THE REFUGEE LAW READER Editor-in-Chief CASES, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIALS Jens Vedsted-Hansen Editorial Board Nuria Arenas-Hidalgo Alice Edwards Maryellen Fullerton Madeline Garlick Elspeth Guild Fatima Khan Hélène Lambert Juan Carlos Murillo González Boldizsár Nagy Sylvie Sarolea Priyanca Mathur Velath SEVENTH EDITION BUDAPEST – AARHUS, 2015 THE REFUGEE LAW READER CASES, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIALS 7TH EDITION – BUDAPEST – AARHUS – 2015 Editor-in-Chief Jens Vedsted-Hansen Editorial Board Nuria Arenas-Hidalgo Alice Edwards Maryellen Fullerton Madeline Garlick Elspeth Guild Fatima Khan Hélène Lambert Juan Carlos Murillo González Boldizsár Nagy Sylvie Sarolea Priyanca Mathur Velath Published by the Hungarian Helsinki Committee, Budapest ISBN: 978-615-5215-27-8 The printing of this booklet was made possible by the generous support of the UNHCR. Design: Judit Kovács, Createch, Budapest Cover photo: Boldizsár Nagy February 2015 This is a printed version of the syllabus for The Refugee Law Reader, an on-line ‘living’ casebook (www.refugeelawreader.org). The Refugee Law Reader is a collaborative project among experts in the field that offers a fully developed course curriculum and access to over 10,000 pages of legal instruments, documents and specialist commentary. The Refugee Law Reader has been designed to easily adapt to the wide range of teaching and research needs of professionals. This booklet aims to facilitate navigation within the web site and to assist in seeing the structure of the curriculum as a whole. It also seeks to assist users with the selective adaptation of the course structure and access to the extensive legal material available in The Reader. WWW.REFUGEELAWREADER.ORG 3 CONTENT About The Reader and Its Use 13 About The Reader 13 Structure and Content 14 Accessing Source Material 16 Adapting The Reader to Specific Course Needs 18 Technical Advice 19 Acknowledgments 19 Reader Feedback 22 Section I Introduction to International Refugee Law: Background and Context 23 I.1 History of Population Movements: Migrants, Immigrants, Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees 24 I.1.1 The Concepts 24 I.1.2 The Theories 25 I.1.3 Population Movements in the Past and Present 27 I.2 The Legal and Institutional Framework for Refugee Protection 29 I.2.1 The Evolution of the International Refugee Regime 29 I.2.2 The Universal Standard: The 1951 Geneva Convention Refugee Definition and the Statute of the UNHCR 30 I.2.2.1 Prior Definitions: Group Specific: Geographically and Temporarily Limited 30 I.2.2.2 1951 Geneva Convention: Universal Applicability: Optional Geographical and Temporal Limits 31 I.2.2.3 Expansion by the 1967 Protocol 31 I.2.3 Contemporary Alternative Refugee Definitions 32 I.2.3.1 Africa 32 I.2.3.2 Latin America 33 I.2.3.3 Europe 33 I.3 UNHCR and Other Actors Relevant to International Asylum Law 34 I.3.1 UNHCR 34 I.3.2 Other Agencies and Their Interaction 37 WWW.REFUGEELAWREADER.ORG 5 I.4 The Context of International Refugee Protection: Internal Displacement, Statelessness, Environmentally Induced Migration 40 I.4.1 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 40 I.4.2 Statelessness 42 I.4.3 Environmentally induced migration 44 Section II International Framework for Refugee Protection 47 II.1 Universal Principles and Concepts of Refugee Protection 48 II.1.1 Non-refoulement 48 II.1.2 Asylum 51 