DOCSLIB.ORG

Network‑Based Gene Function Inference Method to Predict Optimal Gene Functions Associated with Fetal Growth Restriction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Network‑Based Gene Function Inference Method to Predict Optimal Gene Functions Associated with Fetal Growth Restriction MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 18: 3003-3010, 2018 Network‑based gene function inference method to predict optimal gene functions associated with fetal growth restriction KE-JUN YE1, JIE DAI1, LING-YUN LIU2 and MENG-JIA PENG1 Departments of 1Gynaecology and Obstetrics and 2Clinical Laboratory, Ruian People's Hospital, Ruian, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China Received January 4, 2017; Accepted July 21, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9232 Abstract. The guilt by association (GBA) principle has been Introduction widely used to predict gene functions, and a network-based approach may enhance the confidence and stability of the Fetal growth restriction (FGR), the second primary cause analysis compared with focusing on individual genes. Fetal of perinatal mortality, is a clinical entity that affects 5-10% growth restriction (FGR), is the second primary cause of peri- of gestations (1). FGR has multiple heterogeneous causes, natal mortality. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict including maternal, fetal and placental factors (2). Effective the optimal gene functions for FGR using a network-based treatments for FGR have not been proposed, apart from the GBA method. The method was comprised of four parts: interruption of pregnancy (3). Consequently, early diagnosis Identification of differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) and prevention is of importance for patients with FGR, which between patients with FGR and normal controls based on may permit the etiological identification and adequate moni- gene expression data; construction of a co-expression network toring of fetal vitality, minimizing the risks associated with (CEN) dependent on DEGs, using the Spearman correlation prematurity and intrauterine hypoxia (1,4). Therefore, the coefficient algorithm; collection of gene ontology (GO) data identification of biological markers for the early diagnosis on the basis of a known confirmed database and DEGs; and and detection of FGR is required, in order to elucidate the prediction of optimal gene functions using the GBA algorithm, molecular mechanism underlying FGR. for which the area under the receiver operating characteristic At present, numerous diseases have been attributed to curve (AUC) was obtained for each GO term. A total of the differential expression of genes compared with normal 115 DEGs and 109 GO terms were obtained for subsequent controls [differentially expressed genes (DEGs)] (5). However, analysis. All DEGs were mapped to the CEN and formed genes frequently do not function individually; rather, they 6,555 edges. The results of GBA algorithm demonstrated that interact with other genes. A network-based approach is able to 78 GO terms had a good classification performance with AUC extract informative and notable genes via biological molecular >0.5. In particular, the AUC for 5 of the GO terms was >0.7, networks, including the co-expression network (CEN), rather and these were defined as optimal gene functions, including than focusing on individual genes (6,7). Providing that gene defense response, immune system process, response to stress, connections are based on guilt-determination, predictions of cellular response to chemical stimulus and positive regulation their gene functions may be conducted utilizing guilt-by-asso- of biological process. In conclusion, the results of the present ciation (GBA) method (8). The GBA is a basic element for study provided insights into the pathological mechanism predicting gene function, and typically uses the interactions underlying FGR, and provided potential biomarkers for early between any two genes for the purpose of investigation the role detection and targeted treatment of this disease. However, of novel genes in gene function categories. the interactions between the 5 GO terms remain unclear, and Therefore, the present study took Gene Ontology (GO) further studies are required. annotations and gene expression data as study objectives, and integrated the network approach with the GBA method, termed the network-based gene function inference method, for the purpose of predicting the optimal gene functions for FGR. These gene functions may be potential biomarkers for the early detection and targeted treatment of FGR. Correspondence to: Dr Ke-Jun Ye, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ruian People's Hospital, 108 Wansong Road, Ruian, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China Materials and methods E-mail: [email protected] Network‑based gene function inference method. The Key words: fetal growth restriction, gene ontology, co-expression network-based gene function inference method