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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN ANTONIO ABAD DEL CUSCO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA DIVERSIDAD Y DISTRIBUCIÓN BIOGEOGRÁFICA DE LOS ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DEL SANTUARIO HISTÓRICO DE MACHUPICCHU, CUSCO­ PERU. Tesis para optar al Título Profesional de Biólogo Presentada por: Bach. Luis Mamani Ccasa Asesora: Blga Norma Jara Moscoso Coasesores: M.Sc. Juan Carlos Chaparro Auza Dr.. Andrés García Aguayo CUSCO-PERÚ 2015 \ AGRADECIMIENTOS A todos mis docentes de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, en especial a los docentes de la facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, y particularmente a mi asesora Biga. Norma Mary Jara Moscoso, por su confianza y apoyo en la realización de mi tesis. Al Museo se Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (MHNC), en cuya institución me formé como herpetólogo, en especial al director Blgo. Percy Yanque Yucra y la curadora Biga. Rocío Orellana Cuellar. A la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, por apoyo económico proporcionado a través del Apoyo Económico a Tesis Universitaria de Pregrado, ya que su apoyo fue relevante para poder terminar el trabajo de investigación. A mis Coasesores, M. Se. Juan Carlos Chaparro Auza y Dr. Andrés García Aguayo, que sin ellos no se hubiese concluido este trabajo de investigación. Al Grupo de herpetología delMHNC, en especial ami CoasesorM. Se. Juan Carlos Chaparro Auza, por todos los conocimientos impartidos; y a mis compañeros del área: Sergio Malqui Tupa, Raul Quispe Phoco, Amanda Delgado Cornejo, Peter Condori Ccarhuarupay, Alex Ttito Bustamante y Consuelo Alarcón Rodríguez. A Kateryn Pino Bolaños, por las enseñanzas en el manejo del programa MaxEnt. A director Ing. Jose Carlos Nieto Navarrete, al especialista en Fauna Blgo. Roberto Quipe García y a los guardaparques del Santuario Histórico de Machupicchu, por brindarme todas las facilidades para el ingreso al área de estudio, apoyo en la colección de datos y facilitarme las instalaciones de los puestos de vigilancia para el pernocte. A la Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica por apoyarme en la investigación. A la estación biológica de Wiñaywayna, a la residente Biga. Eufemia Machaca Blanco y en especial al Guardián Macario Zúñiga. DEDICATORIA A mis padres José Miguel Mamani Cruz y Victoria Dominga Ccasa Quispe, por el amor que me brindan, por el constante apoyo, por los valores inculcados para guiarme por este cammo. A m1s hermanos Yovana, Yasmina, José Bernardo, Alex, Víctor Hugo, Jhon Mario, Lino Cristian y Brisan, por los momentos compartidos y el apoyo brindado en todo momento. A mi compañera de toda la vida Carmen Rosa Vásquez, por el apoyo brindado. DIVERSIDAD Y DISTRIBUCIÓN BIOGEOGRÁFICA DE LOS ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DEL SANTUARIO HISTÓRICO DE MACHUPICCHU TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN ..................................................................................................... I INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................... II FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA .......................................................... .IV IDSTIFICACIÓN .......................................................................................... V OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. VI HIPÓTESIS ................................................................................................ VII CAPÍTULO I: GENERALIDADES ................................................................ 1 1.1. ANTECEDENTES .......................................................................... 1 1.2. MARCO TEORIC0 ......................................................................... 3 1.2.1. ANFIBIOS ................................................................................. 3 1.2.2. REPTILES ................................................................................. 6 1.2.3. BIOGEOGRAFÍA Y ZOOGEOGRAFÍA .................................. 8 1.2.4. ÁREAS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES Y ENDEMISMOS ...................................................................................... 9 1.3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .................................................................... 10 1.3.1. UBICACIÓN POLÍTICO-GEOGRÁFICA ................................. 10 1.3.2. ACCESIBILIDAD ...................................................................... 11 1.3.3. MEDIO FÍSIC0 .......................................................................... 13 1.3.3.1. Geomorfología ...................................................................... 13 1.3.3.2. Hidrología ............................................................................. 13 1.3.3.3. Clima .................................................................................... l3 1.3.3.4. Temperatura y precipitación ................................................. 14 1.3.4. CARACTERISTICAS ECOLOGICAS ....................................... 16 1.3.4.1. Zonas de vida ........................................................................ 16 1.3.5. FLORA ....................................................................................... 20 CAPITULO II: MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................. 21 2.1. MATERIALES .............................................................................. 21 2.1.1. MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS DE CAMP0 .............................. 21 2.1.2. MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS DE GABINETE ........................ 22 2.1.3. SOFWARE .............................................................................. 22 2.2. MÉTODOS .................................................................................... 