Response Team (GE Power & Water) [Mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 11:45 AM To: RST01 Hoc Subject: 1F2 Drawings

Response Team (GE Power & Water) [Mailto:GE.Hitachinuclearresponseteam@Ge.Com] Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 11:45 AM To: RST01 Hoc Subject: 1F2 Drawings

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(,Records Withheld In Part) r

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From: (b)(6) I To: Ruland. William Subject: Re: Date: Thursday, March 17, 2011 8:20:26 PM

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From b Sent: 'veu-l1eudy, lIdfUn .0, z/.J. o.mU rmI To: Ruland, William Subject:

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From: Ull Z~IZ 1 -11 To: Ruland. William Date: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 2:12:56 PM

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From: b 6 r To: Ruland. William; Subject: I Date: MFwd: aarh14, 01 8:a8:24 PM

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CX 5 of 1170 From: US Airways - Dividend Miles TO: Ruland. William Subject: q= Dividend Miles e-Statement Date: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 6:58:49 PM

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CX 8 of 1170 From: Hackett. Edwin To: Br.ch,] ll Ruland.&illln; Mamish. Nader 1(b)(6) Subject: RE: Sad News - Memorial Service for Allen Hansen Date: Monday, March 14, 2011 10:05:25 AM

Very sad - thanks Bill.

From: Brach, Bill Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 9:36 AM To: Hackett, Edwin; Ruland, William; Mamish, Nader (b)(6) Subject: FW; Sad News - Memorial Service for Allen n-=•*•, nlnnn fhp nn~to with v r ¢d news from Mike W aters. '1(b)(6) (b)(6)Ipnq-,•innl

Bill

From: Waters, Michael Sent: Sunday, March 13, 2011 9:09 PM To: Brach, Bill; Campbell, Larry Subject: Sad News - Memorial Service for Allen Hansen

FYI - Chris and I will arrange for a card and announcement to the Division

From: Bajwa, Chris Sent: Saturday, March 12, 2011 4:18 PM To: Waters, Michael Cc: Easton, Ead Subject: FW: Memorial Service for Allen Hansen

FYI I From: allenand jeanie I(b)(6) Sent: Saturday, March 12, 2011 10:18 AM To: Allen & Jeanie Hansen Subject: Memorial Service for Allen Hansen

(b)(6) rr!

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CX 11 of 1170 To: M(b)(6) l Subject: Date: Tuesday, March 15, 20-1:0:4P

L(b)(6) I -----Original Message-... I From: I(h)R9 1(b)(6) Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 10:41 AM To: Ruland, William Subject:;b 6)I

(b)(6)

IMPORTANT NOTICE : This message and any attachments are solely for the intended recipient and may contain confidential information which is, or may be, legally privileged or otherwise protected by law from further disclosure. If you are not the intended recipient, any disclosure, copying, use, or distribution of the information included in this e-mail and any attachments is prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify the sender by reply e-mail and immediately and permanently delete this e-mail and any attachments.

CX 12 of 1170 From: Damiano. Debra To: Daniels. Christian Cc: Hackett. Edwin; Ruland. William Subject: RE: Allen Hansen Date:. Monday, March 14, 2011 5:58:32 PM

/" , ý]b)(6)

From: Daniels, Christian Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 5:28 PM To: Damiano, Debra Subject: RE: Allen Hansen Hey Debbie, Thanks. Does Ed Hackett know? Christian

From: Damiano, Debra Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 12:33 PM To: Brach, Bill; Campbell, Lillie; Chin, Allison; Daniels, Christian; Delligatti, Mark; Keegan, Elaine; Raphael, Elaine Ca"mnbellIary; Monninger, John; Nelson, Robert; Lewis, Robert; Jacobs, Frank; Guttmann, Jack',en 6 nigan, James Subject: FW: Allen Hansen Forwarding to SFST Alumni - From: Waters, Michael Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 12:07 PM To: NMSSDSFST Distribution Subject: Allen Hansen (b)(6)

(b)(6)

Mike

(b)(6)

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I '1 I I

CX 14 of 1170 From: Ruland. Wiliam To: Scott. Michael Subject: Re: THANKS Date: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 5:16:59 PM

I(b)(6) w'' Bill Ruland, from USNRC Blackberry

From: Scott, Michael To: Ruland, William; Bahadur, Sher Sent: Tue Mar 15 17:13:43 2011, Subject: THANKS (b)(6)

j(b)(6)

I(b)(6)

.Mike

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MOW. U'HJOY, rO~LIU JO, ~Ut1 2.,C.U3 PU C (b)(6)

Message Summary Cne Description (b)(6)

For more information, go to www. FSAFEDS.com and click on Mv Account Summary near the top center of the page - log in and click on the 'My Claims" button near the top left or the page to view additional details on the claim(s) that we processed. My Account Summary is always open and safeguards your personal information.

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REMINDER! FSAFEDS Claims Deadline is April 30, 2011 for the 2010 Benefit Period. Eligible expenses MUST have been incurred from 111/2010 through 3115/2011. Expenses incurred after March 15, 2011 CANNOT be reimbursed from your 2010 account(s).

CX 16 of 1170 From: Brown, Michael Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 4:03 PM To: Alter, Peter Cc: RST01 Hoc Subject: RE: 1F2 Drawings

You know I did not. I meant too however, I did not.

Maybe Andy or Raj can do it tonight.

Andy/Raj, RST01 received an email today from GEH with a bunch of Unit 2 P&ID drawings in it.

If you could copy the drawings to the M: drive where the other Daiichi drawings are, I would appreciate it.

The other drawings are located in M\RST\Japan Tsunamai & Earthquake (or something like that)\Daiichi Drawings (Or something like that.)

Thanks,

Mike

From: Alter, Peter Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 3:23 PM To: Brown, Michael Subject: RE: 1F2 Drawings

Did you put them on the M:\ drive? ;-)

From: GE Hitachi Nuclear Response Team (GE Power & Water) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 11:45 AM To: RST01 Hoc Subject: 1F2 Drawings

Attached please find the GEH design drawings for various 1F2 systems, bear in mind these may not reflect the actual "as built" 1F2 configuration. Please contact the GEH Nuclear Response Team if you need any further assistance

George Depta Senior Services Project Manager Plant Performance & Optimization GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy

T 910.819.4876 IF 910.819.7966 MI (b)(6) I D *819-4876 oeorue.deota(t.e.com www..qe-ener-qy.com/nuclear

CX 17 of 1170 3901 Castle Hayne Road PO Box 780, M/C F12 Wilmington, NC 28401 USA

Thi E-milandan oiftttial reintended solely for the use of the individual or entity to which it is addressed, admycnanporeayifrainwh - e d cnietaor subject to copyright belonging to GE (GEH/GENEIGNF-A). If you are not the intended recipient ofyou are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in relation to the contents of and attachment s -ai~lis strictly prohibited and may be unlawful. If you have received this E-mail in error, please notify the sender immediately an delete the original and any copy, or destroy any printout, of this E-mail and any attachments.

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CX 33 of 1170 From: Alter, Peter Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 1:13 PM To: RST01 Hoc; RST02 Hoc Subject RE: RST Assessment

The following is the last bullet on the "Priorities" for Units 1, 2, & 3 (on pages 9, 19 and 28&29) (b)(5)

Assuming TEPCO is not familiar with the term "Primary Containment Pressure Limit," may I suggest that the bullet read: b)(5)

Peter

From: Sigmon, Rebecca Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 3:06 PM To: Alter, Peter Subject: FW: RST Assessment

FYI

From: Sigmon, Rebecca Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 2:54 PM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Norton, Charles; Collins, Timothy; Ruland, William; Hiland, Patrick; Skeen, David; Kolb, Timothy; Brown, Frederick; Thorp, John; Brown, Michael Subject: RST Assessment

Attached is updated version of the draft RST Assessment incorporating changes from Tim Collins and Peter Alter. Larry Vick and I worked out some of the details, formatting and grammatical inconsistencies. I've accepted all changes from the previous draft I sent out last night, so this version is clean.

I've updated the header with the current date and time. I have not updated plant parameters from the original version, but assume this does not affect the recommendations.

Rebecca Sigmon Reactor Systems Engineer NRR/DIRS/IOEB Operating Experience Branch (301) 415-4018 Rebecca.Sicqmon(cnrc..ov

CX 34 of 1170 From: Alter, Peter Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 7:54 AM To: Stovall, Scott Subject: RE: NLE 11 Ground Motion Calculation

Thanks Scott

Peter

--- Original Message- From: Stovall, Scott Sent: Sunday, April 24, 2011 12:14 PM To: Alter, Peter Subject: RE: NLE 11 Ground Motion Calculation

Peter

Sorry this took long. My ShackeCast system went down last week and I finally got it working today. The PGA for the Paducah Gas plant is 0.28 g. Let me know if you need anything else.

From: Alter, Peter Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 1:04 PM To: Stovall, Scott Subject: NLE 11 Ground Motion Calculation

Scott,

Would you please do a calculation of the ground motion to be felt, for the Initiating Event Earthquake for the National Level Exercise 2011, at Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Paducah, McCraken County, KY. The licensee (who we are working with) who has been assigned to develop the scenario would like an actual ground motion acceleration for realism purposes. Attached is the "Ground Truth" Map and location of the initial quake. The TAC is D92274.

PJAIter Peter J Alter Emergency Response Coordinator NSIR/DPR/IR/CB T-4A18 MS: T-4A43 301-415-7995

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file://c:\FoiaProject\FoiaPDFExport\PSTs\PETER ALTER\Emails\00129\00002.Jox 36 of t1A•9O013 From: LUS Help Sent Wednesday, April 20, 2011 4:31 PM To: Alter, Peter Subject RE: llis login

Greetings,

We have located your Lessons Learned Information Sharing account under the following username: [peterafter]. However, for security reasons we are unable to send a new password via email. If you are unable to log in with the provided username, please call the LLIS.gov Help Desk at 866-476-4827 and we will be happy to assist you.

Thank you for your interest in Lessons Learned Information Sharing.

