IJBPAS, March, 2014, 3(3): 462-489 ISSN: 2277–4998

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND USES OF SOME OF THE MEDICINAL OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA -A REVIEW

MUDASIR A. SHEIKH Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India *Corresponding Author: E Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The valley of Kashmir, also called the bio-mass state of India is very rich in aromatic and medicinal plants. More than 50% of species described in the British pharmacopoeia are reported to grow in Kashmir valley and it is established that nearly 570 plant species are of medicinal importance. Natural products utilized in the correct form and dosages are less harmful than synthetic products. The use of these herbal remedies is not only cost effective but also safe and almost free from serious side effects. Modern pharmacotherapy has included a range of drugs of plant origin, known by ancient civilizations and used throughout the millennia. The increasing consumer preference for natural products over their synthetic counterparts is quite evident, so there is a growing demand for analysing unsurveyed plant species. This review article is an attempt to shade a small beam of light on the profiles of some medicinal plants which emphasizes on the need of extensive study for reporting the additional information on the medicinal importance of other unattended species of Kashmir Himalaya. Keywords: Herbal medicine, GC analysis, Pharmacognosy, Kashmir Himalaya. INTRODUCTION In India the references to the curative Kashmir Himalaya is bestowed with diverse properties of some herbs in the Rig-Veda habitats which support a rich floristic wealth seems to be the earliest records of the use of that has been used as a resource-base by its plants in medicines. Plants are more potent people since times immemorial and has also healers because they promote the repair attracted people of different fields from mechanisms in the natural way (Chitra et distant places. The application of plants as al., 2009). Plants provide the predominant medicines dates back to prehistoric period. ingredients of medicines in most medical

462 IJBPAS, March, 2014, 3(3) Sheikh MA Review Article traditions. Plant based therapy accelerate the medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalaya are healing process (Galal et al., 1965). These highlighted here: plant products are used as first aid, as 1. Origanum vulgare (L.) antiseptic coagulants and in wound wash () (Kumar et al., 2007). More than 13,000 Origanum vulgare (L.) is a plants have been studied during the last five medicinal, perennial plant, locally year period (Biswas et al., 2003). There are known as Jungli Tulsi or Oregano or no reliable figures for the total number of Himalayan marjoram. This is the medicinal plants on earth, and the number only species of genus Origanum and percentages of countries and regions which is found in India. It is found vary greatly (Schippmann et al., 2002). in the temperate Himalayas from Estimates for the number of the species used Kashmir to Sikkim at an altitude of medicinally include 35000-70,000 1500-3600m AMSL. Vokou et al., worldwide (Schippmann et al., 2002) and 1993; Kokkini et al., 1997; 7500 species in India (Shiva 1996). D’antuonu et al., 2000; Skoula, Thus medicinal and aromatic plants are 2002, reported carvacrol and thymol valued for their biological activities which as dominant components of its can be justified by the fact that about 80% essential oil. Andreas et al., 2013 of the local population still depend on these found carvacrol as the dominant plants for primary health care. The component in the essential oil of O. formation and accumulation of essential oil vulgare ssp. hirtum. Lagouri et al., in plants have been reviewed by many 1993; Aeschbach et al., 1994; workers (Guenther, 1972; Corteau, 1986; Yanishlieva et al., 1999, have Fischer, 1991). The compounds from the revealed that the antioxidant effect plant based essential oil are useful as an of this plant is because of carvacrol alternative therapy, either directly or as and thymol. Mastelic et al., 2008 models for new synthetic products reported its antimicrobial and (Houghton, 2000). In India, the collection antioxidant properties and in and processing of medicinal plants and plant addition revealed carvacrol's products contributes a major part each year antiproliferative activity on tumor to the national economy (Holley et al., cells of Hela. Essential oil of this 1998). Phytochemical constitution and plant possesses a variety of pharmacological uses of some of the biological activities viz. antiradical