II.1.3 Non-discrimination 52 II.1.4 Family Unity 53 II.1.5 Durable Solutions 55 II.1.6 Burden- and Responsibility-sharing and International Cooperation 56 II.1.7 Right to Leave a Country 58 II.1.8 Non-penalization of Refugees for Unlawful Entry and Presence 59 II.2 The 1951 Geneva Convention 61 II.2.1 Criteria for Granting Refugee Protection 61 II.2.1.1 Alienage 62 II.2.1.1.1 Outside the Country of Nationality 63 II.2.1.1.2 Owing to Fear Is Unable or Unwilling to Avail Self of Protection of Country of Nationality 63 II.2.1.1.3 Dual or Multiple Nationality 64 II.2.1.1.4 Stateless Refugees 64 II.2.1.2 Well-founded Fear 65 II.2.1.3 Persecution 67 II.2.1.3.1 Acts of Persecution 68 II.2.1.3.2 Agents of Persecution 69 6 THE REFUGEE LAW READER II.2.1.4 Five Grounds: Race, Religion, Nationality, Social Group, Political Opinion 70 II.2.1.4.1 Multiple Grounds and General Issues 70 II.2.1.4.2 Race 72 II.2.1.4.3 Religion 73 II.2.1.4.4 Nationality 74 II.2.1.4.5 Particular Social Group 75 II.2.1.4.6 Political Opinion 79 II.2.1.5 Internal Flight/Relocation Alternative 81 II.2.1.6 Exclusion from Convention Refugee Status 84 II.2.1.7 Cessation of Refugee Status 88 II.2.1.7.1 Cessation Grounds 88 II.2.1.7.2 Procedures 91 II.2.2 Access to Territory and Protection at Sea 92 II.2.2.1 Visa Requirements 94 II.2.2.2 Carrier Sanctions 94 II.2.2.3 Extraterritorial Immigration Control 95 II.2.2.4 Interceptions and Rescue at Sea 96 II.2.3 Access to Procedures 98 II.2.3.1 Protection Elsewhere (First Country of Asylum and Safe Third Country) 98 II.2.4 Reception Conditions 101 II.2.5 Procedures for Determining Refugee Status 102 II.2.5.1 Basic Procedural Requirements 102 II.2.5.2 Evidentiary Issues 104 II.2.5.2.1 Standards of Proof 104 II.2.5.2.2 Credibility 106 II.2.5.2.3 Factors Affecting Evidentiary Assessment 107 II.2.5.2.3.1 Post Traumatic Stress 107 II.2.5.2.3.2 Interviewing Vulnerable Populations 108 II.2.5.2.3.2.1 Children 108 II.2.5.2.3.2.2 Women 110 WWW.REFUGEELAWREADER.ORG 7 II.2.6 Content of Refugee Status 112 II.2.7 Detention 113 II.3 Other Forms of International Protection 117 II.3.1 Temporary Protection 117 II.3.2 Complementary (Subsidiary) Protection 118 II.3.3 Universal Human Rights Instruments Relevant to Protection 121 II.3.3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 121 II.3.3.2 The UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 122 II.3.3.3 The UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 125 II.3.3.4 The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 128 II.3.3.5 The Geneva Conventions and Protocols: Minimum Standards in Times of War 130 II.4 Internally Displaced Persons 133 Section III African Framework for Refugee Protection 137 III.1 An Overview of the (1969) OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa 138 III.2 An Analysis of the (1969) OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa 141 III.2.1 Analysis of the OAU Convention Refugee Definition 141 III.2.1.1 Compelled to Flee – A Subjective Element 141 III.2.1.2 Place of Habitual Residence 142 III.2.1.3 The Enumerated Events 143 III.2.1.3.1 External Aggression, Occupation, Foreign Domination 143 III.2.1.3.2 Events Seriously Disturbing Public Order 144 III.2.1.4 In Whole or in Part – Existence of an Internal Flight Alternative? 