David Lessons Learned Information Sharing 866-476-4827 https://www.llis..ov helP(.llis.dhs.qov

From: Alter, Peter [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 3:21 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Ills login

I find that I'm not able to login to Ilis. My excuse is the March 11 Japan Earthquake & Tsunami NRC Response. This week I've been successfully dealing with EMSe for the MSELs. (I know they are two separate systems.) I've also been alerted by Ills that there is info for me to see, so would you help me login to IHis.

PJAlter Peter J Alter Emergency Response Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response Washington, DC 20555-0001 Mail Stop T-4A43 301-415-7995

CX 37 of 1170 From: Williams, Joseph Sent Tuesday, April 19, 2011 8:56 AM To: Hasselberg, Rick; Alter, Peter Cc: Hiland, Patrick; Skeen, David; Dudes, Laura; Brown, Frederick Subject: Observations of RST Operations During Response to Events in Japan

This message provides my personal observations of activities of the NRC Operations Center Reactor Safety Team (RST) during the NRC's response to events in Japan after the earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. Overall, I believe the RST did a good job assessing the event, and communicating its evaluation and recommendations given the limited information available. However, experience gained during this event strongly suggests that improved tools and organization could increase the effectiveness of the team. My observations and suggestions are described below, and are based upon notes I kept during my RST shifts.

Staffing Challenges

OBSERVATIONS:

(b)(5)

CX 38 of 1170 (b)(5)

RECOMMENDATIONS:

(b)(5) S

Information Technology Deficiencies

OBSERVATIONS:

(b)(5)

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RECOMMENDATIONS:

(b)(5) S

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Other Observations and Recommendations (b)(5)

I can be reached at 415-1470 if you have questions regarding my observations and recommendations.

Joe Williams Senior Project Manager RST Communicator Office of New Reactors

CX 41 of 1170 From: Kugler, Andrew Sent Friday, April 15, 2011 3:35 PM To: Hasselberg, Rick; Alter, Peter Subject RE: Operations Center Lessons Learned - Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami Event

Rick, Peter,

In general, I thought the functions within the Ops Center ran pretty well, especially considering the unusual nature of the event to which we were responding. Folks were flexible and worked well together to get done what we needed to do. A few observations:

Scheduling

1 (b)(5)

Operations (b)(5) 1.

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I want to finish by saying that I think overall there was great cooperation within the team and between teams. I consider it a great success overall even though we can obviously find room to improve.

Andy

From: OST02 HOC Sent: Sunday, April 10, 2011 4:26 PM To: Abrams, Charlotte; Abu-Eid, Boby; Adams, John; Afshar-Tous, Mugeh; Ahn, Hosung; Alemu, Bezakulu; Algama, Don; Alter, Peter; Anderson, Brian; Anderson, James; Arndt, Steven; Arribas-Colon, Maria; Ashkeboussi, Nima; Athey, George; Baker, Stephen; Ballam, Nick; Barnhurst, Daniel; Barr, Cynthia; Barss, Dan; Bazian, Samuel; Benner, Eric; Bensi, Michelle; Bergman, Thomas; Berry, Rollie; Bhachu, Ujagar; Bloom, Steven; Blount, Tom; Boger, Bruce; Bonnette, Cassandra; Borchardt, Bill; Bowers, Anthony; Bowman, Gregory; Boyce, Tom (RES); Brandon, Lou; Brandt, Philip; Brenner, Eliot; Brock, Kathryn; Brown, Cris; Brown, David; Brown, Eva; Brown, Frederick; Brown, Michael; Bukharin, Oleg; Burnell, Scott; Bush-Goddard, Stephanie; Campbell, Stephen; Camper, Larry; Carlson, Donald; Carpenter, Cynthia; Carter, Mary; Case, Michael; Casto, Greg; Cecere, Bethany; Cervera, Margaret; Chazell, Russell; Chen, Yen-Ju; Cheng, May; Cheok, Michael; Chokshi, Nilesh; Chowdhury, Prosanta; Chung, Donald; Circle, Jeff; Clement, Richard; Clinton, Rebecca; Coe, Doug; Coggins, Angela; Collins, Frank; Cool, Donald; Correia, Richard; Corson, James; Costa, Arlon; Couret, Ivonne; Craffey, Ryan; Crutchley, Mary Glenn; Cruz, Zahira; Cuadrado, Leira; Dacus, Eugene; DeCicco, Joseph; Decker, David; Dembek, Stephen; Devlin, Stephanie; Dimmick, Lisa; Doane, Margaret; Dorman, Dan; Dorsey, Cynthia; Dozier, Jerry; Drake, Margaret; Droggitis, Spiros; Dube, Donald; Dudes, Laura; Eads, Johnny; Easson, Stuart; Emche, Danielle; English, Lance; Erlanger, Craig; Esmaili, Hossein; Evans, Michele; Faria-Ocasio, Carolyn; Figueroa, Roberto; Fiske, Jonathan; Flanders, Scott; Flannery, Cindy; Floyd, Daphene; Foggie, Kirk; Foster, Jack; Fragoyannis, Nancy; Franovich, Rani; Frazier, Alan; Freshman, Steve; Fuller, Edward; Galletta, Thomas; Gambone, Kimberly; Gardocki, Stanley; Gartman, Michael; Gibson, Kathy; Glitter, Joseph; Gilmer, James; Glenn, Nichole; Gordon, Dennis; Gott, William; Grant, Jeffery; Gray, Anita; Gray, Kathy; Greenwood, Carol; Grimes, Kelly; Grobe, Jack; Gross, Allen; Gulla, Gerald; Hackett, Edwin; Hale, Jerry; Hardesty, Duane; Hardin, Kimberly; Hardin, Leroy; Harrington, Holly; Harris, Tim; Harrison, Donnie; Hart, Ken; Hart, Michelle; Harvey, Brad; Hasselberg, Rick; Hayden, Elizabeth; Helton, Donald; Henderson, Karen; Hiland, Patrick; Hipschman, Thomas; Holahan, Patricia; Holahan, Vincent; Holian, Brian; Honolich, Joe; HOO Hoc; Horn, Brian; Howard, Arlette; Howard, Tabitha; Howe, Allen; Huffert, Anthony; Hurd, Sapna; Huyck, Doug; Imboden, Andy; Isom, James; Jackson, Karen; Jacobson, Jeffrey; Jervey, Richard; Jessie, Janelle; Johnson, Don; Johnson, Michael; Jolicoeur, John; Jones, Andrea; Jones, Cynthia; Jones, Henry; Kahler, Carolyn; Kammerer, Annie; Karas, Rebecca; Kauffman, John; Khan, Omar; Kolb, Timothy; Kotzalas, Margie; Kowalczik, Jeffrey; Kratchman, Jessica; Kugler, Andrew; Lamb, Christopher; Lane, John; Larson, Emily; Laur, Steven; LaVie, Steve; Lewis, Robert; Li, Yong; Lichatz, Taylor; Lising, Jason; Lombard, Mark; Lovell, Louise; Lubinski, John; Lui, Christiana; Lukes, Kim; Lynch, Jeffery; Ma, John; Mamish, Nader; Manahan, Michelle; Marksberry, Don; Marshall, Jane; Masao, Nagai; Maupin, Cardelia; Mayros, Lauren; Mazaika, Michael; McConnell, Keith; McCoppin, Michael; McDermott, Brian; McGinty, Tim; McGovern, Denise; McIntyre, David; McMurtray, Anthony; Merritt, Christina; Meyer, Karen; Layton, Michael; Miller, Charles; Miller, Chris; Milligan, Patricia; Miranda, Samuel; Mohseni, Aby; Moore, Scott; Morlang, Gary; Morris, Scott; Mroz (Sahm), Sara; Munson, Clifford; Murray, Charles; Musico, Bruce; Nerret, Amanda; Nguyen, Caroline; Norris, Michael; Norton, Charles; Nosek, Andrew; Opara, Stella; Ordaz, Vonna; Orr, Mark; Owens, Janice; Padovan, Mark; Parillo, John; Patel, Jay; Patel, Pravin; Patrick, Mark; Perin, Vanice; Pope, Tia; Powell, Amy; Purdy, Gary; Quinlan, Kevin; Raddatz, Michael; Ragland, Robert; Ralph, Melissa; Ramsey, Jack; Reed, Elizabeth; Reed, Sara; Reed, Wendy; Reeves, Rosemary; Reis, Terrence; Resner, Mark; Riley (OCA), Timothy; Riner, Kelly; Rini, Brett; Roach, Edward; Robinson, Edward; Rodriguez-Luccioni, Hector; Roggenbrodt, William; Ropon, Kimberly; Rosales- Cooper, Cindy; Rosenberg, Stacey; Ross-Lee, MaryJane; Roundtree, Amy; Ruland, William; Russell, Tonya; Ryan, Michelle; Salay, Michael; Salter, Susan; Salus, Amy; Sanfilippo, Nathan; Santos, Daniel; Scarbrough, Thomas; Schaperow, Jason; Schmidt, Duane; Schmidt, Rebecca; Schoenebeck, Greg; Schrader, Eric; Schwartzman, Jennifer; Seber, Dogan; See, Kenneth; Shane, Raeann; Shea, James; Shepherd, Jill; Sheron, Brian; Skarda, Raymond; Skeen, David; Sloan, Scott; Smiroldo, Elizabeth; Smith, Brooke; Smith, Stacy; Smith, Theodore; Solorio, Dave; Stahl, Eric; Stang, Annette; Stark, Johnathan; Steger (Tucci), Christine; Stieve, Alice; Stone, Rebecca; Stransky, Robert; Sturz, Fritz; Sullivan, Randy; Summers, Robert; Sun, Casper; Susco, Jeremy; Takacs, Michael; Tappert, John; Tegeler, Bret; Temple, Jeffrey; Thaggard, Mark; Thomas, Eric; Thorp, John; Tiruneh, Nebiyu; Tobin, Jennifer; Trefethen, Jean; Tschiltz, Michael; Turtil, Richard; Uhle, Jennifer; Valencia, Sandra; Vaughn, James; Velazquez-Lozada, Alexander; Vick, Lawrence; Virgilio, Martin; Virgilio, Rosetta; Ward, Leonard; Ward, William; Wastler, Sandra; Watson, Bruce; Webber, Robert; Weber, Michael; White, Bernard; Wiggins, Jim; Williams, Donna; Williams, Joseph; Williams, Tamera; Williamson, Linda; Willis, Dori; 2

CX 43 of 1170 Wimbush, Andrea; Wittick, Brian; Wray, John; Wright, Usa (Gibney); Wright, Ned; Wunder, George; Young, Francis; Zimmerman, Jacob; Zimmerman, Roy Subject: Operations Center Lessons Learned - Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami Event

Good Afternoon,

Please provide any lessons learned regarding your experiences and potential improvements from your time in the Operations Center during the Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami Event response in the Operations Center by COB, Friday, April 22, 2011.

