frithjofs Saga” were studied besides selected Moxweglan poe try*® Later a course was given in the history of Horweglan literature and one to Old Morse • In the latter Vigfusson and powelVs "Iceland!© Prose Reader* was used* Fro® 189$ to 1898 the Scandinavian ©hair was v&oaat* During the year lit 9-1900, Dari 1* Roiiefson, Assistant Professor of fiiyalos,. instructed in lorwegian*' • * In a relatively short tins it has hewn possible to build up an eidM sive library of Horwegian, Danish and Ioeland- ic literature, at the University, probably the largeet to the test* In 1905 a sim of about three thousand dollsrs was sp« preprinted at one tie* for the purpose of putting the Scandi navian library m m good basis, free Scandinavians in the state, end Professor tingelstad wade a personal v isit to Her* i io way and Ihm rk to purchase books* the legislature of 1913 appropriated $8,000 for m exhibit at Oslo, Norway. fhm governor appointed a «^®silssion to gather exhibits of the products of the state, photographs ®Q»org* f . jLglft| * u OF 0 *4m 04U 8* * « #4 %* 0 4* «rt *# 0 « # <0 W' e as•0 w*4 #4 |4 4» 110 of the Interior, Census Office, Unit ad States At fh* Tanth , 4 V W * ««a»l3Sgt011* m altuO ffice 1883. Vol. 1* Pp. StaUatlea of The ^<>PWl,tlP|^of ^ a S ^ to n 3^ 9” : Lag ornoa, 1895.P a rt I. Pp. 606-690. , Donald 0 ., SocIj Dakota. SuUgtln gSS. Faraoi «orth 1%P 193T* 90 ppm of educational, health, religious, social Loo liyunder direction of Berm&n Thorson, Secretary of State* Bismarck: tribune state Printers and Binders, 1942* Pp* 11-27* in official directory and manual of fact# and figures con cerning the State of Horth Dakota and Morth Dakota State Planning Board, Consultant * s Eeport to * PopaXatloa 3tudtee b r Saw- Printers and »# ’X538ET" 15p p * A study of the population in Horth Dakota—not very tho rough* Plath, c. a.._ m m a l Import hm& PlUBBill t. Fargos ' Itat® A study of fm s, their value and acreage, In , Carlton C., , g?rfa£lM^i.lg,aant ln »lau- Merit* Dakota His torlc&l ^u&terly, vol. 5* OctV193O-0 uly 1931* Bismarck: tribune, State Frist ere iri Binders, 1932* Pp. 14-38* A good study of Norwegian settlement in Korth Dakota to |g8gru.,9f:..fft* M. Bee Mexico* Dt C*s ■, .J79^56 pp. the report included a survey o f 111 Seim, T. P ., $d itor, j&SJaasm. ♦ Minneapolisi Augsburg Publishing Housef 1948* Iff pp. Contains statist!os and a study of activities of the Lutheran Church. S ta ts Planning Board and Works Progress Admin! & tr a tl on , . BlsmareksTribune, state Printers and Binders, 1939. . P* 5* A report on land character!stl os with some inf ©mat! on on tbs study of the Mod Elver region. Tollefson, Axel* E©ta ^law iffM ^K ai eetiom s* J vols# Bismarck? Tribune, Stmts Printers and Binders, 1908* Vol. f. Pp. 14?