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Hydrogeology and Geochemistry of Aquifers Underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro Areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California

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Hydrogeology and Geochemistry of Aquifers Underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro Areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California Hydrogeology and Geochemistry of Aquifers UnderlyingHydrogeology the and San Geochemistry Lorenzo and San of Aquifers Leandro Areas ofUnderlying the East Bay the Plain,San Lorenzo Alameda and County, San Leandro California Areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4259 U.S.Water-Resources DEPARTMENT Investigations OF THE INTERIOR Report 02-4259 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the EAST BAY MUNICIPAL UTILITIES DISTRICT and ALAMEDA COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS Prepared in cooperation with the EAST BAY MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT and ALAMEDA COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT Hydrogeology and Geochemistry of Aquifers Underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro Areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California By John A Izbicki, James W. Borchers, David A. Leighton, Justin Kulongoski, Latoya Fields, Devin L. Galloway, and Robert L. Michel U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4259 Prepared in cooperation with the EAST BAY MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT and ALAMEDA COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT 3006-07 Sacramento, California 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey Placer Hall– Suite 2012 6000 J Street Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 http://ca.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Description of Study Area........................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrogeology....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Geologic Framework................................................................................................................................... 6 Aquifer Systems.......................................................................................................................................... 7 Recharge and Discharge.............................................................................................................................. 7 Water Levels and Ground-Water Movement.............................................................................................. 8 Water Levels at the Oakport Injection/Recovery Site........................................................................ 8 Water Levels at the Bayside Injection/Recovery Site........................................................................ 14 Water-Level Response to Tidal Fluctuation......................................................................................................... 17 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Tidal Responses at the Oakport Injection/Recovery Site................................................................... 18 Tidal Responses at the Bayside Injection/Recovery Site................................................................... 18 Geophysical Logging of Selected Wells .............................................................................................................. 21 Well Bore Logging Techniques .................................................................................................................. 21 Well 2S/3W-22Q2....................................................................................................................................... 21 Well 2S/3W-19Q3....................................................................................................................................... 24 Well 3S/3W-14K2....................................................................................................................................... 26 Chemistry of Ground Water................................................................................................................................. 27 Physical Properties and Chemical Characteristics of Water from Wells.................................................... 27 Chemical Reactions Controlling Major-Ion Chemistry ..................................................................... 30 Major-Ion Composition of Depth-Dependent Samples ..................................................................... 32 Source of High-Chloride Water to Wells.................................................................................................... 33 Chloride-to-Bromide Ratios............................................................................................................... 34 Chloride-to-Iodide Ratios .................................................................................................................. 36 Chloride-to-Barium Ratios................................................................................................................. 37 Chloride-to-Boron Ratios................................................................................................................... 37 Noble-Gas Concentrations ................................................................................................................................... 38 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 38 Ground-Water Recharge Temperatures and Excess-Air Concentrations.................................................... 39 Excess Nitrogen And Denitrification..........................................................................................................42 Isotopic Composition of Ground Water............................................................................................................... 43 Oxygen-18 and Deuterium.......................................................................................................................... 43 Tritium and Helium-3 ................................................................................................................................. 46 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Tritium and Helium-3 Ages ............................................................................................................... 48 Carbon-14 and Carbon-13........................................................................................................................... 50 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Carbon-14 Activity and Carbon-13 Composition of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ........................... 50 Interpretation of Carbon-14 Data....................................................................................................... 51 Limitations on Carbon-14 Interpretations.......................................................................................... 56 Summary and Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 56 References Cited .................................................................................................................................................. 57 Appendixes........................................................................................................................................................... 61 Contents iii Figures Figure 1. Satellite image of the San Francisco Bay area, California, July 7, 1994........................................... 3 Figure 2. Maps showing location of study area, selected wells, and hydrogeologic sections; and selected wells at the Oakport injection/recovery and Bayside injection/recovery sites, East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California..................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Graphs showing generalized hydrogeologic sections A–A′ and B–B′, East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California .............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 6. Graph showing altitude of water in San Francisco Bay at Alameda Island and water levels in wells 2S/3W-17K1, 3, and 4 at the Oakport injection/recovery site, East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California, October 14, 1999, to September 14, 2000................................ 13 Figure 7. Graph showing water levels in selected wells at the Bayside injection/recovery
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