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(Cervato et al., 2000; Ahmad et al., falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and 2010a; 2010b; 2011a; 2011b), also drug resistant parasites. antifungal (Farag et al., 1989; Meshnick, 2002 reported that Sahin et al., 2004; Cleff et al., Artemisinin has no toxicity if taken 2010), anti-hyperglycaemic in recommended doses for short (Lemhadri et al., 2004), periods in the treatment of malaria. antibacterial (Dorman and Deans, A. annua leaves (Zheng and Wang, 2000; Harpaz et al., 2003; Burt 2001) and crude extracts have been and Reinders, 2003; Burt, 2004), reported to be a good source of antithrombin (Goun et al., 2002). antioxidants (Cai et al., 2004). It is Antioxidant (Lagoun and Boskou, among the four medicinal plants 1996; Nakatani, 2000; Vichi et al., with the highest ORAC (oxygen 2001; Stashenko et al., 2002) radical absorbance capacity) level function of this species could (Zheng and Wang, 2001). This high become helpful agent in treatment of antioxidant capacity is probably due cancer, heart diseases and high blood to the high content (Bilia et al., pressure. Cervato et al., 2000 2006) and diversity of its leaf reported that antioxidant activities of flavonoids, including the newly- Origanum vulgare leaves can inhibit reported C-glycosyl flavonoids as a all places of lipid peroxidative possible component of the processes. antioxidant and antiviral activity 2. Artemisia annua (L.) (Asteraceae) (Han et al., 2008). Recently, there Artemisia annua (L.), also known as was also report about anti-Hepatitis annual or sweet wormwood, or B Virus activity of artemisinin (Koo sweet Annie, is an annual herb et al., 2000). Scopoletin, a coumarin native to Asia. It has been used for isolated from A. annua has been the treatment of fever and malaria reported to possess anti- since ancient times (Chaturvedi et inflammatory activity (Huang et al., al., 2010). The main active 1993). Jutea et al., 2002 has found constituent in Artemisia annua is a that its essential oil contains sesquiterpenoid known as camphor, germacrene D, artemisinic acid which is very transpinocarveol, beta selinene and effective against Plasmodium beta caryophyllene. In addition

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artemisia ketone (3%) and other extracts derived from the genus twenty substances of which the Lavendula have been used content is less than 1% have also therapeutically for centuries and been reported by them. Many there are some reports on the secondary metabolites of terpene biological activities of its essential peroxides have also been isolated oil (Cavanagh et al., 2002; Moon et from Artemisia annua L. such as al. 2006). It promotes calmness, artemisia ketone, artemisinic reduces inflammation, fights alcohol, arteannuin B and myrcene infection and promotes skin healing. hydroperoxide (Bertea et al., 2005; Since ancient times lavender oil is Ma et al., 2007). An ointment made traditionally believed to be with Artemisia oil is most effective antibacterial, antifungal, to cure experimental ringworm antimicrobial, antidepressive, infections of guinea pigs within 7 to carminative and an excellent remedy 12 days (Kishore et al., 1993). for insect bites and burns (Grieve, 3. Lavendula officinalis Chaix 1931; Gattefosse, 1937). Lavender syn. Lavendula angustifolia Mill. oil helps in wound healing, reduces (Lamiaceae) pain and supports healthy tissue Lavendula officinalis is commonly growth and is used in the relief of known as lavender or English headaches especially migraine, lavender and is native to the fainting and dizziness. Linalool and mountainous zones of the linalylacetate are the two major Mediterranean. Lavender growing in important constituents of the the highlands of Kashmir is essential oil of Lavendula officinalis cherished and keenly sought for (Barazandeh, 2002). The perfumery, skincare and hair care. U.S. National Institute of The plant was introduced in Kashmir Health (NIH) states that lavender is in 1983 and its cultivation and considered safe in carefully processing of essential oil and dried regulated doses for both food and flowers was quite successful medicinal purposes. Lavender oil (Tajjudin et al., 1983). Lavender is distilled from the flowering spikes is popular for its colourful flowers and used in high grade perfumes and its fragrance. Essential oils and plant cosmetics. Lavender oil is famous

