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Thesis Mcamoez.Pdf Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicina Línea: Metabolisme, Senyalització Metabòlica i Patologies Associades Facultat de Medicina ‐ Campus de Bellvitge Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: evolution of endemic clones and emergence of community clones in the hospital environment” Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biomedicine Supervisor Maria Angeles Domínguez Luzón MD, PhD Professora Asociada de la Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental Cap del Servei de Microbiología de l’ Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge Student Mariana Adrião Camoez Barcelona, November 2015 To the memory of my grandfather Raúl Adrião Acknowledgements This thesis was funded by two grants from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (grants number PI 07/0944 and PI 10/01783). The PhD student was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III - co-financed by European Development Regional Fund "A way to achieve Europe" ERDF, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD06/0008 and RD12/0015). V Acknowledgements After six years of intensive work and personal efforts, I present my PhD thesis. Working on the Ph.D. has been a wonderful and often overwhelming experience. It has been hard to deal with the real learning experience, how to write papers and proposals, give talks, work in group, collaborate with residents and Master’s students, stay up until the birds start singing, and stay focus... In any case, I am grateful to many people for making the time working on my Ph.D. an unforgettable experience. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a mi directora de tesis, la Dra. M. Ángeles Domínguez por haber confiado en mí y permitirme llevar a cabo el proyecto de tesis doctoral en su laboratorio, creer en mi capacidad de trabajo y enseñarme el fascinante mundo del Staphylococcus aureus. Además de un agradecimiento profesional, también quiero agradecer a M. Ángeles Domínguez su amistad que me ayudó a superar algunos momentos difíciles de mi vida personal, sin ella todo hubiera sido más difícil en los últimos 6 años en Barcelona. A la Dra. Fina Liñares por contagiarme el interés por los estudios de actividad de la vancomicina/daptomicina e interesarse por mi situación profesional, a pesar de no tener una responsabilidad directa conmigo. Un ejemplo a seguir como profesional y como persona. Otro agradecimiento muy especial lo quiero dedicar a la Dra. Fé Tubau por su infinita disponibilidad en enseñarme muchísimo sobre los mecanismos de resistencia en Staphylococcus aureus y en Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en ayudarme con los estudios de sensibilidad antibiótica, incluso en sus atareados días de guardia. Su sonrisa, sus chocolatinas y sus palabras amables cuando más lo necesitaba, me ayudaron a que las horas extras en laboratorio fuesen más placenteras. También quiero agradecer al Dr. Jordi Niubó por su disponibilidad en ayudarme siempre que lo necesité, sobre todo al principio cuando generosamente (con algunos deliciosos croissants de soborno) me prestaba sus termocicladores para que pudiera avanzar en mi proyecto de tesis. VII M. Camoez Muchas gracias también al Dr. Rogelio Martín, jefe del Servicio de Microbiologia del Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB) cuando llegué por primera vez. Por su buen humor y por la amabilidad y disponibilidad en ayudarme siempre que he necesitado. Muchas gracias a todo el personal técnico del Servicio de Microbiología. En especial quería agradecer a tres personas del personal técnico del laboratorio: Mercedes, Joel y Encarna. A Mercedes y a Joel por todos los años de poyata, entreayuda, charlas y risas que hemos compartido y que jamás olvidaré. À Encarna por el cariño y apoyo que me demostró desde el principio de mi doctorado hasta al día de hoy. Gracias a los antiguos y nuevos residentes de Microbiología del HUB por la amabilidad y disponibilidad para ayudarme en mis proyectos, incluso en algún día de guardia. Las más veteranas Anabel y Zay, dos apoyos incondicionales al principio de mi tesis, tanto en el plano laboral como en el amistoso fuera del hospital, que aún continúa a día de hoy. Chema y Mª José, que han terminado su residencia recientemente. Ha sido muy gratificante conocerlos, tanto en laboratorio como fuera de él. Y finalmente Dàmaris, una residente llena de alegría, a la que le gusta tanto como a mí, la Microbiología y la Investigación. Muchas gracias por las muchas horas de charlas interesantes y por las risas que nos hemos echado. También quiero agradecer a los demás facultativos del servicio que siempre estuvieron disponibles para ayudarme en el laboratorio. Por orden alfabético: Dr. Fernando Alcaide, Dra. Carmen Ardanuy, Dra. Fina Ayats, Dr. Jordi Càmara, Dra. Laura Calatayud y Dra. Dolors García-Somoza A la Red Española de Investigación de Patologías Infecciosas (REIPI) por otorgarme un contrato de investigación, sin lo cual todo esto no hubiera sido