DOCSLIB.ORG

Demystifying Fusarium Diseases of Tomato

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Demystifying Fusarium Diseases of Tomato Demystifying Fusarium Diseases of Tomato R. M. Davis Dept. of Plant Pathology Macroconidia Microconidia Chlamydospores Fusarium solani Fusarium oxysporum http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Hosts:Tomato, potato, eggplant Gene’s slides foot rot Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Plant Disease 98:292-298 Moine et al. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii and F. striatum from tomato F. solani f. sp. eumartii CA F. solani f. sp. eumartii Japan F. striatum Canada F. striatum CA EF and ITS sequences Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Hosts: some legumes, cucurbits, other solanaceous plants, and more Knight’s Landing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici FL F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici FL, CA, Japan IGS and EF sequences Fusarium Foot Rot Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Fusarium Crown and Stem Rot Fusarium striatum Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 Race 2 Race 3 Fusarium Wilt Fusarium Crown and Root Rot F. o. lycopersici F. o. radicis-lycopersici 1. Wilt 1. Crown and root rot 2. Moves rapidly in vascular tissue 2. No movement in vascular tissue 3. Optimum temperature: 27 C (80 F) 3. Optimum temperature: 18 C (64 F) 4. Limited host range: tomato 4. Wide host range: beans, beets, cucumber, barley, onion, asparagus 5. Genetics 5. Genetics Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 3 races, 1, 2, and 3 Fusarium Verticillium Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 1 FL, Italy Race 2 FL, AR VCG 0032 Race 2 CA VCG 0030 Race 3 CA, FL, MX Race 2 OH Race 1 CA, Japan VCG 0031 Race 2 CA, FL VCG 0035 Race 3 FL, CA (14X97) VCG 0033 IGS sequences and VCGs Cai et al Phytopathol 93:1014-1022 Race does not correlate with VCG or genetic similarity Race of Tomato plant F. o. lycopersici i i2 i3 I i2 i3 I I2 i3 I I2 I3 1 AVR1, AVR2, AVR3 S R R R 2 --- , AVR2, AVR3 S S R R 3 --- , avr2, AVR3 S S S R Race 2 from Race 1 by transposon insertion into AVR1 Race 3 from Race 2 by point mutation in AVR2 Propagules of FOV in Stem Tissue 2000 1500 DP744 1000 Ph72 Ph800 No. of colonies/g 500 0 0 0 10^1 101 10^2 102 10^3 103 10^4 104 10^5 105 10^6 106 Inoculum density Low P foliage necrosis = Low K and dieback Movement • Seed • Any way soil and infected crop debris is moved Management • Containment • Clean seed • Soil fumigation • Rotation • Resistance .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi That Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot
    toxins Article Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi that Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot Bastien Barral 1,2,* , Marc Chillet 1,2, Anna Doizy 3 , Maeva Grassi 1, Laetitia Ragot 1, Mathieu Léchaudel 1,4, Noel Durand 1,5, Lindy Joy Rose 6 , Altus Viljoen 6 and Sabine Schorr-Galindo 1 1 Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (N.D.); [email protected] (S.S.-G.) 2 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France 3 CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France; [email protected] 4 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France 5 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France 6 Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa; [email protected] (L.J.R.); [email protected] (A.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +262-2-62-49-27-88 Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 14 May 2020; Published: 21 May 2020 Abstract: The identity of the fungi responsible for fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease in pineapple has been the subject of investigation for some time. This study describes the diversity and toxigenic potential of fungal species causing FCR in La Reunion, an island in the Indian Ocean. One-hundred-and-fifty fungal isolates were obtained from infected and healthy fruitlets on Reunion Island and exclusively correspond to two genera of fungi: Fusarium and Talaromyces.