23 2.2.1. LUGARES DE EVALUACIÓN .............................................. 23 2.2.2. ZONAS DE VIDA ................................................................... 24 2.2.3. MÉTODOS DE CAMPO ......................................................... 24 2.2.4. REVISIÓN DE DATOS EXISTENTES .................................. 25 2.2.5. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ESPECIALIZADA ................ 25 2.2.6. MÉTODOS DE GABINETE POST CAMPO .......................... 26 2.2.7. ANÁLISIS DE INFORMACIÓN ............................................ 27 2.2.8. ANÁLISIS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA POR MODELADO DE NICHO ECOLÓGICO ............................................. 28 2.2.9. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECIES AMENAZADAS ............ 34 CAPITULO 111: RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION ......................................... 35 3.1. RESULTADOS ............................................................................. 35 3.1.1. RIQUEZA ..............................................................' ................. 35 3 .l. l. 3 Riqueza de anfibios y reptiles por zonas de vida .................. .41 3.1.2. ABUNDANCIA Y ABUNDANCIARELATIVA .................. .44 3.1.3. DIVERSIDAD ......................................................................... 55 3.1.4. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA ........................................... 57 3.1.4.2. Distribución potencial de anfibios ......................................... 57 3.1.4.3. Distribución potencial de reptiles .......................................... 58 3.1.4.4. Mapa de riqueza potencial .................................................... 60 3.1.5. ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES Y SU ENDEMISMO ....................................................................................... 62 3.2. DISCUSIONES ............................................................................. 65 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................ 67 AN"EXOS ...................................................................................................... 76 ANEXOOl ................................................................................................... 77 Lugares de evaluación ................................................................................... 77 AN"EXO 02 ................................................................................................... 86 Caracteres usados en la identificación de anfibios y reptiles .......................... 86 ANEXO 03: .................................................................................................. 96 LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla l. Datos climáticos .............................................................................. 15 Tabla 2. Puntos de muestreo por Localidad ................................................... 23 Tabla 3. Puntos de muestreo por Zonas de vida ............................................. 24 Tabla 4. Variables climáticas WorldClim ...................................................... 29 Tabla 5. Especies de anfibios y reptiles registrados dentro del SHM ............. 36 Tabla 6. Especies de anfibios y reptiles registrados dentro del SHM ............. 38 Tabla 7. Especies de reptiles registrados dentro del SHM. según los sectores evaluados .............................................. , ....................................................... 40 Tabla 8. Riqueza de reptiles del SHM. según zonas de vida......................... .42 Tabla 9. Riqueza de reptiles del SHM. en base a las zonas de vida ............... .44 Tabla 10. Abundancia y abundancia relativa de anfibios presentes en el SHM ...................................................................................................................... 45 Tabla 11. Abundancia y Abundancia relativa de anfibios presentes en el SHM .....................................................................................................................
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    Review Peptides for Skin Protection and Healing in Amphibians Ilaria Demori 1, Zeinab El Rashed 1, Viola Corradino 1, Annamaria Catalano 2, Leila Rovegno 1, Linda Queirolo 1, Sebastiano Salvidio 1, Emanuele Biggi 3, Matteo Zanotti-Russo 4, Laura Canesi 1, Alessandro Catenazzi 5 and Elena Grasselli 1,* 1 Dipartimento Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita –DISTAV, Università degli Studi di Genova – 16132 Genova, Italy; [email protected] (I.D.); [email protected] (Z.E.R.); [email protected] (V.C.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (L.Q.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (L.C.) 2 iDelivery iSrl, Via Eremo al Santuario n.75/A, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] 3 International League of Conservation Photographers, Arlington, VA 22203, USA; [email protected] 4 Angel Consulting via San Senatore 14, 20122 Milano, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; [email protected] or [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Tel: +39-010-35338257 Received: 19 December 2018; Accepted: 17 January 2019; Published: 18 January 2019 Abstract: Amphibian skin is not to be considered a mere tegument; it has a multitude of functions related to respiration, osmoregulation, and thermoregulation, thus allowing the individuals to survive and thrive in the terrestrial environment. Moreover, amphibian skin secretions are enriched with several peptides, which defend the skin from environmental and pathogenic insults and exert many other biological effects. In this work, the beneficial effects of amphibian skin peptides are reviewed, in particular their role in speeding up wound healing and in protection from oxidative stress and UV irradiation.