DOCSLIB.ORG

Mirror Therapy, Graded Motor Imagery and Virtual Illusion for the Management of Chronic Pain (Protocol)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mirror Therapy, Graded Motor Imagery and Virtual Illusion for the Management of Chronic Pain (Protocol) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain (Protocol) Plumbe L, Peters S, Bennett S, Vicenzino B, Coppieters MW Plumbe L, Peters S, Bennett S, Vicenzino B, Coppieters MW. Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD010329. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010329. www.cochranelibrary.com Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain (Protocol) Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 BACKGROUND .................................... 1 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 3 METHODS ...................................... 3 REFERENCES ..................................... 6 APPENDICES ..................................... 8 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 9 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 9 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 9 Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain (Protocol) i Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Protocol] Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain Lieszel Plumbe1, Susan Peters1, Sally Bennett2, Bill Vicenzino3, Michel W Coppieters1 1Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 2Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 3School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia Contact address: Lieszel Plumbe, Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queens- land, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. [email protected]. Editorial group: Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group. Publication status and date: New, published in Issue 1, 2013. Citation: Plumbe L, Peters S, Bennett S, Vicenzino B, Coppieters MW. Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual il- lusion for the management of chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD010329. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010329. Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ABSTRACT This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To examine the efficacy of mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, and virtual illusion for improving pain and function levels in chronic pain states, including, but not limited to, chronic regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain and brachial plexus avulsion injury. BACKGROUND Mirror therapy is most commonly used for conditions involving the extremities. A mirror is placed along a patient’s sagittal midline Creating a visual illusion of a working non-painful body part such that the affected limb is hidden behind the mirror, and the might provide pain relief and functional improvement in a number opposite unaffected limb is reflected in the mirror. The patient of conditions by creating the impression that a missing, painful, looks at this reflection, and gets the illusion of a restored, non- or non-functioning limb is restored and working in a more op- painful and functioning limb. timal way. Visual illusion has been implemented therapeutically through the modalities of mirror therapy, graded motor imagery Graded motor imagery was developed to improve upon mirror and virtual illusion therapy. These therapies have been applied as therapy (Moseley 2004; Moseley 2006). It uses mirror therapy treatment tools in a variety of conditions including chronic re- as a treatment component, but has two additional priming steps: gional pain syndrome (CRPS), phantom limb pain (PLP), brachial left-right recognition and motor imagery (Moseley 2004; Moseley plexus avulsion injury, fibromyalgia, post wrist fracture stiffness, 2005). hand osteoarthritis and stroke (Doyle 2010; Grunert-Pluss 2008; Virtual illusion uses computer technology with the aim of creating Murray 2010; Priganc 2011; Ramachandran 2010; Rothgangel more complex and realistic illusions (Murray 2010). Unlike tradi- 2011; Preston 2011; Thieme 2012; Weeks 2010). tional mirror therapy, virtual illusion is not limited to the illusion Mirror therapy was first reported by Ramachandran 1995 as a of bilateral synchronous limb movements. Using virtual reality to treatment to reduce pain in phantom limb pain after amputation. treat pain by creating an illusion of a functional limb was first Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion for the management of chronic pain (Protocol) 1 Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. reported by O’Neill 2003. there is no evidence of major nerve damage (type I) and where there is evidence of such damage (type 2) (Harden 2005). This