~16?. A study of Worweglsn settlement in too Bed ftiwer V alley- several letters quoted. image* lev. K* 0 # , M frJa liUiSl in, Moonan, Worth Dakota, January * 1949* Information m the Homeglans and their religion w ill! son* E* A*, H. C. H off summer, Alva H# Benton, io^^^ia^ta^^fioullSal'^Sffege^iiiit^ fi^ pp. A study ©f s o c ia l and economic fa c to r s Involved in th e changes in number o f farms and movement o f s e t t le r s fwm farms in western Horth Dakota. W illi son, H». A*, ______Fargo? Horth Dakota College, 1928. 79 pp. A study of educational, health* religious, social and r e crea tio n a l agen cies in Worth Dakota. W inser, Henry J*t iu M e Northern tc Hew'forksd* P. Putnam’s Son®, II to account published to publicize and promote the sale of lands owned by the northern Pacific Railroad in the Worth- w est. PRIMARY AGOQUOTS App, Frank and Carl Rajrmond, The Fagger And HXn Ftm- Mem fork? H&rcourt. Brace and Company, 1924. Pp. 13*14. A study of farming and what constitutes a good farmer. 112 B legen, Theodor® 0 ., >rv» Minneapoll a i University of Minnesota. Press, 266 pp 4 good study of Norwegians is America and immigration. Sorthflald, Min nesota* Norwegian* Amor loan H istorical Association, 1940. 510 pp. 4 good study of lonrogiim migration to America and their ssitlament throughout the northwest * Briggs, Harold £,, fh e^ ttl^ en t and. Berth Dakola Historical ISrterljvrSrrW l * Bismarcks Tribune, State Printers and Binders, 1908* p. 12?* 4 study of the settlement of Dakota Territory, dealing primarily with life in the Bed Hirer Talley. Bruce, Andrew A., Ion-Partisan League. lew forks The Mac* m illan Company ,1921. 322 pp. . A study of the Hon-Parti©an League, its origin and acti vities in north Dakota* Flos, Gaoaree T.. a History of Scandinavian Studl.a i& tm r- loao UnlTerglU;;. low. City" W » The Stat. Unlvor- alty of Io»a, 1^07• P» 2 5 . A study of Scandinavian courses of fered in American universities with a good surrey of the courses offered at the University of North Dakota in the study of the lorweglan language• ______. A Hlatory o f «or*9Ki«a_ Iaalflr&tlon to fha aaltoft ~i«w* Citjs printed, X909. 407 pp. A good study of immigration of the Norwegians to the United States and their settlement in the Northwest* Foster, James S Territory of Morthwest» Yankton* Intyr© A Foster Printers, 1< Pp. ?g-101. A survey of immigration, description of towns, climate, soil, building material, timber, coal, markets, schools, ehlurches, society, etc. It is somewhat exaggerated. O Jerset, K&ut, i3a8XJtf-B.MW., Mew York* The Macmillan >mpany, 1915* PP* a study of Norwegians in Norway * Ha© very little on lor* weglaas in America, fferigstad,u f c f g w Omanz j8, w p *?¥* wv*Morth w* Dakota v** State Historical Society Collections, ? vela* Bismarck* Tribune, State Printers and Binders* 1908* Vol. 2* Pp. 186-197* Primarily a good source of statist!as on Norwegian Immigration.