Genetic structure of the Japanese and the formation of the Ainu population
Ken-ichi Shinoda National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo Mitochondrial DNA
mitochondria
Structures of mtDNA nuclear genome 3 billion 16,569 base pair History of the analysis
1980’s
Analysis of the DNA digestion pattern with restriction enzymes.
1990’s Analysis of sequence in a region of the mitochondrial genome that undergoes frequent mutation. 21th century Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of mitochondrial genomes. Human migration and formation of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
60,000-20,000 BP. A X D C A B D JT A B H F U D 20,000 BP.- X I B C N U N A D R My M L2 M N M N L3 L L1 Mx
M Q B C L1 N P A D L2 L3 Mz Nz L0
150,000-60,000 BP. Y Z A G C M7a N9b D4
D5 M8a
M7b B5 B4 F E M7c
Distribution center of each haplogroup MtDNA haplogroup frequencies of mainland Japanese
N9a F N9b D4 B5
B4
M9 M8 D5 M7c M7b A M7a G Tanaka et al. 2004 Korea D4
Japan Northern China
Frequency distribution of haplogroup D4 in each population Jomon vs. Yayoi
40,000 BP. 15,000 BP. B.C. 1,000 A.D. 300 Paleolithic Jomon Yayoi Historic
Jomon female Immigrant Yayoi female Jomon Yoyoi The American Journal of Human Genetics 83, 445–456, October 10, 2008 Relatedness between 7003 Japanese Individuals
Han Chinese
中国人 Mainland Japanese
Okinawa
For the Japanese individuals, there were two main clusters: the Hondo cluster (red plus signs) and the Okinawa cluster (green crosses). Dual structure model (K. Hanihara 1991)
(Okhotsk 5-10 century)
Palaeolithic to Jomon Yayoi Historical 40,000-12,000 BP. 3,000-1,700 BP. 1,700 BP. - Comparison of haplogroup frequencies between the Jomon, Yayoi, and modern Japanese populations.
D4 M8 Z A N9a B F n= 78 M8 Z M10 M N9b Y
M7 N9 F D4 D5 G M7a bc A a B n= 1312
D4 D4h2 G M7a M8 M10 N9b B F n= 119 D5 M7 A bc
D4 is most common in the Japanese and Yayoi populations. BSP of female effective population size (Nef) through time for Japanese mtDNA lineages.
LGM Initial population growth
Rapid population growth
PLoS ONE 6(6): e21509. Population estimates by Koyama (1984)
5,000-4,000BP
40,00-30,00BP 6,000-5,000BP 3,000-30,00BP 10,000-6,000BP Moving on to rice agriculture
Original place of rice agriculture 5000 BP. 3000 BP.
3000 BP. Comparison of haplogroup frequencies between Okinawa, Ainu, and modern Japanese populations.
M8 M10 M N9b Y
M7 N9 Other D G M7a bc A a B F n=1312
D G M7a M7bcM A N9b B F Other n=372
M7 D G M7a bc A N9b B F Y n=51 Hokkaido Jomon
M7a N9b D4h2 G1b
N9b M7a D4 D4h2 Tohoku Jomon
Kyushu Yayoi M7a N9b B4 M10 Kanto Jomon
Z A D4 M8 D4 F M7bc M8
N9a F B4 G2 D5 Distributions of haplogroups G and Y of each population
Ainu
Haplogroup G
Haplogroup Y Population History of Hokkaido
7th century 13th century
Jomon to Epi-Jomon Satumon Ainu Okhotsk culture 5th century 9th century
D4 9% other 2% M7a 5% D4h2 G1b G1b D 17% Y19% 24% 10% 18% Y 33% F 2% G1b Y 43% B 2% 11% M7a 6% Z 1% M7b 1% N9b 8% G N9b C 5% M9 1% M7a 7% M8a 1% 25% 65% N9b A 7% N9b A 8% 21% A 4% M7a 11% 16% M7b,c 4% B4 3% C5a 4% B4 1%
Jomon Okhotsk culture Recent Ainu Modern Ainu (Edo era) Thank you