was comprised network, guilt by association, prediction of four steps: i) Identifying DEGs between patients with FGR and normal controls using Limma based on gene expression data; ii) constructing the CEN dependent on DEGs using the 3004 YE et al: OPTIMAL GENE FUNCTIONS IN FGR Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC); iii) collecting GO (geneontology.org) (18). There were 19,003 terms and data for FGR on the basis of a known confirmed database 18,402 genes in total for human beings. Notably, only one and DEGs; and iv) predicting gene functions using the GBA category (biological process) of GO was selected to be algorithm, for which the area under the receiver operating the study objective. In subsequent steps, the GO structure characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for each GO term. was diffused, and filtered for GO terms on size ranging An AUC of 0.5 represents classification at chance levels, while from 20 to 1,000 genes after excluding those inferred from an AUC of 1.0 represents a perfect classification. In the gene electronic annotation, a range that generally gives stable function prediction literature, AUC >0.7 is considered to be performance (8,9). In addition, to make ensure that the GO optimal (9). Therefore, GO terms with AUC >0.7 were defined terms correlated closely to FGR, if a GO term had a number as optimal gene functions for patients with FGR in the present of DEGs <20, it was removed. Therefore, only GO terms study. including ≥20 DEGs were reserved. A total of 109 GO terms involved in 115 DEGs remained to be used in the following Identifying DEGs. Gene expression data [GSE24129 (2)] for analyses. human FGR were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) using the Predicting gene function. As mentioned above, the GBA accession number. GSE24129 was deposited on an Affymetrix method was employed to predict the important gene function Human Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix; Thermo Fisher in the progression of FGR. Taking the GO functional annota- Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), and comprised normo- tions, a multi-functionality score (MFS) was assigned to each tensive pregnancies with or without FGR. The 8 examples with gene i in the CEN (8): FGR were attributed to the case group, whereas 8 cases without FGR were denoted as normal controls. In order to control the quality of GSE24129, standard pretreatments were performed, which included background correction, normalization, probe matching and summarization (10-12). Following conversion Where Numinx was the number of genes within GO group of pretreated data at the probe level into gene symbols and x, whose weighting had the effect of giving contribution to a removal of duplications, 14,398 genes were obtained for FGR GO group; and Numoutx was the number of genes outside the in total. GO group x in the CEN, whose weighting provided a corre- Subsequently, DEGs between the FGR samples and normal sponding weight to genes outside the GO group. Therefore, as controls were identified using the Limma package (13). The the only gene outside a large GO group, the score of the only lmFit function implemented in Limma was utilized to perform gene within a GO group was added to the score of another empirical Bayes statistics and false discovery rate calibration gene. Notably, weighting referred to the impact of measuring of the P-values on the data (14,15). Only genes which met the connectivity in a group through the number of contributions thresholds of P<0.05 and |log2Fold Change| >2 were defined as of the gene to that GO group. A 3-fold cross-validation was DEGs across FGR patients and normal controls. applied to determine an MFS ranked list score for genes as to how well they fitted with the known gene set, and computed Constructing CEN. Cytoscape is an open source software the AUC values for assessing the classification performances project for integrating biomolecular interactions with between FGR samples and normal controls. To the best high-throughput expression data and other molecular states of our knowledge, AUC has been introduced as a better into a unified conceptual network (16). Therefore, the DEGs measure for evaluating the predictive ability of machine were inputted into the Cytoscape software to visualize the learning in support vector machine (SVM) models compared CEN. In order to further evaluate the cooperated strength for with assessing the clinical classification performance (19). each interaction in the CEN, the SCC method was utilized (17). Consequently, the AUC values for GO terms were obtained, SCC is a measure of the correlation between two variables, and terms with AUC >0.7 were identified to be optimal gene giving a value between -1 and +1 inclusive. If the SCC analysis functions. returned a positive value, this indicated a positive linear corre- lation between two genes; otherwise, a negative correlation Results was indicated. For an interaction between gene i and j, the absolute SCC value was denoted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download.Cse.Ucsc.Edu/ Early Age of Onset (~2.5 Years) of This PRA Form in Goldenpath/Canfam2/Database/) Using Standard Settings
