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CLASSICAL : WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION)

A. BUZGALIN A.KOLGANOV

INDEX

THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH...... 2 I. THE MATERIAL PRECONDITIONS FOR THE BIRTH OF A NEW SOCIETY ...... 2 1. THE PRECONDITIONS FOR A NEW SOCIETY ...... 3 2. THE MAIN TASKS OF THE NEW SOCIETY...... 3 II. THE THEORY OF ...... 4 1. SOCIALISM AS THE PROCESS OF NON-LINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF THE “REALM OF NECESSITY” INTO THE “REALM OF FREEDOM”...... 4 2. STAGES OF THE GENESIS OF SOCIALISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ...... 5 3. SOCIALISM AND THE MARKET ...... 6 4. SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY ...... 6 5. “MUTANT SOCIALISM”...... 7 III. THE SOCIAL BASE OF SOCIALIST TRANSFORMATIONS...... 8 1. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD COMMUNITY...... 8 2. “LEVELS” OF SUCCESSIVELY MORE DIFFICULT STRATEGIC TASKS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL LIBERATION ...... 9

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 1 crisis of earlier institutions, and so THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIO- forth. However, this method is absolutely ECONOMIC RESEARCH inadequate for studying the possibilities of overcoming these distorted forms, this 1. The most contentious methodological alienation, or the transforming of this alienated question of our time is the relationship between world (naturally, these transformations proceed the systematic dialectical materialist method on from objective tendencies to progress in the the one hand, and on the other, the positivism world). that is traditional for present-day social research and the post-modernism that flows I. THE MATERIAL PRECONDITIONS FOR from it. THE BIRTH OF A NEW SOCIETY 2. In our view, the dialectical method is as before entirely adequate for researching the 4. Within the context of this problem, strategic, qualitative shifts undergone by overcoming two limited approaches to the modern society in general and by socialism as a analysis of such preconditions takes on material and intellectual phenomenon in fundamental importance. Analyses of the particular. As is well known, the dialectical society of the future as “anti-” method is based on a recognition of the () and as a reformed capitalism have historicism of social systems and similar both outlived their usefulness. At the same phenomena; on the possibility of subjecting time, both these approaches contain positive them to theoretical and practical criticism, and aspects. Capitalism needs to be removed the need to do this; and on the need to replace through the unity of a qualitative, revolutionary them, with the help of an understanding of the negation (of exploitation and so forth), and of laws of development of the particular social succession (of material and intellectual culture). subject (equipped with theory and organised social force). 5. The new approach, which has made its 3. In present circumstances, the development of effects felt in full measure during the second the systematic dialectical materialist method half of the twentieth century, and which can be cannot follow the path of integration with discerned in the manuscripts of Marx, “omnivorous” post-modernism. What is presupposes an analysis of the new society not required is dialogue with the now-prevalent only as post-capitalist, but also as characterised methods. This latter signifies a recognition of by the removal of the whole world of alienation the validity of each of the methods in its field of (“prehistory”, “the realm of economic research, and their dialectical, contradictory necessity”). Capitalism in general, and present- interrelationship, proceeding from the day post-classical capitalism in particular, can legitimacy of bracketing together the realities in this case be seen only as the highest phase of which these methods are used to research. Post- development of the “realm of necessity”). From modernism, for example, is adequate for this stems a conclusion which is rarely stressed describing the forms of society and social even by modern Marxism: the left is faced with consciousness that predominate in the task of doing away (through the methods of contemporary reality, forms which are alienated reform or revolution) not only with capitalism, from human beings and which are based on a but also with the whole society of alienation,

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 2 and with all the forms and mechanisms of This point is of fundamental importance in the alienation. polemic with .