There are several ways to provide your lessons learned:

1. Send an e-mail to your team response program manager: a. Executive Team (ET) and Executive Support Team (EST) positions: Jeff Grant ([email protected]) b. Reactor Safety Team (RST) positions: Rick Hasselberg/Peter Alter ([email protected]; [email protected]) c. Protective Measures Team (PMT) positions: Lou Brandon ([email protected]) d. Liaison Teams: Jeff Temple ([email protected])

2. Within WebEOC a. In Operations Center - click on icon on desktop b. From office or via Citrix, open Internet Explorer and type in the following IP address in the URL: 148.184.213.135 c. Once logged in, on the main control panel under Menus, select HOC Menu. Then click on the board entitled "Comments and Issues." Then click "New Entry" button (upper right corner). Type in your comments or Issues and/or your Suggestions for improvement in the appropriate boxes. Click Save when finished.

Thank You, OST02/01

CX 44 of 1170 From: Alter, Peter Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 7:33 AM To: Chernoff, Margaret Subject: ;-)Last ;-)

;-) But, he's been to Japan ;-)

From: Chemoff, Margaret Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 7:31 AM To: Alter, Peter Subject: RE: Frozen Four/Real Hockey

J-Mo is laying low!

From: Alter, Peter Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 7:31 AM To: Chernoff, Margaret Subject: RE: Frozen Four/Real Hockey

(b)(5)

From: Chemoff, Margaret Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 7:27 AM To: Alter, Peter Subject: RE: Frozen Four/Real Hockey

He's J-Mo now!!!! (b)(5)

I haven't volunteered to do anything with the Japan response - being a PWR type, I couldn't really offer any assistance.

- Margaret

From: Alter, Peter Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 7:19 AM To: Chernoff, Margaret Subject: RE: Frozen Four/Real Hockey

Only if it will get me off the Ops Center RST Watch bill. My RST Coordinator Qual Card is complete, but I can pull your act with Middle Jim's insistence. ;-) From: Chemoff, Margaret Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 3:14 PM To: Alter, Peter Subject: RE: Frozen Four (b)(6)

CX 45 of 1170 (b)(6) Hope all is well with you! Margaret (b)(5)

From: Alter, Peter Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 4:19 PM To: Chernoff, Margaret; Chemoff, Harold Subject: Frozen Four hftp:l/www. ncaa.com/brackets/icehockey-men/dl1/2011 is the link to the NCAA Men's Div 1 Hockey "Frozen Four" Bracket.

I've seen a few of these games, they are awesome.

At one point during the fourth quarter of the UND/Michigan game, they were six minutes of uninterrupted skating (between whistles). Ya gotta watch next-next Thursday and Saturday.

Peter

CX 46 of 1170 From: (b(6 Sent Tuesday, March 29, 2011 10:07 AM To: Alter, Peter Subject: Fw: Nuclear Disaster Preparedness

The article below on preparing for a nuclear disaster is actually really good - along the lines of our discussion this morning.

- Forwarded Message -- From: Daily Health News To: (b)(6) I Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 2:33 AM Subject: Nuclear Disaster Preparedness

Don't miss any of Bottom Line's Daily Health News. Add our address, [email protected], to your Address Book or Safe List. Learn how here.

March 29, 2011

XI ..-- .. ...

IN THIS ISSUE...

" Goofy Video About Retiring Free... , Nuclear Disaster Preparedness -- Know What to Do Should the Worst- Case Scenario Unfold * The 10 Biggest and Deadliest Heart Myths * Can Daydreaming Be Bad for Your Health? * Do You Coupon?

GOOFY VIDEO ABOUT RETIRING FREE... I've made this new presentation for you about how to retire truly free. You need little money and zero experience to get started. But the sooner you start, the better this works. So... Whether you've already retired, or want to retire soon, I urge you to click here to watch this video presentation now.

NUCLEAR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Japan is a country known for its state-of-the art technology and particularly for its preparedness for earthquake damage. Who could have imagined that the quake of March 11, 2011, would be so intense.., the tsunami so devastating.., the nuclear power plants' safety systems rendered so frighteningly useless? The takeaway here is that the worst-case scenario can surprise any of us - and

CX 47 of 1170 preparedness is essential. A 2010 survey of state health departments, published in the March 14, 2011 issue of DisasterMedicine and Public Health Preparedness,warned that most US states are not prepared to deal with a nuclear emergency. That may start to change for the better now, but no matter where you live, you can and should take your own steps to protect yourself and your family. Here's what you need to know to survive a release of radiation from a nuclear power plant, whether due to an earthquake, a malfunction in an aging plant -- or even a terrorist attack... PLANNING FOR THE SITUATION YOU'RE IN A look at the current crisis in Japan shows people coping with a wide range of situations. Some were located in "the evacuation zone" within 12 miles of the reactor, where everyone was asked to leave (the US has set the limit for Americans in Japan higher and calls for a 50-mile evacuation). Others are located in a "take shelter zone," 12 to 19 miles from the reactor. Beyond that, by Japanese standards, you are in the safe zone. The US asks for a measure of "beyond 50 miles" to meet this qualification. So planning for a family's safety in one situation as opposed to another could be quite radically different. Whether you will stay or not, and for how long, will depend on what officials tell you to do based on the particulars of the situation, but a key lesson is to be prepared to hunker down for quite a few days in case you can't leave immediately. In Japan, if you were fortunate enough to be in the safe zone, the questions you faced were very straightforward. You watched the news, assessed the most reliable information you could, and either made plans to stay or gathered your family and went as quickly as possible to friends or relatives who you felt could offer you safer haven. If however, you were living within either of the areas closer to the radiation leak - - either "the evacuation zone" or the "take shelter zone" -- you would have needed a very different kind of plan. Some family members might have been at their places of business at the onset of the emergency... others at school or elsewhere. Deciding in advance where, when and how you would all make contact could have been critical. And you would need to have a plan B as well, as there is no way to know in advance which parts of a community, town or region would be safest - or where it would be safest to meet. The lesson: Make sure you all carry your cell phones and have each other's numbers and that everyone knows how to send and receive text messages. If the cell-phone network goes down, text messages sometimes get through when voice phone calls cannot. TAKING SHELTER Once your family members are accounted for, people in the evacuation zone would do just that - evacuate. For that group and for the "take shelter" group, radiation would become the next, primary concern. You would need to protect yourself and your loved ones against the escape of radioisotopes such as Iodine 131 and Cesium 137, which can respectively cause thyroid cancer or general cell damage that could result in cancer years down the road. If you absolutely must go out of doors, protect yourself as best you can by covering all skin, including wearing a hat and gloves even if the weather is warm. James H. Thrall, MD, radiologist-in-chief at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School, told me that there are medicines to help (more on this below) and practical steps that can be taken to keep yourself as safe as possible from the dangers. REMOVE CONTAMINATED CLOTHING If you've been outside and may have been contaminated, get into an area that is free of contamination and quickly remove your clothing and shoes. This eliminates about 90% of external contamination, according to the Mayo Clinic. Place all clothing in a plastic bag, seal or tie it and place it as far away as possible from humans and animals. (Later you can call local authorities and ask about the proper disposal of this hazardous waste.) TAKE A SHOWER

CX 48 of 1170 To remove any remaining radioactive particles, take a shower using plenty of soap and hot water if it's available. Gentle washing - not scrubbing - is best, since you don't want to break your skin and allow particles to enter. Use shampoo but not conditioner in your hair. Conditioner binds with radioactive material and keeps it from rinsing out easily. Gently blow your nose, and wipe your eyelids, eyelashes and ears with a clean, wet cloth. Wash feet extra well, especially if they have gotten wet in water that could have contained contamination. (Afterward, dispose of any cleaning materials along with your clothing.) SEAL OUT CONTAMINANTS Put duct tape and plastic sheeting around windows and doors to seal out contaminants. Close vents, fireplace flues and other openings. Use an air cleaner with a HEPA filter to remove airborne contaminants - it might be a good idea to buy one now if you don't already have one. EMERGENCY SUPPLIES Emergency supplies will be critical while you wait or once you are on the move. (Be sure to assemble these things and keep them in your house, just in case we have a nuclear emergency in the US.)

" Water. One gallon per person per day for at least three days, for drinking and for sanitation.

* Food. A three-day supply of cans (and a few can openers) plus other nonperishable items that require little or no preparation, no cooking and very little water to prepare -- such as jars of peanut butter, dried fruits, crackers and nuts. Also include a supply of infant formula, if appropriate.

" Face masks for filtering particles from contaminated air. Ordinary face masks used in medical applications are not effective as they do not fit tightly enough, Dr. Thrall said. But there is another class of face mask typically referred to as a "respirator" that can be form fitted. These are very effective in filtering even virus-sized particles. For more information about respirators, including the N95 filtering face piece respirator certified by the CDC/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), check their Web site at www.cdc.qov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respfact.html.

" A battery-powered radio and a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio with tone alert will provide immediate access to official information in case of emergency. Be sure you have plenty of extra batteries. In addition you should have a hand- crank radio - shop now for one that incorporates a built-in cell-phone charging receptacle.

* Flashlights. Batteries run out much quicker than most of us anticipate. Consider also a Forever Flashlight (or similar brand), which does not need batteries. Instead, shaking it for 30 seconds charges a capacitor to provide five to seven minutes of light. A flashlight with an LED bulb will run longer than a standard one.

* Plastic sheeting, scissors and duct tape for sealing off a safe area in your house.

