DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmaceutical Markets in the German Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmaceutical Markets in the German Empire www.ssoar.info Pharmaceutical markets in the German Empire: profits between risk, altruism and regulation Hüntelmann, Axel C. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hüntelmann, A. C. (2011). Pharmaceutical markets in the German Empire: profits between risk, altruism and regulation. Historical Social Research, 36(3), 182-201. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.36.2011.3.182-201 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-357599 Pharmaceutical Markets in the German Empire. Profits Between Risk, Altruism and Regulation Axel C. Hüntelmann Abstract: »Pharma-Märkte im Deutschen Kaiserreich. Profite zwischen Risi- ko, Altruismus und Regulierung«. For the first time in August 1894, phials of anti-diphtheria serum went on sale in German pharmacies. Anti-diphtheria se- rum was a major therapeutic innovation in the treatment of a terrible infectious disease. The anti-diphtheria serum also signalled the evolution of new regula- tory institutions, as well as new markets in industrially produced pharmaceu- tics. The new serum therapy offered not only a cure for diphtheria and other fatal infectious diseases, but also promised high profits for the manufacturers who could stabilize the production process. It attracted the state’s attention for a number of reasons: the ambiguous legal situation, the production of serum for the free market and the prospect of high profits for the serum industry, and finally the novelty of serum therapy itself and the lack of information about its long-term effects. Drawing on concepts from economic sociology, I will argue that the evolving serum market was formatted by state authorities from the very first moment. This regulation was not imposed by “the state” but negoti- ated among actors like state officials, medical and public health professionals, and serum producers. Keywords: pharmaceutical market, anti-diphtheria serum, public health risk, state regulation of pharmaceuticals. For the first time in August 1894, phials of anti-diphtheria serum produced by the Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Brüning in the town of Hoechst went on sale in German pharmacies. One month later, at the Eighth International Congress of Hygiene in Budapest, the scientific world was introduced to the new therapy against diphtheria and the serum was greeted as a great break- through in the treatment of a terrible disease.1 The anti-diphtheria serum was a Address all communications to: Axel C. Hüntelmann, Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology, Universitaet Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; e- mail: [email protected]. 1 For example: Émile Roux to Émile Duclaux, Head of the Pasteur Institute, 15.9.1894, Museum of the Pasteur Institute, fol. 11504. A report about the congress in La semaine médicale, 14 (Issue 51, 8.9.1894); Le Bulletin Médical (1894), pp. 827-829, 844-845, the paper of Roux given on the Congress on pp. 1165-1168. For Germany see several articles of German newspapers in the Bundesarchiv Berlin (Federal Archive, henceforth BA Ber- lin), R 86/1182; a report in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 20 (Issue 35-37, 1894), pp. 700-703, 715, 729-731; detailed and with a print of several talks given in Buda- pest in Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, 16 (1894), pp. 737-742, 778-784, Historical Social Research, Vol. 36 — 2011 — No. 3, 182-201 major therapeutic innovation – celebrated as a milestone in bacteriology and a revolution in pharmacology2 – at the end of the 19th century. Representing a new form of therapy, the innovation of anti-diphtheria serum marks the starting point for many other biological therapies. The anti-diphtheria serum also sig- nalled the evolution of new regulatory institutions, as well as new markets in industrially produced pharmaceutics. Antitoxin was the therapeutic agent contained in the anti-diphtheria serum. The new serum therapy offered not only a cure for diphtheria and other fatal infectious diseases, but also promised high profits for the manufacturers who could stabilize the production process and produce the serum in large industrial quantities. Given that there was no patent on the anti-diphtheria serum and that research results were freely available in prominent medical publications, a health professional trained in bacteriology could reconstruct the experiments and produce serum without breaking the law. The new serum therapy attracted the state’s attention for a number of reasons: the ambiguous legal situation, the production of serum for the free market and the prospect of high profits for the serum industry, the experience a few years earlier with tuberculin and the pub- lic health scandal it had triggered, and finally the novelty of serum therapy itself and the lack of information