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for creating perfumes for men glycosides, saponins, methyl (Shawl and Kumar, 2000). The salicylate, mucilage and vitamin C continuing popularity and (Stuart, 1989). The syrup made commercial value of lavender was from the leaves and flowers of Viola recently confirmed when it was is used as an alternative medicine named ‘Herb of the year’ 1999 by mainly for respiratory ailments the Herb Growing and Marketing associated with congestion, Network in USA (Anonymous, coughing and sore throat (Singh et 1999). During the World War I, the al., 1983). The sweet scent of this essential oil of lavender was used as flower has proved popular disinfectant in hospitals. throughout the generations and has 4. Viola odorata (L.) (Violaceae) consequently been used in the Viola odorata (L.) is a species of the production of many cosmetic genus Viola native to Europe and fragrances and perfumes (Perfume Asia, but has also been introduced to and Flavor Materials of Natural North Africa. It is distributed in Origin, 1961). A decoction made Kashmir and western Himalayan from the root (dry herb) is used as a regions at an altitude of 1500-1800 laxative. The plant has been reported m AMSL. It is commonly known as to possess antioxidant sweet violet, English violet, common (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2010) and violet, or garden violet. The essential diuretic (Vishal et al., 2009) oil of V. odorata L. flowers contains properties as well. Tea made from high percentages of monoterepenes the entire plant is used to treat and sesquiterpene. The dominant digestive disorders and new research constituents are 1-phenyl butanone, has detected the presence of a linalool, benzyl alcohol, α-cadinol, glycoside of salicylic acid (natural globulol and viridiflorol. Pulegone, aspirin) which substantiates its use epi-α-cadinol, terpinen-4-ol, for centuries as a medicinal remedy germacrene A and paramethyl for headache, body pains, as a anisole were also found to be minor sedative and in migraine (Phillips, components of the V. odorata L. Natural herbs). It is used for flower oil (Ines et al., 2011). Viola treatment of whooping cough. Its odorata contains alkaloids, drug is also anti-inflammatory,

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diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, Olsson et al.,2007). It also contains expectorant, antipyretic and laxative kampferol, β-sitosterol, ferulic acid, (Chatterjee and Pakrash, 1991; myritic acid and prostaglandins Kaul, 1997). The roots of the plant (Dhanprakash et al., 2007). These yield an alkaloid violin which is constituents of the bulb extract are used as an expectorant. shown to have ecobolic effect in rats 5. Allium cepa (L.) (Liliaceae) (Chatterjee 1997). These Allium cepa (L.) is a member of the flavonoids are believed to be one of Liliaceae family which consists of the most potent sources for wound over 250 genera and 3700 species. It healing. The pungent juice of onions is commonly known as the bulb has been used as a moth repellent onion or common onion and is and can be rubbed on the skin to commercially cultivated worldwide, prevent insect bites. It is also used to mainly as a food ingredient. A. cepa, polish glass and copperware and to a potent antioxidant, is one of the prevent rust on iron. richest source of flavonoids and Pharmacological studies by organosulphur compounds (Dorsch Brewster 1994, Griffiths et al. 2002 et al., 1991; Patil et al., 1995; have shown that A. cepa L. has Goldman et al., 1996) and is proved antimicrobial and antifungal to have anti diabetic (Dahanukar et properties, and may also be of al.,2000), antioxidant, anti benefit in preventing or treating hypertensive, anti thrombosis, heart diseases, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemic and hyper lipidemia diabetes, cancer and possibly activities (Galal et al.,1965). asthma. The liquor obtained from Phytochemical screening of Allium pouring boiling water over chopped cepa L. revealed the presence of onions can be sprayed onto plants to tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, increase their resistance against pests proteins and other important and insects. Onion skins are also constituents. These include quercetin used to produce a yellow-brown dye. (Slimestand et al., 2007) and its 6. Nymphaea alba (L.) glycosides like quercetin 3, 4'- (Nymphaeaceae) diglucoside and quercetin-4'- Nymphaea alba (L.) commonly glucoside (Williamson et al.,1997; known as white water lily is an

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aquatic herb with perennial rhizomes James, 2008). An infusion of the or rootstocks anchored within the flower and fruit is given in diarrhoea mud. It is globally distributed in and as a diuretic (Kang et al., 2006). Europe, North Africa, Southwest Its anti carcinogenic action and Asia, India, China and Russia. It is inhibition of renal oxidative stress found in the lakes of Kashmir, at and hyper proliferative responses are altitudes below 1800 m. It is rich in also reported (Naghma et al., 2005; tannic acid, gallic acid, alkaloids, Naghma et al., 2005). Rhizomes sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, contain starch, crude fiber, crude hydrolyzable tannins and high proteins and ash. An alkaloid molecular weight polyphenolic nymphaeine is present in all parts of compounds (Eliana et al., 2008). All the plant except the seeds, the parts of the plant have medicinal glycosides and tannins are also uses in traditional system of present. Seeds contain starch, fatty medicine. The dried root and oil of seeds contain di, tri and rhizome of the white water lily is tetraenoic acid (Wehmer, 1949). used orally to treat gastrointestinal, Alcoholic extract of rhizome genital, and bronchial diseases containing alkaloids has a mild (Naghma and Sarwat, 2005). The sedative and spasmolytic action and leaves and roots have also been used do not significantly depress the heart externally, as infusions to treat in large doses but are reported to lesions and inflammations associated have a paralyzing action on medulla with mucous membranes and in (Irvine et al., 1945). The leaves of treatment of a variety of this plant contain a flavone dermatological conditions (Robin glycoside, myricitin. A glycoside 2001). Tea made from the plant is nymphalin with digitalis like action used to combat kidney and bladder has been identified in the flowers. problems (Vergeera and Vander Various parts of the plants contain 1997). Further, it also produces ascorbic acid (Hoppe, 1943). calming and sedative effects upon 7. Inula royleana (D.C) (Asteraceae) the nervous system and is useful in Inula royleana (D.C) an ornamental the treatment of insomnia, anxiety plant of great medicinal value. The and similar disorders (Robin, 2001; genus Inula is cosmopolitan in