* A first-aid kit with sterile gloves and dressings, adhesive bandages and eyewash to use as a decontaminant is critical as well. Also keep on hand a supply of your prescription medications. (Rotate these periodically due

CX 49 of 1170 to expiration dates.)

* A good, strong whistle on a long string for each person in your family to signal for help if necessary.

Other items: Cash, extra eyeglasses, pet food and extra water for your pet, sleeping bags or warm insulated blankets, changes of clothing, diapers and copies of important family documents such as passports, birth certificates and insurance policy papers. WATCH WHAT YOU EAT AND DRINK Do not consume local produce until government monitors confirm that radioactive isotopes have decayed to safe levels. Food Safety officials in Japan found that Iodine 131 in their tested milk was up to five times what the government deems safe, and spinach had levels of more than seven times the safe level. Shipments of both milk and spinach were halted. But certain types of radioactivity decay rapidly. For example, Iodine 131 has an eight-day half life, so it is nearly all gone in two and one half months, says Dr. Thrall. COPING WITH THE FALLOUT In the years following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster, during which large concentrations of Cesium 137, Iodine 131 and other radioactive isotopes were released, an epidemic of thyroid cancer developed because children drank milk from cows grazing on grass contaminated by fallout. Children and fetuses are particularly vulnerable to the effects of radiation because they are still growing and their cells are rapidly dividing. That is why exposed children and pregnant women should be the first to be given the most protective medicine available -- potassium iodide pills. But since the exposure to radioactive elements such as iodine and cesium may be gradual you may be able to protect yourself... WHEN TO TAKE POTASSIUM IODIDE Following the nuclear incident in Japan, there was a worldwide run on potassium iodide (KI), which protects people from radiation-induced thyroid cancer. These over-the-counter tablets work by flooding the thyroid gland with nonradioactive iodine so that radioactive iodine cannot be absorbed. But KI can harm you if it's taken unnecessarily. So the question is, how do you know whether you've been exposed to radioactive iodine? According to Dr. Thrall, "In some cases, you cannot tell if you've been exposed, but anyone known to be within an established zone of higher fallout is presumed to have been. The real question is the uncertainty of how much the exposure has been and whether taking potassium iodide is necessary. People should understand that a small fraction of people will have an allergic or other reaction to potassium iodide, and a small fraction may develop either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism depending on the status of their thyroid glands, something that is also typically not known. That is why it is not recommended that people take potassium iodide without a substantial reason. They should wait for an official announcement about it." If you do end up taking KI pills, Dr. Thrall said it's best to do so within two to four hours of exposure. Typical doses: Age 18+, 130 mg daily... age three to 18, 65 mg daily... one month to three years, 32 mg daily... birth to one month, 16 mg daily -- until authorities announce that there is no more risk for exposure. In 2002, the US Congress passed legislation requiring the government to supply potassium iodide to everyone living within a 20-mile radius of a nuclear power plant -- but no administration has ever implemented the provision, and I'd hate to wait for an emergency to test the distribution system. You can buy the pills yourself online and at many pharmacies - just be sure they are made by one of the FDA-approved companies - such as losat tablets (www.anbex.com), ThryoSafe tablets (www.ThyroSafe.com), or ThyroShield solution (www.ThyroShield.com). Remember that KI protects against only thyroid cancer. There are other cancer

CX 50 of 1170 risks associated with radiation exposure, and medications to help reduce your risk might include medications to stimulate your bone marrow to manufacture more cells or drugs to rid the body of radioisotopes. For example, Prussian blue is a dye that binds to the radioactive particles cesium and thallium and can be used as an antidote after exposure. So those who are exposed to a radiation leak should stay in close touch with their physicians and consider more frequent screenings to counter any exposure-related cancer risk. In Dr. Thrall's opinion, the biggest ongoing health problems after most nuclear power plant incidents are psychological -- having been close to radiation causes mental anguish and it is impossible to know how one's future might have been altered by the event. This stress can be debilitating for some people if not addressed -- so be sure to reach out and get the emotional as well as physical health support you need following any disaster. Source(s): James H. Thrall, MD, radiologist-in-chief, Massachusetts General Hospital, Juan M. Taveras Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston.

THE 10 BIGGEST AND DEADLIEST HEART MYTHS The number of heart attacks has increased by 27 percent over the past 20 years, in spite of all the supposed advances of modern medicine. What's going on here? Could we be mistaken about some things? Perhaps we're under some major misconceptions about heart disease. Like... Myth #1 - Heart disease and heart attacks are an inevitable part of aging. Myth #2 -- Cholesterol is the main cause of heart disease and heart attacks. Myth #3 - Blood pressure drugs help you avoid heart problems and live longer. Myth #4 - Aggressive, "type A" behavior increases your risk of a heart attack. Myth #5 -- Low-fat, low cholesterol diets are good for you and your heart. Learn more...

CAN DAYDREAMING BE BAD FOR YOUR HEALTH? Intriguing new research from Harvard has used trendy technology to learn that daydreaming makes people unhappy. "A human mind is a wandering mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy mind," says Matthew A. Killingsworth, a doctoral student in psychology at Harvard -- who was happy to focus on sharing the results of his research when I called him recently. DREAMING YOUR LIFE AWAY In 2009, Killingsworth and his colleagues launched an iPhone Web application, "Track Your Happiness" (http://www.TrackYourHaopiness.orq/), to study the causes of happiness in everyday life. At random intervals, they contacted 2,250 volunteers (average age 34) to see what they were doing at that moment... what they were thinking about (specifically, whether they were thinking about their current activity or something else)... and how happy they were (on a scale of 0 to 100). Killingsworth and his team were surprised to discover that people spent nearly half their time (47%) daydreaming or thinking about things other than what they were doing. In an analysis of 250,000 responses, they also found that...

* People's minds were least likely to wander during sex. When asked what they had been thinking about, 90% of those making love said they had been completely engaged in that activity.

" During every activity other than sex, people's minds wandered at least

CX 51 of 1170 30% of the time. Not surprisingly, mind wandering was most common during personal grooming tasks such as brushing teeth, showering and dressing (as high as 65%) and commuting and traveling (over 60%).

People were happiest during sex. Participants gave sex a 90% rating on the 0-to-100 feelings scale, followed (in descending order of happiness) by exercising (about 15 points lower), conversing, listening to music, taking a walk, eating, praying and meditating. Personal grooming, commuting and working ranked lowest for happiness.

BE HERE NOW - OR ELSE The rate of mind wandering was clearly lower during more enjoyable activities, but whatever people did - whether it was having sex or commuting -- they were happier when focused on the matter at hand rather than thinking about something else. The psychologists found that if someone's mind wandered away from the task at hand, a short time later (say, 15 minutes) he/she was apt to report being less happy. Crunching the numbers further, the investigators estimated that mind-wandering status was responsible for nearly 11% of a person's state of happiness, and the nature of the current activity for only 4.6%. These findings were published in the November 12, 2010, issue of the journal Science. FIX YOUR FOCUS Mind wandering is an excellent predictor of people's happiness, says Killingsworth - in the vast majority of cases (outside of sex), it was a better indicator than the activity they were engaged in. Given this conclusion, I asked him what advice he had for my readers. Is this, in simplest terms, a wake-up call that if you want to be as happy as you can be, you really should try to "live in the moment?" The study results suggest that this is the case, Killingsworth replied, but more research is needed to know for sure and to know how best to do so. In the meantime, the study is continuing. More than 5,000 people are now using the researchers' iPhone Web app, and anyone with an iPhone can participate. Source(s): Matthew Killingsworth, doctoral student, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

DO YOU COUPON? I love clipping coupons. I find it very relaxing to shop -- with my sole focus on shopping the coupons and saving money on other in-store bargains. My "game" is to save at least $20/trip at the supermarket, and at least 30% when I buy higher-priced items at other stores. Read on... Be well,

Carole Jackson Bottom Line's Daily Health News You received this free E-letter because you have requested it.You are on the mailing list as [email protected]. Or... a friend forwarded it to you. Click here to easily subscribe. You can easily unsubscribe by clicking here. To change your e-mail address click here To update your e-mail preferences click here Important"Help your friends live more healthfully - forward this E-letter to them. Better: Send it to many friends and your whole family. This is a free e-mail service of BottomLineSecrets.com and Boardroom Inc. Need to contact us? http:/lwww.bottomlinesecrets.com/cust service/contact.html Boardroom Inc. 281 Tresser Boulevard 6

CX 52 of 1170 Stamford, CT 06901-3246 ATTN: Web Team Privacy Policy: BottomLineSecrets.com Web Site Privacy Policy Required Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be construed as a health- care diagnosis, treatment regimen or any other prescribed health-care advice or instruction. The information is provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the practice of medicine or any other health-care profession and does not enter into a health-care practitioner/patient relationship with its readers. The publisher does not advise or recommend to its readers treatment or action with regard to matters relating to their health or well-being other than to suggest that readers consult appropriate health-care professionals in such matters. No action should be taken based solely on the content of this publication. The information and opinions provided herein are believed to be accurate and sound at the time of publication, based on the best judgment available to the authors. However, readers who rely on information in this publication to replace the advice of health-care professionals, or who fail to consult with health-care professionals, assume all risks of such conduct. The publisher is not responsible for errors or omissions. Bottom Line's Daily Health News is a registered trademark of Boardroom, Inc. Coght (c) 2011 by Boardroom Inc.

CX 53 of 1170 From: Alter, Peter Sent- Monday, March 14, 2011 4:13 PM To: Spindler, David Subject: Call Peter Alter Please

My office phone is 301-415-7995 (first) Or I'm in the Operations Center 310-816-5505 Because We are watching/listening to the progression of things in Japan.