posible. Al Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), por gestionarme el contrato predoctoral y viajes a congresos, además de cederme el despacho, donde he podido con más tranquilidad analizar los datos y escribir esta tesis doctoral. A la Universitat de Barcelona (UB) y al programa de Doctorado de Biomedicina, gracias. Gracias a la Dra. Teresa Vinuesa, al VIII Acknowledgements Profesor Miquel Viñas y a la Comisión de Doctorado por haber supervisado mi proyecto. Otra ayuda fundamental para la realización de esta tesis, ha sido la colaboración con los doctores del Servicio de Infecciosas del HUB, el Dr. Miquel Pujol y el Dr. Oriol Gasch. Aprendí muchísimo con sus estudios clínicos, sobre todo con el proyecto FIS múlticéntrico, en el cual tuve la oportunidad de colaborar activamente, y del cual han surgido varios resultados microbiológicos presentados en esta tesis y varias publicaciones en las cuales soy 2ª firmante. Gracias por su profesionalidad, por su disponibilidad para comentar la historia clínica de los pacientes y valorar los resultados microbiológicos, porque detrás de un aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus, siempre hay un paciente. Al Dr. Jordi Vila, al Dr. Ignasi Roca y al Dr. Mario Ferrer-Navarro del Servicio de Microbiología del Hospital Clinic por la importante colaboración en el trabajo sobre la discriminación automatizada de los diferentes linajes de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina por MALDI-TOF y en su posterior publicación. To Professor Hermínia de Lencastre, Head of the Laboratory of Genetics at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Oeiras, Portugal, and Dr. Teresa Conceiçao and collaborators, especially Dr. Maria Miragaia for receiving me, for your guidance among MRSA, and particularly for your friendly atmosphere. Como no, agradecer a mis compañeros de investigación que han estado a mi lado y que han contribuido directamente o indirectamente para el desarrollo de esta tesis. Por orden alfabético: Arnau, Carmen, Dora, Dani, Javi, Jennifer, Josep, Meritxell, Montse, Núria, Raquel, Raúl y Sara. Me gustaría agradecer especialmente a algunos de ellos. A Carmen, mi mejor compañera de viaje a congresos. Gracias por tu consejos y también porque en los últimos tiempos te convertiste en un punto de apoyo importante en la elaboración de esta tesis. A Dora, una compañera de trabajo y una amiga fuera del laboratorio desde que llegué al HUB. Todo empezó con una magdalena en el bar del HUB, y hoy no soy capaz de contar mi vida en Barcelona sin hablar de todo que he vivido contigo y lo que me has ayudado. Ah y por supuesto tu hijo Sebastião, a quién IX M. Camoez quiero como si fuera de mi familia. A Javi por tus conversaciones interesantes a la hora de la comida y por tu energía y optimismo en el trabajo. A Meritxell, mi amiga desde el Máster de Microbiología Avanzada en la UB. Gracias por todo el apoyo que me has dado todos estos años tanto a nivel profesional como a nivel personal. Sé que siempre podré contar contigo. A Raúl (el cocinillas del laboratorio), a pesar de que ya no estés en el HUB, gracias por tu disponibilidad en ayudarme siempre que te he necesitado. Lo único negativo que hay que decir de ti, es que aún espero mi “coulant de chocolate”. A Sara, mi compañera de Sushi. Agradecerte todo el apoyo que me has dado en los últimos años de mi tesis. Y finalmente agradecer a Raquel, una amiga con quién he compartido muchas anécdotas, tanto en el laboratorio como fuera de él. Siempre pude contar contigo cuando te necesitaba. Gracias por los numerosos momentos divertidos que pasé contigo, ¡pero sobre todo por los momentos de complicidad y de ayuda mutua que hemos vivido! Gracias a mis compañeras del despacho por aguantarme a diario y transformar los últimos meses de más stress en días más placenteros y tranquilos. Por orden alfabético: Antonella, Isa y Lorena. Às minhas amigas portuguesas, Ana Duarte (uma grande amiga de infância), Diana Barbosa (uma lutadora e uma amiga muito especial que conheci quando trabalhei no “Consejo Superior de Investigación Científica, CSIC”), Diana Espadinha (a melhor surpresa do meu estágio no ITQB), Ana Silva (uma grande amiga da universidade) e Rita Lino (a melhor amiga e a mãe do meu querido afilhado Duarte), pela vossa eterna amizade e por estarem sempre a meu lado, um grande obrigado por tudo! Ao Pedro, queria agradecer por ter estado ao meu lado, sobretudo nestes últimos meses da tese, por ter tido a paciência de me ouvir e de aturar as minhas crises de stress, pelo seu amor e companhia ao longo destes anos (que pensávamos ser quatro!) e que não foram fáceis para os dois. Por último, agradecer à minha família, em especial aos meus pais, Adelaide e Manuel, aos meus irmãos Ricardo e Diogo, à minha avó Alice e à minha tia Irene pelo apoio incondicional que me deram nesta longa caminhada. X Acknowledgements Um obrigado muito especial à minha mãe pela paciência, amor e força que me transmitiu durante todos estes anos (horas e horas de telefone!).
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