review will focus on the application of visual illusion in the form of mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion therapy for improving pain and function in people with chronic pain conditions. We will not include studies looking at the treat- ment of post-stroke CRPS as this is covered in another Cochrane review (Thieme 2012). Mirror therapy is also used as a treatment Description of the intervention for post-stroke sensory and functional impairment. The aforemen- Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery and virtual illusion use tioned and one additional Cochrane review (Doyle 2010) specif- visual illusion to create the impression that a missing, painful, or ically looked at this aspect of mirror therapy, so we will confine non-functioning limb is restored and working in a more optimal our review to chronic pain conditions. way. Mirror therapy A number of non-Cochrane narrative and systematic reviews have Mirror therapy creates the illusion of a restored non-painful body considered the evidence for the use of: 1. virtual illusion for PLP part by replacing visual information of the affected limb with a (Murray 2010), 2. mirror therapy for PLP (Flor 2009; Seidel 2009; reflection of the unaffected limb. To do this, generally the mirror Weeks 2010), 3. mirror therapy for CRPS1 (Daly 2009; McCabe is placed along the patient’s sagittal midline, with the affected limb 2008), 4. mirror therapy for hand conditions (Ezendam 2009; hidden behind the mirror (Ramachandran 1996). The unaffected Grunert-Pluss 2008) and 5. mirror therapy or graded motor im- limb and mirror are positioned such that the unaffected limb is agery for stroke, PLP or CRPS (Rothgangel 2011). This review reflected in the mirror creating the illusion of a restored, normally aims to bring together the evidence for different treatments util- working limb. ising visual illusion (mirror therapy, virtual reality therapy and The patient watches this reflection. Depending on the patient and graded motor imagery) and synthesize the evidence for these treat- the condition, the patient might for example create the illusion ments in addressing pain and function in chronic pain conditions. of releasing a painfully clenched phantom fist, or in the case of chronic regional pain syndrome might watch the wrist bending and straightening without pain. The level of movement by the Description of the condition patient is guided by the patient’s response and will range from no Chronic pain movement, to simple movement, to contextual movements such For the purpose of this review, we define chronic pain as any con- as manipulating objects. dition where pain has persisted beyond three months. A temporal Graded motor imagery delineation between acute and chronic pain is often made at three Graded motor imagery uses two additional priming steps prior to months clinically for non-cancer pain although this can shift de- mirror therapy (Moseley 2004). pending on the condition being considered (Merskey 1994). In an The first priming step is left-right recognition. Here, the patient International Association for the Study of Pain clinical update on looks at sequential images of the affected body part and decides if the prevalence of chronic pain, reference is made to chronic pain as a “left” or “right” sided body part is being shown (for upper or pain without apparent biological value that has persisted beyond lower limb applications) or if the body part is rotated to the left the normal tissue healing time (Harstall 2008). We acknowledge or right (for trunk/neck applications). that chronic pain is difficult to define, and will adopt the time cut The second priming step is imagined movements where the patient off point of pain greater than three months’ duration. imagines moving the affected body part to adopt certain positions. While this review will consider any chronic pain condition treated The patient then progresses to mirror therapy. with visual illusion therapies, the pain conditions to which they Virtual illusion have most frequently been reported as treatments for are phantom Virtual illusion uses virtual reality technology to create the expe- limb pain and chronic regional pain syndrome. rience that objects that do not exist in the real world exist in the Phantom limb pain is characterized by pain that is perceived in computer generated virtual environment. This therapy has been the location of a body part that has been removed, for example
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Body Illusions for Mental Health: a Systematic Review
