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Loss of RPGR Glutamylation Underlies the Pathogenic Mechanism

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Loss of RPGR Glutamylation Underlies the Pathogenic Mechanism Loss of RPGR glutamylation underlies the pathogenic PNAS PLUS mechanism of retinal dystrophy caused by TTLL5 mutations Xun Suna,1, James H. Parkb,1, Jessica Gumersona, Zhijian Wua, Anand Swaroopa, Haohua Qianc, Antonina Roll-Mecakb,2, and Tiansen Lia,2 aNeurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; bCell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892; and cVisual Function Core, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 Edited by Jeremy Nathans, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, and approved April 8, 2016 (received for review November 27, 2015) Mutations in the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator regulating the activity of small GTPases. RPGRORF15 terminates in a (RPGR) gene are a major cause of retinitis pigmentosa, a blinding large alternative ORF15 exon, characterized by a purine-rich, highly retinal disease resulting from photoreceptor degeneration. A pho- repetitive sequence coding for multiple Glu-Gly repeats followed by toreceptor specific ORF15 variant of RPGR (RPGRORF15), carrying a C-terminal tail region rich in basic amino acid residues (basic multiple Glu-Gly tandem repeats and a C-terminal basic domain domain) with unknown function. Although both variants are ciliary of unknown function, localizes to the connecting cilium where it proteins, RPGRdefault is the predominant form in a broad range of is thought to regulate cargo trafficking. Here we show that tubulin ciliated tissues (10), whereas RPGRORF15 is found primarily in the tyrosine ligase like-5 (TTLL5) glutamylates RPGRORF15 in its Glu- connecting cilia of photoreceptor cells (10, 11). The connecting Gly–rich repetitive region containing motifs homologous to the cilium is structurally analogous to the transition zone of primary or α-tubulin C-terminal tail. The RPGRORF15 C-terminal basic domain motile cilia and links the biosynthetic inner segment to the photo binds to the noncatalytic cofactor interaction domain unique to sensing outer segment and serves as a gateway for protein trafficking TTLL5 among TTLL family glutamylases and targets TTLL5 to glu- between these cellular compartments. Although RPGRdefault has yet tamylate RPGR. Only TTLL5 and not other TTLL family glutamylases to be linked to any human disease, genetic studies (8, 12) have ORF15 interacts with RPGR when expressed transiently in cells. Con- established an essential role for RPGRORF15 in photoreceptor sistent with this, a Ttll5 mutant mouse displays a complete loss of function and survival. The ORF15 exon is a mutation hotspot in RPGR glutamylation without marked changes in tubulin glutamy- RPGR, with mutations identified in this region in up to 60% of lation levels. The Ttll5 mutant mouse develops slow photoreceptor patients with X-linked RP (8, 13, 14). Notably, in-frame deletions or degeneration with early mislocalization of cone opsins, features insertions that alter the length of this region are well tolerated, as resembling those of Rpgr-null mice. Moreover TTLL5 disease mu- aremissensechanges(2,15–19). However, frame shift mutations tants that cause human retinal dystrophy show impaired glutamy- ORF15 ORF15 that lead to loss of the C-terminal basic domain are always disease lation of RPGR . Thus, RPGR is a novel glutamylation causing, underscoring the functional importance of this domain (7). substrate, and this posttranslational modification is critical for its To explore RPGR gene function and disease mechanism, we function in photoreceptors. Our study uncovers the pathogenic ORF15 developed the first mouse model, to our knowledge, carrying a mechanism whereby absence of RPGR glutamylation leads null mutation by ablation of both RPGR isoforms (11). Rpgr-null to retinal pathology in patients with TTLL5 gene mutations and mice manifest a slowly progressive retinal degeneration charac- connects these two genes into a common disease pathway. terized by early cone opsin mislocalization in cell bodies and synapses and reduced levels of rhodopsin in rods that are cilia | polyglutamylation | retinitis pigmentosa | tubulin tyrosine ligase-like | RPGR Significance nherited forms of retinal dystrophies, clinically known as reti- Mutations affecting two unrelated genes, retinitis pigmentosa nitis pigmentosa (RP), are degenerative conditions affecting I GTPase regulator (RPGR)andtubulin tyrosine ligase like 5 (TTLL5), photoreceptor cells and are an important cause of blindness (1). lead to photoreceptor degeneration and blindness in humans. Autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked forms of the dis- We find that RPGR function in photoreceptor cilia requires ease are well documented. The disease etiology is highly het- glutamylation by TTLL5. Glutamylation is a poorly understood erogeneous, with mutations in more than 200 genes