about its long-term effects. Thus, in hopes of minimizing public health risks, the state implemented and institutionalized a strict regime of control. In his book on the Architecture of Markets, Neil Fligstein highlights the im- portance of governments to markets by investigating the sociology of market processes and the socio-political embeddedness of markets.3 Public infrastruc- ture and institutions, social structures and social relations, or the legal system have a major influence on the free market – if they are not the premise for market society – by guaranteeing the functioning of markets. In order to define the “terrain of a sociology of markets”, Fligstein scrutinizes the relation be- tween state and firms in the process of the production of markets and the dy- namics by which markets are created, stabilized and transformed.4 This per- 822-826, 881-896, 908-914, 955-959, 960-965, 1013-1018, 1054-1058; and in the Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für öffentliche Gesundheitspflege, 27 (1895), pp. 209-276, 401-464. 2 Cf. Hanspeter Mochmann/Werner Köhler, Meilensteine der Bakteriologie. Von Entdeckun- gen und Entdeckern aus den Gründerjahren der Medizinischen Mikrobiologie, Jena 1984; Heinz Schott (ed.), Meilensteine der Medizin, Dortmund 1996; Wolf-Dieter Müller- Jahncke/Christoph Friedrich/ Ulrich Meyer, Arzneimittelgeschichte, 2. ed., Stuttgart 2005; Ann S. Persson, Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation. Medical Breakthroughs that changed the World, Wollombi 2009. 3 Cf. Neil Fligstein, The Architecture of Markets. An Economic Sociology of Twentieth- First-Century Capitalist Societies, Princeton 2001. 4 Cf. Ibid., p. 3-23. Fligstein asks first for the social rules that must exist for markets to function, and the social structures that are necessary to produce stable markets (10 f.). Sec- ondly, he investigates the “relation between states and firms in the production of markets” (11-13). Thirdly, he is looking for the social and – in opposition to this – the economic 183 spective is applied and discussed in the following article. With reference to Fligstein, I will argue that the evolving serum market was formatted by the state from the very first moment. Even after the serum market became stabi- lized and the forces of supply and demand seemed to be free from direct inter- vention like in the neo-classical market model, the market remained strictly regulated. This regulation was not imposed by “the state” but negotiated among actors like state officials, medical and public health professionals, and serum producers.5 In this article, I will sketch the framework of pharmaceutical markets in the German Empire, and focus on the evolving market of biologicals around 1900 (1). The years around the fin-de-siècle mark a turning point in the history of pharmaceuticals. After a review of the market organization of remedies up to the 1890s (2), I will examine why there was a need for state regulation (3) and how the process of regulation became stabilized and institutionalized by sum- marizing the further course of events after the anti-diphtheria serum had been introduced to the public in the summer of 1894. Shortly after the launching of anti-diphtheria serum, a state-run institution of serum regulation had been established (4). Thereafter I will frame the market and distinguish the demand side, the supply side, and the price and the product as essential elements of the market (5a-c). Finally, I will look forward to subsequent developments (6) and embed the evolving market for ‘biologicals’ in its historical context (7). 1. Actors of the Drug Market – (what are we talking about) What does a market for drugs mean? And what meanings does the term “drug” include? From the perspective of sick people and suffering patients we are talking about pain-relieving substances or life-saving remedies, from the view- point of the practitioner we are talking about an object that gives him or her the power to cure ill-feeling persons. From the outlook of the practitioner, but also from the perspective of the apothecary and the pharmacologist drugs are scien- tific objects, or objects of knowledge. For practitioners, apothecaries and espe- cially for the chemical industry drugs are also economic commodities that were produced and sold in pharmacies, offering prospective benefits. But drugs are not simple commodities, they are precarious matters, difficult to handle – im- “view of what actors seek to do in markets” (13f.). Forthly, Fligstein takes into view the dynamics “by which the markets are created, attain stability, and are transformed” (14). Fi- nally, he is asking for the “implications of market dynamics for the internal structuring of firms and labor markets” (14 f.). 5 The market is understood here as an arena of social action where coordination problems between the different market actors were levelled out.