Osnove Atletike

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Osnove Atletike ww w .sin g idunum.a Slađana Rakić I v a 9 788679 127020 n Ć u k c .rs Ivan Ćuk Slađana Rakić OSNOVE ATLETIKE TEORIJA I METODIKA Ivan Ćuk Slađana Rakić Atletika je bazična sportska grana, koju čine prirodni oblici kretanja čoveka – hodanje, trčanje, bacanje i skakanje uz njihove kombinacije u vidu višeboja. Kao OSNOVE ATLETIKE takva, ona je nezamenljiva u cilju zdravog i harmo- ničnog razvoja dece i mladih, bilo da su oni uključeni u sport ili nastavu fizičkog vaspitanja. TEORIJA I METODIKA OSNOVE ATLETIKE – TEORIJA I METODIKA, je udžbenik koji na razumljiv i savremen način, kroz detaljnu analizu, prikazuje najvažnije elemente atletike, pružajući čita- ocu sveobuhvatan uvid u teoriju i metodiku pojedi- načnih atletskih disciplina. Ovaj užbenik je, pre svega, namenjen studentima Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu i menadžment u sportu, Univerziteta Singidunum, u cilju pripreme za pola- ganje ispita iz predmeta Atletika. Osim toga, od velike pomoći može biti profesorima u realizaciji nastave fizičkog vaspitanja, kao i atletskim trenerima na početku trenerske karijere. Beograd, 2019. UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM Ivan Ćuk Slađana Rakić OSNOVE ATLETIKE - TEORIJA I METODIKA - Prvo izdanje Beograd, 2019. OSNOVE ATLETIKE - TEORIJA I METODIKA - Autori: dr Ivan Ćuk mast. Slađana Rakić Recenzenti: dr Milan Čoh dr Mithat Blagajac dr Vladan Marković Izdavač: UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM Beograd, Danijelova 32 www.singidunum.ac.rs Za izdavača: dr Milovan Stanišić Priprema za štampu: Jelena Petrović Dizajn korica: Aleksandar Mihajlović Ilija Ivanov Nevena Markus Godina izdanja: 2019. Tiraž: 400 primeraka Štampa: Službeni glasnik, Beograd ISBN: 978-86-7912-702-0 Copyright: © 2019. Univerzitet Singidunum Izdavač zadržava sva prava. Umnožavanje pojedinih delova ili celine ove publikacije nije dozvoljena. SADRŽAJ Predgovor X Uvod XII I DEO ATLETSKE DISCIPLINE TRČANJA 1. TRČANJE NA KRATKIM DISTANCAMA 2 1.1. Istorijski razvoj trčanja na kratkim distancama 2 1.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 3 1.1.2. Atletske legende 5 1.2. Tehnika trčanja na kratkim distancama 7 1.2.1. Start 7 1.2.2. Startno ubrzanje 12 1.2.3. Dostizanje i održavanje maksimalne brzine 14 1.2.4. Ulazak u cilj (finiš) 17 1.3. Metodika učenja trčanja na kratkim distancama 18 1.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 19 1.3.2. Učenje tehnike trčanja na kratkim distancama 20 1.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 36 2. ŠTAFETNO TRČANJE 41 2.1. Istorijski razvoj štafetnog trčanja 41 2.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 42 2.2. Tehnika štafetnog trčanja 43 2.2.1. Start 44 2.2.2.Trčanje na stazi 45 2.2.3. Izmena štafetne palice 45 2.3.4. Ulazak u cilj (finiš) 48 2.3. Metodika učenja štafetnog trčanja 48 2.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 48 Sadržaj III 2.3.2. Učenje tehnike štafetnog trčanja 49 2.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 56 3. TRČANJE PREKO PREPONA 60 3.1. Istorijski razvoj trčanja preko prepona 61 3.