* Hllloaland, Anton, ;* Morth Dakota . Tr ___;* Morth______Dakota _ _ __ tori sal Society Collection®, T vols. Bismarcks Tribune, State Printers and llnders, 1908. Vol. 7* Pp* 209*278. A good study of Norwegian churches in the Bed River Valley and life in the early settlements. Mraratad* I. A., largos Hans lerveli PSHshing Oo., p.p# A study of Morveglan farmers in the United States. In* eludes a chapter on the Monregian farmers in North Dakota* The work la rather poorly written* Lounsberry, Colonel C lient A*, m M Washington, B* C.s Liberty Press, 1919* fp. alO ^V A good study of the early history of Morth Dakota, a# does not make a study of the group population in the State B orlie, Ol&f Morgan, History, of The Norwegian People in America. Minneapolis j Augsburg Publishing House, 1925* 602 pp. A good study of the ifenregian population in America. Stresses the religious viewpoint considerably. Korthern Pacific Bailroad Company, An Act gaJm t atom e A Son, A reproduction of the Act granting lands, and their ex tent, to the northern Pacific Ballroad. ferry, George Sessions, The Offordable* The Saturday Even ing Post. Phila&elfhia 2"SeCurtls Publishing Company, Oct. 9, 1948* Vol. 221, Mo. 15. Pp. 27*28, 166. A rather polished account of life on the farm of m Nor wegian family in Wisconsin. Bavndal, 0. Bis,...... Pi err© i D ep artm eritoF T E sto^ ^ Vol. 12. P. 310. A study of the Scandinavian element in South Dakota* Has some materials applicable to north Dakota during the ter ritorial days. Eovb&thas, Fraseiia~ Ja»sen,A f r ig f® ttalrA&zhs&L* ben to® i Sampson Law Uorate® , 1885*188' pp. A glazie® a t th e stsafty aid m of emigration and Ilf® on the prairie ant farming pmmpootoM of iortkern Dakota* adm it Herbert s., MIJJpyLlp^^ Dakota territory. lor® Dakota Kiatorleal Quarterly, Vol. 6* Dot* 1932-doly, 1933* Bismarck i Tribune, State Printers and Binder®, 1933* PIP* 10-19. A study of immigration nativities by various agencies to fe s te r tli® settlem en t o f Dakota te r r ito r y * Tum or, £mm A*, ifortkAtolg* ifortti Dakota ^ItalO w S^EsSoiH y^lM oM m sTf vole Bismarck; Tribune, State Printer® and Binder®, 1906* Vol. 1. Pp. 185-190. A general account of immigration into lor® Dakota—not mooli- on Storweglan Immigration into tbe Mata*. Torvend, 5*®** 1,1#,, .fi»gfg« lor® Dakota State Historical Society ColleMle&s, 7 vole Bismarck; Tribune, State Printers and Under®, 1906* Vol. 4. Pp. 310-320* .4 study of names of lonregiati Migration—net thorougli and not too reliable* Waldo, £dna L&ioore, Dakota. Bismarck; Capitol Publishing Co., 1932. Pp. 1 « An account of life on the prairie of Dakota. flmsMp, George i* , forty.,...learo . M ? tf V alley. H istory i f ’The BeSKlverIn fwo Volumes. Grand Forks i Herald Printing Company, 1909* Vol. 1. Pp. 91-94. Workers of The Federal Writer® Project of Worker® Progress Administration for the State of Korth Dakota, Korth gfr> Farpii Knight Printing