Sequential Access Storage Device Examples
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Computer Fundamentals Prepared By: Abrar Hussain 0311-0007925 MS CS from University of Agriculture Faisalabad BS IT from the Islamia University Bahawalpur
Computer Fundamentals Prepared by: Abrar Hussain 0311-0007925 MS CS from University of Agriculture Faisalabad BS IT from The Islamia University Bahawalpur Ex.1 1. A typical modern computer uses LSI A. chips Vacuum B. tubes C. Valves All the D. above None of E. the above 2. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) had huge advantage over Mark I because it used electronic valves in place of the electromagnetic switches. In the beginning, ENIAC was used for calculating the path of artillery shells. For which other was weapon design was it utilized? hydrogen bomb A. B. atom bomb C. agnimissile D. fighter aircraft E. None of the above 3. Who was the father of Punched Card Processing? A. J Presper Eckert B. Charles Babbage Dr. Herman Hollerith C. D. Blaise Pascal E. None of the above 4. When did Hewlett-Packard Inc. Introduce its first HP-110 laptop computer? 1984 A. B. 1986 C. 1990 D. 1995 E. None of the above 5. The computer program language which is widely used in computer science and engineering and also in business is A. COBOL B. FORTRAN PASCAL C. D. LISP E. None of the above 6. A 'number crunching' computer is one that can handle A. large spreadsheets B. large alphanumeric data large volume of numbers C. D. only numbers E. None of the above 7. The barcode which is used on all types of items, is read by a scanning device directly into the computer. What is the name of this scanning device? Laser scanner A. B. Wand C. -
Operating System 2018
Operating System 2018 Unit – I Operating System 1. Introduction A computer system has many resources (hardware and software), which may be require to complete a task. The commonly required resources are input/output devices, memory, file storage space, CPU etc. The operating system acts as a manager of the above resources and allocates them to specific programs and users, whenever necessary to perform a particular task. Therefore operating system is the resource manager i.e. it can manage the resource of a computer system internally. The resources are processor, memory, files, and I/O devices. In simple terms, an operating system is the interface between the user and the machine. An operating system (OS), in its most general sense, is software that allows a user to run other applications on a computing device. While it is possible for a software application to interface directly with hardware, the vast majority of applications are written for an OS, which allows them to take advantage of common libraries and not worry about specific hardware details. The operating system manages a computer's hardware resources, including: Input devices such as a keyboard and mouse Output devices such as display monitors, printers and scanners Network devices such as modems, routers and network connections Storage devices such as internal and external drives The OS also provides services to facilitate the efficient execution and management of, and memory allocations for, any additional installed software application programs. Some operating systems were developed in the 1950s, when computers could only execute one program at a time. Later in the decade, computers included many software programs, sometimes called libraries, which were linked together to create the beginning of today's operating systems. -
Lesson 1. Computer Fundamentals
Computer Fundamentals MODULE – 1 Basic Computing 1 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS Notes We find computers everywhere around us at home, in schools, hospitals, railway stations, airports, banks, and shopping malls and so on. Before we proceed with our study of computers, let us first of all define a computer. A computer is an electronic machine that takes an input, processes it to produce the desired output. Every computer is a combination of hardware and software. The physical components of a computer that can be seen and touched form the hardware. For example, CPU, monitor, keyboard, printer etc., are hardware or peripheral devices. The input to a computer is given in the form of instructions. These set of instructions that we give to the computer to perform a particular task constitutes a program. Many such programs together form a software for the computer. Operating system, Antivirus, MS Office, Computer games are all software applications. OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you will be able to: z learn the basic components of a computer along with their functions; z differentiate input, output and storage devices; z describe various memory accessing modes; z explain different ports used to connect various components of a computer; z classify computers. 1.1 WORKING OF A COMPUTER To function properly, the computer needs both hardware and software. Hardware consists of the mechanical and electronic devices, which we can see and touch. The software consists of programs, the operating system and the data that reside in the memory and storage devices. Computer Science 1 MODULE – 1 Computer Fundamentals Basic Computing The working of a computer can be well understood by the block diagram shown in Fig. -
Unit 2 Storage Organisation
Hardware and Software: An Introduction UNIT 2 STORAGE ORGANISATION Structure Page Nos. 2.0 Introduction 32 2.1 Objectives 32 2.2 Memory and Storage Devices 33 2.2.1 Semiconductor (Main) Memory 2.2.2 Magnetic Memory 2.2.3 Optical Memory 2.3 Memory Hierarchy 50 2.4 Summary 53 2.5 Solutions/Answers 53 2.6 Further Readings and References 55 2.0 INTRODUCTION In the previous unit we have discussed the basics of computers such as Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory, Input/Output and peripheral devices. In this unit, we will discuss one of the most important component of a computer system known as memory unit. Memory unit is an important component of a computer where all the data and information is stored in the form of binary digits (combination of 0's and 1's) and retrieved whenever it is necessary. Computer system uses a variety of devices for storing the instructions and data. These memory devices can be in different categories according to access time, storage capacity & cost-per-bit of storage. In this unit detailed discussion will be on storage devices and their organization. In this unit, we will concentrate on storage organization of the different types of memory devices such as RAM, ROM, Hard-disk, Floppy disk, Magnetic disk, Magnetic Taps, CD-ROM, and DVD etc. RAM, ROM comes under semiconductor memory, Hard-disk, Floppy disk, and Magnetic tapes come under magnetic memory and CD-ROM, DVD etc comes under Optical memory. 2.1 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you should be able to: • describe the key characteristics of the memory system; • distinguish among various types of memories such as semiconductor, magnetic & optical memory; • describe the various secondary storage devices such as Hard-disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM etc.; and • describe the importance of memory hierarchy.