1. THE PRECONDITIONS FOR A NEW SOCIETY 2. THE MAIN TASKS OF THE NEW SOCIETY.

6. The preconditions for such a new society 11. As it proceeds, the birth of a new society (“the realm of freedom”, the post-economic encounters the need to resolve the following world, “”), extend far beyond the tasks (for the most part these were unknown to processes of the socialisation of production and the “old” Marxism, and represent new the development of the class of hired workers. perceptions by the modern creative Marxism). The minimum requirements include: 7. * the shift to the predominance of creative 12. First, it is necessary to overcome the activity and post-industrial technologies; the hegemony of corporate , whose power creation of a world of culture, and the permeates all spheres of individual and social consigning of material production to a activity, shaping a particular type of secondary level; and the shift to a dialogue with technological progress and of the organisation nature and to a “noosphere” type of of economic life, political authority, , development; child-raising and education, culture and so 8. * The development of various forms of forth. This hegemony synthesises all the most association of workers and citizens; the modern and developed mechanisms of development of their capacities for social alienation: the power of the market and creativity, and of their experience of monetary fetishism; , the transforming the prevalent social relations (their “privatisation” of all economic and social life, experience in the struggle for their rights, for and capitalist exploitation; the exercise of self-organisation and so forth, for the power in the economy and politics by corporate development of their “social muscle”); elites through the use of a broad range of legitimate and illegitimate, institutional and 9. * The accumulation and mastering by spiritual forms of coercion; the domination of working people of the wealth of human culture, mass culture and of the psychology of without which creative activity in general and , etc. social creativity in particular are impossible (this thesis, which was already stressed by 13. The social basis for the of the Lenin, has only a very pale reflection in many-sided hegemony of corporative capital is present-day Marxism, which often forgets this conformism (subordination to the dominant question). “rules” and institutions of social life as “natural”), which is typical of the workers, 10. The key parameter and measure of customers and “clients” of corporations. development of the new society is becoming Consumer society and the cultivation of the not the replacement of the private owner by the utilitarian values fostered by mass culture are state, but the process of association (the self- vital mechanisms helping to spread this power organisation of citizens and their self- and this conformism. management), and their social creativity in the whole diversity of its forms (from innovations 14. The only form of social energy which by a activist or teacher, through the workers are able to use to overcome this activity of mass democratic organisations, to hegemonism is the energy of their united, the revolutionary transformation of society). common activity (social creativity). The most important means of destroying consumerism

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 3 and mass culture is the development of genuine II. THE THEORY OF SOCIALISM cultural values and their mastering by the masses. Aiding the accumulation of the potential for social creativity and the progress 1. SOCIALISM AS THE PROCESS OF NON-LINEAR of genuine culture are consequently among the TRANSFORMATION OF THE “REALM OF main tasks of the left forces. NECESSITY” INTO THE “REALM OF FREEDOM”

15. Secondly, it is necessary to meet the 17. Taking this general approach to the question challenge of social problems, setting of the preconditions for the society of the future realistic proposals for solving them - something (communism) and of the tasks which this which cannot be achieved by present-day world society has to resolve, socialism may be capital (in a certain sense it can be said that the interpreted not as the first phase of communism need to solve global problems is the main and not as “socialised” (“Swedish” and so on) “negative” precondition for communism). capitalism, but as an integral (having a single From this flows the need for an alliance nature) international non-linear and between the left movement and organisations contradictory process of transformation of the struggling to solve global problems; the world of economic necessity and alienation into socialist movement cannot count on success the “realm of freedom”. unless it transforms these organisations into its most important allies. How this can be achieved 18. This process goes forward along three is a special question about which more will be interconnected paths: said below. 19. ⎯the development of the first shoots of the 16. Thirdly, the task of overcoming the old new society in distorted and transitional (that is, world of alienation must be tackled as an combining elements of the “old” and “new”) international goal, that is, one for all humanity. forms within the framework of contemporary It is already clear that this will not be a postclassical capitalism (for example, the social simultaneous “”. It is just as and ecological regulating and limiting of the clear that the strategy of trying to achieve a market, social welfare guarantees etc.). “breakthrough” in the course of which corporate capital breaks at its “weak link” 20. ⎯the activity of mass democratic and inevitably leads to the degeneration of the first socialist organisations and movements, which attempts at making isolated progress toward the constitute the direct moving forces of the new society. The task, consequently, is as socialist transformations, in carrying through follows: developing and at the same time reforms and revolutions and developing the achieving agreement on the implementation of initial elements of the new society (in a certain a single and interrelated (but not uniform) sense these organisations and the people who strategy for the socialist (communist) are active in them become oases of the future in transformation of the whole world. the world of alienation); 21. ⎯the fostering of the relations of the new society in countries where popular-democratic and socialist revolutions have already created the institutional preconditions for realising the simplest relations of (naturally, alongside the powerful and only gradually withering heritage of the past).

