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Développement D'une Sylviculture À Vocation Énergétique Et Conservation De La Biodiversité Saproxyli

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Développement D'une Sylviculture À Vocation Énergétique Et Conservation De La Biodiversité Saproxyli UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES Equipe biodiversité, Cemagref Nogent-sur-Vernisson THÈSE présentée par Aurore Lassauce soutenue le : 16 décembre 2011 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université d’Orléans Discipline : Biologie forestière DEVELOPPEMENT D ’UNE SYLVICULTURE A VOCATION ENERGETIQUE ET CONSERVATION DE LA BIODIVERSITE SAPROXYLIQUE tel-00698580, version 1 - 16 May 2012 THÈSE dirigée par : François Lieutier Professeur, Université d'Orléans, directeur Christophe Bouget Ingénieur-chercheur, Cemagref, co-directeur RAPPORTEURS : Marc Deconchat Directeur de recherche, INRA Toulouse Philippe Vernon Directeur de recherche CNRS, Université de Rennes I ___________________________________________________________________________ Composition de Jury: Marc Deconchat Directeur de recherche, INRA Toulouse Philippe Vernon Directeur de recherche CNRS, Université de Rennes I Antoine Brin Enseignant-chercheur, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan Thomas Cordonnier Ingénieur-chercheur, Cemagref Grenoble François Lieutier Professeur, Université d'Orléans, directeur Christophe Bouget Ingénieur-chercheur, Cemagref, co-directeur 1 Aurore Lassauce Développement d’une sylviculture à vocation énergétique et conservation de la biodiversité saproxylique Pour répondre aux enjeux énergétiques et écologiques actuels, les pouvoirs publics prévoient une forte augmentation des prélèvements de bois à l'horizon 2020. Cependant, très peu d'études en milieu tempéré établissent clairement un lien entre les changements sylvicoles associés et la préservation de la biodiversité. L’enjeu de cette thèse est d’améliorer les connaissances sur lesquelles fonder des outils de conservation pertinents et favorables à la biodiversité, en adoptant les coléoptères saproxyliques comme modèle biologique. Le volume de bois mort a souvent été retenu comme un indicateur de gestion durable des forêts. Au travers d'une méta-analyse, nous avons cherché à appréhender son importance et ses limites en tant qu’indicateur de biodiversité. Nous montrons que toute augmentation du volume de bois mort est favorable à la biodiversité. Nous avons ensuite testé l'effet de la qualité de différents types de rémanents (essence, diamètre et stade de décomposition) sur la biodiversité afin d'identifier les principaux facteurs déterminant la composition des assemblages. Nos résultats montrent que les variables à l’échelle de la pièce de bois mort jouent un rôle important pour la biodiversité. Enfin, nous avons étudié la valeur écologique de zones abandonnées par la sylviculture (taillis-sous-futaie abandonnés depuis plus de 60 ans), et l'impact du raccourcissement ou de l'allongement de la durée de rotation en futaie régulière de chêne. Nous avons ainsi montré que les zones vieillies hébergent une plus grande biodiversité et que la diminution des rotations sylvicoles pourrait avoir un impact négatif. Par conséquent, la préservation des zones vieillissantes permettrait de favoriser la conservation de la biodiversité saproxylique. Cette étude est la première du genre en milieu tempéré. Malgré les résultats obtenus, de multiples questions se posent encore et de nombreux facteurs sont encore à étudier. Mots clés : gestion durable, biomasse, coléoptère saproxylique, bois mort, indicateur Forestry development for energy and conservation of saproxylic biodiversity Facing current energetic and ecological issues, public authorities forecast a strong increase in wood harvesting by 2020. Nevertheless, in the temperate biome, very few studies clearly link sylviculture changes associated with such an increase and conservation of biodiversity. The main issue of this Phd thesis was to improve the knowledge on which managers could build relevant conservation tools to preserve biodiversity. For this purpose, we used saproxylic beetles as biological model. Deadwood volume has often been used as an indicator for sustainable forest management. Using meta-analysis, we tested the relevance of deadwood volume as biodiversity indicator. We showed that an increase in tel-00698580, version 1 - 16 May 2012 deadwood volume favours biodiversity, but this relationship remains weak for temperate forests. We then tested the effect of different logging residues qualities (tree species, diameter and decay class) on biodiversity in order to identify the main drivers of assemblages’ composition. Our results showed that piece of wood characteristics play an important role on biodiversity. Finally, we studied the ecological value of areas where management had been abandoned (coppices-with-standard where coppice had not been harvested for more than 60 years) and the