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Cheating the Origin, Nature, Importance and Improvement of Business And
CHEATING THE ORIGIN, NATURE, IMPORTANCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF BUSINESS AND OTHER ETHICS WALLACE R. BAKER ©2017 Wallace R. Baker Wallace R. Baker 4. HUMAN ETHICS – SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING ETHICS AND EVOLUTION Charles Darwin This subject was raised by Charles Darwin when he wrote "Any animal whatever, endowed with well-marked social instincts, the parental and filial affections being included, would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well developed or nearly as well developed as in man"19. Konrad Lorenz Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian, who received his medical doctor degree in 1928, a PhD in Zoology in 1933 and later became a Professor of Psychology, loved and studied animals very carefully. He generated many interesting and controversial theories. In 1973 he shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine "for discoveries in individuals and social behavior patterns" with two other important early ethologists, Nikolas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. In the introduction to the French version of one of his numerous books "On Aggression", it is explained that the instinct to combat its own species is necessary in natural selection but it can be harmful. He showed evolution invented mechanisms to direct this behavior into unexpectedly inoffensive channels. Lorenz leads the reader to profound thoughts. He was a controversial leader in the most important progress in the last century researching and learning about animal behavior that illuminated understanding of human behavior described by researchers and scholars later in this book20. 19 Darwin, Charles, 1982, The Descent of Man, [1871] pp. -
The Seeds of Humanity
The Seeds of Humanity MARC HAUSER The Tanner Lectures on Human Values Delivered at Princeton University November 12, 2008 Marc Hauser is a professor of psychology and human evolutionary bi- ology at Harvard University, where he is also director of the Cognitive Evolution Lab and codirector of the Mind, Brain, and Behavior Program. His research focuses on the evolutionary and developmental foundations of the human mind, with the specific goal of understanding which men- tal capacities are shared with other nonhuman primates and which are uniquely human. He has received numerous awards, including a Guggen- heim Fellowship in 2005. He is the author of Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (2000), Moral Minds: How Nature Designed a Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (2006), as well as the forthcoming volume E vilicious: Why We Enjoy Being Bad. OveRALL IntRoduction Humans create plays, operas, sculptures, computers, equations, laws, re- ligions, guns, and soufflés. This is only a partial list of our achievements. In the history of life on earth, we are the only species to have created such creations. If a Martian landed on earth and had to develop a taxonomy of the living organisms, he could not be faulted for classifying the bees, birds, beavers, and baboons with the birches and baobabs, while placing humans in a group all on their own. After all, not only have baboons and baobabs never produced a soufflé, but they have never even contemplated the pos- sibility. Baobabs lack the brains, whereas baboons lack the kind of brain that has both technological savoir faire and gastronomical creativity. -
The New York Times1 August 13, 2010 in Harvard Lab Inquiry, a Raid and a 3-Year Wait
The New York Times1 August 13, 2010 In Harvard Lab Inquiry, a Raid and a 3-Year Wait By NICHOLAS WADE Marc Hauser’s academic career was soaring when suddenly, three years ago, Harvard authori- ties raided his laboratory and confiscated computers and records. Dr. Hauser continued to publish and lecture widely until last week, while all the time re- searchers at Harvard and elsewhere who knew of the raid kept waiting for the other shoe to drop. In January this year, a faculty committee at last completed its report, said to contain eight charges against Dr. Hauser. But the report was kept secret and nothing changed until this month when someone showed The Boston Globe a letter about the investigation from Dr. Hauser to his faculty colleagues. Dr. Hauser’s automated e-mail reply says he is “on leave, furiously writing a book.” Dr. Hauser has been one of Harvard’s rising academic stars, with a public visibility approaching that of the psychologist Steven Pinker, whom he sometimes seemed to emulate. Dr. Hauser’s early research work was in the field of animal communication. He then started throwing his net wider. He took up new research methods for exploring babies’ thoughts and applied them to animals, showing that monkeys were capable of many cognitive feats thought unique to people. Most researchers stick to their own disciplines, but Dr. Hauser was fearless in forming col- laborations with leaders in other fields. He worked with the linguist Noam Chomsky, the brain scientist Antonio Damasio, the child psychologist Elizabeth Spelke and the primatologist Richard Wrangham. -
Syntax Evolution: Problems and Recursion
www.ramoncasares.com 20190630 Syntax 1 Syntax Evolution: Problems and Recursion Ram´on Casares orcid: 0000-0003-4973-3128 To investigate the evolution of syntax, we need to ascertain the evo- lutionary rˆole of syntax and, before that, the very nature of syntax. Here, we will assume that syntax is computing. And then, since we are computationally Turing complete, we meet an evolutionary anomaly, the anomaly of syntax: we are syntactically too compe- tent for syntax. Assuming that problem solving is computing, and realizing that the evolutionary advantage of Turing completeness is full problem solving and not syntactic proficiency, we explain the anomaly of syntax by postulating that syntax and problem solving co-evolved in humans towards Turing completeness. Examining the requirements that full problem solving impose on language, we find firstly that semantics is not sufficient and that syntax is necessary to represent problems. Our final conclusion is that full problem solving requires a functional semantics on an infinite tree-structured syn- tax. Besides these results, the introduction of Turing completeness and problem solving to explain the evolution of syntax should help us to fit the evolution of language within the evolution of cognition, giving us some new clues to understand the elusive relation between language and thinking. Keywords: syntax evolution, problem solving, Turing completeness, recursion, language and thinking. arXiv:1508.03040v7 [cs.CL] 2 Jul 2019 This is doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4956359.v2, version 20190630. c 2017, 2019 Ram´on Casares; licensed as cc-by. Any comments on it to [email protected] are welcome. www.ramoncasares.com 20190630 Syntax 2 Syntax Evolution: Problems and Recursion §1Introduction . -
A Critical Analysis of Moral Nativism
The Foundations of Human Morality: A Critical Analysis of Moral Nativism by Nalini Elisa Ramlakhan A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2011 Nalini Elisa Ramlakhan Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87787-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87787-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.