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 4 22. It is only within the unity of these three for a number of objective reasons these mutually interconnected processes that the revolutions have culminated in the genesis of a progressive development of socialism is mutant socialism. possible. The degradation and/or degeneration (“mutation”) of any of them leads to the 26. The second stage, marked by the crisis of stagnation and/or crisis of the whole process. the world capitalist economy during the first Hence the successful development of the first half of the twentieth century (the great shoots of socialism (or as used to be said, the depression, , and the Second World “victory” of socialism) in particular countries is War), has been associated with the impact of possible only in unstable transitional forms, and the new preconditions of socialism, and above only to the degree that capitalism is socialised all with the objective need for the socialisation and humanised (in the “citadels” of this society, and humanisation (and not merely state and not conservatism dominates) and regulation) of the world capitalist economy. that the power and influence of mass left- The responses to this challenge of the twentieth democratic organisations grows on an century have included social democratic international scale. Socialism, consequently, reforms and the transition to the “society of the appears as a non-linear process encompassing two-thirds” in the developed countries the victories and defeats of numerous following the collapse first of the efforts to revolutions and counterrevolutions, social resolve these contradictions by means of reforms and counter-reforms, and proceeding as fascisation rather than socialisation, and then an international, integral world process. the collapse of the colonial system. 23. As well as stressing the continuity and 27. The third stage, associated with the new transitional character of socialism, this wave in the technological revolution, has been characterisation makes it possible to advance a marked by computerisation, miniaturisation and relatively simple criterion for the flexible technology, and by growth of the role “socialistness” of the system. Socialism should of individual innovative capacities and ensure a higher degree of economic efficiency initiative. Postclassical capitalism has reacted to and of the free, harmonious development of the this with the rebirth of the tradition of individual than capitalism, even “postclassical” liberalism, along with the simultaneous capitalism. strengthening of the power of the largest international corporations and institutions (the 2. STAGES OF THE GENESIS OF SOCIALISM IN THE International Monetary Fund and so forth). This has in fact been an irrational reaction, TWENTIETH CENTURY employing the achievements of the scientific- 24. The history of the modern epoch shows that technical revolution primarily in the in the course of its development socialism transactional sector (finances, management and passes at a minimum through the following so forth), and yielding only insignificant stages. progress even in the field of the growth of consumption, not to speak of culture. 25. The first stage is linked with the possibility of beginning socialist transformations in the 28. Mutant socialism has made a number of conditions of a developed industrial state- efforts at selfreform. “Perestroika”, with its monopoly capitalism. The contradictions of this attempts to carry through a transition to a model stage of capitalism have led to a series of of “humane” and “democratic” socialism with socialist and national liberation revolutions, but the help of reforms from above (a sort of “bureaucratic reform of bureaucratic power”)

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 5 proved a failure, since the decay of the system minimal task is to cleanse these forms of these had proceeded so far that the potential for social deformations). creativity by the late 1980s had perished all but definitively. 4. SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY

3. SOCIALISM AND THE MARKET 31. Interpreting socialism as a transitional process whose main “energising potential” is 29. As is quite widely understood, the analysis the social creativity associated with it, makes of socialism as a variety of the market system in possible a further confirmation of the thesis of practice ignores the fact that the market is a the dying away of political forms (in particular, form of productive relations which of parties, of the state, and in general of the give birth to the corresponding mechanisms of principle of representative democracy), and the alienation (in particular, development of grass-roots democracy and self- and competition) and to a particular personality management as trends characteristic of all three type (the egoistical homo economicus), and currents of socialism (socialist-oriented reforms which by force of its internal contradictions in the “countries of capital”, socialist develops into capitalsm. Moreover, in the late movements, and socialist societies). twentieth century the market as a ruling system cannot exist without the whole totality of 32. The elements of grass-roots democracy attributes characteristic of “” (in include: (1) the full and consistent realisation of particular, the giant superstructure of the all internationally recognised human rights and transactional sector, consisting of exchanges, freedoms (, conscience and banks and so forth, and consuming as much as association, the right to form political and half of the available resources). On the other social organisations etc.); (2) the general hand, “non-market” socialism until now has development of productive (to differing degrees existed either as a bureaucratic “economy of depending on the property forms in particular shortages”, or as the theoretical construct of a enterprises) and territorial self-management as virtual system of relations of democratic basic forms of association of the population; (3) planning and self-management. the transforming of mass democratic organisations and movements (trande unions, 30. Resolving this dilemma is possible through women's organisations, environmental and a dynamic analysis of socialism as a process of consumer groups) into fully valid subjects of transition to communism as a society lying “on the process of regulating social life; (4) the the other side” both of material production and formation of a legislative power according to of the market. Consequently, socialism is the principle of representation by deputies from characterised by the process of the withering base-level associations (organs of self- away of the market (or more precisely, of the management) with an imperative mandate (the economic forms and mechanisms characteristic right of recall, replacement and so on); of “late capitalism”) as more efficient and subordination of the executive (the government) progressive (in the economic, social, to the legislative power; the election of an environmental and other senses) post-market independent judicial authority without the relations of management, cost accounting etc. involvement of presidential or analogous are developed (their distorted and transitional institutions; and (5) the activity of political forms are derived in many ways from the parties (representing the dying classes) through practice both of capitalism and of “socialism”; a mass democratic organisations, organs of self- management and so forth.

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 6 5. “MUTANT SOCIALISM” the existing system (particularly where it was really rotten), but it was not ready for the 33. The objective preconditions for and initial conscious creation of a qualitatively new steps of the socialist transformations linked society. with the undermining of the relations of alienation at the end of the second millennium 37. As a result of this historical “trap of the were substantially changed as a result of the twentieth century”, there appeared various deep internal crisis and later, the collapse of the palliative forms for resolving the contradiction initial (mutant) shoots of socialism in the USSR between the need to make changes to the world and the countries of Eastern Europe. imperialist system and the inadequate potential of the reformist forces. One of these forms was 34. The reason for this was the very nature of mutant socialism. The worldwide tendency to this “socialism”. The essence of the former socialisation (the conscious regulating of social system might be summed up briefly as “mutant development, its orientation toward the free socialism” (by this is understood the historical development of the personality, social justice, dead-end represented by this variant of the collectivism and the mass striving of the social system located at the beginning of the workers to establish a new society - in Soviet worldwide period of transition from capitalism parlance, “enthusiasm”) appeared in the world to communism - this social system going for the first time on a mass scale, but took the beyond the framework of capitalism, but not form of bureaucratic mutants (the command forming a stable model serving as the basis for economy, the suppression of personal rights and a subsequent movement to communism). freedoms, universal statisation, “levelling” and 35. This new socialist world, which appeared as so forth). a consequence of the worldwide tendency to the 38. As a result of the self-disintegration of socialisation and humanisation of the economy, “socialism”, a new reality appeared in the and as a product of the profound contradictions world. It was not by chance that this reality of impoerialism which emerged during the First coincided with the third stage of the genesis of World War, proved sickly and deformed socialism and the process of self-negation of (mutant) from birth. This system should be post-classical capitalism. characterised as “mutant” not by comparison with an abstract theoretical ideal, but by 39. The various “clans” of corporate capital comparison with the real tendency to the have now achieved near-absolute hegemony. socialisation and humanisation of social life But with contradictions immanent in the very outlined in part 1. nature of corporate capital, and also between the various capitalist “clans”, the end of the 36. The reasons for the mutant nature of this twentieth century is marking the entry of “socialism” (and together with this, the reasons humanity into a “new world disorder”. for the rise and historically rapid defeat of this system) are not limited to the factors traditionally noted by researchers, such as 's low level of industrial development, the small numbers of workers and so forth. The essence of the problem lies deeper - in what has been called the “trap of the twentieth century”: the world as a whole was ready (by virtue of the depth of the contradictions involved) to destroy