with diverse posttranslational modification that consists of the addition of functions shown to underlie various forms of retinal dystrophy glutamates to target proteins. Moreover, we find that mice lack- (https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/sum-dis.htm). Among these, muta- ing RPGR or TTLL5 exhibit similar phenotypes characterized by tions in the gene encoding retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator photoreceptor degeneration and opsin mislocalization. Our work (RPGR) are a frequent cause, accounting for more than 70% of identifies a novel essential regulator of RPGR and demonstrates X-linked RP and up to 20% of all RP cases (2–5). The disease that disease-causing mutations in these two genes share a com- associated with RPGR is severe and impacts central vision im- mon pathogenic pathway in humans. portant for visual acuity (6). The high disease incidence and associated central visual handicap make RPGR one of the most CELL BIOLOGY Author contributions: X.S., J.H.P., A.R.-M. and T.L. designed research; X.S., J.H.P., J.G., clinically important RP genes and the focus of a large number of Z.W., A.S., H.Q., and T.L. performed research; X.S., J.H.P., J.G., A.R.-M., and T.L. analyzed studies aimed at understanding its disease mechanism and the data; and A.R.-M. and T.L. wrote the paper. development of effective therapies (7). The authors declare no conflict of interest. RPGR is expressed in a complex pattern, with both default This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. default ORF15 (RPGR or constitutive) and ORF15 (RPGR ) variants 1X.S. and J.H.P. contributed equally to this work. default – having been described. RPGR spans exons 1 19 (hence also 2 ex1-19 To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or tiansen. referred to as RPGR ) and shares the first 14 exons with [email protected]. ORF15 – RPGR (8, 9). Exons 1 10 code for an RCC1 (regulator of This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. chromatin condensation 1)-like domain, suggestive of a role in 1073/pnas.1523201113/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1523201113 PNAS | Published online May 9, 2016 | E2925–E2934 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 detectable at weaning (11). However, significant loss of photore- opsin mislocalization appears to reflect a primary defect rather ceptor cells is only evident after 12–16 mo of age. Thus, the early than the result of secondary changes following cell degeneration. ABRPGR niteltooR GT335 3B GT335B3 Rootletin B3 Control GT335 CC BB rootlet -/- N Rpgr kD C 1 2 3 4 D 1 2 3 4 5 E 1 2 3 4 -250 G Mouse RPGR aav-human RPGR kD kD -250- -250 -150 GT335 polyE 1D5 kD GT335 polyE 1D5 -250- -150 -150- -100 -100 -100- -75 -150- -75- -75 -50 -100- -50 -50- B3 -37 75- -37- - RPGR -37 GT335 _50- F 1 2 3 4 kD - 50 O H H H R X X E G E E E G X N H I X Ret aav Ret-IP aav Ret1 Ret3 Ret2 Initiation N N aDk aDk H H O 250 - 250- X E G E E E G X O 180- 180 - GT335 E γ-bond O 130- O 130 - Elongation NH H 100 - 100- E modified glutamate N O 70 - X E G E E E G X - 70- E O O E branching point - 50 - 50- B3 1D5 E G E GT355 GT355 O O polyE E E O E - Fig. 1. RPGRORF15, but not RPGRdefault, is glutamylated in vivo. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of retinal cryosections. (Left) RPGR (green) localizes to the con- − − necting cilia as indicated by its position just distal to the ciliary rootlet (red) in the control retina but is absent in the RPGR / retina. (Right)GT335(green)andB3 − − (red) antibodies both stain the connecting cilia in the control; GT335 signal is greatly diminished in the RPGR / retina, whereas B3 is maintained or slightly en- hanced. GT335 is a monoclonal antibody that detects monoglutamylation; B3 detects longer glutamate chains on α-tubulin. Insets show images at higher mag- nification. (B) Schematic representation of a photoreceptor cell. CC, connecting cilia; BB, basal bodies. (C and D) Immunoblotting of mouse tissue extracts with antibodies indicated at the bottom of each blot. (Lower) Same blots probed with γ-tubulin as a loading control. Lane 1, WT retina; 2, RPGRdefault KO (lacking RPGRdefault only) retina; 3, RPGR KO (lacking both RPGRdefault and RPGRORF15 isoforms) retina; 4, rd9 (lacking RPGRORF15) retina; 5, WT brain. (C) An RPGR antibody detected both RPGRORF15 (solid arrowhead) and RPGRdefault (open arrowhead) in the WT retina. RPGRORF15 was retained (solid arrowhead) in the RPGRdefault KO retina but was lost in the full RPGR KO and the rd9 retinas. (D) GT335 reacts with RPGRORF15 (arrowhead) but not with RPGRdefault. Glutamylated tubulin bands (arrow) show comparable intensities in all samples. Brain expresses only RPGRdefault and hence does not have the higher-molecular-weight RPGRORF15 band (lane 5). (E) The B3 antibody shows similar signal intensity in all lanes. (F) α-Tubulin expression levels are comparable in all samples, indicating that tubulin glutamylation is similar in all samples.
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