145 8 THE REFUGEE LAW READER III.2.1.5 Group/Prima Facie Refugee Recognition under the OAU Convention 146 III.2.2 Expanded Protection against Refoulement 147 III.2.3 Prohibition on Subversive Activities 147 III.2.4 Burden-sharing 148 III.2.5 Voluntary Repatriation 149 III.3 An Overview of Sub-Regional Frameworks and Domestic Legislations 150 III.3.1 Southern Africa 150 III.3.1.1 South Africa 151 III.3.1.2 Malawi 152 III.3.1.3 Namibia 153 III.3.2 North Africa 153 III.3.2.1 Libya 154 III.3.2.2 Egypt 154 III.3.3 West Africa 155 III.3.3.1 Regional 155 III.3.4 East Africa 157 III.3.4.1 Regional 157 III.3.4.2 Kenya 158 III.3.4.3 Uganda 160 III.3.4.4 Tanzania 161 III.4 Protection Challenges in Africa 162 III.4.1 Exclusion Clause 162 III.4.2 The Interface between Refugee Law and Immigration Law 163 III.4.3 Urban Refugees v. Camp Refugees 164 III.4.4 Resettlement 166 III.4.5 The Plight of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 167 III.4.6 Unaccompanied Children 169 III.4.7 Governance and Globalization 171 III.4.8 The Search for Solutions to the Refugee Problem in Africa 173 III.4.9 Protection During Mass Repatriation 174 WWW.REFUGEELAWREADER.ORG 9 III.4.10 Protection during Mass Influx 175 III.4.11 Protracted Refugee Situations 176 III.4.12 Cessation of Refugee Status 177 III.4.13 Family Unity 178 Section IV Framework for Refugee and IDP Protection in the Americas 181 IV.1 The Evolution of the Rght of Asylum in the Americas: From Refugio (Refuge)/Territorial Asylum Political/Diplomatic Asylum to Refugee Status 182 IV.2 Refugee Protection in the Framework of the Inter-American Human Rights System 184 IV.2.1 Human Rights Instruments 184 IV.2.1.1 The Right to Seek and Receive/Be Granted Asylum and the Rights of Refugees 184 IV.2.1.2 The Non-refoulement Principle and Its Expansion in the Americas 189 IV.2.1.3 Protection against Extradition 195 IV.2.1.4 Other Norms 196 IV.2.2 The Uuse of Soft Law to Advance International Refugee Protection: Specific Regional Instruments 196 IV.2.2.1 Regional Definition and Proposals to Improve Protection 197 IV.2.2.2 Durable Solutions in the Regional Framework 200 IV.3 Application of the 1951 Geneva Convention through the Regional Mechanisms and National Legislations 202 IV.4 Protection of Internally Displaced Persons with Special Attention to the Case of Colombia 203 IV.5 The North American Regional Materials 206 Section V Asian Framework for Refugee Protection 209 V.1 Protection Challenges in Asia 210 V.2 States Party to the 1951 Refugee Convention 212 10 THE REFUGEE LAW READER V.2.1 Cambodia 212 V.2.2 China 212 V.2.3 Japan 213 V.2.4 Philippines 214 V.2.5 South Korea 214 V.3 States Not Party to the 1951 Refugee Convention 215 V.3.1 Bangladesh 215 V.3.2 India 216 V.3.3 Nepal 218 V.3.4 Pakistan 218 V.3.5 Thailand 219 Section VI European Framework for Refugee Protection 221 VI.1 The Council of Europe 223 VI.1.1 Legal and Policy Framework for Refugee Protection 223 VI.1.2 The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 228 VI.2 The European Union 268 VI.2.1 Towards a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) 270 VI.2.1.1 Evolution of the CEAS to Date 271 VI.2.1.2 Ongoing Development of the CEAS 273 VI.2.2 Criteria for Granting Protection 275 VI.2.2.1 Harmonization of the 1951 Geneva Convention Refugee Definition 275 VI.2.2.2 Subsidiary Protection 279 VI.2.2.3 Temporary Protection 281 VI.2.3 Access to Territory and Access to Procedures 282 VI.2.3.1 The EU’s External and Internal Borders 285 VI.2.3.2 Interception and Rescue at Sea 287 VI.2.3.3 Visas 290 VI.2.3.4 Carrier Sanctions 292 VI.2.3.5.