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications Genetics 2016 Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Charles T. Ambrose University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub Part of the Medical Immunology Commons Repository Citation Ambrose, Charles T., "Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis" (2016). Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications. 83. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-Antibiotic Therapy of Syphilis Notes/Citation Information Published in NESSA Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, v. 1, issue 1, p. 1-20. © 2016 C.T. Ambrose This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_facpub/83 Journal of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Volume 1| Issue 1 Review Article Open Access PRE-ANTIBIOTICTHERAPY OF SYPHILIS C.T. Ambrose, M.D1* 1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky *Corresponding author: C.T. Ambrose, M.D, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Department of Microbiology, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: C.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever, Malta Fever, Glanders, SARS
    ARTICLE IN PRESS International Journal of Medical Microbiology 296 (2006) 1–4 www.elsevier.de/ijmm EDITORIAL Killed in action: Microbiologists and clinicians as victims of their occupation Part 4: Tick-borne Relapsing Fever, Malta Fever, Glanders, SARS Tick-borne Relapsing Fever money at the disposal of this expedition. The researchers left Liverpool on September 23, and reached the Stanley A microbiologist and pathologist, who was engaged Falls at the end of the year. Dutton’s special interest was in research on African Tick-borne Relapsing Fever, directed to tick-borne relapsing fever of the Central Joseph Everett Dutton (Fig. 1), became a victim of this African type. He was able to infect monkeys by the bites disease. He was born on 9th of September 1874 in of spirochaete-carrying soft ticks, Ornithodorus mouba- Higher Bebington, Cheshire, as the fifth son of the ta. What he did not know, Philip Ross and Milne made chemist John Dutton, was educated from 1888 to 1892 the same experiment a few weeks before in Uganda. in the King’s School of Chester, and entered the Dutton found also that Borrelia duttoni could pass into Liverpool Medical School and the Royal Infirmary in the eggs and larvae, and so confer infective potential on the same town. In 1897 he was graduated and was the tick of the succeeding generation (Manson-Bahr, appointed to the George Holt Fellowship in Pathology. 1951). Robert Koch (1906), who had no information One year in the Departments of Surgery followed. He about these results, found while he was in East Africa in undertook his first scientific expedition in 1900 as a 1905 that this transmission is possible up to the third member of the third expedition of the Liverpool School generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Annette Hinz-Wessels Das Robert Koch-Institut Im Nationalsozialismus Das Robert Koch-Institut (Um 1900) Annette Hinz-Wessels
    Annette Hinz-Wessels Das Robert Koch-Institut im Nationalsozialismus Das Robert Koch-Institut (um 1900) Annette Hinz-Wessels Das Robert Koch-Institut im Nationalsozialismus Kulturverlag Kadmos Berlin Titelseite oben: unter Verwendung des Fotos Reichsgesundheitsführer Leonardo Conti bei einer Institutsbesichtigung, 1.4.1942. Im Vordergrund Gerhard Rose. Titelseite unten: Robert Koch-Ehrung anlässlich seines 25. Todestages Bibliografi sche Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Ver - wertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfi lmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Copyright © 2012 (erste Aufl age 2008), Kulturverlag Kadmos Berlin. Wolfram Burckhardt Alle Rechte vorbehalten Internet: www.kv-kadmos.com Umschlaggestaltung: kaleidogramm, Berlin, Gestaltung und Satz: kaleidogramm, Berlin Druck: Booksfactory Printed in EU ISBN (10-stellig) 3-86599-167-X ISBN (13-stellig) 978-3-86599-167-6 Inhalt Vorwort von Volker Hess . 7 I. Historischer Überblick . 9 II. Vom »Institut für Infektionskrankheiten« zur »Reichsanstalt zur Bekämpfung der übertragbaren Krankheiten« – personeller Wandel und organisatorischer Umbau des Robert Koch-Instituts im »Dritten Reich« . 21 Personalentlassungen
    [Show full text]
  • August Von Wassermann