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 7 III. THE SOCIAL BASE OF SOCIALIST 45. At one pole of this contradiction is TRANSFORMATIONS personified international corporate-organised capital.

1. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE 46. At the other pole of the contradiction are CONTEMPORARY WORLD COMMUNITY those workers (representing hired and free labour) who are capable in practical terms of 40. Developments on the threshold of the resisting this power. Such workers are the twenty-first century have significantly altered subjects of social creativity, capable of self- the social structure of the contemporary world organisation, self-defence, and the purposeful community. creation of new social relations in economic, political and cultural life. 41. The class of hired workers in the developed countries does not consist mainly of the 47. As a result, society is not divided simply industrial , but of workers in the into owners of capital and hired workers. sphere of services and the transactional sector. Another division is arising, cutting across the In the developing countries, meanwhile, traditional class pyramid as if diagonally. This industrial labour predominates, manual labour is an extremely mobile boundary - the remains a massive phenomenon, and extra- contradiction between conformists (from the economic compulsion has not been eliminated. milieux both of the owners and of the “slaves” of corporative capital), and those who are 42. The earlier thesis about the industrial capable of joint social creativity. proletariat as the only consistently revolutionary force with an interest in the 48. The conclusion can readily be drawn that transformation of society now requires the division of society into conformists and corrections as a result of the above-mentioned social creators is conditioned at a fundamental changes which are characteristic of the period level by the contradiction between the around the end of the century - the beginning of hegemonism of corporative capital (the highest the transition from “prehistory” to the “realm of present-day form of alienation) and social freedom”. creativity. This division, which is described here in a somewhat conditional manner, can be 43. In exactly the same way the bourgeois class illustrated by a scheme [see p.9] (which is, has on the one hand been extensively changed naturally, considerably simpler than the actual by the process of mutual “diffusion” between relationships) showing the “superimposition” this layer and the higher layers of whitecollar and interconditionality between the socio-class workers; on the other hand, a further divisions of society (in which the poles are concentration of real economic and political capitalists and hired workers, with a multitude power is occurring in the hands of a narrow of “layers” in between), and the socio-creative circle of the corporate capitalist elites. divisions (the distinction between conformists and subjects of social creativity). 44. The fundamental shifts described above are bringing about a situation on the threshold of 49. The stress on the internal contradictions the twenty-first century in which the “classic” within the milieu of the workers and on the contradiction between hired labour and capital “diffusion” of the bourgeois class, on the is developing (without being eliminated) into a questions of internationalisation and new social-class contradiction of post-classic globalisation, requires a critical reappraisal of capitalism.

