Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information A HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA Ishita Banerjee-Dube © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information Cambridge House, 4381/4 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi 110002, India Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title For SAARC countries: www.cambridgeindia.org/9781107659728 Others: www.cambridge.org/9781107659728 © Ishita Banerjee-Dube 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in India A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Banerjee-Dube, Ishita. A history of modern India / Ishita Banerjee-Dube. pages cm Summary: “Takes up the subject of modern India, tracing developments that have occurred from the eighteenth century to independence”– Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-06547-5 (hardback) — ISBN 978-1-107-65972-8 (paperback) 1. India–History–British occupation, 1765-1947. I. Title. DS463.B24 2014 954.03–dc23 2014010480 ISBN 978-1-107-65972-8 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information For Saurabh © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information Captain Hodson arresting Bahadur Shah Zafar, 1857; a nineteenth century illustration by G. H. Thompson © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information Contents Photographs, Maps, Posters and Figures viii About the Author xi Acknowledgements xii Prologue xiv 1. The Colourful World of the Eighteenth Century 2–41 The End of an Empire Causes and Consequences TheLand of Kings: Rajasthan The Mighty Marathas Nawabs of Bengal The Deccan and the Nizam The Eden of the East: Malabar Mysore and Meddling Merchants Beginnings of a New Empire An Independent Century? Lucknow, Once More 2. Emergence of the Company Raj 42–79 The First ‘Revolution’ Merchants, Commerce and Dual Government Stepping Stones Orientalist Governance Law and Order A ‘Permanent’ Settlement? The Impact of Ideology Conquest and Consolidation Taming the ‘Oriental Despot’: Tipu Sultan The Maratha Chiefs Wellesley’s Administration New Measures © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information vi CONTENTS 3. An Inaugural Century 80–133 Forces of Change—Free Traders, Evangelicals, Utilitarians ‘The Age of Reform’ The Classical and the Modern Reforming Men and Women Rethinking Religion Trends in Islam Land and Revenue Forests and Frontiers Unrest and Uprising 1857: Different Visions Unfolding Processes A Peoples’ War? 4. Creating Anew 134–176 Proclamations and Promises: The New Imperial Rule Imperial Knowledge and Imperial Governance Caste and Caste Identity The Muslim Minority Issues of Economy More on Famines 5. Imagining India 178–219 Imperceptible Beginnings Language, Nation, History Domestic Difference Rights, Reform, Retribution Masculinity, Effeminacy, Consent The First National Organization ‘Moderate’ Nationalism Subaltern Nationalism Promising Futures 6. Challenge and Rupture 220–259 The First Partition of Bengal Boycott and Swadeshi The Surat Split Radical Trends Muslim Politics Reforms and After © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information CONTENTS vii 7. The Mahatma Phenomenon 260–302 Formative Influences Beginnings of a Political Career: South Africa India Anew A New Leader Congress, Khilafat, Non-Cooperation People’s Gandhi Khadi, Nation, Women 8. Difficulties and Initiatives 304–345 Swaraj Party, Hindu Mahasabha, Communal Conflict Capitalists, Workers, Communists Depression, Simon Commission, ‘Terrorism’ Nehru Report, Bardoli, Purna Swaraj Civil Disobedience, Khudai Khidmatgars, Women The Act of 1935: Centre, States, Princes 9. Many Pathways of a Nation 346–385 Critiques of Caste: Non-Brahman and ‘Untouchable’ Movements Babasaheb: A New Leader in the Making Contending Visions: Bapuji and Babasaheb Toward Self-Rule: Business, Congress and the Provincial Government The Great Divide: Congress and the Muslim League The Left and Labour The Federation and the Princes 10. The Tumultuous Forties 386–435 British Moves: The Cripps Mission The Call to ‘Quit India’ Netaji and the Azad Hind Fauj Negotiation and Confrontation: The Rough Road to Freedom Final Moves: Elections and Cabinet Mission Partitioned Freedom 11. 1947 and After 436–465 The Imponderables of Partition The Constitution: Democracy, Majority and ‘Minorities’ Caste and Equality Secularism in Crisis Centre–State Relations Political Economy Index 467 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information Photographs, Maps, Posters and Figures Photographs Page number 1. M. K. Gandhi at Juhu Beach, Mumbai, May 1944. Cover image Image Source: © Dinodia Photos/Alamy 2. Independence Day celebration procession on the streets of Mumbai, Front inner cover and 15 August 1947. Image Source: © Dinodia Photos/Alamy Back inner cover 3. Captain Hodson arresting Bahadur Shah Zafar, 1857; a nineteenth iv century illustration by G. H. Thompson. Image Source: © Timewatch Images/Alamy 4. Shah Alam reviewing the East India Company’s troops; c. 1781 2 illustration, artist unknown. Image Source: © Timewatch Images/Alamy 5. Surrender of the two sons of Tipu Sultan during the siege of Seringapatam 42 in 1792; artist unknown. Image Source: © Classic Image/Alamy 6. Mounted rebel sepoys charging through the streets of Delhi in May 1857; 80 c.1895 engraving, artist unknown. Image Source: © Image Asset Management Ltd./Alamy 7. The Illustrated London News showing people praying to Nandi for relief 134 during the famine in Bengal, February 1874. Image Source: © Image Asset Management Ltd./Alamy 8. Abanindranath Tagore’s epic painting ‘Bharat Mata’, 1905. Image Source: By kind 178 permission of the Victoria Memorial Hall and Rabindra Bharati Society, Kolkata 9. ‘Where the mind is without fear …’ from Rabindranath Tagore’s 220 Gitanjali published in 1912. Image Source: MS Eng 1159 (1); Houghton Library, Harvard University 10. M. K. Gandhi visits textile workers in Lancashire, 1931. 260 Image Source: © DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy 11. Abdul Ghaffar Khan with ‘Red Shirts’ in the North West Frontier 304 Province, 1931. Image Source: © DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Frontmatter More information PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, POSTERS AND FIGURES ix 12. Pencil sketch of B. R. Ambedkar 346 13. Election symbols of national and major regional parties, 1952. Image Source: Schwartzberg’s A Historical Atlas of South Asia 371 14. Women demonstrators during the Quit India movement, 1942. 386 Image Source: © Dinodia Photos/Alamy 15. Jawaharlal Nehru at Bhangi Sweepers Colony, Delhi, October 1946. 436 Image Source: © Dinodia Photos/Alamy 16. M. K. Gandhi and Muhammed Ali Jinnah in Mumbai, September 1944. Image Source: © Dinodia Photos/Alamy Back endpaper Publisher’s note: Cambridge University Press would like to thank the following for granting us permission to reproduce photographs: Alamy (for photographs 1–7, 10–11, 14–16), Houghton Library, Harvard University (for photograph 9), Victoria Memorial Hall and Rabindra Bharati Society, Kolkata (for photograph 8), Joseph E. Schwartzberg, Distinguished International Emeritus Professor, University of Minnesota (for photograph 13 from A Historical Atlas of South Asia). Maps 1. Extent of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1556 2. Extent of the Mughal Empire, 1556–1857 3. India, 1765 4. Stages in the Expansion of British Power, 1819 5. Stages in the Expansion of British Power, 1819–1857 6. The Indian Subcontinent, 1857 7. The Revolt of 1857–1859 8. Territorial and Administrative Changes, 1857–1904 9. The Bengal Partition and Related Territorial and Administrative Changes, 1905 and 1912 10. Territorial and Administrative Changes, 1913–1947 11. The