    August von Wassermann August Paul von Wassermann (* 21. Februar 1866 in Bamberg; † 16. März 1925 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Immunologe und Bakteriologe. Er veröffentlichte 1906 ein serologisches Verfahren zum Nachweis der Syphilis, den Wassermann-Test. Inhaltsverzeichnis Familie Leben Wissenschaftliches Werk Schriften Wassermann in der Literatur Ehrungen Literatur Weblinks August von Wassermann Einzelnachweise Familie August von Wassermann wurde als zweiter Sohn des 1910 in den erblichen Adelsstand erhobenen bayerischen Hofbankiers Angelo von Wassermann geboren und heiratete am 3. Dezember 1895[1] Alice Taussig (1874–1943), die Tochter von Theodor von Taussig und Schwester der Malerin Helene von Taussig (1879–1942). Alice von Wassermann wurde – wie auch ihre Schwestern Clara von Hatvany-Deutsch und Helene von Taussig – Opfer des Holocaust. Leben Er absolvierte sein Medizinstudium von 1884 bis 1889 an den Universitäten Erlangen, Wien, München und Straßburg, wo er 1888 promoviert wurde. Nach seiner Approbation ging er 1890 als Volontär nach Berlin und trat 1891 in das neu gegründete Preußische Institut für Infektionskrankheiten ein, das von Robert Koch geleitet wurde und später als Robert-Koch-Institut für Infektionskrankheiten dessen Namen erhielt. Er wurde nach seiner Habilitation 1901 Assistenzarzt, dann Oberarzt und später – als Nachfolger Ludwig Briegers (1849–1919) – Leitender Arzt der Klinischen Abteilung des Instituts. 1902 war er zum Extraordinarius ernannt worden. Im Jahr 1906 übernahm er die Leitung der selbständigen Abteilung für experimentelle Therapie und Serumforschung. Im gleichen Jahr veröffentlichte er zusammen mit Albert Neisser und Carl Bruck die später nach ihm benannte Reaktion zur Serodiagnostik der Syphilis. Von 1913 bis zu seinem Tode war Wassermann Direktor des neu gegründeten Kaiser-Wilhelm- Instituts für experimentelle Therapie in Berlin-Dahlem.
    [Show full text]
  • KARL FRIEDRICH MEYER May 19, 1884-April 27, 1974
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES K ARL FRIEDRICH M EYER 1884—1974 A Biographical Memoir by A L B E R T D . S A B IN Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1980 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. KARL FRIEDRICH MEYER May 19, 1884-April 27, 1974 BY ALBERT D. SABIN* F MEYER (henceforth "KF," as he was affectionately called K by his colleagues) was an outstanding bacteriologist, experimental pathologist, virologist, epidemiologist, ecolo- gist, brilliant and inspiring teacher, and a prototype of the scientist in the service of society. In the tradition of Pasteur and Koch, his scientific studies invariably involved the acquisition of knowledge for the understanding and solution of important practical problems in the field of human and animal diseases. In 1951, when KF was sixty-seven years young, the American Public Health Association presented him a Lasker Award with the following citation that aptly expressed the esteem of his colleagues and summarized his major contributions to science and public health: Brilliant scientist, dynamic teacher, inspired humanitarian. His influ- ence now extends over two generations of students of medicine, biology, *In writing this biographical memoir, I tried whenever possible to let K. F. Meyer talk for himself in his own colorful, inimitable manner. I am indebted to the director of the Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley, for permission to quote from Dr. Meyer's oral history memoir entitled Medical Research and Public Health (Berkeley: University of California, 1976), a transcript of a 1961-1962 unedited tape-recorded oral interview by Edna Tartaul Daniel, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Launchpack
    Britannica LaunchPacks | The Treatment and Prevention of Disease The Treatment and Prevention of Disease For Grades 6-8 This Pack contains: 5 ARTICLES 4 IMAGES 2 VIDEOS © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 of 61 Britannica LaunchPacks | The Treatment and Prevention of Disease antibiotic Certain medicinal substances have the power to destroy or check the growth of infectious organisms in the body. The organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or the minuscule animals called protozoa. A particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek anti (“against”) and bios (“life”). Some antibiotics are produced from living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and molds. Others are wholly or in part synthetic—that is, produced artificially. Penicillin is perhaps the best known antibiotic. Its discovery and later development has enabled the medical profession to treat effectively many infectious diseases, including some that were once life-threatening. Antibiotics have revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections in humans and other animals. They are, however, ineffective against viruses. Penicillium mold is grown in a lab. The mold is the source of penicillin, one of the first and most… Catolla—iStock/Thinkstock Learn about antibiotics. © Open University Antibiosis The general relationship between an antibiotic and an infectious organism is one of antibiosis. This word refers to an association of two organisms in which one is harmed or killed by the other. The relationship between human beings and disease-causing germs is one of antibiosis. If a person is affected by germs, he is the injured organism; if the germ attack is repelled by the body’s defenses, the germs are the injured organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 23, No. 2, 2019
