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Female Genital Mutilation Practices in Kenya: the Role of Alternative Rites of Passage a Case Study of Kisii and Kuria Districts

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Female Genital Mutilation Practices in Kenya: the Role of Alternative Rites of Passage a Case Study of Kisii and Kuria Districts Female Genital Mutilation practices in Kenya: The role of AlTernATive riTes of PAssAge A case study of Kisii and Kuria districts hAbil oloo Population Council MonicA WAnjiru Population Council Katy neWell-jones Feed the Minds e Feed the Minds is a charity registered in England and Wales (291333) and in Scotland (SC041999). To receive additional copies, email: [email protected] or visit www.feedtheminds.org AbbreviAtions And Acronyms PAGe 2 AcknowledGements PAGe 3 executive summAry PAGe 4 ontents bAckGround to FGm in kenyA PAGe 7 c the reseArch: PurPose And desiGn PAGe 13 limitAtions in the study PAGe 15 the reseArch FindinGs PAGe 16 cAse study 1: FGm AmonG the kuriA community PAGe 16 cAse study 2: FGm AmonG the kisii community PAGe 24 lessons leArned And recommendAtions PAGe 30 reFerences PAGe 37 APPendix A: tAble oF PARTICIPAnts PAGe 38 APPendix b: reseArch tools PAGe 40 Focus GROUP: discussion Guide PAGe 42 This report was made possible through support provided by Comic Relief, UK. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Comic Relief. e 1. AdrA Adventist relief Agency ArP Alternative rite of Passage dhs demographic and health surveys ecAw education centre for the Advancement of women FGd Focus Group discussion FGm Female Genital mutilation FGm/c Female Genital mutilation / cutting acronyms GeP Girl empowerment Programme GtZ Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (German technical cooperation) kdhs kenya health and demographic health surveys mou memorandum of understanding mywo maendeleo ya wanawake nGo non-governmental organisation PAth Program for Appropriate technology in health rwAydo reach women and youths development organisation sdA seventh day Adventist tni tsaru ntomonok initiative unAids Joint united nations Programme on hiv and Aids unFPA united nations Population Fund Abbreviations and Abbreviations uniceF united nations children’s Fund whA world health Assembly who world health organisation ywcA young women’s christian Association 2. his research was carried out by Population Council, Kenya, in partnership with Feed the Minds, UK, Education Centre for the Advancement of Women (ECAW), Kenya and Reach Women and t Youths Development Organisation (RWAYDO), Kenya. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the staff and volunteers of ECAW in Kuria and RWAYDO in Kisii for mobilising the communities, introducing us to local agencies involved in anti-FGM programmes and for organising the programme of focus group discussion and interviews. We are particularly indebted to all of those who took part in the informal discussions in Kuria and Kisii as well as those who participated in the focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, on which the findings of this research are based. We also really valued the opportunity to discuss the YWCA alternative rites of passage programme in Kisi with staff and beneficiaries. We are grateful to staff at Population Council including Winnie Osulah, who guided the research proposal through the official channels and Ian Askew who provided technical advice. Feed the Minds would also like to extend special thanks to Helen Dempsey for her support on the literature review which informed the field work in Kuria and Kisii. Finally, this research could not have taken place without the partnership support of Comic Relief, UK. We are grateful for the opportunity to extend our own knowledge of the context of FGM in Kuria and Kisii through the direct experience of carrying out this research. Acknowledgements e 3. he WHO defines Female Genital Kisii communities. The study used a qualitative Mutilation (FGM) as comprising approach, involving focus group discussions and ‘all procedures involving partial individual interviews to investigate: ummary or total removal of the external s female genitalia or other injury to •• current attitudes and practices in relation tthe female genital organs for non-medical reasons’. to FGM among men and women; An estimated 100 –140 million girls and women currently live with the consequences of FGM, most •• awareness and attitudes towards the of whom live in 28 African countries. Alternative Rite of Passage (ARP); The main reasons for the continuation of FGM •• factors which encourage individuals to are firstly, as a rite of passage from girlhood to take decisions to abandon FGM. womanhood; a circumcised woman is considered mature, obedient and aware of her role in the The research used qualitative methods, collecting family and society. Secondly, FGM is perpetuated data through focus group discussions and key as a means of reducing the sexual desire of girls informant interviews. xecutive xecutive and women, thereby curbing sexual activity before, and ensuring fidelity within, marriage. The findings show that FGM is still a celebrated e public event among the Kuria, dictated by the Evidence from the Kenya Demographic and Health decrees from