    Kropatsch et al. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology (2016) 3:7 DOI 10.1186/s40575-016-0037-x RESEARCH Open Access A large deletion in RPGR causes XLPRA in Weimaraner dogs Regina Kropatsch1*, Denis A. Akkad1, Matthias Frank2, Carsten Rosenhagen3, Janine Altmüller4,5, Peter Nürnberg4,6,7, Jörg T. Epplen1,8 and Gabriele Dekomien1 Abstract Background: Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) belongs to a group of inherited retinal disorders associated with gradual vision impairment due to degeneration of retinal photoreceptors in various dog breeds. PRA is highly heterogeneous, with autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked modes of inheritance. In this study we used exome sequencing to investigate the molecular genetic basis of a new type of PRA, which occurred spontaneously in a litter of German short-hair Weimaraner dogs. Results: Whole exome sequencing in two PRA-affected Weimaraner dogs identified a large deletion comprising the first four exons of the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene known to be involved in human retinitis pigmentosa and canine PRA. Screening of 16 individuals in the corresponding pedigree of short-hair Weimaraners by qPCR, verified the deletion in hemizygous or heterozygous state in one male and six female dogs, respectively. The mutation was absent in 88 additional unrelated Weimaraners. The deletion was not detectable in the parents of one older female which transmitted the mutation to her offspring, indicating that the RPGR deletion represents a de novo mutation concerning only recent generations of the Weimaraner breed in Germany. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the value of an existing DNA biobank combined with exome sequencing to identify the underlying genetic cause of a spontaneously occurring inherited disease.
    [Show full text]
  • ERAP2 Facilitates a Subpeptidome of Birdshot Uveitis-Associated HLA-A29
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.14.250654; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Title: 2 ERAP2 facilitates a subpeptidome of Birdshot Uveitis-associated 3 HLA-A29 4 5 W.J. Venema 1,2, S. Hiddingh1,2 , J.H. de Boer 1, F.H.J. Claas 3, A Mulder3 , A.I. Den Hollander4 , 6 E. Stratikos 5, S. Sarkizova 6,7, G.M.C. Janssen 8, P.A. van Veelen 8, J.J.W. Kuiper 1,2* 7 8 1. Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of 9 Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. 10 2. Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of 11 Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. 12 3. Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the 13 Netherlands 14 4. Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 15 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The 16 Netherlands. 17 5. National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi 15341, Greece 18 6. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 19 7. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. 20 8. Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 21 the Netherlands. 22 23 * Corresponding author; email: [email protected] 24 25 ABSTRACT (words: 199): 26 27 Birdshot Uveitis (BU) is a blinding inflammatory eye condition that only affects 28 HLA-A29-positive individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Novel Disease-Associated Variants and Understanding The
    Identifying Novel Disease-variants and Understanding the Role of the STAT1-STAT4 Locus in SLE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Immunology Graduate Program of the College of Medicine by Zubin H. Patel B.S., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2009 John B. Harley, M.D., Ph.D. Committee Chair Gurjit Khurana Hershey, M.D., Ph.D Leah C. Kottyan, Ph.D. Harinder Singh, Ph.D. Matthew T. Weirauch, Ph.D. Abstract Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or lupus is an autoimmune disorder caused by an overactive immune system with dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune pathways. It can affect all major organ systems and may lead to inflammation of the serosal and mucosal surfaces. The pathogenesis of lupus is driven by genetic factors, environmental factors, and gene-environment interactions. Heredity accounts for a substantial proportion of SLE risk, and the role of specific genetic risk loci has been well established. Identifying the specific causal genetic variants and the underlying molecular mechanisms has been a major area of investigation. This thesis describes efforts to develop an analytical approach to identify candidate rare variants from trio analyses and a fine-mapping analysis at the STAT1-STAT4 locus, a well-replicated SLE-risk locus. For the STAT1-STAT4 locus, subsequent functional biological studies demonstrated genotype dependent gene expression, transcription factor binding, and DNA regulatory activity. Rare variants are classified as variants across the genome with an allele-frequency less than 1% in ancestral populations.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview on ERAP Roles in Infectious Diseases