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 8 previous concepts of the historical mission of than just of its individual members, and the the . founding of collective enterprises and associations of them; and the founding of open 2. “LEVELS” OF SUCCESSIVELY MORE DIFFICULT democratic associations of citizens in order to STRATEGIC TASKS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL take the first steps toward overcoming their LIBERATION conformism and subordination to the establishment in social life (such bodies include 50. The modern international post-classical consumer and environmental unions, local self- capitalist world community is divided by a government associations, and peace, women's complex system of social contradictions. and youth organisations. Accordingly, we also see the rise of several 53. The third level of struggle for the liberation “levels” of successively more complex strategic of labour is the formation of the subject of tasks in the struggle for social liberation. revolutionary social creativity. This subject Particular social forces are capable of solving must (1) be convinced, and not only in practice, each of these tasks. that a reformist approach cannot achieve a 51. The first level is conditioned by the classical fundamental solution of socio-class or global antagonism of the world of alienation - by the problems, and cannot overcome the hegemony exploitation of workers, and in particular, the of corporative capital, exploitation, or exploitation of hired labour by capital. The unemployment. The subject must be convinced classical goal of this struggle (it is apposite to that it is impossible through reformist means to the degree to which (1) there is mass ensure the founding on a mass scale of new exploitation of the workers of the countries of (socialist) forms of culture, labour, management the “third” and “second” worlds, and (2) despite and property, of the relationship of human some redistribution of surplus to the beings to nature, and so forth. At the same time, benefit of the upper two-thirds of society, the the subject must (2) possess a good deal of exploitation of workers in developed coutries socially creative energy, particularly on the continues), is the redistribution of level of culture, and must possess strong “social to the benefit of the workers. muscles”. The subject must also be under the pressure of contradictions sufficiently powerful 52. The second level is the reformist struggle by to break the settled, conformist stereotypes of workers for the realisation of their more life. complex strategic interests, associated with the (albeit partial) overcoming of the alienation of 54. If such a social force is present in a country management, property, labour and other forms where (4) the preconditions for socialist of human activity within the framework of the transformations are relatively developed, and “old” social system. The forms of this struggle (5) the system of relationships of alienation that are familiar in practice include: workers' (including the ruling classes and the state) are accounting and control, and participation in in crisis, first the popular-democratic and then management and the development of self- the socialist revolution can become a reality management in enterprises; the combining of (“a revolutionary situation”). workers in associations for the purpose of 55. The popular-democratic revolution has to concluding collective agreements at the local, destroy the power of the corporative-capitalist national and international levels; the struggle by bureaucratic structures, creating a consistently workers for the redistribution of shares to the democratic political system and ensuring the advantage of the collective as a whole, rather possibility of an “equal” struggle between

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 9 labour and capital. While this revolution is by The middle , higher nature peaceful and democratic, it may take the managers, the “elite” form of armed struggle in the case of violent intelligentsia and other individuals resistance to the reforms from corporate capital directly “realising” and the old state apparatus, army and police the hegemonism of corporative etc., which do not enjoy the democratically capital expressed support of the majority of the ------population. Following the victory of the ------popular-democratic transformations, the The petty bourgeoisie, farmers socialist revolution will be able to take the form ------of the peaceful democratic victory of the ------working majority, organised in order to create a Senior white-collar workers in the new society and possessing the capability of transactional sector establishing it. ------56. These theses have already been the topic of Subjects of free creative labor wide debate within the international ------association “Scholars for Democracy and ------Socialism”, and in the pages of the journal Associated workers/co-owners Alternatives. All of them arise from a single key SUBJECTS OF premise: the new society is coming into being ------as the negation of the whole epoch of ------ASSOCIATED alienation, which at the end of its lifespan is Hired workers engaged in creative giving birth to the means for its negation - SOCIAL associated social creativity. All the remaining labor (including the “rank and theses are the result of the dialectical CREATIVITY development of the initial premise using the file intelligentsia”) method of proceeding from the abstract to the ------concrete, together with the constant ------juxtaposition of theoretical conclusions and Hired workers engaged practice, and resting on an understanding of in reproductive industrial or manual the fact that this process is dialectical and non- labor linear. ------The Social Structure of Modern Post------Classical Capitalism Workers bound not only by economic CONFORMISTS but also by extra-economic (Subjects of Hegemonism) compulsion, ------patriarchal traditions etc. ------The corporative-capitalist elite (the ------subject Paupers, lumpens etc. of the hegemonism of corporate ------capital) ------CONFORMISTS

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 10 (Objects of hegemonism)

CLASSICAL MARXISM: WHAT IS OUT OF DATE, AND WHAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME (THESES FOR DISCUSSION) 11