Comparison of American and Chinese College Students by Means of The

Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1973 Comparison of American and Chinese College Students by Means of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique Te Jung Chang Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Psychology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Chang, Te Jung, "Comparison of American and Chinese College Students by Means of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique" (1973). Masters Theses. 3809. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3809 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #2 TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. 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Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because Date Author pdm Cvi1f ARISVN Af1ERICAN AND CHINESE COLLIDE STUD&�TS CF - MEANS THE HCJLTZMAN INKBLOT TECHNIQUE BY OF (TITLE) BY TE JUNG CHA.NG - THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF ARTSIN PSYCHOLOGY I-1A�1'ER uF IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN IUINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1973 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED FULFILLING AS THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE DATE ADVISER -'2-11-Z.3DATE DEPARTMENT HEAD COLLillE 5TUDZi�T3 COl{:=-A.RISOl� OF AK�RICA1� A:·iD C}iIN33Z BY r!&\;�s OF Tfij; liJLTZl'ik� Dh3i0T T�C@lIQUE Te Jung Chang 67 Pages December, 1973 ?ersonality difforences of American and Chinese college students were investigated. The result indicates that there were no significant differences between the nationality college students, with the exception of latency tt.ro time toward the test instrument. It_ -19-73> Date ('2. \ 19\1..s Date /-3-J4-Date COHFA..USON CF ,u.::m:CAl·; A�-ID Ciill�;;;-;� �LLffii!: JTtr.)�;:rs BY E�:.5 OF TiiE: HGiTZ.H.�� Ir�KBI..OT TXH:aQTJE '!'e Jung Chang 67 Pages December, 1973 The major purpose of this study was to explore personality differences between .A:.nerican and Chinese college students. Sixteen A.�erican college students and two groups of the same nUillber of their Chinese counterparts; one of the Chinese student groups being in the United States for less than one year and the other group being the United in States for longer than two years, were randomly selected and matched by ages to be the subjects of this study. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to all forty-eight subiects by the author and the protocols were scored by two different scorers HI·r who have previously been trained projective techniques, and did not have any in knowledge of the subjects. Twenty-two HIT scoring variables were obtained among these three groups of subjects. Two Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were undertaken. A Jx2x45 factorial ANJVA design was used to evaluate latency time among the three groups, as it is related to the effects of different nationality, sex, and inkblots. A Jx2x2x21 factorial AJ:JJVA design was used to evaluate the remaining 21 HIT variables con- sidering the effects of different nationality, sex, judges, and the variables. The inter-scorer reliability coefficients were also estimated. (1) The results of this study found American and Chinese college students . do differ in latency when responding to the HIT inkblots. American college students tended to have longer latency than their Chinese counter,?arts. Cultural and environrr.ental changes do seem to affect people's perception as revealed in responses to the HIT. The Chinese group which had been in the United II, States loneer than ��o years, had a mean latency tL�e very close to its A.�erican counterpart, the Chinese grou9 I, which had been in the United States �rhile less than a year,· had the shortest latency time. l·!ale and female differences on latency v1ere found to be non-significant. (2) The inkblots themselves have significant differences in inducing latency differences. Certain inkblots seemed to require a greater amount of time for a subject to respond than others. (3) The main effects of nationality, and of judge alone were found to be non- significant for the remaining 21 HIT variables. Neither nationality nor judt;e was a main factor in determining cross-cultural differences between American and Chinese college stu<lents. (4) Differences between the HIT variables in terms of occurrence frequency in a protocol seem to be significant. (5) Certain HIT variables seem cause more inter-scoring disagreement than others. (6) to Judges did show discrepancies when scoring certain variables of different nationality group's HIT protocols. (7) The HIT may not be a sensitive instrument to measure the assimilation of a foreign culture over a long period of ti.me. As was the case in this study, nationality factor alone was not found to be significant. /2-(7-7� Date 12119(73Date i-0-7+- Date CHII�.ZSE CCLLffiE STUDli�TS CGrC-ARI3GN vF .4l·G.CUCA!