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 62 3.1.2. Atletske legende 63 3.2. Tehnika trčanja preko prepona 64 3.2.1. Start 65 3.2.2. Startno ubrzanje 65 3.2.3. Prelazak preko prepona 65 3.2.4. Trčanje između prepona 69 3.2.5. Ulazak u cilj (finiš) 69 3.2.6. Specifičnosti discipline 400m preponе 69 3.3. Metodika učenja trčanja preko prepona 71 3.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 73 3.3.2. Učenje tehnike trčanja preko prepona 74 3.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 84 4. TRČANJE NA SREDNJIM I DUGIM DISTANCAMA I KROS TRČANJE 89 4.1. Istorijski razvoj trčanja na srednjim i dugim distancama i krosa 90 4.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 94 4.1.2. Atletske legende 97 4.2. Tehnika trčanja na srednjim i dugim distancama 100 4.2.1. Start 100 4.2.2. Startno ubrzanje 101 4.2.3. Trčanje na distanci 101 4.2.4. Ulazak u cilj (finiš) 102 4.3. Taktika trčanja na srednjim i dugim distancama 103 4.4. Specifičnosti kros trčanja 105 4.5. Specifičnosti trčanja preko prepreka 107 4.6. Metodika učenja trčanja na srednjim i dugim distancama i krosa 109 4.6.1. Bezbednosni saveti 110 4.6.2. Učenje tehnike trčanja na srednjim i dugim distancama 110 4.6.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 113 OSNOVE ATLETIKE IV - TEORIJA I METODIKA - II DEO ATLETSKI SKOKOVI 5. SKOK U DALJ 120 5.1. Istorijski razvoj skoka u dalj 120 5.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 122 5.1.2. Atletske legende 123 5.2. Tehnika skoka u dalj 123 5.2.1. Zalet 124 5.2.2. Odskok 124 5.2.3. Faza leta 128 5.2.4. Faza doskoka 130 5.3. Metodika učenja skoka u dalj 131 5.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 132 5.3.2. Učenje tehnike skoka u dalj 133 5.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 144 6. SKOK U VIS 149 6.1. Istorijski razvoj skoka u vis 149 6.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 152 6.1.2. Atletske legende 152 6.2. Tehnika skoka u vis 153 6.2.1. Zalet 154 6.2.2. Odskok 156 6.2.3. Faza leta 160 6.2.4. Doskok 162 6.3. Metodika učenja skoka u vis 162 6.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 163 6.3.2. Učenje tehnike skoka u vis 165 6.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 172 7. TROSKOK 176 7.1. Istorijski razvoj troskoka 176 7.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 177 7.1.2. Atletske legende 177 7.2. Tehnika troskoka 177 Sadržaj V 7.2.1. Zalet 178 7.2.2. Poskok 179 7.2.3. Korak 180 7.2.4. Skok 181 7.2.5. Doskok 181 7.2.6. Rad rukama u troskoku 181 7.2.7. Odnosi između 3 faze skoka 182 8. SKOK MOTKOM 187 8.1. Istorijski razvoj skoka motkom 187 8.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 188 8.1.2. Atletske legende 188 8.2. Tehnika skoka motkom 189 8.2.1. Priprema za skok 189 8.2.2. Zalet 190 8.2.3. Zabijanje motke i odskok 191 8.2.4. Oslanjanje na motku 192 8.2.5. Slobodni let i doskok 194 III DEO ATLETSKA BACANJA 9. BACANJE KOPLJA 200 9.1. Istorijski razvoj bacanja koplja 200 9.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 202 9.1.2. Atletske legende 203 9.2. Tehnika bacanja koplja 203 9.2.1. Priprema 204 9.2.2. Prestizanje 205 9.2.3. Maksimalno naprezanje 206 9.2.4. Održavanje ravnoteže 207 9.2.5. Optimizacija početnih uslova za izbačaj koplja 207 9.3. Metodika učenja bacanja koplja 208 9.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 209 9.3.2. Učenje tehnike bacanja koplja 211 9.