    The Publication on AIDS Vaccine Research WWW.IAVIREPORT.ORG | VOLUME 23, ISSUE 2 | DECEMBER 2019 A new viral vaccine The history of A new efficacy trial of vector has broad vaccination: adapting the mosaic HIV vaccine potential to the times candidate FROM THE EDITOR “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…” from Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, part of the Jans- So begins Charles Dickens’s famous historical novel A sen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Tale of Two Cities, published in 1859. Dickens was together with a consortium of public partners, began describing the years leading up to the French their second, and largest, efficacy study (named Revolution, yet it is an oddly apt description of the Mosaico) of Janssen’s mosaic-based HIV vaccine candi- current state of the vaccine field. date (see page 16). This October, the first Ebola vaccine was approved by Based on this, one might think it was the best of times. the European Medicines Agency. This is by all accounts But amidst all this progress, global cases of measles are an important milestone in battling outbreaks of a lethal on the rise, a disease for which a highly effective vaccine infectious disease that most often affects people in devel- has been available for more than 50 years. Last year oping countries. This vaccine, known as Ervebo, was more than 140,000 people worldwide died of measles, rapidly developed in 2014 during the deadliest outbreak most of them children under five years old, and 100 mil- of Ebola in history. It is estimated to be 97.5% effective.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard Pfeiffer 1858–1945
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 Richard Pfeiffer 1858–1945. von Graevenitz, A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-008-8167-z Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-16591 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: von Graevenitz, A (2008). Richard Pfeiffer 1858–1945. Infection, 36(4):392-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-008-8167-z Infection Memorial Article Richard Pfeiffer 1858–1945 Richard Pfeiffer, one of the most there. In the course of these trips and of remarkable microbiologists at the turn his research, he survived several labo- of the last century, deserves to be com- ratory infections. He accepted the chair memorated on his 150th birthday. His of Hygiene at the University of Breslau work is of lasting importance to bacte- (now Wroclaw) in 1909 from which he riologists, immunologists, and infectious retired in 1925. After several active disease specialists alike. years, he retired in 1939 to the spa of Pfeiffer was born on 27 March, Bad Landeck in Silesia (now La˛dek 1858 in Zduny, a small town of 3,300 Zdro´ j) where he died in professional inhabitants in the then Prussian prov- and personal isolation, having survived ince of Posen, at the border to Silesia.1 his wives, on 15 September,1945. His father, the pastor of the local Pfeiffer’s earliest discovery was Protestant church, soon moved with his that of the ‘‘agent of influenza’’, family to Schweidnitz (now S´ widnica) Haemophilus influenzae, which he where Richard went to school.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Ehrlich As a Commercial Scientist and Research Administrator
    Medical History, 1990, 34: 65-78. PAUL EHRLICH AS A COMMERCIAL SCIENTIST AND RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR by JONATHAN LIEBENAU * Historians and biographers have studied Paul Ehrlich as a biochemist, a medical messiah, and an eccentric. 1 The links with industry ofthis Nobel Prize-winning pioneer of experimental therapeutics and immunology have, however, been largely neglected. Perhaps this was because commercial involvement was regarded as unseemly by historians, or because those ties were thought to be insignificant in relation to the major contributions Ehrlich made to therapeutic practice and theory. More recently, attitudes have changed: Ehrlich's resurrection as a company scientist is almost complete after a large commemorative exhibition mounted by Hoechst AG and that company's sponsorship of a major new biography,2 facilitating further analysis of Ehrlich's commercial work. This paper goes beyond biography to provide an analysis of an early example of medical science as a corporate activity. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE Ehrlich's corporate ties became strongest when he directed the Konigliches Anstalt fur experimentelle Therapie (1896-1915), which became the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt-on-Main. This Institute was a centre of four overlapping groups: academic medical scientists, practitioners, government officials, and producers of new therapeutics. Within it, several new medicines were developed or improved, and the quality and influence of its work quickly elevated it to the stature of the Pasteur Institute. But its links with industry differentiated Ehrlich's institute from the Pasteur, as it became a centre of theoretical medical science, the official regulator of sera and vaccine, and the most exciting product-development laboratory well into the inter-war years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Century of Healthcare and Medical Education from the Viewpoint of a Clinical Chemist