    Body illusions for mental health: a systematic review Marta Matamala-Gomez1, Antonella Maselli2, Clelia Malighetti3, Olivia Realdon1, Fabrizia Mantovani1, Giuseppe Riva3,4 1 University of Milano-Bicocca, "Riccardo Massa" Department of Human Sciences for Education, Milan, Italy. 2 Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy. 3 Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 4 Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. Corresponding author: Marta Matamala-Gomez [email protected] Abstract Body illusions (BIs) refer to altered perceptual states where the perception of the self-body significantly deviates from the configuration of the physical body, for example, in aspects like perceived size, shape, posture, location, and sense of ownership. Different established experimental paradigms allow to temporarily induce such altered perceptual states in a predictable and systematic manner. Even though there is evidence demonstrating the use of BIs in clinical neuroscience, to our knowledge, this is the first systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of BIs in healthy and clinical populations. This systematic review examined the use of BIs in the healthy and clinical populations, and review how BIs can be adopted to enhance mental health in different mental illness conditions. The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Of the 8086 studies identified, 189 studies were included for full-text analyses. Seventy-seven studies used BIs in clinical populations. Most of the studies using BIs with clinical populations used body illusions toward a body part, modulating the external aspects of body representation. Even though clinical studies showed the positive effects of BIs to improve mental illness conditions, future technologies using BIs targeting both the external (exteroceptive) and the internal (interoceptive) aspects of body representations can further improve the efficacy of this approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Fooling the Brain with the Augmented Mirror
    Holger T. Regenbrecht* Beyond the Looking Glass: Fooling Elizabeth A. Franz Graham McGregor the Brain with the Augmented Brian G. Dixon Mirror Box Simon Hoermann University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand Abstract Video mediated and augmented reality technologies can challenge our sense of what we perceive and believe to be real. Applied appropriately, the technology presents new opportunities for understanding and treating a range of human functional impair- ments as well as studying the underling psychological bases of these phenomena. This paper describes our augmented mirror box (AMB) technology which builds on the potential of optical mirror boxes by adding functions that can be applied in therapeutic and scientific settings. Here we test hypotheses about limb presence and perception, belief, and pain using laboratory studies to demonstrate proof of concept. The results of these studies provide evidence that the AMB can be used to manipulate beliefs and perceptions and alter the reported experience of pain. We conclude that the system has potential for use in experimental and in clinical settings. 1 Introduction The line between what is real and what can be computer generated is becoming increasingly blurred with modern technology (cf. IJsselsteijn, de Kort, & Haans, 2005). Augmented reality allows us to create a mirror image of what is real (let us say human hands), and present this image in a virtual envi- ronment. Augmentation adds to the blurring effect, since it can raise doubt about whether we think we are looking at our hands or at some enhanced or manipulated version of them projected on a screen. This effect is related to the phenomenon of neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to adapt its functions and activities in response to environmental and psychological factors (Doidge, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Mirror Therapy on Functional Recovery of Upper Extremity After Stroke: a Randomized Pilot Study
    Byoung-Hee Lee, Upper Extremity after Stroke J Exp Stroke Transl Med (www.jestm.com) Vol 10 pp 1-7 The Effect of Mirror Therapy on Functional Recovery of Upper Extremity after Stroke: A Randomized Pilot Study Jan 24, 2017 · Volume 10 · Original Research Jung-Hee Kim1 and Byounghee Lee2* 1Department of Physical Therapy, Andong Science College, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Article Citation: Jung-Hee Kim, Byoung-Hee Lee, The Effect of Mirror Therapy on Functional Recovery of Upper Extremity after Stroke: a Randomized Pilot Study. J Exp Stroke Transl Med. 2016 December. Online access at www.jestm.com Correspondence should be sent to: Byoung-Hee Lee, Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro-815, Nowon- gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Tel: 8223399634, Fax: 8223991639, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Object: The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of