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distribution, comprising about 90 used to cure headaches (Kala, species. India is represented by 20 2006). In Kashmir Himalayas, species and Pakistan along with shoots of I. royleana are used for Kashmir is represented by 11 curing dermatitis (Kaul, 1997) and species. In Kashmir it is found at an its dried flowers are used for curing altitude of 2800-3400m AMSL throat sores, wounds and (Khuroo et al., 2007). On extraction inflammation of the hooves after of the plants belonging to this genus, boiling in water for half an hour and major compounds isolated are adding few drops of edible oil mainly sesquiterpene lactone e.g. (Khuroo et al., 2007). The alkaloid dihydroisoalantolactone, of the roots of this plant also helps in isoalantolactone and alantolactone lowering hypertension (Haq and (Kirt et al., 1953). It is reported that Alam, 2010). The chemistry of the roots of this plant contain genus Inula is diverse and represents sesquiterpene lactones of eudesmane many important compounds from the type (Bohlmann et al., 1978; chemical world, many of whose Qurishi et al., 1980). The above activity has been determined. Its quoted components are reported to roots have been shown to be rich in have numerous biological activities derivatives of the diterepenoid viz. insecticidal (Jennings et al., alkaloid lycoctonine (Talapatra et 1986), insect repellant (Ulubelen et al., 1958; Khaleque et al., 1959). In al., 2001), antimicrobial (Yang et addition, the presence of a yellow al., 2001), anti-inflammatory pigment has been reported (Handa (Dirsch et al., 2000) and et al., 1958) which consist mainly of antiproliferative (Lawrence et al., a mixture of diterpenoid Quinones 2001; Konishi et al., 2002). Some called 'royleanones'. It possesses abietanes obtained from Inula biological and therapeutic activities royleana have a vasodepressor effect including anti- inflammatory, as well (Clark et al., 2001; antitumor, antimicrobial, Ulubelen et al., 2002). The roots of anthelmintic and antifeeding this plant are known to have (Picman, 1986). neuromuscular blocking properties 8. Mentha arvensis (L.) (Lamiaceae) (Manchanda et al., 2000) and are

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Today, the Lamiaceae family is as other major constituents (Rao et considered as one of the most al., 2000; Singh et al., 2005). The important sources for extraction effect of the plant extract on bacteria of compounds with antioxidant have been studied worldwide by a activity. Mentha arvensis (L.) is large number of researchers such as popularly known as cornmint or Farnz Malik et al., (2012) who have pudina and is a common household evaluated the phytochemical, anti- remedy in India. Mentha is allergic and anti-inflammatory distributed mostly in activity of Mentha arvensis on temperate and sub-temperate animals. Gupta et al.,2010; regions of the world and plays a Henrique et al., 2010 and Suresh et pivotal role in Ayurveda for al., 2012 have also studied the treatment of a number of phytotoxic properties of Mentha ailments. Mints have played an arvensis, where it is highly important part in human society for a considered as an antiseptic, long period. There are 30 species of antipyretic, antimicrobial and mint and all species of the genus stimulant with anti-ageing Mentha are aromatic. The essential properties. oil profile of Mentha arvensis L. is 9. Nepeta govaniana (Wall. ex useful for commercial purpose as it Benth.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) possess a range of aroma chemicals The genus Nepeta is a widespread used in perfumery, flavor, genus of the family Lamiaceae pharmaceutical and other allied consisting of about 250 species industries. Phytochemical analysis of distributed in central and southern the Mentha arvensis L. shows the parts of Europe, Asia and Middle presence of menthol, menthone, East. It is commonly known as isomenthone, limonene, methyl yellow catmint. In India about 30 acetate and neomenthol (Verma et species are found, mostly distributed al., 2010). M. arvensis grown in in temperate Himalayas and few on foothill conditions showed high foothills and plains. The literature menthol content along with survey reveals that the N. govaniana menthone, iso-menthone, menthyl has been the focus of earlier studies, acetate, neo menthol and limonene especially with respect to its