the Council of Elders, which decides Surveys (KDHS) shows that the overall prevalence when circumcision should take place. In Kisii, FGM of FGM has been decreasing over the last decade. is a private family affair, usually without public In 2008/9, 27% of women had undergone FGM, celebration, often in secret. In both communities, a decline from 32% in 2003 and 38% in 1998. girls undergoing FGM are given gifts and are Older women are more likely to have undergone generally considered more suitable for marriage FGM than younger women, further indicating the and more socially acceptable. Uncircumcised girls prevalence is decreasing. However, the prevalence and women frequently experience stigmatism, has remained highest among the Somali (97%), isolation and ridicule. However, there is evidence Kisii (96%), Kuria (96%) and the Maasai (93%), in both Kuria and Kisii that the isolation and stigma relatively low among the Kikuyu, Kamba and directed towards uncircumcised girls and women Turkana, and rarely practiced among the Luo and is far greater for uneducated girls than for those Luhya (less than 1%). who are educated. In Kenya, approaches used, with varying degree As reported in other research, there has been a of success, to encourage communities to abandon marked trend towards girls undergoing FGM much FGM include: health risk/harmful practice younger, with many girls under 10 years of age. approaches; educating and providing alternative This appears to be in order to circumcise them sources of income to circumcisers; alternative rites before they might refuse and also in response of passage; addressing FGM through religion; to the illegality of FGM under The Children Act, legal and human rights; and the promotion of girls’ since 2001. The change to using medical staff to education and empowerment programmes. carry out the procedure is particularly evident in This research was undertaken to better understand Kisii, although parents in Kuria also expressed a FGM as currently practised by the Kuria and preference in this direction. 4. The ARP is one of the approaches implemented pressurised to conform, need to feel safe enough in Kuria and Kisii in the last decade, often as part to break with tradition. The research suggests that of a programme involving community awareness this is more likely to happen in a climate where raising, working with schools, health providers, respected people, for example church leaders religious and community leaders. ARP is generally and school teachers, oppose FGM both publicly considered most appropriate for communities and privately, the rights of children are more fully where FGM involves a public celebration, with understood and action is taken against parents the intention that the ARP graduation would, over whose girls undergo FGM. time, replace the cut whilst retaining the traditional celebration. This would suggest that ARP would In Kuria, it is recommended that local agencies be more readily accepted among the Kuria, than shift their focus from rescue camps in the FGM among the Kisii. season and engage in longer-term community education and girl empowerment initiatives The research found that ARP has been successfully throughout the year. For ARP to be successful, the used in Kisii, integrated with girls’ empowerment concept needs to be articulated more clearly in the programmes. Residential ARP camps are community. Attempts should be made to engage supported by intensive community awareness the Council of Elders as potential change agents. activities, which encourage the local community to recognise the ARP graduation ceremony In Kisii, it is recommended that the model of girl as an alternative to FGM. In contrast, in Kuria, empowerment programmes which incorporate the concept of ARP is less well articulated. The ARP should be extended and combined with a emphasis has been placed on rescuing girls from community awareness programme which reaches FGM, with camps organised during the FGM community leaders, both men and women, as well season. Although these camps also include an as church leaders and school teachers and health ARP graduation ceremony, as well as training on professionals. the health risks of FGM and the violation of the rights of girls and women, the local community In both Kuria and Kisii, the government is seen recognises these elements only to limited extent. as weak in relation to FGM. There is a lack of awareness of the precise nature of the legal The study suggests that the success of ARP as framework at community level and few are familiar an approach to abandoning FGM is strongly with the process of reporting, investigating or dependent on the concept being understood and prosecuting those who contravene the law. FGM is accepted locally, particularly by decision-makers frequently carried by health professionals in Kisii including parents, the Council of Elders (in Kuria), and in Kuria there is a move in this direction, where church, school and community leaders. As such, parents can afford it. However, there appears to be ARP needs to be fully explained and embedded little or no action taken against health professionals in community education and girl empowerment undertaking this work.
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