PJAlter Peter J Alter NRC Emergency Response Coordinator

CX 54 of 1170 From: I(b)(6) Sent Monday, March 14, 2011 1:56 PM To: Alter, Peter, Kate A Lewis; Janet Stocco; William Alter Subject Fwd: hope you are OK

(b)(6)

--- Forwarded Message ---- From: F(b)(6) To: I(b)(6) Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 9:51:42 AM Subject: Re: hope you are OK

--- Original Message -- From:(b)(6)I To: (b)(6)I Sent Sunday, March 13, 2011 9:33 PM Subject hope you are OK

[(b)(6) I I(b)(6)

CX 55 of 1170 From: Alter, Peter Sent Friday, March 11, 2011 12:02 PM To: Kozal, Jason Subject: RE: the boring thoughts for the day

No, but I now have 2/3 of my quals done for an RST position. I'm only missing GRT! Peter

From: Kozal, Jason Sent: Friday, March 11, 2011 9:15 AM To: Alter, Peter Subject: Re: the boring thoughts for the day

Wanna bet that the NLE scenario changes?

Sent from an NRC BlackBerry I(b)(6)Inenn %AKA-7~

From: Alter, Peter To: Kozal, Jason Sent: Fri Mar 11 09:10:55 2011 Subject: the boring thoughts for the day

A BWR-2 is being discussed in the Ops Center. Sounds like an SBO and on the ICS with no high pressure injection. Peter

From: Kozal, Jason Sent: Friday, March 11, 2011 9:09 AM To: Alter, Peter Subject: Re: Meet me at Dulles

Nice. MI'bring the sunscreen. They are doing a 3km evac around the plant in northern Japan. Sounds like a loss of decay heat removal.

Sent from an NRC BlackBerry Jason W Kozal I(b)(6)

From: Alter, Peter To: Kozal, Jason Sent: Fri Mar 11 08:53:20 2011 Subject: Meet me at Dulles (b)(5)

CX 56 of 1170 From: Jones, Evan Sent Thursday, April 07, 2011 12:33 PM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: ET02 Hoc Subject RE: Japan Laptops

Thanks, Nick!

Evan Jones U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Workstation Integration Team Leader OIS/ICODIDDB/ (301) 415-6950

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Thursday, April 07, 2011 12:29 PM To: Jones, Evan Cc: ET02 Hoc Subject: Japan Laptops

Evan,

I just left you a voicemail with some more information on the Japan team and their use of laptops. Not sure if it was all captured or if I got cut off.

If you need more information send an email to ET02.HOCaDnrc..qov. The person acting right now in there is Karen Jackson and she'll be glad to help you. You could also come down to the Ops Center and speak with her in person if you would like.

Thanks, -Nick

CX 57 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:31 AM To: Picanso, Frank Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Excellent. Thank you!

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:28 AM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Jackson, Terrence Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Nick, Your servers are all set. Terrence Jackson from our team will be working with you. He sits in T5e36.

Regards, Frank

-- Original Message- From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:16 AM To: Picanso, Frank Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Frank, I left you a voice mail on your cell... Just wondering who will be working with us today. Thanks.

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2011 11:32 PM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Nick, Just contact me. I'm not sure who will e working with you.

Regards, Frank x6291 cell:l(b)(6)

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Saturday, March 26, 2011 12:40 PM To: Picanso, Frank Cc: Brown, Cris; Banas, Paul; '[email protected]' Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Due to Ops Center Staffing issues I have moved the test server migration to Thursday the 31st. This will allow one more day of preparation to your staff if needed.

CX 58 of 1170 With whom should I coordinate to facilitate the migration to the test server? My contractor is scheduled to be here from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. on Thursday the 31st.

Thank you, -Nick

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2011 7:42 AM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Brown, Cris; Banas, Paul; '[email protected]' Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Nick, We can be ready by the 30th.

Regards, Frank

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 9:47 PM To: Picanso, Frank Cc: Brown, Cris; Banas, Paul; '[email protected]' Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Frank,

I'm working a couple graveyard shifts in the HOC over the next few days... But my contractor and I will be available a week from tomorrow (Wednesday the 30th) to install to the test virtual servers. Will it be possible to have the environment ready for us at that time?

I also recommend that we push the status meeting originally scheduled for Monday forward until after we have time to install the test environment. This would also aid the NSIR participants as it's a bit hectic right now with the Japan incident and overtime being worked in the HOC. I'll see if I can find a better date for our status meeting...

Thanks, -Nick

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 4:44 PM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Brown, Cris; Banas, Paul Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Nick, Not sure on the licensing. That would be a Paul Banas or Judy Seeherman question. I've looped them in. Thanks,

Frank

CX 59 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 4:42 PM To: Picanso, Frank Cc: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

OK Yes, that's exactly what we need. And once we go into production, we understood that ICOD would provide the SQL Server licensing and we would be responsible for our own Web Server (Windows 2008 Server) license. Correct?

Thanks, -Nick

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 4:41 PM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Yes.

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 4:40 PM To: Picanso, Frank Cc: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Just deciphered it.. Windows 2008 Server R2? ©

From: Picanso, Frank Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 4:38 PM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Nick, I believe that 2Wink8R2 servers were required. One would have IIS running and the other with SQL Server. Please confirm. We just finished up with HRMS and the new public P8 test system, so we should be able to get to it in the next few days.

Regards, Frank

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 2:47 PM To: Picanso, Frank Cc: Brown, Cris Subject: NSIR Intranet Test Server

Frank,

CX 60 of 1170 Just checking in to see the status of the NSIR Intranet test virtual server in the CTF. Is it ready, or do you have an estimate when it will be so I can coordinate with my contractor? We have a pending meeting coming up on Monday to discuss the status of this project but I haven't heard anything in a while... Let me know.

Thanks, -Nick

CX 61 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Monday, March 28, 2011 12:20 PM To: Richardson, Sheron Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Update (Migration to OIS)

No Problem. I just updated it.

From: Richardson, Sheron Sent: Monday, March 28, 2011 11:29 AM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: RE: NSIR Intranet Update (Migration to OIS)

Hey Nick is it possible to start this meeting at 11:30 to avoid a conflict with Susan and Cris's calendar?

Sheron

Original----- Appointment ----- From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 01, 2011 6:21 PM To: Ballam, Nick; Brown, Cris; Banas, Paul; Picanso, Frank; Abraham, Susan Subject: NSIR Intranet Update (Migration to OIS) When: Monday, April 04, 2011 11:00 AM-11:30 AM (GMT-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada). Where: HQ-TWFN-03C01-10p

When: Monday, April 04, 2011 11:00 AM-11:30 AM (GMT-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada). Where: HQ-TWFN-03C01-10p

Note: The GMT offset above does not reflect daylight saving time adjustments.

This is a follow up meeting to the one that we held last week. We will discuss the progress of the migration effort, and discuss further costing information.

Update: This meeting is being pushed back a week due to staffing issues with the Japan Accident, and to allow time to install the NSIR Intranet into the test environment before the meeting. Thank you.

CX 62 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent Friday, March 18, 2011 4:44 PM To: Brown, Cris Subject RE:

Got a call back from Admin Services. She said it's free parking after 4:00 for NRC Employees and to just tell them that

I'm working on the Japan Crisis and spoke with OPA if they have any problems.

-Nick

-Original Message--- From: Brown, Cris Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 4:36 PM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: Fw:

On the parking, you can get a pass from the HOC. I was given extension 8200 as the number to call. Cris Brown IT Branch Chief NSIR/PMDA/ITB Office: 301-415-5768 BlackBerry:J~b)(6)

-- Original Message ----- From: Brown, Cris To: Ballam,.Nick Sent: Fri Mar 18 16:22:33 2011 Subject: Re:

We are letting Omar know to look for you. There was a message earlier about waiving the parking fee. Look for it. Cris Brown IT Branch Chief NSIR/PMDA/ITB Office: 301-415-5768 BlackBerryi(b)(6)J

- Original Message ----- From: Ballam, Nick To: Brown, Cris Sent: Fri Mar 18 16:17:31 2011 Subject: RE:

OK. I will plan on being there at 11:00. Do I need to contact Omar or anyone else first? Maybe I could check out the CHRON job while I'm there as well to see if I want to fill that one.

-- Original Message---

From: Brown, Cris

CX 63 of 1170 Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 4:14 PM To: Ballam, Nick Cc: Khan, Omar Subject: Re:

That would be good. You will only need a few hours. Cris Brown IT Branch Chief NSIR/PMDA/ITB Office: 301-415-5768 BlackBerry: 1(b)(6)

--- Original Message ---- From: Ballam, Nick To: Brown, Cris Sent: Fri Mar 18 15:56:42 2011 Subject: RE:

Can I come in tonight to be trained by Omar? I'd feel most comfortable with that I think. If I did this do you think I would want to stay the full shift?

-Nick

From: Brown, Cris Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 3:41 PM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: RE:

Chron sits with headphones and listens to the Executive Team. You take bullet point type minutes.

Resp Ops Sys is a multi hat, IT support, OIS interface, change of video display etc

You would have plenty of support and are capable of either.

Cris Brown

IT Branch Chief

Program Management, Policy Development and Analysis Staff

Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response

Office: 301-415-5768

CX 64 of 1170 BlackBerry: I I

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 3:38 PM To: Brown, Cris Subject: RE:

Cris,

Thanks for the response. Can you give me more details about the EST Chron? Is that like taking minutes? I would be willing to fill that open slot if needed (and if I would be capable).

As far as training for the Resp Ops Sys Manager that sounds interesting. Do you think I would be capable of being trained and subsequently acting as Ops Sys Mgr the next week? I wouldn't want to mess anything up from lack of knowledge or anything.... What types of responsibilities does that position have?

Thanks,

-Nick

From: Brown, Cris Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 3:22 PM To: Ballam, Nick Subject:

Nick,

The yellows are the open slots. You could easily fill the EST Chron. Alternatively, you can come in during one of these slots this weekend to be trained as a Resp Ops Sys Mgr: Karen had a death in the family and her schedule will be changeable next week. So, we will probably need a backfill. You probably don't want to come when Jean and I are working as we are newbies. I can let someone know if you want to do this. It is a little challenging to get in the door- have the guard dial extension 5303 or 5304 to have someone escort you in.

Cris

Fri-Sat 3/18-3/19 11pm-7am Omar Khan

CX 65 of 1170 Sat 19-Mar 7am - 3pm Cris Brown

Sat 19-Mar 3pm-llpm Bob Stransky

Sat-Sun 3/19-3/20 11pm - 7am Jean Trefethan

Sun 20-Mar 7am - 3pm Karen Jackson

Sun 20-Mar 3pm-llpm Roberto Figueroa

CX 66 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 11:20 AM To: Sandin, Stephen Subject: RE: For STEVE: PWS Meeting Today

Steve,

Sounds great. We will be meeting in HQ-TWFN-10CO1.