    cells Review An Overview on ERAP Roles in Infectious Diseases 1,2, , 1, 2,3 1 Irma Saulle * y, Chiara Vicentini y, Mario Clerici and Mara Biasin 1 Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (C.V.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 3 IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20157 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0250319679 These authors equally contributed to this work. y Received: 13 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 14 March 2020 Abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 (ERAPs) are crucial enzymes shaping the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) immunopeptidome. In the ER, these enzymes cooperate in trimming the N-terminal residues from precursors peptides, so as to generate optimal-length antigens to fit into the MHC class I groove. Alteration or loss of ERAPs function significantly modify the repertoire of antigens presented by MHC I molecules, severely affecting the activation of both NK and CD8+ T cells. It is, therefore, conceivable that variations affecting the presentation of pathogen-derived antigens might result in an inadequate immune response and onset of disease. After the first evidence showing that ERAP1-deficient mice are not able to control Toxoplasma gondii infection, a number of studies have demonstrated that ERAPs are control factors for several infectious organisms. In this review we describe how susceptibility, development, and progression of some infectious diseases may be affected by different ERAPs variants, whose mechanism of action could be exploited for the setting of specific therapeutic approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of ERAP1 and ERAP2 Gene Polymorphisms on Disease
    Human Immunology 80 (2019) 325–334 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Human Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humimm Influence of ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene polymorphisms on disease T susceptibility in different populations ⁎ Yufeng Yaoa,b, Nannan Liua, Ziyun Zhoua, Li Shia,b, a Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAPs), ERAP1 and ERAP2, makes a role in shaping the HLA class ERAP1 I peptidome by trimming peptides to the optimal size in MHC-class I-mediated antigen presentation and edu- ERAP2 cating the immune system to differentiate between self-derived and foreign antigens. Association studies have Polymorphism shown that genetic variations in ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, in- Disease association fectious diseases, and cancers. Both ERAP1 and ERAP2 genes exhibit diverse polymorphisms in different po- Population genetic background pulations, which may influence their susceptibly to the aforementioned diseases. In this article, we reviewthe distribution of ERAP1 and ERAP2 gene polymorphisms in various populations; discuss the risk or protective influence of these gene polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers; and highlight how ERAP genetic variations can influence disease associations. 1. ERAP gene introduction to CD8+ T cells [1,2]. ERAPs have been found to trim peptides to the optimal size for MHC-I binding [3,4] but can also over-trim and destroy 1.1. ERAPs play an important role in the antigen presentation process MHC-I ligands.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of ERAP2 Polymorphisms in Colombian HLA-B27+ Or HLA-B15+ Patients with Spa and Its Relationship with Clinical Presen
    RMD Open: first published as 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001250 on 10 September 2020. Downloaded from Spondyloarthritis Original research Association of ERAP2 polymorphisms in Colombian HLA-B27+ or HLA-B15+ patients with SpA and its relationship with clinical presentation: axial or peripheral predominance John Londono ,1,2 Ana M Santos,1 Juan C Rueda,1 Enrique Calvo-Paramo,3 Ruben Burgos-Vargas,4 Gilberto Vargas-Alarcon,5 Nancy Martinez-Rodriguez,6 Sofia Arias-Correal,1 Guisselle-Nathalia Muñoz,1 Diana Padilla,1 Francy Cuervo,1 Viviana Reyes-Martinez,1 Santiago Bernal-Macías ,1 Catalina Villota-Eraso,1 Luz M Avila-Portillo,1,2 Consuelo Romero,2 Juan F Medina7 To cite: Londono J, Santos AM, ABSTRACT Key messages Rueda JC, et al. Association of Objective To determine the association between ERAP2 polymorphisms in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP)1 and ERAP2 Colombian HLA-B27+ or HLA- What is already known about this subject? single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and human B15+ patients with SpA and its ► ERAP1 and ERAP2 polymorphisms have been leukocyte antigens (HLA)-B27+ or HLA-B15+ patients with relationship with clinical associated with SpA: ERAP1 SNPs preferentially spondyloarthritis (SpA). presentation: axial or peripheral with HLA-B27+ patients and ERAP2 SNPs with HLA- Methods predominance. RMD Open 104 patients with SpA according to B27− patients. 