Flávio De França Souza Diversidade Genética

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Flávio De França Souza Diversidade Genética FLÁVIO DE FRANÇA SOUZA DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA, ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL E MAPEAMENTO ASSOCIATIVO EM Coffea canephora Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS - BRASIL 2011 FLÁVIO DE FRANÇA SOUZA DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA, ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL E MAPEAMENTO ASSOCIATIVO EM Coffea canephora Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. Aprovada em 19 de julho de 2011. Dra. Eveline Teixeira Caixeta Prof. Dr. Cosme Damião Cruz (Co-orientadora) (Co-orientador) Dr. Antonio Carlos Baião de Oliveira Dr. Antônio Alves Pereira Prof. Dr. Ney Sussumu Sakiyama (Orientador) Ofereço... Aos meus pais, Edvaldo José de Souza e Maria de Lourdes de França Souza, em reconhecimento pela sua dedicação à causa da criação e educação dos seus três filhos. Por ensinar-nos o valor de princípios como honestidade, dignidade, respeito ao próximo, humildade e trabalho... Às minhas irmãs, Sílvia Letícia de França Souza e Lídia Patrícia de França Souza pela companhia e amizade desde tão nova infância. Aos meus sobrinhos Anderson, Suzana, Lucas, Milena e Vítor, pela alegria que trouxeram ao “clã dos França Souza”. À memória dos meus avós, José Manoel de Souza, Alzira Mônica de Souza, João Adão de França e Josefa Maria de Jesus, pessoas maravilhosas, com as quais tive a felicidade de conviver e aprender, entre outras coisas, a importância da agricultura. Dedico... À minha esposa Farah de Castro Gama e aos meus filhos Gustavo Castro de França Souza e Giovanna Castro de França Souza. ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) e à Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), pela oportunidade de realizar esse curso. Ao professor Ney Sussumu Sakiyama, pela orientação segura e paciente, pelos muitos ensinamentos acadêmicos e pelas inúmeras lições de vida. À Dra. Eveline T. Caixeta, pela orientação segura, pela disposição de compartilhar o seu conhecimento e pelo apoio em todos os momentos. À Dra. Eunize Maciel Zambolim, pelos ensinamentos e pelo espírito de colaboração. Aos amigos e colegas de Laboratório: Luís Felipe V. Ferrão, Rejane Freitas, Kátia Pestana, Samuel Mazzinghy, Tesfahun Alemu, Guilherme Pena, Robson Almeida, Robson Missio, Patrícia Gonçalves, Alexandre Capucho e Telma Faglieri, pela amizade, pelo apoio e pelos muitos ensinamentos. Aos pesquisadores Antônio Alves Pereira (Epamig), Antônio Carlos Baião de Oliveira (Embrapa Café) e Felipe Lopes da Silva (Epamig), Romário Gava Ferrão (Incaper), Herculano P. Medina Filho (IAC) e Rita Bordgnon (IAC) pela amizade, pela ótima parceria que estabelecemos e pelo exemplo de profissionalismo. Aos professores Pedro Crescêncio Carneiro, Cosme Damião Cruz e Márcio Henrique Barbosa pelos valiosos ensinamentos repassados durante as disciplinas. Aos bons amigos que fizemos em Viçosa, Magnus e Poty, Bernardino e Gisele, Gustavo e Janaína, Fernando e Lídice pela acolhida calorosa, pelos muitos momentos que compartilhamos e pela amizade sincera. Aos colegas e amigos da Embrapa Rondônia, no campo experimental de Ouro Preto do Oeste: João Maria Diocleciano, Gilvan de Oliveira Ferro e Milton Messias dos Santos, pelo apoio técnico e logístico, na coleta das amostras e nas avaliações em campo. À Leida Etelvina, valiosa amiga, por estar sempre cuidando da nossa família e nos apoiando. Aos amigos David e Kárita pela agradável companhia e pelas valiosas lições de vida. iii Ao Prof. Manoel Abilio de Queiróz e à Dra. Rita de Cássia Souza Dias, pesquisadores da Embrapa Semiárido, pelo incentivo, pela parceria, pela amizade e por despertarem em mim o interesse pelo melhoramento de plantas. Aos meus pais, minhas irmãs, meus sobrinhos, meus tios, à minha sogra e aos meus cunhados pela torcida e pelas muitas palavras de incentivo. À minha esposa Farah, pelo amor, pela presença constante e pelo incentivo; e aos nossos filhos Gustavo e Giovanna por nos trazerem tanta alegria. A Deus, pelo dom da vida, pela saúde, pelas oportunidades e por colocar tanta gente boa no meu caminho! iv BIOGRAFIA FLÁVIO DE FRANÇA SOUZA, filho de Edvaldo José de Souza e Maria de Lourdes de França Souza, nasceu em Petrolina, Pernambuco, no dia 22 de dezembro de 1973. Iniciou o ensino fundamental, em 1981, nas Escolas Reunidas Ouro Preto, em Petrolina. Em 1985, iniciou a fase complementar do ensino fundamental na Escola Estadual Marechal Antônio Alves Filho – EMAAF. Em 1989, sob influência dos avôs maternos, os agricultores João Adão de França e Josefa Maria de Jesus, ingressou na turma pioneira da Escola Agrotécnica Federal Dom Avelar Vilela, formando-se