Thanks!

-Nick

From: Sandin, Stephen Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 11:16 AM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: RE: For STEVE: PWS Meeting Today

Nick,

Both Howie Crouch and myself plan on attending the meeting at 1:00 p.m. today. Is the meeting on the 1 0 th floor of TWFN and, if so, what room? I will be on shift Wednesday thru Sunday 12-24 and, work load permitting, may be available to attend any follow-up meeting.

Steve

From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 9:02 AM To: Sandin, Stephen; HOO Hoc Cc: Brown, Cris; Daley, Michael Subject: For STEVE: PWS Meeting Today

Steve,

We had scheduled a meeting today regarding PWS from 1:00-3:00 p.m. I originally had it scheduled in the Op Center, but have moved it to the 10" floor due to the Japanese Reactor Incident activities taking place in the HOC.

I am sure you are very busy, but I just wanted to check to see if you could foresee any availability over the next two days to meet with me and the EtQ Software representative regarding PWS requirements? It could be done on the computer via GoToMeeting if that would be more accommodating to you as well.

Thanks, -Nick

CX 67 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent Tuesday, March 15, 2011 9:03 AM To: Daley, Michael Subject Status...

Mike,

Just arrived at the NRC. Things are a bit hectic around here with the Japanese Reactor incident. Just checking in to see what's going on out at Gude... Has the EtQ representative arrived? Should I head over there this a.m.?

-Nick

CX 68 of 1170 From: Ballam, Nick Sent Tuesday, March 15, 2011 8:14 AM To: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: Briefing with Michele this am

OK. I'll check into it when I get to work. I'd rather have it at the NRC if possible. Do you think I should even try to contact Steve Sandin to check on availability, or is he pretty much swamped for the next few days? I wouldn't want him out of the HOC at a time like this...

Let me know about the meeting with Michelle.... If it's off I may head straight to Gude for this a.m.

-Nick

From: Brown, Cris Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 8:13 AM To: Ballam, Nick Subject: RE: Briefing with Michele this am

HOC is operating around the clock. You may be lucky on the conf rooms as many meetings are being cancelled. Other options are the SGI reading room on the 4th floor in addition to Gude and GoToMeeting.

Cris Brown IT Branch Chief Program Management, Policy Development and Analysis Staff Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response Office: 301-415-5768 BlackBerry: [(Ib6 IIZ

--- Original Message--- From: Ballam, Nick Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 8:10 AM To: Brown, Cris Subject: RE: Briefing with Michele this am

I am on my way to work. Should be there right around 8:30.

Also: What's the climate like with the Japan crisis? I'm trying to decide how to proceed with the PWS meetings for today. I doubt I'll be able to get a 2 hour block of conference rooms on zero notice... We may have to hold the meetings at Gude Drive and have GoToMeeting access for those who cannot attend... THoughts?

-Nick

From: Brown, Cris Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 7:47 AM To: Alemu, Bezakulu; Ballam, Nick; Cheng, May; Khan, Omar; Valencia, Sandra Subject: Briefing with Michele this am

CX 69 of 1170 All, I'm still not sure if our 8:30am ITB briefing with Michele Evans is on or off. I've updated the slide deck and am prepared to punt if you cannot attend. Thanks, Cris

Cris Brown IT Branch Chief Program Management, Policy Development and Analysis Staff Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response Office: 301-415-5768 BlackBerry:(b)6

CX 70 of 1170 From: RidsOpaMail Resource Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 4:57 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Request for Comment on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

You're welcome.

-- Original Message ----- From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 8:04 PM To: RidsOpaMail Resource Subject: RE: Request for Comment on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

Thanks very much Brenda- I was in the process of sending you an email asking if you had seen it- thanks for the reply-

Cyndi

Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D. Senior Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security Office of Nuclear Security & Incident Response U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mail Stop T4-D22A Washington, DC 20555 0: (3011 415-0298 C:l(b)(6)

From: RidsOpaMail Resource Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 4:56 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Request for Comment on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

Hello Cynthia,

The Office of Public Affairs has no comment regarding this management directive.

We apologize for the delay in getting this information to you. We are finally approaching a "normal" routine since the Japan Tsunami/Earthquake events.

Brenda

Brenda Akstulewicz Administrative Assistant Office of Public Affairs 301-415-8209 [email protected]

CX 71 of 1170 [cid:[email protected]

From: Salus, Amy Sent: Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:49 PM To: RidsEdoMailCenter Resource; RidsOgcMailCenter Resource; RidsOigMailCenter Resource; RidsOcaMailCenter Resource; RidsOpaMail Resource; RidsAdmMailCenter Resource; RidsFsmeOd Resource; RidsNrrOd Resource; RidsNroMailCenter Resource; RidsNmssOd Resource; RidsNrrOd Resource; RidsNrrMailCenter Resource; RidsRgn4MailCenter Resource; RidsRgn3MailCenter Resource; RidsRgn2MailCenter Resource; RidsRgnlMailCenter Resource; McIntosh, Angela; Decker, David; Powell, Tamara; Harrington, Holly; Sigmon, Rebecca; StAmour, Norman; Gott, William Subject: Request for Comment on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

March 2, 2011

MEMORANDUM TO: Those on the Attached List

FROM: James T. Wiggins, Director /RA/ Michele Evans for Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response

SUBJECT: REQUEST FOR COMMENT ON MANAGEMENT DIRECTIVE AND HANDBOOK 5.12, "INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL EVENT SCALE (INES) PARTICIPATION"

Please provide your comments electronically on the enclosed Adobe file enabled for commenting no later than April 1, 2011 to Cynthia Jones, NSIR/OD 301-415-0298

CX 72 of 1170 From: Kokajko, Lawrence Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 2:20 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Cc: Evans, Michele; Hoc, PMT12 Subject: FW: Composite rev 7dww.docx Attachments: Untitled; FW: Composite; Composite rev 7dww.docx

Cindi:

Good afternoon. I am working here today, and I wanted to discuss the composite report with you to get your perspective since I understand you may be involved with it more than casually. Essentially, as we discussed, this does not seem quite ready yet. Based upon your understanding I understand Michele has the lead. I have comments that I provided to you, including the attachments herein.

LEK

From: Doolittle, Elizabeth Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 4:29 PM To: Hoc, PMT12 Cc: Milligan, Patricia; Kokajko, Lawrence Subject: Composite rev 7dww.docx

For your consideration.

Beth Doolittle

Elizabeth L. Doolittle Technical Assistant to the Office Director Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (3010 492-3238

CX 73 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFF-ICIAL USE OBNtY

Recommendations for US citizens on relaxation of the 50 mile evacuation recommendation and re-entry to evacuated areas around Fukushima Daiichi NPP

(b)(5)

CX 74 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFriefAL usE-oNLY-

(b)(5)

CX 75 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

Decision criteria for Recommending for Reduction of the 50 mile evacuation zone to 25 miles.

(b)(5)

2 rem TEDE for the first year and 0.5 rem for any year thereafter, not to exceed a total dose of 5 rem over 50 years.

CX 76 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

Enclosure 1 2 Radiation Protection Guidelines

Rriefinn Information for Members of the Public

(b)(5)

.. J. 2 EPA 400-R-92-001, "Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents," dated May 1992 provides the following guidance:

Section 7.6: After the restricted zone is established, based on the PAGs for relocation, adults may reenter the restricted zone under controlled conditions in accordance with occupational standards.

Section 7.6.1 Because of the difficulties in predicting the destiny of uncontrolled surface contamination, a contaminated individual or item should not be released to an unrestricted area unless contamination levels are low enough that they produce only a small increment of risk to health (e.g., less than 20 percent), compared to the risk to health from the principle exposure pathway (e.g., whole body gamma dose) in areas immediately outside the evacuation zone. On the other hand, a level of contamination comparable to that existing on surfaces immediately outside the restricted zone may be acceptable on materials leaving the restricted zone. Otherwise, persons and equipment occupying areas immediately outside the restricted zone would not meet the surface contamination limits. These two constraints are used to set permissible surface contamination limits.

CX 77 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFFICIAL USE -NLY

I (b)(5)

CX 78 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFFICIAL USE&OIY

Enclosure 2

Confidence Needed to Assure that Plant Conditions will not Worsen in the Near-Term for relaxing 50 mile evacuation zone

(b)(5)

CX 79 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFFICIAL USE ONLY

(b)(5)

Withdrawal of the Re-entry Recommendation should be considered for the following:

(b)(5)

Relaxation of 50 mile evacuation recommendation to support return ( reoccupancy):

(b)(5)

CX 80 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFFiCIAL USE ON•Y

(b)(5)

Plant conditions that would support a recommendation for Return include:

(b)(5)

Withdrawal of the Return Recommendation should be considered for the following:

(b)(5)

CX 81 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

OFFICIAL USE O.NtYY

(b)(5)

CX 82 of 1170 Our assessments and recommendations are based on the best available technical information. We acknowledge that the information is subject to change and refinement.

UtriCIAL USE QOLY-

Enclosure 3

Infrastructure considerations

Considerations for return to the evacuated area should include the following:

(b)(5)

CX 83 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:45 AM To: Good, Mike Subject FYI- thoughts for saving Augsburg a few $$ for next years' rentals for Regents....

Hi Mike- Hope all is well for you!

(b)(5)

Perhaps we can discuss later this year for next year?

All the best Cyndi

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 9:00 AM To: 'Mueller, Paul S., M.D.' Subject: thanks very much

Thanks Paul- Appreciate your advice!

See you next week- Cyndi

From: Mueller, Paul S., M.D. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 5:44 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Q for you regarding Commencement at Augsburg

Cynthia: Thanks for the note.

(b)(5)

Paul

CX 84 of 1170 From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 12:51 PM To: Mueller, Paul S., M.D. Subject: Q for you regarding Commencement at Augsburg

Hello Paul!