\ AKD TiiE nvLTZHA�� r:�KBI.DT TECHNIQUE BY 1":EAN3 vF Ti JUNJ CH.�'li A Thesis Submitted in Fartial Fuli"ilL�ent of t�e Require�ents tor the Degree of MASTER J!CnOLOGY CF ARI'S IN .f EASTERN Iil.INGIS UNIVS.t\SITY 1973 THESIS APPOOVID: 7. - 7 � I Datef Cf_ : \ 7J (?iDate { i \ /-3-?f-Date The writer is ex�re�s fl.is gratitude :)r. Randci.11 H. Best, w h�s t•J to of the assistance, unC.erstaniling, Chair:?'J.an his The£is Co�!'-�ittee, for guidanc�, encourageiuent, and. inspiration he provided during the rep r tio writing p a a n and this thesis. of 3incere �ratituie is also extenC.ed Jr. Fra:ik Hust."!!"3er, second to �. member of his Thesis Com.IJlittee, for the helpful cr t cisms suggestions, i i , and advice he ;>rovided c1.uring the W?"iting t:i9 es pros,ectus and t..�e thesis. of th is spec l expression of gratitud� is exte e Dr. John J. Rearden, A ia nd d to third member his Thesis Committee, for his helpful sug�estions, able of and assistance in the statistical method and in designing a computer program for data ana s s this study. ly i us9d in Gratitude is expressed. by the writer for the indispensable assistance on test co-scoring, patience, and understanding of his two classmates, Miss Mary A. Bryne and Hr. Charles Sulcer at I. U. Without their assistance, a s. E. study of this nature could not have been accomplished. T. J. C. ii Page ii iii TA3LZ 0F COHTiH'IS • U.:J T CF TABl&S v 1 I�TRODGCTI0N M3THOD 20 Sample • 20 Apl)aratus 20 � Procedure 2l R�ULTS 26 • 42 • • 49 REFERENC&S • • • • APPENDII A: 53 62 APPENDIX B: • iii UST CF TABLES Table Page Maans and AgP,S of Three Sa.�ple Groups . 21 • • • • • 1. 2. A.\OVA S ry of Nationality, ::>ex, and Inkblots for Latency 27 I • umra.a J. Al¥JVA ·su:mme.ry of Nationality, Sex, and Judge for HIT 21 Variables . 29 . 4. Means of Latency on HIT Inkblots. JO All . 5. Y.eans of Latency on 45 Ink:,lots among the Three Groups. Jl All • 6. Mean Deviations of Latency for Three Groups . 33 • 7. Mean Scores of HIT Variables . 36 • • • • • 21 . 8. Means of Variables Scores by Two Judges . 37 . 9. Means of Variables Scores between Sex . 39 •• . Means of 21 HIT Variables among Three Groups Scored by Two 1-0. J'Udges • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 v COMPARISON OF AMERICAN AND CHINESE COu.IDE STUD&�TS BY MEL� OF THE HOLTZMAN IN'lCBI.OT TF.CHNIQUE INTRODUCTION Although there is a strong belief that peoples in different cultures vary considerably from each other in their personality characteristics, the research studies on the relationship of sociocultural factors to the develop- ment or personality are Until recently, the studies on culture arrl !5. personality were largely done by anthropologists. John Honigma.nn (1960) chose the year 1928 as the actual beginning of culture an:i personality field research, the year that Margaret Mead published "Coming to Age in Samoa." He considered that "a nation's culture is embodied in the intra.psychic structure of its in:iividual members, varying with their social position and degree or national participation," an:i defined culture and personality as "an approach to cultural understanding that views culture as it is embodied in in:iividuals.11 Kardiner (1939) in the late 1930's introduced the concept of personality which has been perhaps the most influential theore- "modal." tical conception in the culture and personaJ.ity field, and there has been widespread acceptance or the notion that in each culture there exists a core of personality characteristics which are foun:i in most members or the group. Margaret Mead (1951) who has most to renovate the idea or social none personality un:ier the name "national character," recommended theoretical basis or approach for st� national character which rests on tour an assumptions: First, it regards each way or life an:i, it, each system or within personality, as a whole--a system.

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