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 221 OSNOVE ATLETIKE VI - TEORIJA I METODIKA - 10. BACANJE KUGLE 226 10.1. Istorijski razvoj bacanja kugle 227 10.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 228 10.1.2. Atletske legende 229 10.2. Tehnika bacanja kugle 229 10.2.1. Priprema 231 10.2.2. Prestizanje 232 10.2.3. Maksimalno naprezanje 233 10.2.4. Održavanje ravnoteže 233 10.2.5. Optimizacija početnih uslova za izbačaj kugle 234 10.3. Metodika učenja bacanja kugle 235 10.3.1. Bezbednosni saveti 236 10.3.2. Učenje tehnike bacanja kugle 237 10.3.3. Metodika ispravljanja grešaka 244 11. BACANJE DISKA 249 11.1. Istorijski razvoj bacanja diska 249 11.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 250 11.1.2. Atletske legende 251 11.2. Tehnika bacanja diska 251 11.2.1. Početni položaj 252 11.2.2. Prestizanje 253 11.2.3. Maksimalno naprezanje 254 11.2.4. Održavanje ravnoteže 254 10.2.5. Optimizacija početnih uslova za izbačaj diska 255 12. BACANJE KLADIVA 260 12.1. Istorijski razvoj bacanja kladiva 260 12.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 261 12.1.2. Atletske legende 262 12.2. Tehnika bacanja kladiva 263 12.2.1. Priprema 264 12.2.2. Prestizanje 265 12.2.3. Maksimalno naprezanje 267 12.2.4. Održavanje ravnoteže 267 12.2.5. Optimizacija početnih uslova za izbačaj kladiva 268 Sadržaj VII IV DEO VIŠEBOJI I HODANJE 13. VIŠEBOJI 274 13.1. Istorijski razvoj višeboja 274 13.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 275 13.1.2. Atletske legende 276 13.2. Specifičnosti višeboja 276 13.3. Takmičenje u višebojima 278 14. Hodanje 282 14.1. Istorijski razvoj hodanja 282 14.1.1. Razvoj svetskih rekorda 283 14.1.2. Atletske legende 284 14.2. Tehnika takmičarskog hodanja 284 Biografije autora 290 OSNOVE ATLETIKE VIII - TEORIJA I METODIKA - SKRAĆENICE km – kilometar m – metar cm – centimetar mm – milimetar h – sat min – minut s – sekund ms – milisekund km/h – kilometar na sat m/s – metar u sekundi ml – mililitar mmol/l – milimol po litru kg – kilogram gr – gram N – njutn W – vat t – vreme v – brzina Hz – herc F – sila P – snaga Sadržaj IX PREDGOVOR Jedan od najvažnijih ciljeva ovog užbenika je da približi i pojednostavi osnov- ne atletske discipline budućim profesorima fizičkog vaspitanja i atletskim trenerima. Udžbenik je podeljen na četiri osnovna dela koji čine discipline trčanja, skakanja, bacanja, kao i višeboja i hodanja. Svaki od četiri osnovna dela sastoji se od pojedinač- nih atletskih disciplina, a svaka disciplina podeljena je na sledeća osnovna poglavlja: istorijski razvoj discipline, tehnika discipline i metodika učenja discipline. Na kraju svakog poglavlja nalaze se pitanja za proveru znanja i literatura. Istorijski razvoj discipline predstavlja važno poglavlje za razumevanje nastanka i razvoja atletskih disciplina. Osim toga, ovo poglavlje ima za cilj da čitaoca zainteresuje za određenu atletsku disciplinu i pruži mu potporu za razumevanje tehnike izvođenja te discipline. Dodatna poglavlja, o razvoju svetskih rekorda i atletskim legendama, navode čitaoce da dodatno istražuju i pronađu još mnogo zanimljivosti i podviga od strane atletičara iz celog sveta.
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