    [Show full text]
  • Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Technical Aspects of Biological Weapon Proliferation 3 iological and toxin warfare (BTW) has been termed “public health in reverse” because it involves the deliberate use of disease and natural poisons to incapac- itate or kill people. Potential BTW agents include Living microorganismsB such as bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi, and viruses that cause infection resulting in incapacitation or death; and toxins, nonliving chemicals manufactured by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Microbial pathogens require an incubation period of 24 hours to 6 weeks between infection and the appearance of symptoms. Toxins, in contrast, do not reproduce within the host; they act relatively quickly, causing incapacita- tion or death within several minutes or hours. The devastation that could be brought about by the military use of biological agents is suggested by the fact that throughout history, the inadvertent spread of infectious disease during wartime has caused far more casualties than actual combat.1 Such agents might also be targeted against domestic animals and staple or cash crops to deprive an enemy of food or to cause economic hardship. Even though biological warfare arouses general repugnance, has never been conducted on a large scale, and is banned by an international treaty, BTW agents were stockpiled during both world wars and continue to be developed as strategic weapons— “the poor man’s atomic bomb’’—by a small but growing number of countries.2 1 John P. Heggers, “Microbial Lnvasion-The Major Ally of War (Natural Biological Warfare),” Military Medicine, vol. 143, No. 6, June 1978, pp. 390-394. 2 This study does not address the potential use of BTW agents by terrorist groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Head Blight (Head Scab)
    BP-33-W DISEASES OF WHEAT Fusarium Head Blight (Head Scab) Authors: Kiersten Wise, Charles Woloshuk, and Anna Freije In Indiana, Fusarium head blight of wheat (FHB), also called head scab, is caused mainly by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (also known as Gibberella zeae) This disease periodically causes significant yield loss and reduced grain quality. F. graminearum also produces mycotoxins, which are chemicals that are toxic to humans and livestock. This publication describes: • How to identify the disease • Conditions that favor disease develop- ment • Mycotoxins produced by the fungus • Proper handling of diseased grain Figure 1. An individual spikelet infected with Fusarium • How to manage the disease graminearum. During favorable conditions, the fungus may spread into the rachis and infect spikelets above or below the Disease Identification infection point. FHB symptoms are confined to the wheat head, grain, and sometimes the peduncle (stem near the wheat head). Typically, the first noticeable symptom is bleaching of some or all of the spikelets while healthy heads are still green (Figure 1). As the fungus moves into the rachis, spikelets located above or below the initial infection point may also become bleached (Figure 2). If examined closely, pink to orange masses of spores may be visible on infected spikelets. These spore masses are produced www.ag.purdue.edu/BTNY during wet, humid weather (Figure 3). Infected kernels, commonly called tomb- stones, appear shriveled, discolored, and are lightweight (Figure 4). When planted, seeds infected with F. graminearum will have poor germination, Figure 2. A bleached wheat head symptomatic of Fusarium head resulting in slow emergence, and can be blight.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
    toxins Review Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions Lakshmipriya Perincherry , Justyna Lalak-Ka ´nczugowska and Łukasz St˛epie´n* Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy´nska34, 60-479 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (J.L.-K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: 14 November 2019 Abstract: Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection. Keywords: fungal pathogens; Fusarium; pathogenicity; secondary metabolites Key Contribution: The review summarized the knowledge and recent reports on the involvement of Fusarium mycotoxins in plant infection processes, as well as the consequences for plant metabolism and physiological changes related to the pathogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Changing Climate and Agronomic Factors on Fusarium Ear Blight 1 2 3 2 of Wheat in the UK 4 5 6 3 7 8 4 Jonathan S