Company, 1938* Pp. 44-87* A Survey of early settlement and customs of the Menreg- larts In lor® Dakota. SSO0IMKT ACOOnmB Mats®, lame® Trusloe, Editor la obi of, Dictionary of jaw loan.History, lew York; Varies Scribner® Sons, If 5 wela* M # 4* P. 152. Contain® an article on Woreeglan churches* Mamie, Louis, lew torUs Harper & Brothers Publishers,194¥~45. Pp. 250-254* 4 general account of AMrleaM from various European, co u n tries. Armstrong* l* Moses, _ , _____-i - - st* Pauls S.wr^SfiwS 1501> as very l i t t l e on th e settlem en t o f Morth Dakota# Babcock, Eendri© Charles* The aeaM lnavian._lla^at Infhs 12 vole* urbaonas Hmiverslty of Illi nois, 1914. Pp. 17-165* A good study of III# Morweglan element in the Halted States— a general survey of the tlorweglsns la Horth Dakota* B ereovice, Konrad* tores. lee forks The Century Co., 1925* F. 240. Contains a roster of the ?semb©rs of the sloop "Restaura- tlo n en H* Briggs, Harold 1*, le e York: ' WTApple, ‘ ton - Century 0o®pany7~I*i^* # 1940."” Pp. 132-414. A good study on frontier life and settlement* Written as a textbook. Brown, Francis J* and Joseph Benesh, Editors, One M erlea. Mew Yorks Prentlce-Hail, Inc., 1946. P. 51* A study of history, eontributioas and preseat problems of our racial and national minorities* Laton, A llen H.* Mew Yorks **. F. fill ‘ , ■ g fe ? - *$*•ml ^*-92. Contains an article on the Morse-Amorloan Centennial, also a study in apprecl at ion of the contributions of our foreign-born c111 sens to American culture. A. H* McD&mald, M i to r in c h ie f. xnxrty volumes, 1 Mitton* lew'Yorks Aaenoazi Corp- oration, 1948. Vol. 17* P* 721* f. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brltannlca f s s r r m t V© t* Vol. 16. Pp. 529-531* davit, John Palmer, _ lew Yorki Harper 4 Brothers Publishers, 7# 398. A study in methods of Aweri can! sat ion. Has some infor mation on the Hon-Partisan League. Hafen, LsBey E* and Carl Ulster* Western Amsrl&a* Haw Tories PraatlM-flall Inc.. 19*1. Pp. 525-5^'. 4 good study of the Sioux Wars, also the exploration, set tlement * and development of the region beyond ths atissis- t% l* Holley. Frances OtJM&orloln, Onoo Thelr Man or Pag Legacy Chicago* Donahue 4 Henneberry, 1892 Pp* -*** 4 ©tody of the early organisation of the legislator© and n a tio n a lity o f some o f th e s e t t le r s * Irvin e* S. la a te a n , lit t e r * The World Almanac And oedla 1917*1948* Bee Yori? The ?rese3^i£SBSSg W 1916-1948. (Election returns, governors and president—in Horth B akst*)«, Larsen* Lauren#© M.t The Horwei lan ement la „ _ _ The A&erlean H istories! rwi^iBnESsr Macmillan Co** 1915* Vol* XL, Oct. 1934# fp* 69*78* A general account of the Norwegian element in the North w est. Libby* 0* C«* Editor, SLM* Morth Dakota State Historical Society LMttsini'*'' 7 veils * Blsaarck* Tribune, S ta te Print** ere and Madera, 1906+ Vol. 5* Pp. 167-250* An authoritative study of the formation of court lee In Berth Dakota* ffsv© *. Jf *. 