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Structures of the Taxation Sistems in the European Union

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Structures of the Taxation Sistems in the European Union 2003 EDITION Structures of the taxation systems in the European Union Data 1995-2001 THEME 2 Economy EUROPEAN and COMMISSION finance DIRECTORATE-GENERAL TAXATION AND CUSTOMS UNION 2 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003 ISBN 92-894-5149-1 © European Communities, 2003 Prefaces PREFACE I am proud to present the 2003 edition of the publication ‘Structures of the taxation systems in the European Union’. This is the fourth time that the Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union in the European Commission and Eurostat co-operated to compile tax indicators for analysing the structures of the taxation systems of the Member States of the European Union, mainly on the basis of national accounts data. This work commenced with the White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment that the then Commission President Jacques Delors presented in 1993. The Commission Services have continued this work because they are frequently asked to provide comparative assessments of the taxation systems in the Union, in the context of the co-ordination of economic policies in a broader sense. In recent years, the European Council and the Commission have put special emphasis on the need to reduce the tax burden on labour income as part of the guidelines of the European Employment Strategy. The monitoring of tax revenues at EU level has also become more systematic in the framework of the Growth and Stability Pact. The Commission considers that tax policy should support broader EU policy objectives such as the goal set by the Lisbon European Council of making the EU the most competitive economy in the world by 2010. Increased tax co-ordination would help Member States to meet these objectives. But while a large measure of harmonisation is necessary in the VAT and excises fields, in other tax fields tax co-ordination does not imply tax harmonisation. It is in this general context that the European Commission has drawn up its plans for the next few years in the tax field1. The work on the elimination of harmful tax competition should continue. But to achieve a balance in EU tax policy, attention must also be paid to the concerns of taxpayers, both individuals and companies. This means eliminating tax obstacles hindering the exercise of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the EC Treaty. The Directorate-General for Taxation and the Customs Union is responsible for implementing this tax strategy. As part of this work, the Directorate-General monitors the taxation policies and practices of the Member States so as to be able to define coherent approaches at Community level. The taxation systems in the European Union currently exhibit substantial differences. Owing to their great complexity, comparisons between the taxation systems are not easy to make. The present publication provides a unified framework based on national accounts by which the heterogeneous taxation systems of the different Member States can be usefully compared within different classifications of tax revenues and at different levels of aggregation. This framework makes it possible to monitor the broad development of the taxation systems as well as (aggregate) tax burden indicators in the different Member States, and in the European Union as a whole. Although for this edition it was possible, with the help of the Member States, to implement important methodological improvements, it should be noted that, due to the level of aggregation, the tax indicators used in this publication have certain limitations. Results based on the tax indicators should therefore be interpreted with these shortcomings in mind, and judged with due caution when they are used as a basis for addressing policy questions. Robert Verrue Director-General Taxation and Customs Union 1 “Tax policy in the European Union – Priorities for the years ahead” COM (2001) 260 of 23/5/2001 Prefaces PREFACE In recent years, Eurostat has endeavoured to ensure a harmonised application of a new conceptual reference framework: the European System of national and regional integrated accounts (ESA95). The ESA95 methodology, which has contributed to major improvements and progress in national accounts, has now been adopted and implemented throughout Europe. From December 2000 onwards, EU Member States have been transmitting to Eurostat (as part of the ESA95 transmission programme) data on detailed tax receipts and social contributions by institutional sector. In this process, the fruitful collaboration of Eurostat and National Accounts departments in Member States has enabled the building of one of the most structured, harmonised and complete databases on taxes and social contributions in Europe. The European Commission services - in particular Eurostat and Directorate-General Taxation and Customs Union - have now engaged in promoting the diffusion of this complex set of information. The 2003 edition of the publication ‘Structures of the taxation systems in the European Union’ presents for the first time a global overview of this corpus of ESA95 statistics. The publication lays particular emphasis on tax indicators in national accounts, the classification of taxes, and methodology for calculating harmonised implicit tax rates on labour, capital and consumption. A large section of the publication is also devoted to a comparative analysis of recent developments in the taxation systems of EU Member States. A result of considerable joint efforts of Member States and European Commission services (Eurostat and Directorate-General Taxation and Customs Union) on the compilation, methodology and harmonisation of data on taxes and social contributions, the 2003 edition of the publication ‘Structures of the taxation systems in the European Union’ is an indispensable tool in understanding the developments and mechanics of tax policies in European countries. Further editions of the publication (which is intended to be issued on a regular basis) will make it possible to follow-up on these developments, and may extend the scope of the analysis to include Acceding Countries. Yves Franchet Director-General Eurostat Origin of this report The publication ‘Structures of the Taxation Systems in the European Union’ is the result of collaboration between two Directorates general of the European Commission: the Directorate- General Taxation and Customs Union, and EUROSTAT, the statistical office of the European Communities. The national accounts data collected from the national statistical offices by EUROSTAT were processed and analysed by the Directorate-General Taxation and Customs Union. For some tax indicators, additional estimates provided by tax experts from national tax departments have been used. The Commission services also wish to acknowledge very helpful oral and written contributions of the tax experts. However, it should be noted that the Commission services bear the sole responsibility for this publication and its content. Therefore, the present report does not necessarily represent the views of the tax departments in the Member States. All data requests should be sent to one of the EUROSTAT Data workshops listed on the last page. Any questions or suggestions relating to the analysis should be addressed to the Directorate-General Taxation and Customs Union. Language and diffusion The publication ‘Structures of the Taxation Systems in the European Union’ will only be available in English for the time being. The publication will be disseminated through the Eurostat Datashop network. Chief editor: Anne Bucher (Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union) Editing: Main contributors: Peter Heijmans (Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union) Claudius Schmidt-Faber (Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union) Gilles Revelin (EUROSTAT) Assistant: Freddy De Buysscher (Commission, Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union) Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The publication ‘Structures of the taxation systems in the European Union’ presents time series of tax data from national accounts for the fifteen Member States of the European Union. It provides a breakdown of taxes according to three different types of classification: by major type of tax (i.e. direct taxes, indirect taxes, social contributions), by levels of government (i.e. central-, state- and local government, social security funds and the European institutions) and by economic function (i.e. consumption, labour and capital). It also compiles implicit tax rates (ITRs) on consumption, labour and capital, which measure the effective average tax burden on different types of economic income or activity. ITRs express tax revenues that can be allocated to these economic categories as a percentage of the total potential tax base in the economy. The publication also presents data on environmental taxes. 2. The publication is divided into three parts. Part I describes the tax revenue data available in national accounts and reviews major trends between 1995 and 2001. Part II presents the economic classification of taxes, the methodology for the implicit tax rates and a comparison of implicit tax rates between Member States over the period 1995-2001. Part III includes country
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