(b)(5)

Thanks for your help- Cyndi

CX 85 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 11:03 AM To: Erin Johnson Subject: RE: HPS Committee Meetings in Palm Beach, FL Attachments: 2011 HPS Palm Beach comm form.doc

Erin-

Apologies for not responding to you sooner (I have been away from my routine duties in response to the Japanese event). Attached please find my preferences for mtg rooms for the Government Relations Committee.

(b)(5)

Thanks Cyndi Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D., Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security & Incident Response Mail Stop T4-D22A, Washington, D.C. 20555 cynthia.jones~iýnrc.gov cgi(d),nrc.seov.gov Work: 1nI -41 5-019R Blackberry: I(b)(6)

Hello,

I will send the details concerning your room assignments later in the spring.

Thank you. Erin

Erin Johnson 1

CX 86 of 1170 Meeting Planner Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 703-790-1745; Fax: 703-790-2672 [email protected] www.hps.org

CX 87 of 1170 From: Chang, Helen Sent Friday, April 22, 2011 3:35 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Cc: Directives Resource Subject: RE: ADM Extension Granted: Request for extension on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

Hi, Cynthia:

(b)(5)

Sincerely, Helen

From: Chang, Helen Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 3:24 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Cc: Moore, Christy; Directives Resource Subject: ADM Extension Granted: Request for extension on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

Hi, Cynthia:

I am confirming receipt of your extension request for MD 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation." We will change the deadline on the MD 5-year plan from May 2011 to July 2011. This request extends your original due date for only 7 of the 12 months that ADM is authorized to grant beyond NSIR's original commitment of December 2010.

Please take a look at the MD Web site for the MD processing timeline (http://www.internal.nrc.qov/ADM/DAS/caq/mandirs/mdtime.html); it takes at least 20 weeks including OGC, OIG, and program office review. Inform the MD team know if you currently anticipate a need for more than 12 months from the original due date. You must meet with the EDO if you anticipate needing a due date beyond December 2011.

The MD timeline is a tool and not required as a part of your extension request. Please find attached the MD 5.12 timeline worksheet. If you need any assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the MD Team at Directives. Resourcednrc.pov.

Thank you!

Sincerely, Helen

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 2:25 PM To: Directives Resource; Moore, Christy

CX 88 of 1170 Subject: Request for extension on Management Directive and Handbook 5.12, "International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) Participation.

Christy-

Due to the response events that we have been involved at the Ops Center for the Japan event, I am requesting and extension of 30 or 60 days for NSIR to get the collated comments on this MD to you. While I have the majority of comments from the offices, several offices (such as OPA) that have been heavily involved in the Japan event have been unable to get me there comments in time. That, combined with my involvement away from my regular duties here for the past 3 weeks, now require us to request the extension.

In addition, NRR has asked us to draft a commission assistant note on the proposed changes to the MD to make the Commission aware of the proposed changes. While I have no problem doing that, I understand form you that we are still in the comment phase, not concurrence phase, and that note may be premature.

If you send me the MD Timeline document for MD5.12, I can revise the dates to get you the comment resolution to you by 5/30 instead of 4/29 as our previous timeline showed.

Thanks Cyndi

CX 89 of 1170 From: David Schauer Sent Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:54 PM To: [email protected] Cc: Jones, Cynthia; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject. RE: Japan Question from NCRP Attachments: image002.jpg; image003.jpg

Dear Elena:

We have been monitoring the daily briefs on the IAEA website. Thank you for providing clear and useful information.

All the best, Dave

David A. Schauer, ScD, CHP Executive Director National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 400 Bethesda, MD 20814-3095

Adjunct Associate Professor -Georgetown University off mob fax email -schauer(cDncrponline.orci web - NCRPonline.org - NCRPpublications.org rINc=: IP1ImV

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:43 PM To: David Schauer Cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: RE: Japan Question from NCRP

Dear Mr. Schauer

Please, see below the IAEA website where daily briefs are posted. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.htmi

With best regards

Elena Buglova IEC ERM

CX 90 of 1170 From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, 22 April 2011 01:16 To: IEC6 - INCIDENT & EMERGENCY CENTRE Cc: [email protected]; IEC3 - INCIDENT & EMERGENCY CENTRE; WINKLER, Guenther Leopold Subject: RE: Japan Question from NCRP

Dear Ms. Berthelot

Thank you for providing these links.

Best wishes, Dave

David A. Schauer, ScD, CHP Executive Director National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 400 Bethesda, MD 20814-3095 Adjunct Associate Professor -Georgetown University offmob -_1(b)(6)J 'nl R_7 ?RX;9 fax - 301.907.8768 email - schauer(D.ncrponline.orq web - NCRPonline.org - NCRPpublications.org INIk IRlg PI'

From: [email protected] rmailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 12:28 PM To: David Schauer Cc: Cynthia.Jonesbnrc.qov: IEC3(@iaea.orq; G.Winkleroiaea.ora Subject: RE: Japan Question from NCRP

Dear Mr. Schauer,

The websites of TEPCO and METI provide information on the status of the reactors at Fukushima. These are the recommended public sites.

Best regards, Lisa Berthelot

Liaison Officer IAEA IEC Tel. +43-1-2698846 Tel. +43-1-2600-2203

From: David Schauer

To: Jones, Cynthia

CX 91 of 1170 Sent: Wed Apr 13 16:34:59 2011 Subject: Japan Question

Hello Cyndi:

Can you provide a brief update on each of the reactors at Fukushima? Is the extent of core damage known for each reactor? Is there still a risk of additional melting of any of the cores?

Any information you can provide is appreciated.

Thanks, Dave

This email message is intended only for the use of the named recipient. Information contained* message and its attachments may be privlilegedcnienili sclosure. If youý are not t~he-h intended recipient, please , y, use or disclose this communication to others. Also please notify the -snety -re-pying to this message and then delete it from your system.

CX 92 of 1170 From: [email protected] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 3:06 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Cc: [email protected] Subject: RE: Can you send me Guenther's email address?

Hi Cyndi,

Guenther's email address is: [email protected]

To be 100% sure the inquiry will enter into our IEC info flow, cc: [email protected]

All the best, Mats

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, 20 April 2011 21:52 To: EKLUND, Mats Subject: Can you send me Guenther's email address?

Hi Mats-

I have a request for IAEA (with my ENAC hat on) from some colleagues with the NRC Japan team that I would like to pass on to Guenther, but I don't have his email address. It's a question that we thought IAEA might like to look into when you do a lessons learned, etc. - (its not a request from NRC but from Sandia National Lab about how the Japanese evacuated their people in the 12 mile radius area around Fukushima Daiichi...)

Can you send me his email and I will summarize the inquiry for him?

Thanks Cyndi

This email message is intended only for the use of the named recipient. Information contained in this email message and its attachments may be privileged, ofdeta and protected from "cc 31 ae-n-o-t fe intended recipient, please do not read c is communication to others. Also please notify the o is message and then delete it from your system.

CX 93 of 1170 From: Bubar, Patrice Sent: Saturday, April 09, 2011 1:36 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Fwd: [SocialMedia] NRC 50 mile evacuation zone questioned

Thanks Cyndi. It actually means something when it is the ACRS asking questions.

Have a great trip in Vienna. Stay in touch.

Patty Bubar Chief of Staff Office of Commissioner William D. Magwood U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 301-415-1895

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Friday, April 08, 2011 11:50 AM To: Tadesse, Rebecca; Bubar, Patrice Subject: Fw: Fwd: [SocialMedia] NRC 50 mile evacuation zone questioned

As we expected ......

Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D. Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security, NRC/NSIR Sent from blackberry

1"o((b)(6 coxMark t>;n Maiello ; Hansen, Richard ; ;Hayes, Robert ; Jones, Cynthia Sent: Fri Apr 08 10:33:15 2011 Subject: Fwd: [SocialMedia] NRC 50 mile evacuation zone questioned

The 50 mile evacuation zone recommended by the chair of the NRC is one reason why the Japanese resent some American inputs. That recommendation caused some panic among the Japanese population.

Original Message ------Subject: [SocialMedia] NRC 50 mile evacuation zone questioned Date:Fri, 8 Apr 2011 09:06:03 -0400 From: (b)(6) Reply-To:dan.nurman(iusa.net Social Media To:'Social Media'

CX 94 of 1170 Readers may be interested in this nugget buried in the LA Times article noted on this list. It raises the question of the scientific basis, for the recommendation by NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko for a 50 mile evacuation zone at Fukushima for American citizens. http: //www. tatimes. com /news/nationwor[d/wortd / la-fg-iapan-nuclear-20110408,0,2828502. stop

"Separately, the staff of the NRC came under heavy questioning Thursday by the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, a panel of outside experts, academics and nuclear industry officials that provides guidance to the agency.

At a committee meeting, NRC officials were asked about the scientific basis for their agency's advice that Americans evacuate a 50-mile zone around the plant. NRC officials said they couldn't provide an explanation and would have to get back to the committee.

NRC officials were unavailable for comment afterward."

Dan Yurman Email: (b)(6) Mobile__ Blog: http://djysrv.blocspot.com

CX 95 of 1170 From: Shaffer, Mark R Sent. Saturday, April 09, 2011 10:38 AM To: LIA02 Hoc; Jones, Cynthia Subject: Fw: Early Notification Convention and data from countries outside the accident

From State Department legal folks yesterday.