    *ManuscriptView metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Click here to view linked References provided by University of Hertfordshire Research Archive 1 Impacts of changing climate and agronomic factors on fusarium ear blight 1 2 3 2 of wheat in the UK 4 5 6 3 7 8 4 Jonathan S. WESTa*, Sarah HOLDGATEa†, James A. TOWNSENDa, Julia B HALDERad, 9 10 b c a 5 Simon G. EDWARDS , Philip JENNINGS and Bruce D. L. FITT 11 12 13 6 14 15 7 a Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK; b Harper Adams University College, 16 17 c 18 8 Newport, TF10 8NB, UK; The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, 19 20 9 York YO41 1LZ, UK; d Imperial College, London; † current address: RAGT Seeds Ltd., 21 22 23 10 Grange Road, Ickleton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1TA, UK 24 25 11 26 27 *E-mail: [email protected] 28 12 29 30 13 31 32 14 Climate change will have direct impacts on fusarium ear blight (FEB) in wheat crops, since 33 34 35 15 weather factors greatly affect epidemics, the relative proportions of species of ear blight 36 37 16 pathogens responsible and the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin by two Fusarium 38 39 40 17 species, F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Many established weather-based prediction 41 42 18 models do not accurately predict FEB severity in the UK. One weather-based model 43 44 45 19 developed with UK data suggests a slight increase in FEB severity under climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological and Biochemical Response to Fusarium Culmorum Infection in Three Durum Wheat Genotypes at Seedling and Full Anthesis Stage
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Physiological and Biochemical Response to Fusarium culmorum Infection in Three Durum Wheat Genotypes at Seedling and Full Anthesis Stage Jakub Pastuszak 1,* , Anna Szczerba 1, Michał Dziurka 2 , Marta Hornyák 1,3, Przemysław Kope´c 2 , Marek Szklarczyk 4 and Agnieszka Płazek˙ 1 1 Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture, Podłuzna˙ 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (A.P.) 2 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (P.K.) 3 Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland 4 Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Fusarium culmorum is a worldwide, soil-borne plant pathogen. It causes diseases of cereals, reduces their yield, and fills the grain with toxins. The main direction of modern breeding is to select wheat genotypes the most resistant to Fusarium diseases. This study uses seedlings and plants at the anthesis stage to analyze total soluble carbohydrates, total and cell-wall bound phenolics, Citation: Pastuszak, J.; Szczerba, A.; chlorophyll content, antioxidant activity, hydrogen peroxide content, mycotoxin accumulation, visual Dziurka, M.; Hornyák, M.; Kope´c,P.; symptoms of the disease, and Fusarium head blight index (FHBi). These results determine the Szklarczyk, M.; Płazek,˙ A.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Communities of Fungal Endophytes from Four Pi‐ Nus Species in Korea
    Supplementary materials Diversity and communities of fungal endophytes from four Pi‐ nus species in Korea Soon Ok Rim 1, Mehwish Roy 1, Junhyun Jeon 1, Jake Adolf V. Montecillo 1, Soo‐Chul Park 2 and Hanhong Bae 1,* 1 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea 2 Crop Biotechnology Institute, Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, Republic of Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; tel: 8253‐810‐3031 (office); Fax: 8253‐810‐4769 Keywords: host specificity; fungal endophyte; fungal diversity; pine trees Table S1. Characteristics and conditions of 18 sampling sites in Korea. Ka Ca Mg Precipitation Temperature Organic Available Available Geographic Loca‐ Latitude Longitude Altitude Tree Age Electrical Con‐ pine species (mm) (℃) pH Matter Phosphate Silicic acid tions (o) (o) (m) (years) (cmol+/kg) dictivity 2016 2016 (g/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Ansung (1R) 37.0744580 127.1119200 70 45 284 25.5 5.9 20.8 252.4 0.7 4.2 1.7 0.4 123.2 Seosan (2R) 36.8906971 126.4491716 60 45 295.6 25.2 6.1 22.3 336.6 1.1 6.6 2.4 1.1 75.9 Pinus rigida Jungeup (3R) 35.5521138 127.0191565 240 45 205.1 27.1 5.3 30.4 892.7 1.0 5.8 1.9 0.2 7.9 Yungyang(4R) 36.6061179 129.0885334 250 43 323.9 23 6.1 21.4 251.2 0.8 7.4 2.8 0.1 96.2 Jungeup (1D) 35.5565492 126.9866204 310 50 205.1 27.1 5.3 30.4 892.7 1.0 5.8 1.9 0.2 7.9 Jejudo (2D) 33.3737599 126.4716048 1030 40 98.6 27.4 5.3 50.6 591.7 1.2 4.6 1.8 1.7 0.0 Pinus densiflora Hoengseong (3D) 37.5098629 128.1603840 540 45 360.1
    [Show full text]
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges
    y & Re ar sp Leonardi et al., J Pulm Respir Med 2016, 6:4 on ir m a l to u r P y DOI: 10.4172/2161-105X.1000361 f M o e Journal of l d a i n c r i n u e o J ISSN: 2161-105X Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Review Article Open Access Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges Lucia Leonardi*, Bianca Laura Cinicola, Rossella Laitano and Marzia Duse Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy Abstract Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a pulmonary disorder, occurring mostly in asthmatic and cystic fibrosis patients, caused by an abnormal T-helper 2 lymphocyte response of the host to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens. ABPA diagnosis is defined by clinical, laboratory and radiological criteria including active asthma, immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus antigens, total serum IgE levels>1000 IU/mL, fleeting pulmonary parenchymal opacities and central bronchiectases that represent an irreversible complication of ABPA. Despite advances in our understanding of the role of the allergic response in the pathophysiology of ABPA, pathogenesis of the disease is still not completely clear. In addition, the absence of consensus regarding its prevalence, diagnostic criteria and staging limits the possibility of diagnosing the disease at early stages. This may delay the administration of a therapy that can potentially prevent permanent lung damage. Long-term management is still poorly studied. Present primary therapies, based on clinical experience, are not yet standardized. These consist in oral corticosteroids, which control acute symptoms by mitigating the allergic inflammatory response, azoles and, more recently, anti-IgE antibodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Solani in a Case of Mixed Invasive Fungal Disease Due to Mucorales and Fusarium Solani
    Bone Marrow Transplantation (2020) 55:873–876 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-020-0819-3 TECHNICAL REPORT Positive quantitative PCR detecting Fusarium solani in a case of mixed invasive fungal disease due to Mucorales and Fusarium solani 1,2 1,2 3 1,2 4 1,2 Anne-Pauline Bellanger ● Steffi Rocchi ● Ana Berceanu ● Emeline Scherer ● Fabrice Larosa ● Laurence Millon Received: 3 September 2019 / Revised: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 28 January 2020 / Published online: 5 February 2020 © Springer Nature Limited 2020 Abstract We present a case of invasive fungal co-infection in a young patient treated for an acute myeloid leukemia and having undergone a twice-haploid matched unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with two different donors. A mucormycosis diagnosis was made shortly after the patient’s admission using imagery and specific Mucorales qPCR which was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole. Twenty days later, a blood culture was positive for Fusarium solani, and disseminated cutaneous lesions appeared. The antifungal treatment was changed to liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole. Thanks to a complete hematological reconstitution and despite a co-infection with two aggressive filamentous opportunistic fungi, the patient recovered. We took advantage of this clinical case to test a specific Fusarium solani 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: qPCR, which proved to be promising when performed retrospectively on some of the patient samples. Introduction developed considerably over the last 10 years and has proved to be very contributive to identify mucormycosis Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) promptly and to detect mixed Aspergillus–Mucorales is the only curative option for several hematological infections [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
    Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Karen Patterson1 and Mary E. Strek1 1Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex clinical type of pulmonary disease that may develop in response to entity that results from an allergic immune response to Aspergillus aspergillus exposure (6) (Table 1). ABPA, one of the many fumigatus, most often occurring in a patient with asthma or cystic forms of aspergillus disease, results from a hyperreactive im- fibrosis. Sensitization to aspergillus in the allergic host leads to mune response to A. fumigatus without tissue invasion. activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes, which play a key role in ABPA occurs almost exclusively in patients with asthma or recruiting eosinophils and other inflammatory mediators. ABPA is CF who have concomitant atopy. The precise incidence of defined by a constellation of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic ABPA in patients with asthma and CF is not known but it is criteria that include active asthma, serum eosinophilia, an elevated not high. Approximately 2% of patients with asthma and 1 to total IgE level, fleeting pulmonary parenchymal opacities, bronchi- 15% of patients with CF develop ABPA (2, 4). Although the ectasis, and evidence for sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus by incidence of ABPA has been shown to increase in some areas of skin testing. Specific diagnostic criteria exist and have evolved over the world during months when total mold counts are high, the past several decades. Staging can be helpful to distinguish active disease from remission or end-stage bronchiectasis with ABPA occurs year round, and the incidence has not been progressive destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of lung definitively shown to correlate with total ambient aspergillus function.
