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Thinking Through Livelihood

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Thinking Through Livelihood R. Thomas Rosin Arts & Humanities︱ ways to actively thinking out problems stands in contrast to much of the rote memorisation then trained in village schools at the time of his studies. HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS Thinking through livelihood: Rosin Wread Gail Credit: Photo In this large and complex multi-caste How a peasantry of princely Rājpuţāna became village community in the Aravalli Hillls, Rosin observed livelihoods raising educated and activist rural citizens of Rajasthan, India livestock and double crop farming, supporting as well many craftsmen and shepherds who raised but a single rofessor Emeritus R. Thomas Rosin shared among families irrigating, and rainfed crop. Check dams collected R. Thomas Rosin, Professor Emeritus, explores how folk describes the complex system their egalitarian, supportive relations rain run-off from the surrounding hills knowledge and partnerships Pof rainfall harvesting, aquifer with in-laws in neighbouring villages, in numerous impoundments, such among tenant farmers in the recharge, and lift irrigation used on lands proved distinctive to the Marwar and as reservoirs, ponds, and silt-ponds. desert region of Rajasthan, bordering the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, Shekhawati regions. The solidarity and By excavating and carting silts and India supported peasant India. He explores how this demanding mutual trust enforced in their livelihoods manures to improve their irrigated activism and rebellion in system was key to the growth of formal lead to unity in political activism, shifting fields, they kept the beds of reservoirs the decades around Indian education among the peasantry here from social reform of their own traditions and ponds porous to soak and recharge Independence. Demanding during the pre-Independence period. to open rebellion. groundwater. Across generations, they livelihoods involving As activism swept the countryside, a few have reshaped the landscape to capture Rup Singh Mertiya Rathore, a bold and consistent ally to the tenant farmer cause, computation and ethno- would rise through formal education While referring to his own research and rain runoff to recharge the aquifers they with his daughter. hydrology prepared them for to positions in the royal administration published accounts, he taps as well tapped through shaft wells. formal education. Gandhi’s to craft the very laws that would guide the historic lore of the Jat community, Satyagraha (non-violent post-independence land reform in previously so central among activist Educated through apprenticeships With educated descendants of peasants resistance) campaigns in British western India. tenants, as presented in their working at these wells, four share- India inspired them as citizens contemporary websites enriching cropping families joined in partnerships. gaining positions of power, in a climate to overturn their domination as Rosin has spent many years over the tale: JatLand.com, 2017. Sustaining trust in sharing equal inputs feudal subjects in the princely multiple visits to a complex 24-caste of labour and outputs of grain required of rural and urban up-risings, the kingdoms of western India village community, stretching from In this collection of writings on careful monitoring of quantities and through radical land reform. 1964, just fifteen years after Indian education in South Asia, Rosin’s computing shares, encouraging a Maharaja and royal administration acted Independence, until 2004. He chapter alone deals with informal mathematics on a base 4. Pebble to reform the system. conducted comparative research education through on-the-job training monitors tracked each lift of water across the boundaries of the previous and apprenticeships, as traditionally from the wells, orchestrating shifts in of groundwater flows. Such publications of a proposed government water kingdoms known collectively as practiced in the countryside. He the work force. Matching the acreage and maps supported a village-wide scheme, and contributed to policies Rajputana discovering significant documents skills in monitoring, seeded with the anticipated reserves of petition to improve a levee and flow joining what had been the work of two differences in livelihood. Their large joint measuring, and computing among groundwater to bring a crop to maturity gate collecting rain water, which separate government ministries. families, uniting several generations into share-cropping farmers previously non- depended upon remembering and requires understanding how surface common households, their partnerships literate but numerative. Their inventive learning from estimates made in prior water influences groundwater supplies. Grand livestock fairs brought buyers