2020;6:e001250. doi:10.1136/ Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society rmdopen-2020-001250 criteria were included in the study. HLA typing was What does this study add? performed by PCR. The polymorphisms were determined ► In this study, conducted on a group of Latin American Received 24 March 2020 Revised 23 July 2020 by real-time PCR on genomic DNA using customised patients with SpA, particular ERAP2 but not ERAP1 Accepted 1 August 2020 probes for SNPs rs27044, rs17482078, rs10050860 and SNP haplotypes were found to be associated with http://rmdopen.bmj.com/ rs30187 in ERAP1, and rs2910686, rs2248374 and either HLA-B27+ or HLA-B15+ patients with SpA.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Capture Microdissection of Human Pancreatic Islets Reveals Novel Eqtls Associated with Type 2 Diabetes
    Original Article Laser capture microdissection of human pancreatic islets reveals novel eQTLs associated with type 2 diabetes Amna Khamis 1,2,11, Mickaël Canouil 2,11, Afshan Siddiq 1, Hutokshi Crouch 1, Mario Falchi 1, Manon von Bulow 3, Florian Ehehalt 4,5,6, Lorella Marselli 7, Marius Distler 4,5,6, Daniela Richter 5,6, Jürgen Weitz 4,5,6, Krister Bokvist 8, Ioannis Xenarios 9, Bernard Thorens 10, Anke M. Schulte 3, Mark Ibberson 9, Amelie Bonnefond 2, Piero Marchetti 7, Michele Solimena 5,6, Philippe Froguel 1,2,* ABSTRACT Objective: Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) have identified genetic loci that often localise in non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting gene regulation effects. We combined genetic and transcriptomic analysis from human islets obtained from brain-dead organ donors or surgical patients to detect expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and shed light into the regulatory mechanisms of these genes. Methods: Pancreatic islets were isolated either by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from surgical specimens of 103 metabolically phe- notyped pancreatectomized patients (PPP) or by collagenase digestion of pancreas from 100 brain-dead organ donors (OD). Genotyping (> 8.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms) and expression (> 47,000 transcripts and splice variants) analyses were combined to generate cis- eQTLs. Results: After applying genome-wide false discovery rate significance thresholds, we identified 1,173 and 1,021 eQTLs in samples of OD and PPP, e respectively. Among the strongest eQTLs shared between OD and PPP were CHURC1 (OD p-value¼1.71 Â 10-24;PPPp-value ¼ 3.64 Â 10 24)and À À PSPH (OD p-value ¼ 3.92 Â 10 26;PPPp-value ¼ 3.64 Â 10 24).
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Association and Gene Enrichment Analyses of Meat Sensory Traits in a Crossbred Brahman-Angus
    Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11. 124 Genome-wide association and gene enrichment analyses of meat tenderness in an Angus-Brahman cattle population J.D. Leal-Gutíerrez1, M.A. Elzo1, D. Johnson1 & R.G. Mateescu1 1 University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, 2250 Shealy Dr, 32608 Gainesville, Florida, United States. [email protected] Summary The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with meat tenderness related traits using a whole-genome scan approach followed by a gene enrichment analysis. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was measured on 673 steaks, and tenderness and connective tissue were assessed by a sensory panel on 496 steaks. Animals belong to the multibreed Angus-Brahman herd from University of Florida and range from 100% Angus to 100% Brahman. All animals were genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250 array. Gene enrichment was identified in two pathways; the first pathway is involved in negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II, and the second pathway groups several cellular component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Keywords: tenderness, gene enrichment, regulation of transcription, cell growth, cell proliferation Introduction Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for any complex trait, including meat tenderness, is the first most important step in the process of understanding the genetic architecture underlying the phenotype. Given a large enough population and a dense coverage of the genome, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is usually successful in uncovering major genes and QTLs with large and medium effect on these type of traits. Several GWA studies on Bos indicus (Magalhães et al., 2016; Tizioto et al., 2013) or crossbred beef cattle breeds (Bolormaa et al., 2011b; Hulsman Hanna et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2013) were successful at identifying QTL for meat tenderness; and most of them include the traditional candidate genes µ-calpain and calpastatin.