Técnico em Agropecuária, em 1991. Em 1992, iniciou a graduação em Engenharia Agronômica pela Faculdade de Agronomia do Médio São Francisco – FAMESF/UNEB, em Juazeiro, Bahia. Durante o curso, despertou interesse pelo estudo da Genética e do Melhoramento de Plantas, no que foi muito incentivado pelo Professor e Pesquisador da Embrapa, Dr. Manoel Abilio de Queiróz. Em 1996, graduou-se Engenheiro Agrônomo e foi convidado a atuar, como bolsista, nos projetos de Recursos Genéticos e de Melhoramento Vegetal de cucurbitáceas na Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina. Em 1998, ingressou no programa de pós- graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, tendo obtido o título de mestre, em abril de 2000. Durante os anos de 1999, 2000 e 2001 atuou como professor convidado na Pós-Graduação Lato Senso das Faculdades Integradas da Vitória de Santo Antão - FAINTIVISA, onde ministrou a disciplina Fundamentos de Genética. Em julho 2001, mediante concurso público, foi contratado como Engenheiro Agrônomo, pela Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado da Bahia. Em novembro do mesmo ano, por meio de novo concurso, foi contratado pela Embrapa para ocupar o cargo de Pesquisador na área de Melhoramento Vegetal. Ficou lotado na cidade de Porto Velho, em Rondônia, onde atuou em diversos projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvendo atividades relacionadas ao melhoramento genético de café (canéfora e arábica), melancia, feijão-caupi e feijão comum. Em 2007, ingressou no Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, Minas Gerais, onde no dia 19 de julho de 2011, obteve o título de Doctor Scientiae em Genética e Melhoramento. v SUMÁRIO RESUMO.................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. ix INTRODUÇÃO GERAL......................................................................................... 1 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA................................................................................ 4 1. Taxonomia do café.......................................................................................... 4 2. Morfologia do gênero Coffea.......................................................................... 5 3. Espécies comerciais de Coffea........................................................................ 6 3.1. Coffea liberica Bull. ex Hiern................................................................ 9 3.2. Coffea arabica L.................................................................................... 9 3.3. Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner............................................... 10 3.3.1. Auto-incompatibilidade de C. canephora...................................... 10 3.3.2. Distribuição natural e estrutura populacional de C. canephora..... 11 3.3.3. Recursos genéticos de C. canephora.............................................. 12 3.3.4. Melhoramento genético de C. canephora...................................... 14 4. Marcadores moleculares em café.................................................................... 22 5. Diversidade genética...................................................................................... 23 6. Estrutura da população................................................................................... 24 7. Desequilíbrio de ligação e mapeamento associativo...................................... 25 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS................................................................... 32 CAPÍTULO 1. Análise da diversidade no germoplasma brasileiro de Coffea canephora........................................................................................................ 41 CAPÍTULO 2. Estudo da estrutura populacional do germoplasma brasileiro de Coffea canephora............................................................................................ 62 CAPÍTULO 3. Análise do desequilíbrio de ligação e estudo preliminar do mapeamento associativo em Coffea canephora.............................................. 89 CONCLUSÃO GERAL............................................................................................ 127 vi RESUMO SOUZA, Flávio de França, D.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, julho de 2011. Diversidade genética, estrutura populacional e mapeamento associativo em Coffea canephora. Orientador: Ney Sussumu Sakiyama. Co-orientadores: Eveline Teixeira Caixeta e Cosme Damião Cruz. A seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares apresenta-se como uma técnica potencialmente capaz de auxiliar no melhoramento genético do café canéfora. No entanto, para aplicação dessa ferramenta é preciso que sejam identificados,
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