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essential oil from the aerial parts. It is commonly known as sensitive Several species of Nepeta are used plant or touch-me-not as it folds as laxative to treat dysentery, kidney itself when touched and spreads its and liver diseases and tooth troubles leaves once again after a while. The (Baser et al., 2000). They are also stimulus can be transmitted to used as antispasmodic, expectorant, neighboring leaves (seismonastic diuretic, antiseptic, antiasthmatic movement). It is an annual or and febrifuge (Zargari, 1990 ; perennial herb and invites attention Rapisarda et al., 2001; Dabiri et of the researchers worldwide for its al., 2003). Some species are also pharmacological activities. It is used used to reduce serum lipids and have in folklore medicine in arresting anti-inflammatory effects (Agarwal bleeding and in skin diseases. et al., 1978; Prokopenko et al., Mimosa pudica has been reported to 1985). The leaves have a sweet contain mimosine a toxic alkaloid aromatic fragrance when crushed. (Agharka, 1991; Chauhan et al., Bisht et al., 2010 have reported the 2009). The phytochemical screening antifungal activity of the essential oil of the M. pudica leaf extract shows of N. govaniana against Candida the presence of bioactive albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. components such as terepenoids, The oil from the aerial parts contains flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, a high percentage of sesquiterpene quinines, phenols, tannins, saponins, hydrocarbons followed by coumarins and carbohydrates oxygenated sesquiterpenes (Thappa (Gandhiraja et al., 2009; et al., 2001). Thappa et al., 2001 Kamlendra et al., 2010). The drug has reported 4aα, 7α, 7aα- is also found to be rich in tannins nepetalactone, β-elemene, (Nadkarni, 1927). The root is also germacrene D, allo-aromadendrene stated to have anti-convulsant and α-pinene as the major activity (NgoBum et al., 2000). constituents of essential oil of aerial Successive extracts of the whole parts of N. govaniana. Some minor plant are reported to have components are elemol, germacrene- antibacterial activity (Pawaskar et D-4-ol, α-cadinol and α-eudesmol. al., 2006). In preliminary screening 10. Mimosa pudica (L.) (Mimosaceae) of Mimosa pudica extract it was

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found to exhibit anti-venom activity the treatment of diabetes mellitus against common sea snake (Patel et al., 2008) and is also (Enhydrina schistosa) poisoning reported to have (Prashanth et al., 2007). It was antibacterial (Pandey, 2007) and found that the root of Mimosa anti tumor activity (Reddy et al., pudica has acetylcholine esterase 2011). The aerial portion of inhibitory activity. The wound Parthenium hysterophorus contains healing studies on the roots of Parthenin as the major component Mimosa pudica indicate that phenols along with several other and tannins play an important role in sesquiterpene lactones. These the wound healing process sesquiterpene lactones contain an (Muthusamy et al., 2008). The alpha-methylene-gamma lactone extracts of Mimosa moiety which plays a vital role for pudica immobilize the filariform the bioactivity of the compounds larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis in especially for cytotoxicity (Herz et less than an hour (Robbinson et al., al., 1967). Besides the above 1990). mentioned compounds hexacosanol 11. Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) myracylalchol, β-sitosterol, β-o- (Asteraceae) glucoside of sitosterol, stigmasterol, Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) compesterol, ursolic acid & saponins grows wild in different regions of have also been reported (Gupta et India including Jammu & Kashmir. al., 1977) from the leaves of The plant extract is used as a folk Parthenium hysterophorus. Five free remedy against skin diseases, amino acids (Arginine, Proline, ulcerated sores, facial neuralgia methionine, amino caprilic acid & fever & anaemia (Kupchan et al., hystidine) have also been reported 1971). In traditional medicine its from the pollen of the plant (Ruesh decoction has been used for et al., 1969). It is applied externally treatment of many infectious and on skin disorders and decoction of degenerative diseases. All parts of the plant is often taken internally as the plant are reported to be used as a a remedy for a wide variety of bitter tonic, febrifuge, antidysenteric ailments (Dominguez and Sierra (Oudhia, 2001). The plant is used in 1970; Morton 1981). Root