    [Show full text]
  • Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: a Clinical Review of 24 Patients: Are We Right in Frequent Serologic Monitoring?
    [Downloaded free from http://www.thoracicmedicine.org on Sunday, March 22, 2015, IP: 41.36.247.20] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal Original Article Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A clinical review of 24 patients: Are we right in frequent serologic monitoring? Subramanian Natarajan, Poonam Subramanian1 Department of Abstract: Pulmonary Medicine, BACKGROUND: Allergic Broncho Pulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare disease characterized by an allergic Dhanwantary Hospital, infl ammatory response to the colonization by aspergillus or other fungi in the airways. The aim was to study the Mumbai, 1Pulmonary clinical, radiological, and serological characteristics of patients of ABPA. Medicine, The Lung MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study of patients with breathlessness, chronic cough, Centre, Mumbai, blood eosinophilia, and infi ltrates on chest X-ray were evaluated with serologic and allergic skin fungal tests using Maharashtra, India 15 common fungal antigens. Total of 24 patients were diagnosed as ABPA. RESULTS: Total 24 patients, 15 males (62%), 9 females (38%). Age range: 14-70 years, mean 49.13, standard Address for deviation (SD) 14.12. Central bronchiectasis — sixteen patients, bronchocoele — one patient, consolidation — correspondence: fi ve patients, collapse with mucous plugging with areas of consolidation — three patients, one patient had Dr. Subramanian bronchiectasis, consolidation with hemorrhagic pleural effusion. Fifty-eight percent of patients had received Natarajan, anti-tuberculosis medications prior to diagnosis. Serum total IgE varied from 340 to 18100 IU/mL. Two patients Department of Pulmonary had IgE levels below 1,000 IU/mL. The mean decrease in Serum total IgE levels at the end of 1 month was Medicine, Dhanwantary 26.1% (range: 0.7-71.9%) and at the end of 2 months was 58.9% (range: 11.11-93.26%) (P value of 0.004).
    [Show full text]
  • Mortierellaceae Phylogenomics and Tripartite Plant-Fungal-Bacterial Symbiosis of Mortierella Elongata
    MORTIERELLACEAE PHYLOGENOMICS AND TRIPARTITE PLANT-FUNGAL-BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS OF MORTIERELLA ELONGATA By Natalie Vandepol A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics – Doctor of Philosophy 2020 ABSTRACT MORTIERELLACEAE PHYLOGENOMICS AND TRIPARTITE PLANT-FUNGAL-BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS OF MORTIERELLA ELONGATA By Natalie Vandepol Microbial promotion of plant growth has great potential to improve agricultural yields and protect plants against pathogens and/or abiotic stresses. Soil fungi in Mortierellaceae are non- mycorrhizal plant associates that frequently harbor bacterial endosymbionts. My research focused on resolving the Mortierellaceae phylogeny and on characterizing the effect of Mortierella elongata and its bacterial symbionts on Arabidopsis thaliana growth and molecular functioning. Early efforts to classify Mortierellaceae were based on morphology, but phylogenetic studies with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers have demonstrated conflicting taxonomic groupings and polyphyletic genera. In this study, I applied two approaches: low coverage genome (LCG) sequencing and high-throughput targeted amplicon sequencing to generate multi-locus sequence data. I combined these datasets to generate a well-supported genome-based phylogeny having broad sampling depth from the amplicon dataset. Resolving the Mortierellaceae phylogeny into monophyletic groups led to the definition of 14 genera, 7 of which are newly proposed. Mortierellaceae are broadly considered plant associates, but the underlying mechanisms of association are not well understood. In this study, I focused on the symbiosis between M. elongata, its endobacteria, and A. thaliana. I measured aerial plant growth and seed production and used transcriptomics to characterize differentially expressed plant genes (DEGs) while varying fungal treatments. M. elongata was shown to promote aerial plant growth and affect seed production independent of endobacteria.
    [Show full text]