influence of shortened or increased rotation lengths in oak high forest (160-300 years). We thus showed that overmature areas have higher levels of biodiversity and that shortened rotations lengths may have a negative impact on biodiversity. As a consequence, maintaining such overmature zones may help preserve saproxylic biodiversity. This study is the first to be conducted in the temperate biome. Despite the results obtained, many questions lay ahead and many factors remain to be studied. Keywords: sustainable forest management, biomass, saproxylic beetles, deadwood, indicator ADEME, 20 avenue du Grésillé BP 90406, 49004 ANGERS Cedex 1 IRSTEA, domaine des Barres, 45290 Nogent sur Vernisson 2 Remerciements Au terme de ce doctorat, je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Christophe Bouget pour avoir proposé et co-encadré cette thèse. Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans son soutien et ses conseils. Je remercie également François Lieutier pour avoir accepté d'être le directeur officiel de cette thèse. J'ai également l'immense plaisir d'adresser mes plus sincères remerciements : à Philippe Vernon et Marc Deconchat pour avoir accepté d'être les rapporteurs de la thèse, à Thomas Cordonnier et Antoine Brin pour avoir accepté d'en être les examinateurs, aux membres du comité de thèse pour leurs conseils avisés tout au long de la thèse : Herve Brustel ; Hervé Jactel ; Marc Dufrêne; Emmanuel Cacot, Thibault Lachat; Laurent Tillon ; Caroline Rantien ; François Lieutier. En particulier, merci à Hervé Jactel pour sa gentillesse, pour m'avoir consacré un peu de temps afin de m'initier à la méthode de la méta-analyse. Merci également à Caroline pour sa grande gentillesse, à Thibault qui m'a fait découvrir le temps d'un tel-00698580, version 1 - 16 May 2012 colloque l'humour Suisse. A Laurent, pour m'avoir secouru en forêt de Rambouillet ! aux autres membres de l'équipe et du Cemagref de Nogent pour leur soutien, leur bonne humeur permanente et la bonne ambiance qui règne par ici. à Daniel, Gilles, Philippe, Françoise et Dominique pour leur aide au quotidien et leur grande gentillesse. Je ne peux que dire un énorme merci à M. Carl Moliard pour m’avoir accompagné et soutenu durant nos innombrables et périlleuses sorties terrain, pour son immense gentillesse et galanterie, pour sa résistance physique (j'avoue que je t'ai bien usé et 3 que je me considère en partie responsable de la jolie plaque en titane qui a pris place dans ton dos), aux longues heures d'écoute d'nrj, fun radio, rires et chansons dans le camion qui ont enrichi ma culture !!! Pour ta bonne humeur inaltérable et communicative, pour tes phrases cultes ou "mots" cultes ("Gentil c'est pas un métier!!" je m'abstiendrai d'écrire le reste), pour certaines soirées terrain avec des lendemains beaucoup plus durs… pour toutes tes astuces et ton organisation terrain (il n'a jamais rien manqué) ! Merci également pour les longues heures de pré-tri des insectes que tu as passé au laboratoire. Cette thèse n'aurait pas abouti sans l'aide que j'ai pu recevoir sur le terrain ou au labo. Merci à Stéphane Matz pour m'avoir accompagné sur le terrain, et m'avoir initié à la dendrométrie. Un grand merci à Hilaire, un grand Monsieur plein de sagesse. Ces 15 jours en forêt de Tronçais m'ont beaucoup appris, professionnellement et humainement parlant. Et comment ne pas se souvenir de l'auberge….. un des rares endroits de France à être resté totalement authentique. Merci également à Laurent Larrieu pour sa participation au terrain, de m'avoir fait participer à l'IBP et sa bonne humeur pyrénéenne. Merci à Benoit Nusillard pour les déterminations, sans qui les jeux de données n'existeraient pas. Merci également pour la formation accélérée à l'identification des coléoptères saproxyliques. tel-00698580, version 1 - 16 May 2012 Aux autres personnes extérieures au Cemagref qui m'ont identifié des coléoptères saproxylique: Olivier Rose, Thierry Noblecourt, Jacques Chassain et Gianfranco Liberti. Je remercie également le personnel de l'Office National des Forêts et du CRPF qui ont permis l'exploration scientifique de la forêt et qui ont fourni des informations précieuses sur les parcelles prospectées. Un grand merci particulier à Yoan Paillet, collègue mais surtout ami qui m'a aidé à évoluer tout au long de ces 3 années : la rédaction d'un premier article, des heures passées ensemble sur les données : vive R !!!, d'avoir relu tous mes travaux et de 4 m'avoir conseillé de manière constructive. Mais aussi un grand merci pour toutes ces discussions enrichissantes et pour être venu également me donner un coup de main sur le terrain (notamment pour le plantage de jalons dans les nids de guêpes). Enfin je tiens à te faire un clin d'œil tout particulier sur nos défoulements réguliers mais nécessaires devant "Over Kill" !!! Et à Pierre pour m'avoir rassuré, pour m'avoir encouragé, pour m'avoir supporté surtout lors des changements
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