    [Show full text]
  • Signatures of Long-Term Balancing Selection in Human Genomes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/119529; this version posted March 5, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Research Article Signatures of long-term balancing selection in human genomes Bárbara Domingues Bitarello1, 2,* Cesare de Filippo2 João Carlos Teixeira2,3 Joshua M. Schmidt2 Philip Kleinert2,4 Diogo Meyer1,¶,* 2,5,¶, Aida M. Andrés * 1, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 2, Evolutionary Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 3, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 4,Current address: Computational Molecular Biology Department, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 5, UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London ¶, AA and DM co-supervised the study *Corresponding author(s): [email protected] (BDB), [email protected] (DM), [email protected] (AMA). 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/119529; this version posted March 5, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Abstract Balancing selection maintains advantageous diversity in populations through various mechanisms. While extensively explored from a theoretical perspective, an empirical understanding of its prevalence and targets lags behind our knowledge of positive selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variants in ERAP1 and ERAP2 Associated with Immune-Mediated Diseases Influence Protein Expression and the Isoform Profile
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Hanson, Aimee, Cuddihy, Thomas, Haynes, Katelin, Loo, Dorothy, Morton, Craig, Oppermann, Udo, Leo, Paul, Thomas, Gethin, Le Cao, Kim-Anh, Kenna, Tony,& Brown, Matt (2018) Genetic variants in ERAP1 and ERAP2 associated with immune-mediated diseases influence protein expression and the isoform profile. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 70(2), pp. 255-265. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/117497/ c Consult author(s) regarding copyright matters This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40369 Genetic variants in ERAP1 and ERAP2 associated with immune-mediated diseases influence protein expression and isoform profile Running title: ERAP expression in immune-mediated diseases Aimee L.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Pancreatic Islets Reveals Novel Genes Influencing Glucose Metabolism
    Global genomic and transcriptomic analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel genes influencing glucose metabolism João Fadistaa,1, Petter Vikmana, Emilia Ottosson Laaksoa, Inês Guerra Molleta, Jonathan Lou Esguerraa, Jalal Taneeraa, Petter Storma, Peter Osmarka, Claes Ladenvalla, Rashmi B. Prasada, Karin B. Hanssona, Francesca Finotellob, Kristina Uvebranta, Jones K. Oforia, Barbara Di Camillob, Ulrika Krusa, Corrado M. Cilioa, Ola Hanssona, Lena Eliassona, Anders H. Rosengrena, Erik Renströma, Claes B. Wollheima,c, and Leif Groopa,1 aLund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden; bDepartment of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; and cDepartment of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Edited by Tak W. Mak, The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, and approved August 14, 2014 (received for review February 11, 2014) Genetic variation can modulate gene expression, and thereby pheno- Results typic variation and susceptibility to complex diseases such as type 2 Genes Showing Differential Expression Between Islets from diabetes (T2D). Here we harnessed the potential of DNA and RNA Normoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Donors. To obtain a profile of sequencing in human pancreatic islets from 89 deceased donors to gene expression variation in human islets, we sequenced the poly- identify genes of potential importance in the pathogenesis of T2D. We adenylated fraction of RNA from 89 individuals with different present a catalog of genetic variants regulating gene expression degrees of glucose tolerance, using 101 base pairs paired-end on an (eQTL) and exon use (sQTL), including many long noncoding RNAs, Illumina HiSeq sequencer (Dataset S1 and SI Appendix,Fig.S1).
    [Show full text]
  • MHC Class I Antigen Presentation Precursors, but Is Not Required for Most Peptidase Needed to Trim Long Antigenic Tripeptidyl Pe
    Tripeptidyl Peptidase II Is the Major Peptidase Needed to Trim Long Antigenic Precursors, but Is Not Required for Most MHC Class I Antigen Presentation This information is current as of May 2, 2019. Ian A. York, Nidhi Bhutani, Sophia Zendzian, Alfred L. Goldberg and Kenneth L. Rock J Immunol 2006; 177:1434-1443; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1434 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1434 Downloaded from References This article cites 45 articles, 22 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1434.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on May 2, 2019 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Tripeptidyl Peptidase II Is the Major Peptidase Needed to Trim Long Antigenic Precursors, but Is Not Required for Most MHC Class I Antigen Presentation1 Ian A.
    [Show full text]