1** * s a s t H i A i «3 L.93C . . p8 .i^i^friw> a,, J lir l i______a * lovatThe Carman L iterary Board, 191< fp l 386-§13.~ 4 study of the various synods of the Lutheran Church in America* faxsoh* fT ederlc Logan, The forks The iia a tilla n 3 , 358 3?1. A good study o f th e movement o f th e fr o n tie r westward and the Indian situation in the northwest* Quigg* L* f-> lew Yorks The Tribune Association* 1889* §p*X9-i This study is not very reliable and contains very little on the thesis subject* » Alfiworth, Ihe.OXd fh® 4 oiu&jr of th® significance of p&ot and p r o so n t tion to th# American people* Hie ^or Villojr lii "foe V oluiii* ^ Vol.* 1 . P» «®o« 4 mot too reliable »%«% o fMorwegt&na In the " ' •* O* P . 5 4 study of the s m a m x & ■fifo%fjkmm *• MPJr^pN9 $^£aite4Mfe4 J^r**W0 '41 In A asrlaa. (Kla.»HWVAA»( "The party oenslstsd of f aarrled couples, eitti 21 sftftSte'm 9* ftwBlftl- ™> 4 b Ss#w 4lftpftittUife SHsPmft® 4fcdlfei- «9 4« f t 9•* M K 9 » 9 f t 999II £I9p 4 f t 9 f t f t 99$ '^ f t 9199 ■ 4 4 g irls, iM U (w r ar* listed elasply as rthlldrsa. Thsr# wsre si so 13 single sgfla nad 1 single soasa, Ifes gnsk of Vmmr y^@is# w ith tli# ysEFs @f t-H^1r %f 14% «yi £i*# £MMKI tefWlttk# iBSSdl Iftygftly mi R. B. "First €®a^p4w #£ Jr«aj.JkJr *l#awt» 3 (!) Urson, la m U787-1845) (2) Larson, aJsrtha Georgian*, Bm Fssrsea (1803-1887) {3} K eradsl, Cornelius Relsoa C1T89-1833) {43 Heradal, Caroline, mm Wmmrmam { -1848) (5) Heradal, 9mIs »elsob (1800-18%) (6) Hersdal, Bertha, as* Bersig (1804-1882) 4III ^ 9 ^ % EwvSS#M9 h ’l^jnfeggt‘RWa^t®8EW#» jf*fta.teC 9ftft&4fetfftftlft<9fc4ft<9ft: if I *3JP 4 '44444kp#J "V (8) Berrt* (Rarelok), Bartha, nse (9) Has, Slaon. (10) uaa, _ ___. (113 Midland, Thomas(1778-1826) (12) Radland, „ _ „ (1768-1829) (13) Bossadal, Saaiel Stenaon (1779-1854) (14) Bossadal, Berths, ass Stavaon ( -189%) (15) Stem* Johannes (1779- )* (16) S ten e, Martha* nee fiiid tn ssta d (178Q- ) * ( I f ) Thompson (Thereon)» Oyen (1795-1826) (ID) flMgqpMNt* Bertha Caroline* nee ^ ^ ^ (1790-1844) Childrens (19) y ri^ » Margaret m en {1825-1916} * Mrs. Rohn Atwater. (20) ifelsen* (Hersdal)» Ana (18X4-1858). Hot serried * (El) Kelson,(HeredaJt)# Kale (1810*1893). Married Catherine Iverson. (22) Kelson (Hsrsdal) * lager (1819-1896) • Married John 3. M itchell. (23) Helena (iiarsdal}, Martha (1823- )* Karris* B*a •9P«A9*T»9®H uo«T0 ~ ~ “ v * v u m *P*w* *8tA»OTS {05} t» W » * wawog peX44*n * (V98I--L08X) oosoopuy qoo*f <9xa3oxs {6%} * (£) tgNMAj SjtoqoSax f (g) — “ — SjoqoSox f(T) X»T *{ -8X8X5 «*®0 ***X*H •v a n s (S£) 2X9 Total APPSSDIX q Iss&z 17,667 APrBHMX 0 f if * 12T Sex Relationship Occupation Blr©iplaoe Father* • Bother's to head of Blrthpl. Bifrthpl, HoI8T03H COBSTX ■8VtfiSid& WP ~ w # • 4«' i4 W .JB gaytltt ^»WWP1P M Brother Farmer Norway Norway Noj*way ■und, M is X »■■«*» Feewojr Norway Norway S(yl£w®sgFMMuaap *asd t^eua r l i f t aaMeNdP Norway Norway Norway l^jaaiftiaiafeww “imd$ WewyNtw X Norway Norway uad# M il ie r Daughtax* Norway Norway Norway ®th# O le it — Faraar Norway Norway * w IWMflflg QSMTX oteraon, Mary r Wife Horway Norway Norway eteraon, Louiaa F Daughter *»«**# Bwedoii Norway MSHCEH m xm x acobaon, 4# J* X WW* Carpenter Iowa Norway * e # Joha X — Fairer Norway Norway Norway NSriOlC X •« Farsar Norway Norway Norway -aelai/Homk IK yeywer Norway Norway Norway aglel, Batsy F Wife — - Norway Norway Mrway a g l e i r Andrew M B o m .«****» Minaoeot^a Norway Norway fcgiei, dilfeeri M i r a a mmm Mlnneaota Norway Norway sjd *el * Carolina W Daughter EiaSMISBSS Norway Norway aglet* Anna F laughter Mlnneaota Nonray Norway *aglai, Julia F daughter «***■*<* Dakota Nonray Norway im Sex Relationship Oooapatioa BXrthplao© Ffcth m e s s counti fls s ts S p 1 *N* Faroor Norway N^orw^ay S # l^ f aOPMTRAIL Qgfflmt 80SS OLIVSB COCTT? i- iMr g » ©♦ »* r « f * «***«» Norway Norway Norway r^^iiBOO.; w w w aaa aiin a'a a.y p g a a . w £* '^■v >w w Dau&ht or Safcota Koraay Nonray W orn# §* M m * # * Norway Norway Nonray 4ttSOlMP*6@EI-^^WHI^^ppr^^Bat WpPwWa'S'.JP’ 0* m © « • w*w*wSorwaw *y^wy Norway S on n y ^eporeoo* M* E* r Ilf© Norway ^r©^©yy Norway aepsreoii, ju 1# F Bau^itor ©MlfrWW Chi© S on n y Norway ~&&$01!*£0f!.^^^©WSr we*a^ WWW^wW-Jp• id S ©1© W* i T SmtfKtor «***«* Ohio Norway Norway olander, 0* M -N N e Norway Norway Norway ealeoit, 1* « #**» Norway Norway Norway e&leoxif H* X# F n r # Norway Norway S on n y ealaon, Anal# F 0ao#it©F « » * * w w Dafeota Norway Sowway anaon* # • m W*** WHWWWW Norway Norway Norway 4b Wfc ayMK' 12 BXimQ1 | tin m OMO OH. w©> ©w Norway Norway Norway •loon*. 2# m *. Farffiar ftwJwJoJf0 2 jwfc eMMfcOfc WP Norway Norway a lso n # Mary F fir© 4 » a * * * Norway Norway Norway &lson, 01© i Son Minnesota S onn y ©©■mayfiff 1 1 T»w» II w alaon, Carl i Son ****** Minn© not a Norway Norway m SOfl Ximr t w Xfl>v* Q Q ^ * P « H O f 0 l iiBbU[|»HBm*5. Hfr* il'Villi m* S i '& © d feM a B irthplaoe Mot&sapVa to h e* i o f * Wtetb# |* — . *SwU* ..... OMf® ODIIifX i o m U ) y*Vafc"inii dJS^Sie 3aleant B. S. F i^Pigpi&OF OOttNfciO* ^irmesotft M*rm? Somajr >*la«a, John M 8H3B3I ****** M imosotft taroey Somrey tegl*;, Jsbtt 1 #MMO fo u m r ROF0OF "S.JROOtoMifc Or * # m i * ***y F « lf« Norway SOFWOy ssowragr 8**iey, a. t . 