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decoction is useful in dysentery Nigella the Arabic approbation (Singh et al., 1996). Mew et al., 'Habbatul barakah', meaning the seed 1982 has demonstrated that sublethal of blessing (Dwivedi, 1999; doses of parthenin exhibits antitumor Dwivedi et al., 2007). Among the activity in mice. Parthenium is also essential oils, thymoquinone was reported as a promising remedy identified as the main component against hepatic amoebiasis (Sharma besides p-cymene, pinene, and Bhutani, 1988). dithymoquinone and 12. Nigella sativa (L). (Ranunculaceae) thymohydroquinone (Ghosheh et Nigella sativa (L.) commonly known al., 1999; Ali et al., 2003). Terpene as Small Fennel or Black Cumin is derivatives like carvacrol, carvone, an economically important umbel limonene, 4-terpineol, citronellol lifer growing wild in the dry were also found in traces. temperature regions of Jammu & Furthermore, the essential oil Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, contains significant amounts of fatty Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Iran. It acid ethyl esters. The seeds give on is used as a spice in Indian and steam-distillation a yellowish brown Middle Eastern cuisine. The dry volatile oil with an unpleasant odor. roasted seeds serve as a flavor in The oil contains carvone, d - curries, vegetables and pulses. It has limonene, and a carbonyl been used as a stimulant, diuretic, compound- nigellone (Chopra et al., emmenagogue, lactagogue, 1949). Nigella sativa exhibits anthelmintic, and carminative significant hypoglycemic activity (Nadkarn, 1976). Black Seed has and hence suggest the antidiabetic also been used externally where it is action release from the mast cells, applied directly to abscesses, nasal which supports an anti inflammatory ulcers, orchitis, eczema, and swollen role for the plant. Nigella sativa has joints. In the indigenous system of been used for thousands of years in medicines, seeds are regarded as the Middle East for allergies, stimulants and carminatives and asthma, and for treating immune found to be useful in diarrhea and disorders. It has analgesic (Abdel - dyspepsia (Abduganiew, et al., Fateh et al., 2000), postcoital 1997). Its many uses have earned contraceptive (Keshri et al., 1995),

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histamine release inhibitor growing over here could support further (Chakravarty, 1993), research as well as their use as safe herbal hepatoprotective (Daba et al., 1998), medicinal products under carefully antimicrobial (Sokmen et al., 1999) regulated doses. The antimicrobial activity, anticancer and anti-inflammatory can promote the use of the above mentioned activities (Mutabagani et al., 1997). natural products as potent preservative and CONCLUSION conservation agents, not only in the food The aim of the present review is to present industry after testing the toxic and irritating comprehensive information about the effects on humans but also in cosmetics and medicinal importance of some valuable medical preparations. plant species growing in the Kashmir Though India has rich biodiversity and is Himalayas. Although there are numerous one among the twelve mega diversity species of medicinal importance growing centers, the growing demand of natural over here, only a few species have been products is putting a heavy strain on the subjected to chemical profiling and existing resources causing a number of biological analysis as evident from a perusal species to be either threatened or under of the literature. Current studies have shown endangered category. It becomes our sole that the essential oil, as well as their active responsibility to highlight such natural principles possesses several medicinal treasures, which would help the pharmacological properties. The species herbal practitioners, conservationists and studied by various workers indicate that the environmentalists to narrow down their natural wealth of Kashmir Himalayas is a cynosures to such indigenous plant species, potent source for isolation of a variety of thereby ensuring safety to the country’s bioactive molecules like terpenes, phenols, flora from being swept off by threatening flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, quinines, catastrophes. A detailed and systematic saponins, and coumarins etc there by study is required for identification, justifying their use in the indigenous system cataloguing and documentation of these of medicine. Undoubtedly these plant bioresources, which may provide a species have important biological activities meaningful way for the promotion of the against different types of diseases and are traditional knowledge of the herbal being used for culinary and economic uses. medicinal plants. The present review is an The recent scientific data and the rich attempt to set the mind of the researchers to historical evidence of medicinal plants carry out the work for developing its various

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