mirror therapy on motor recovery of upper extremity and to suggest a standard mirror therapy program for stroke patients. Method: Total 19 chronic stroke patients participate in this study and were randomly divided in two groups mirror therapy group and sham therapy group randomly. The participants of received during 30-minutes, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. The muscle strength, range of motion and muscle tone, grip strength, manual dexterity, functional independence levels were evaluated for compare of effects after interventions. Result: The mirror therapy group showed significant differences in muscle strength and range of motion of wrist extension, muscle tone of wrist flexor compare to sham therapy group as revealed by electric muscle test Dualer IQ Inclinometer and Modified Ashworth Scale (p<0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on Upper Extremity Function and Wrist Proprioception in Cerebral Palsy Children with Hemiparesis
    International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2017; 3(4): 28-34 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijnpt doi: 10.11648/j.ijnpt.20170304.12 Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on Upper Extremity Function and Wrist Proprioception in Cerebral Palsy Children with Hemiparesis Hatem Abd Al-Mohsen Emara 1, 2, Tamer Emam El Negamy 3 1Department of Physical Therapy for Growth and Development Disorders in Children and Its Surgery, Cairo University, Ghisa, Egypt 2College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt Email address: [email protected] (H. A. Al-Mohsen E.) To cite this article: Hatem Abd Al-Mohsen Emara, Tamer Emam El Negamy. Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on Upper Extremity Function and Wrist Proprioception in Cerebral Palsy Children with Hemiparesis. International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy . Vol. 3, No. 4, 2017, pp. 28-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnpt.20170304.12 Received : June 2, 2017; Accepted : June 20, 2017; Published : October 10, 2017 Abstract: The function of the affected side in the hemiplegic cerebral palsy is influenced by muscle tone abnormality, change of proprioception, diminished power, and decreased the speed of movement, weak grasp, and release functions. Mirror therapy (MT) is a therapeutic technique that uses the interaction of visuomotor-proprioception inputs to improve movement performance of the affected limb. This study was done to investigate the effects of mirror visual feedback exercises on upper extremity function and on the alternation of wrist proprioception in children with hemiparesis. Thirty-two children with spastic hemiparesis from both sexes ranging in age from five to seven years represented the sample of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • TREATING PHANTOM LIMB PAIN FOLLOWING AMPUTATION the Potential Role of a Traditional and Teletreatment Approach to Mirror Therapy
    TREATING PHANTOM LIMB PAIN FOLLOWING AMPUTATION The potential role of a traditional and teletreatment approach to mirror therapy ANDREAS ROTHGANGEL 2019 TREATING PHANTOM LIMB PAIN FOLLOWING AMPUTATION: The potential role of a traditional and teletreatment approach to mirror therapy The research presented in this thesis was conducted at: The School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Rehabili- tation Medicine, Maastricht University. CAPHRI participates in the Netherlands School of Primary Care Research (CaRe), acknowledged by the Royal Dutch Academy of Science (KNAW). CAPHRI was classified as ‚excellent‘ by the external evaluation committee of leading international experts that reviewed CAPHRI in December 2010. TREATING PHANTOM LIMB PAIN FOLLOWING AMPUTATION: The potential role of a traditional and teletreatment approach to mirror therapy and The Research Centres “Autonomy and Participation of Persons with a Chronic Illness” and “Nutrition, Lifestyle and Exercise”, Faculty of PROEFSCHRIFT Health, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, the Netherlands. The research presented in this thesis was funded by by the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW, Germany) and the European Union ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor through the NRW Ziel2 Programme as a part of the European Regional Development Fund (grant no. 005-GW02-035) and by Zuyd University aan de Universiteit Maastricht, of Applied Sciences. op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. Rianne M. Letschert volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen, The printing of this thesis was financially supported by the Scientific College Physical Therapy (WCF) of the Royal Dutch Society for Physical in het openbaar te verdedigen op Therapy (KNGF).