1 a » lim o o o to Sorrily SOJPWB^f S1 mww'l4iP&. . hfm wa '- F IfoOfShtei* mmt-m ttianooei* Horv&y SSW iy ^glay^ s. G. 1 **ai* Farmer SOFIWijF Seroey le w e y 3&gley, L. K. F Wife Semmy Norway Mammm*t •lOgXef* #* * M * • 1 irettio r 7»raian& Bommy SOF«*y FOFOH^f 3*gi®y» a* m« 1 Fftltoiwp SOMay Sorosy JMSWay fiiMK%ot* »* 1 Faraer Mommy IfoFiiOy Semtoy fJtaifcoi* ^30' M Farmer Mommy Bor»«y WlPioUrtf^oy w*ejF ^OTXLLE GOOimt SOME m sm m qm tm ^ ilSttStSSI Carpenter Iowa Korva? Sowar fOlWR QSIIOTf toovoftt f ? S* H wmmw Norway mmm$ W®mm$ Xeaons e* K« II **•* Motel keepar Wiaeoaeia Horway Monray I t s m , Olga F flomgfttw Mtariesoia, fioooiisXfi Sonregr Xooeii* Komf * Brother Wieeoasia Mommy lemmy t e E slaiion atiip Gomapfcitofi B irth p lace Father*© Mother* to heat of MrtfegtiU Blrthpl m m m m m m (cont*) ■Sather* Pwts M Ssrrant Xrnkmwm SotwwRyr Morwa?©wWjWi^fc ^W"^^W|pf Norway «So113ji* John M Norway , JPKm WMjjy lilbsrteon, Haiti# F Sorrant mtwm& fisa o iisln Norway Norway ^ISlLlliS* Lou la M Boardor SMNMM# Ssrwsy Norway Norway -£d sirom , F* f . M we** fte a o r Norway Norway Norway 'S&stros* lary 0* F t t f o OS **» *#' Norway a w i t f Norway >laaoa* Jota 1 — w*mmr Norway Norway Norway Jloaon, Caroline F t l fa Norway Norway Hearsay )le»on, 01# M Son Norway Norway Norway $ . G» » son 4M«*W» Norway Norway Norway )los ■aoson, M ir m ^R®r01f««rm h la A i A i m Faarasr Norway H om y Norway ■feaaiStea* # **^ i l»xwigr Norway H ftirtm fi jrr ■*«rg, Hans i Son ■***►*1* Norway Uunmf S w w ^ tjjf «n. m g ft | | ^«Pg* ^ . / am M»— 0 . Norway Norway ^ th s r f 4# i #*-«* Fwp®sr Bhstipway Norway Norway •lathor, y* M fa n ssr Norway Norway Norway Arson, Lars 1 Farmer Norway Norway Norway \ VILLAHD a m m : £Lanksnfeorgt §• II Uaaboror Norway Norway Norway iGUft£&onl2i2Fg, Juli& F Daughter wwiswow I llin o is Norway m i n i 13% Sew Belatieaahip Occupyttioa Blrthplao* Father *s Met her *e to heat of Urthpl* JteiU «, ------„ --- , -- v iu sm mmtr (C0Gt.) Wt*5 4 Wwl^^WlSWSIE^^p ^ jfc MfcWja% iSS nii9w *% S j*ja. r Daughter I l l i n o i s Horway I l l in o i s oihus, yetm m -****■ Fawner BorwasrwwFealPfS WSWiljHf nyHFItjfW#» »*—ii « lerw ay m •• Carpenter Borway Homey Borway Christiansen, l> m P la ste r e r Worwsy Borway Wamay C&ristiaaseit* A* r w ife Norway lorway Wswwsy Christianson* 0 i ion Horway Norway Borway Christianson* 1* F Ih^^htor flMr4M*iM* feiw ay Bor way J^o^rwajy Christianson* I* * San ***»*•» I H iim i s WflWiiirsawasa ww Bcrway Christiansen* ff* F Daubster OSWfrSW I llin o is Homey Borway Christianson* o. F Daughter aWWiMW* m ia o l® Borway Seaway Christianson* L* F D*Ught«P Illinois Bo may Borway Christiansen* K* M SB#* *mmnm Dakota swsjsaM i 5P00B «**•»«» I l l in o i s Barney Ssmmy Allc* F Daughter sewews Daseta Borway Borway «&ggl»B ^®8B®S&88H9Ni^98i 03L^® m ** Si' Hunter Borway Borway Homey ■Anderson, August m — Carpenter Borway Seaway Borway Anderson* Ca# M e S K i cetsNMHlrWF nerway Horway Borway Andersen* hiIda F f i f e «««. Horwsy Bo may Borway Anderson, Fanny F Daughter Borway larway Norway anciarson * ttxjkoa F Daughter mxm*m wSFsa.ititti-sfcitf p i w ^ leeway Borway finally. B H t lt Illinois Illinois I? *4 m ♦ HI # 91 © O H ses$ #* s gjly It Nt I* It fte* I I it* Si«wm| # #4 2 41 m * . * . * ** # i n «t * Hf