    A Century of Healthcare and Medical Education from the Viewpoint of a Clinical Chemist By Raymond E. Vanderlinde, PhD Diplomate of the American Board of Clinical Chemistry Emeritus Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Division of Clinical Chemistry) and Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry Hahnemann University School of Medicine (1991) Drexel University School of Medicine (as of 2002) © 2007 by Raymond E. Vanderlinde Catonsville, Maryland Published by the AACC History Division with permission of Dr. Ray Vanderlinde, with minimal editing. 1850 K Street, NW, Suite 625 Washington, DC 20006 Dedication This book is dedicated to Wilfred Wiedy “Weste” Westerfeld, Weste set very high standards and the only one I knowingly PhD, Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University (1938–1940), Harvard failed to achieve was learning to smoke a pipe while doing Medical School Faculty (1940–1945), Chairman and Professor of chemical procedures. As Dr. Westerfeld’s first graduate student Biochemistry at Syracuse University College of Medicine at Syracuse University Medical College, I was the only gradu- (1945–1950), Chairman and Professor of Biochemistry at SUNY ate student to receive his degree in four years and five summers Upstate Medical Center (1950–1979) (successor to SU College of and from Syracuse University. My training prepared me Medicine); Acting Dean SUNY Upstate Medical Center exceedingly well for both a career in academic Biochemistry (1955–1960). and in hospital Clinical Chemistry. Since I was the first of at Weste received his PhD at age 23 under Edward A. Doisey least four of his graduate students who became clinical Sr., PhD, who was Chairman and Professor of Biochemistry at chemists, he was proud of my achievements and leadership in St.
    [Show full text]
  • International Health, European Reconciliation, and German Foreign Policy After the First World War, 1919-1927
    INTERNATIONAL HEALTH, EUROPEAN RECONCILIATION, AND GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1919-1927 A Dissertation. submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Seth Amiel Rotramel, M.A. Washington, DC September 30, 2010 UMI Number: 3427320 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3427320 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Copyright 2010 by Seth Amiel Rotramel All Rights Reserved ii INTERNATIONAL HEALTH, EUROPEAN RECONCILIATION, AND GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1919-1927 Seth Amiel Rotramel, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Roger Chickering, Ph.D. ABSTRACT After the slaughter of the First World War had ended and the Treaty of Versailles ushered in an uneasy international order, Germany faced economic ruin, political upheaval, and the deterioration of the overall health of its population. Germany’s postwar domestic problems were exacerbated by international isolation, which included both economic and cultural blockades. While food shortages weakened the German population, the Allied scientific leaders barred German scientific and cultural institutions from the international community.
    [Show full text]
  • Uvic Thesis Template
    An Historical Framework for International Scientific Collaborations: The Case of Kitasato Shibasaburo by Joanna Kriese BSc, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Joanna Kriese, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee An Historical Framework for International Scientific Collaborations: The Case of Kitasato Shibasaburo by Joanna Kriese BSc, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. M. Cody Poulton, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Supervisor Dr. Katsuhiko Endo, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member Dr. Leslie Butt, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. M. Cody Poulton, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Supervisor Dr. Katsuhiko Endo, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member Dr. Leslie Butt, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member The Japanese scientist Kitasato Shibasaburo (1853-1931) was one of the founders of microbiology. A devoted student of Robert Koch, his successful collaborations with European scientists resulted in anti-serums for tetanus and diphtheria, the discovery of the causative agent of the bubonic plague, and a number of other major contributions to both science and public health. He achieved this in spite of condescending attitudes on the part of many of his peers and even resistance from within his own government. Yet there remains a paucity of academic writing on Kitasato in the English language, particularly when compared to his eminent contemporaries.
    [Show full text]