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror Therapy: a New Approach in Phantom Pain Management
    Mirror Therapy: A New Approach In Phantom Pain Management Outline: 1. Introduction to phantom pain 2. Description of mirror therapy 3. Protocol for using mirror therapy 4. Conclusions 5. Bibliography 1. Introduction to phantom pain Following an amputation, people may develop pain. There are two pain categories: residual limb pain and phantom pain. Residual limb pain is caused directly by tissue injury during amputation, or by problems within the remaining part of the limb. Phantom pain is felt in the part of the limb that has been lost. Phantom pain is a common phenomenon that affects 50 to 80%1-2 of amputees during their lifetime. This problem remains complex and is not yet fully understood2-3. It is important to specify that phantom sensations following an amputation are normal (the feeling that the limb is still there), but that phantom pain (the feeling of pain in the phantom) is problematic. Phantom pain is explained by two complementary theories that come from scientific research. The first theory is that the nerves which transmitted information from the lost limb have been damaged. After amputation, those nerves continue to transmit pain signals to the brain which continue to interpret them as coming from the lost limb, even though it is absent. The second theory is that the brain receives contradictory information and that it responds with pain signals. In all individuals, the brain possesses a graphic representation of the whole body which is not modified immediately after an amputation, still representing the lost limb. On the other hand, the brain receives information from the eyes showing that the limb is gone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Mirror Therapy on Upper Limb After Stroke: a Mini-Review
    Physical M f ed l o ic a in n r e u & o R J l e a h International Journal of Physical n a b o i t i l a i ISSN: 2329-9096t n a r t i e o t n n I Medicine & Rehabilitation Mini Review The Effects of Mirror Therapy on Upper Limb after Stroke: A Mini-Review Hamza Yassin Madhoun, Botao Tan*, Lehua Yu* Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China ABSTRACT Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and the improvement of upper limb function is one of the main challenges faced by them. Mirror therapy utilizes a table top mirror to create a reflection of one’s arm or hand, which used to help increase movement and decrease pain in limbs. The purpose of this current article is to review and collect the evidence for the effects of mirror therapy on upper limb impairment in patients with different stroke stages. Studies suggest that applied mirror therapy alone, or coupled with different methods such as electrical stimulation, can be helpful to improve motor recovery, motor performance, motor function, and activity of daily living. Keywords: Mirror Therapy; Stroke; Rehabilitation; Upper Limb INTRODUCTION essential for patient independence and the ability to achieve Stroke is one of the globally leading causes of disability that daily life activities. affects various body parts and functions [1]. In total, around 17 Mirror Therapy (MT) is a well-known rehabilitation technique, million people per year are affected by stroke [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Is Mirror Therapy an Effective Treatment for Reducing Pain Associated with Phantom Limb Syndrome in Unilateral Amputees?
    Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers 2020 Is Mirror Therapy an Effective Treatment for Reducing Pain Associated with Phantom Limb Syndrome in Unilateral Amputees? Alex E. Pinto Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pinto, Alex E., "Is Mirror Therapy an Effective Treatment for Reducing Pain Associated with Phantom Limb Syndrome in Unilateral Amputees?" (2020). PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship. 535. https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/535 This Selective Evidence-Based Medicine Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers at DigitalCommons@PCOM. It has been accepted for inclusion in PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@PCOM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Is mirror therapy an effective treatment for reducing pain associated with phantom limb syndrome in unilateral amputees? Alex E. Pinto, PA-S A SELECTIVE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICAL REVIEW In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Degree of Master of Science In Health Sciences – Physician Assistant Department of Physician Assistant Studies Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania December 13th, 2019 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine if “Mirror therapy is an effective treatment for reducing pain associated with phantom limb syndrome in unilateral amputees.” STUDY DESIGN: Review of three randomized controlled trials published between 2017 and 2018, with selection based on patient-oriented outcomes and contributing to development of an answer to the clinical question.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Mirror Therapy on the Management of Phantom Limb Pain Fantom Ekstremite Ağrısının Yönetiminde Ayna Terapisinin Etkisi