HI *•>m- O4 « SI r fir* am Ml&tlQmfeXp Oeeupat1m BirttipXae#Wa&hm*# Mottier* s %® head a t BXrt&pX* MrtkpX* WARD C 0M S (aoni*) Menaon, Stene 1 mm t m m m . larway Norway Norway Swaaaoii* R&galld F Daum ier m m m Norway Norway Norway SiSBSSISy ASBEtX® F Bau^iter ***** m m m Norway m m m Swenson, OX# M SSIU ##* Norway Norway jierwoy TfeorleaoB, B. 1 wiM#* #«« Norway Norway Norway =W* tfMr A# i*&r&0£i* § In 1 *w*» rieiTRsy K #M f Iowa Laraon, Jenny F Wif# Iowa Norway Norway i*ars Capaon* X* 0 * 1 S#B tmm Norway Norway tmtmm* 0 la £ 1 mm 1mm Norway «terw» iJeilatm* 0 . 1 mm Tmmm Mtnaeeot# Norway Jlorowy >le@oR, M#iX# H m m * fwemr Minnesota Norway Norway )l* so n t H&ldl» F w ife m m m l M | Norway Norway 3Xeeon, Gust&d 1 s#& m m m Bakova MitmaaotaSarway Ha##®* OX# m am m m m - Dakota fellsm , Xf#r m — F#f»#r Norway Norway Norway WELLS QOUWil fotaam # *# u Wmmmw Norway Norway Norway m m m Wwmm m m m 1iorway Norway telarson, 1* m am — w m r n r Wrnemm Norway Norway Iw n riin *1*1*1 i«iiiim finft vWI * » — Norway Norway m m m (oontinuod) E x m m m mm •Celloeilotts of tho Slot* Hletoriool Soeioty of Sortfa »«koto, 0. 0. Libby, Slitor. FOrgo» Knight Printing OwawQr, 1933* ? volooe*. Vol. %, pp. 33&-44B. 139 APP3KDIX S OF PSRCEBT OF to tO TOTAL 16*3 * 1.1 1 8 .7 *?.* 7 A.1 12*5 11*3 2 0 .2 2 .5 9 .1 7,7*0 3 1 .3 8,*71 1 0 .5 16*7 7* 3 *•© 15*0 1,716 8 .0 7 79 .6 1 .2 1,377 10.6 27*8 1*971 *7 2 .3 5 .8 8 .3 26.0 1* 8 .3 2 0 .* «Ma* 18,357 7 , 1 9 .1 * * 2,817 1# 29*1 1 .9 9 .6 Qtkwmr 10#T » M l CEKSUS OP 1890 {o a st.} TOTAL TOTAL TOR 80388 BOR- JHBttHQIt O F PSRQS8T OP POP. SI OK BORR SXOES 80RB SOUSE FOB* BOUSE TO POPOLA7IOH P0RJLATI08 BIQ8 B0R8 fCREIOB S0B8 TO TOTAL POPOLATIOS POPtlLATIQB StaeXe 3.777 1.S8T 1,118 89.6 71.3 Stevens 18 8 <*M*e 5* 266' 1,6m 3.3 7*4 1.450 570 %m 11.6 29*6 Tr&lll* 10,217 4,701 %572 35.0 70.0 Wallace 34 3 — — w«a«h 16,587 8,539 t#523 15.3 29.4 Wart 1,681 698 3St 32.7 54.7 M lt 1,212 570 i l 6 .6 14.3 t i U i i i i 109 43 22 20.1 .5 sxi 193 I f 3*7 9 .8 ®mmn o f u m (o o n t.) m m m to r n . t &*» wmm fm*> JSMBt? OF *mwt or mm mm mm mm mum to mmi&nm m m u m m mm$m m to 1DTAL FOPULi FOPULmOB 0 1 iT .r 990 368 29 2.9 7 .8 P$&blX!& 17,8«9 9,027 3a 1.8 3.6 Fl.rM *,765 * Vfifi 590 12.3 32.8 llaiMMiP 9,198 2,866 1,026 11.1 35*8 Foymofi 6,919 2,09? 1,026 l*«8 *8.9 Klohlond 17,387 5,318 2,17* 12.5 40*8 Bolctt. 7,995 2,165 262 3.2 12.1 Stfg«Bt 6,039 1,75* 668 11.0 38*1. Sterk 7 ,6 a 3,381 136 1.7 * .0 SImmiIs- 5,888 1,857 1,297 2 2 .0 fo .0 6,691 1,5** 318 *.9 20.6 Traill# 13,107 *,797 3**72 a . * 70.2 “wP» 7,961 2,**5 6 a 7.6 26.6 » « n * 8 ,3 1 0 3,195 6 a 7 .5 19.6 i m i i u 1.530 *16 *7 3*0 11.3 iSHfeOTiiiHocfe: s t m w u « 2 ,2 0 8 111 1 .06 *9 OaLlsctionfi of %hm stat# Bi*t®r!eal 3©#i#ty of Horit* Dakota, o« §• Libby, Miliar, Biaaarok; Tribune, stat# Printur# m i Blna*r*t 1906. f volumes, Vol. 1* pp. 15§*1$1*