seasons. Similarly, where to deepen a Together, they changed the direction from British India to purchase their well or dig a new one was a probing bullock and camels, so prized as draft about groundwater flows and pondering animals, while bringing together their relationship to surface collection farmers and shepherds to both trade of rain run-off. Rosin argues their skills and socialise from distant villages. They in management to plan, irrigate, or shared aspirations and news, making expand their crop land. He gives an them well aware of the nationalist example of their mental arithmetic movement under Gandhi and Congress skills when recounting a visit to a Party in British India. goldsmith to buy gold through a tricky calculation of cost in one’s head. Such LAND REFORM FROM RAJPUTANA families though previously not literate TO RAJASTHAN proved numerative, collaborative, and This village was in the Marwāŗ region empirically sensitive preparing their of the Jodhpur Kingdom in the area of descendants for success in formal Rajputana (what would later become education. Rajasthan), which was ruled under Professor Rosin explores how folk knowledge and a feudal system separate from, yet partnerships among tenant farmers in the desert region Local farmers requested Rosin to Social reformer, Mool Chand Sihag, protected by, the British Raj, although of Rajasthan, India supported peasant activism and inspired the Jat youth with a thirst for rebellion in the decades around Indian Independence. study and put into writing their education. the nearby town of Ajmer was under OSTILL is Franck Camhi/Shutterstock.com Franck is OSTILL understandings about the hydrology direct colonial rule. Hackman/Depositphotos.com www.researchoutreach.org www.researchoutreach.org The first was Mool Chand Sihag, a social reformer who laid much of the groundwork for the education of Jat Behind the Research tenants. He inspired the Jat youth with a thirst for education, and set up a chain of student hostels that allowed them to Prof R. Thomas Rosin Photo Credit: Gail Wread Rosin Wread Gail Credit: Photo come to the towns to study in solidarity with fellow Jats. E: [email protected] E: [email protected] T: +1 510 524 1764 W: http://rthomasrosin.com/rthomasrosin.com/Welcome.html https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-9785 The second, and one of those he so inspired and educated, was Kan Singh References Parihar who trained as a lawyer and Research Objectives would later write the Marwar Land • JatLand.com. 2017. “Mool Chand Siyag” https://www. Thomas Rosin’s anthropological research, spanning more Reform laws. jatland.com/home/Mool_Chand_Siyag. Accessed 12 Feb than 40 years, began and continues in the western desert 2017 [Translated by Dayanand Deswal] and “Baldev Ram and savannah of Rajasthan, India, involving both intensive The third was Buldev Ram Mirdha, who Mirdha” https://www.jatland.com/home/Baldev Ram Mirdha. study of a single village community and regional studies • Kumar, Mayank. 2013. Monsoon Ecologies: Irrigation, of variation in adaptation, social organisation, and polity. entered the Maharaja’s service as a Agriculture, and Settlement Pattern in Rajasthan during the postman, and eventually rose to become Pre-colonial Period. Delhi: Manohar Publications. the police Deputy Inspector General. • Mathur, Sobhag. 1982. Struggle for Responsible Government Detail He was a strict law and order man, but in Marwar. Jodhpur: Sharda Publishing House. had much sympathy for the suffering of • Rosin, R. Thomas. 1978. Peasant Adaptation as Process R. Thomas Rosin, Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, the common people. He also helped in Land Reform: A Case Study. IN American Studies in the Anthropology of India, ed. Sylvia Vatuk, 460–495. New California educate Sihag’s students and bring them Delhi: Manohar Publications and American Institute of c/o 976 Miller Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94708 Bura Ram Chaudhry, a courageous village into the royal administration, and his activist, sits posed and confident as a Indian Studies. land entitled farmer. power and influence helped dampen- • Rosin, R. Thomas. 1981. Land Reform in Rajasthan. Current Bio down violence between the authorities Anthropology 22 (1): 75–76. R. Thomas Rosin obtained his PhD from the University and reforming elements during these • Rosin, R. Thomas. 1984. Gold Medallions: The Arithmetic of California at Berkeley in Anthropology, with research in India spanning 1962-2004. His book studying land turbulent times. Calculations of a Non-Literate. Anthropology and Education Quarterly Special Anniversary 15 (1): 38–50. reform was followed by articles on cognition, choice and Up-risings and demonstrations in both • Rosin, R. Thomas. 1987. Land Reform and Agrarian Change; action generating patterns in architecture, settlement, WHAT DID THE
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