    Agri 2016;28(3):127–134 doi: 10.5505/agri.2016.48343 A RI PAIN O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E The effect of mirror therapy on the management of phantom limb pain Fantom ekstremite ağrısının yönetiminde ayna terapisinin etkisi Meltem YILDIRIM,1 Nevin KANAN2 Summary Objectives: In the last two decades, mirror therapy has become a frequently used method of managing phantom limb pain (PLP). However, the role of nurses in mirror therapy has not yet been well defined. This study examined the effect of mirror therapy on the management of PLP, and discusses the importance of mirror therapy in the nursing care of amputee patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the pain management department of a university hospital and a prosthesis clinic in İstanbul, Turkey, with 15 amputee patients who had PLP. Forty minutes of practical mirror therapy training was given to the patients and they were asked to practice at home for 4 weeks. Patients were asked to record the severity of their PLP before and after the therapy each day using 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale. Results: Mirror therapy practiced for 4 weeks provided a significant decrease in severity of PLP. There was no significant rela- tionship between the effect of mirror therapy and demographic, amputation or PLP-related characteristics. Patients who were not using prosthesis had greater benefit from mirror therapy. Conclusion: Mirror therapy can be used as an adjunct to medical and surgical treatment of PLP. It is a method that patients can practice independently, enhancing self-control over phantom pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Agency Over Phantom Limb Enhanced by Short-Term Mirror Therapy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Tsukuba Repository Agency over Phantom Limb Enhanced by Short-Term Mirror Therapy 著者 Imaizumi Shu, Asai Tomohisa, Koyama Shinichi journal or Frontiers in Human Neuroscience publication title volume 11 page range 483 year 2017-10 権利 (C) 2017 Imaizumi, Asai and Koyama. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00148583 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00483 Creative Commons : 表示 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.ja fnhum-11-00483 October 4, 2017 Time: 10:55 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 October 2017 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00483 Agency over Phantom Limb Enhanced by Short-Term Mirror Therapy Shu Imaizumi1,2*, Tomohisa Asai3 and Shinichi Koyama4,5 1 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Cognitive Mechanisms Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan, 4 School of Art and Design, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, 5 Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Most amputees experience phantom limb, whereby they feel that the amputated limb is still present.
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror Therapy in Patients with Causalgia (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type Ii) Following Peripheral Nerve Injury: Two Cases
    J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 312–314 CASE REPORT MIRROR THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CAUSALGIA (COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME TYPE II) FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: TWO CASES Ruud W. Selles, PhD1,2, Ton A. R. Schreuders, PhD, PT1 and Henk J. Stam, PhD, MD, FRCP1 From the 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and 2Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands Objective: To describe the use of mirror therapy in 2 patients trating on the reflection of their normal hand, patients reported with complex regional pain syndrome type II following trau- that they could control and move the phantom limb, and thus matic nerve injury. experienced pain relief (2). Design: Two case reports. Over the last few years, the use of mirror therapy has been Subjects: Two patients with complex regional pain syndrome reported in a number of studies. Some of these studies have type II. focused on the use of mirror therapy in patients with pain- Methods: Two patients received mirror therapy with the syndromes, such as phantom limb pain after amputation (3) painful hand hidden behind the mirror while the non-pain- and brachial plexus avulsion (4) and complex regional pain ful hand was positioned so that, from the perspective of the syndrome (CRPS) type I (5–8). Other studies have focused patient, the reflection of this hand was “superimposed” on on the use of mirror therapy for motor training after stroke the painful hand. Pain was measured with a visual analogue (9–12). More recently mirror therapy has also been applied scale. during rehabilitation following hand surgery (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
    T h e new england journal o f medicine of more than 100 to less than 120 mm Hg. Thus, role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of this con- it seems fair to call it normotensive. Neverthe- dition. less, in an older patient, a blood pressure under 120/80 mm Hg is often below its usual level and J. Gary Abuelo, M.D. should be compared with previous readings. My Rhode Island Hospital Providence, RI 02903 concern with the definition of “acute kidney in- [email protected] jury” is that it does not yet specify which causes of renal failure are included. For example, Zhou 1. Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, Cohen JJ, Harrington JT. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J et al. do not include cases due to acute glomeru- Med 1983;74:243-8. lonephritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.3 Al- 2. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hyper- though Bellomo et al. state that urinalysis lacks tension in the US adult population: results from the Third Na- tional Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. diagnostic value for renal failure due to sepsis, the Hypertension 1995;25:305-13. report they cite4 actually concluded that there were 3. Zhou H, Hewitt SM, Yuen PST, Star RA. Acute kidney injury few data on this question and that good studies biomarkers — needs, present status, and future promise. Ne- phrology SAP 2006;5:63-71. are needed. My experience is that urinalysis usu- 4. Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Urinary biochemis- ally correlates well with the clinical picture.
    [Show full text]