From: Herr, Julie K To: Kenagy, W David; '[email protected]' ; '[email protected]' Cc: Fladeboe, Jan P; Metz, Patricia J; Burkart, Alex R; Stratford, Richard J; Shaffer, Mark R; 'Doane, Margaret' ; I(b)(6) 1(b)(6) Sent: Fri Apr 08 14:21:31 2011 Subject: RE: Early Notification Convention and data from countries outside the accident

For the moment, refer IAEA to that site. Will check late on direct provisions. Julie

From: Kenagy, W David Sent: Friday, April 08, 2011 6:55 AM To: Kenagy, W David; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]' Cc: Herr, Julie K; Fladeboe, Jan P; Metz, Patricia J; Burkart, Alex R; Stratford, Richard .; Shaffer, Mark R; 'Doane, Margaret; (b)(6) I Subject: RE: Early Notification Convention and data from countries outside the accident

The EPA does make the US RadNet Monitoring data freely available worldwide on the internet (link below). Unless there is an objection I will send the weblink to the IAEA emergency center for further distribution. http://www.epa.gov/radiation/rert/radnet-data-map.html

David

From: Kenagy, W David Sent: Friday, April 08, 2011 8:56 AM To: '[email protected]'; '[email protected]' Cc: Herr, Julie K; Fladeboe, Jan P; Metz, Patricia J; Burkart, Alex R; Stratford, Richard J; Shaffer, Mark R; 'Doane, Margaret' Subject: FW: Early Notification Convention and data from countries outside the accident

Sara, Vince I have asked whether the US is required (or whether we should for policy reasons) make available to the IAEA, and therefore other members of the IAEA conventions, radiation monitoring data that is associated with the accident in Japan. If this is done, is the data being accumulated by EPA and/or DOE collected in a manner so that it could be made easily accessible? A more basic question; is any of the data already publically accessible?

The links below were distributed by the IAEA in association with the accident in Japan.

David

CX 96 of 1170 From: Kenagy, W David Sent: Friday, April 08, 2011 8:41 AM To: Herr, Julie K; Burkart, Alex R; Metz, Benjamin E Cc: Fladeboe, Jan P; Stratford, Richard J Subject: Early Notification Convention and data from countries outside the accident

Julie One of my tasks for the Japan nuclear accident has been to distribute within the US Federal family the notifications which Japan sends to the IAEA. Today there began to appear data and links to data (see below) from countries outside Japan that provide measurements ostensibly of the plume as it passes through their respective territory. Similar data has been collected for some time now in the US.

Is the US under any obligation to provide US data to the IAEA or our neighbors?

Alex, Patte Should we consider whether the US should post US monitering data for policy reasons?

http://www.uvzsr.sk/index.ph p?option=com content&view=article&id=1130%3Aradiana-monitorovacia-sie-slovenskei- republikv&catid=70&Itemid=101

http://w2.shmu.sk/cms/radioaktivita/rad24/index.php http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00045/02372/02378/index.html?lang=de http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/Om-myndigheten/Aktuellt---Bilagor/Resultat-fran-matningarna-i-Sverige-/ http://www.irsn.fr/FR/Actualites presse/Actualites/Pages/201103 situation en france.aspxhttp://www.irsn.fr/FR/Actu alites presse/Actualites/Pages/201103 situation en france.aspxhttp://www.irsn.fr/FR/Actualites presse/Actualites/Pa ges/201103 situation en france.aspx http://criter.irsn.fr/exercice/acteur/ http://www.eeae.gr/gr/index.php?fvar=html/president/ ana press iapan

CX 97 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent Friday, April 08, 2011 2:47 PM To: Wiggins, Jim; Evans, Michele Subject: Fw: What other countries are doing. Attachments: Results.pdf

Fyi

Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D. Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security, NRC/NSIR Sent from blackberry

From: Stem, Warren To: Flanagan, Patrick S. (b)(6) = >; Stem, Warren m ; SIMMONS, PATRICK ; Chavez, Richard ; Benini, Janet ; Debbie Dietrich ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; Nicole. [email protected] ; Millban Dtriin. lcn.- C\,nti.ia; Zukunft, Paul RADM

; #RESILIENCE <1 (b)(6) , ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] Cc: (b)(6) <(b)(6)

Sent: Fri Apr 08 10:00:21 2011 Subject: What other countries are doing.

Dear Patrick:

I have attached a document prepared by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and distributed by the IAEA on what some other countries are doing in various areas related to the Japan nuclear event, including cargo/personnel monitoring. It may be useful for today's IPC. In general, the document indicates that few countries are taking any measures regarding cargo/personnel entry, and also shows that Germany uses the 4 Bq/cm2 limit.

Best regards,

Warren

CX 98 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N~:*

Governmental Decisions and Recommendations (GDR)

Conr De iso tae or Reomndto mad Aplcbe Appicbl

Dat Pouation niINNýI ~)5)It~ MOMr~i Trn Updated categories - What has 0900 Australians your AEDST inJapan; government (UTC+11) Australian recommende March 19 Passengers dwith regard returning to your from Japan; citizens living Medical inor visiting Practitioner Japan? s; Food Imports; Advise to Airlines and Shipping

Austria Since Travelers; 15.03.2011 Austrians in Japan Belgium

16 March

24/3 still valid on 28/3 Canada 25 March Canadians in Japan

CX 99 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange AE.ýý N; :'.

Czech Since Various Republic 15.3.2011 categories - Czechs in Japan; Czechs returning from Japan; Food in Japan; Iodine tablets; Food Imports;

(b)(5)

Denmark Last Danish updated citizens in 24. March Japan

Danes considering __ _ _I _ _ I_____ 1I1A_____

CX 100 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

travelling to Japan

Danish sea vessels

Finland 17 March, Finns living 2011 inor visiting Japan.

(b)(5)

France Updated on March 21

29 March

Updated on 30 March

CX 101 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Germany (b)(5)

Greece Gradually Greek since 14 citizens, March Greek ships, citizens interested in travelling to Japan Hungary

CX 102 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N;~.

Iran

Ireland 15 March Irish citizens considering Food travelling to advice Japan and added 23 those living March in/currently visiting Japan

Italy March 15, Italian 2011 fellow in (b)(5) Japan Latvia

17.03.2011. 101 person up to date intotal, including tourists and residents

13.03.2011

CX 103 of 1170 (A I Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange wN'

- f -I

11.03.2011

Luxembourg 14/03/2011 50 persons

Norway Since 20 March

Poland 24 March

(b)(5)

Portugal 17-18 Portuguese March citizens living in Japan

Staff at the Portuguese Embassy

L L ______

CX 104 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

22 March

24 March

Romania

(b)(5)

Serbia As of 15 March

Slovakia Published Slovak on the web citizens page of the living or Public visiting Health Japan, Authority probably (PHA) and few tents. inthe mass- media on LL

CX 105 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange A N:

17 March 2011.

r ______Slovenia March 15, Slovenian 2011 citizens in Japan and Slovenian citizens planningto visit Japan. Spain ECURIE Info msg 18/03/2011 -14:00 UTC Sweden 2011-03-16

2011-03-19 18:30 UTC (b)(5) time Update via IAEA

Switzerland Immediatel Swiss y citizens living or staying in

CX 106 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Japan

Swiss citizens intending to travel to Japan United Kingdom

United States (b)(5)

EUROPOL March Europol 2011 staff on business trip

______L L

U.S. Embassy Tokyo, Japan March 16,2011 Statement by U.S. Ambassador John V.Roos The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Department of Energy and other technical experts inthe U.S. Government have reviewed the scientific and technical information they have collected from assets incountry, as well as what the Government of Japan has disseminated, inresponse to the deteriorating situation at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Consistent with the NRC guidelines that apply to such asituation inthe United States, we are recommending, as a precaution, that American citizens who live within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant evacuate the area or to take shelter indoors ifsafe evacuation isnot practical. We want to underscore that there are numerous factors inthe aftermath of the earthquake and Tsunami, including weather, wind direction and speed, and the nature of the reactor problem that affect the risk of radioactive contamination within this 50 mile (80 kin) radius or the possibility of lower-level radioactive materials reaching greater distances.

CX 107 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

The U.S. Embassy will continue to update American citizens as the situation develops. U.S. citizens inneed of emergency assistance should send an e-mail to [email protected] with detailed information about their location and contact information, and monitor the U.S. Department of State website at travel.state.gov. The United States iscontinuing to do everything inits power to help Japan and American citizens who were there at the time of these tragic events. To support our citizens there, the Embassy isworking around the clock, we have our consular services available 24 hours a day to determine the whereabouts and well-being of all U.S. citizens in Japan and we have offered our Japanese friends includes disaster response experts, search and rescue teams, technical advisers with nuclear expertise and logistical support from the United States military.

Apial Countrys Deiintkno ecmedto aeAplcbe

Dat Popuatio

Q2: Austria Since travelers 16.03.2011 What has your government Belgium 18 March recommended with respect to the monitoring of Canada Mar 23 2011 Air passengers passengers arriving from returning, by air, Japan from Japan? Czech Republic 17.03.2011

(b)(5)

Denmark Last updated Passengers 24. March arriving from Japan Finland 25 March France Updated on 30 March

.1.

CX 108 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

March 21

Germany

(b)(5)

Greece Since 18 Passengers March coming from Japan.

Hungary

Iran 25 March Passengers returning from Japan Ireland

CX 109 of 1170 A Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange ~ )A~ wN:'

I I. Italy Latvia Since ITravelers 17.03.2011.

Luxembourg

The 25 March Netherlands

Norway Since 16.03.2011:

(b)(5)

Updated 25.03.2011: Poland 24 March

Portugal 16/3/2011

Romania

Serbia 18 March Persons arriving from Japan L .1. L ______

CX 110 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange k`;;A~ wN.

Slovakia Published on For those who 17 March are coming 2011for from Japan and person who stayed or coming from visited the Japan since affected region. 14 March Probably few 2011 tents. Slovenia

Spain 24 March

(b)(5)

Sweden 2011-03-17 1

Update via IAEA Switzerland Since 16.3. People arriving Updated 23 inSwitzerland March who were staying inthe evacuation

CX 111 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

zones Portugal Week 14-18 Passengers March returning from Japan

(b)(5) 23 March United March 19 Kingdom United States March 21

CX 112 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Apial Country~~~.1 Deiintkno.ecmedto1aeAplcbe Date Pplto Q3: Austria Since 15.03.2011 What has your government Belgium Started on recommended with 24/03/11 respect to the importing of food or goods fromJapan?

(b)(5)

Canada 25 March Canadians in Canada

Czech Republic 17.03.2011

Cyprus

CX 113 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange A Ei )NA-

f *1~

Denmark Last update 24 Danish citizens march living in Denmark

Finland 16 March, People living in (b)(5) 2011 (EC) Finland.

France 21 March 30 March

Germany

______I _____ j ______

CX 114 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Greece Since 16 Food and March feeding stuff imported from Japan. Update 30 March

Hungary

23 March

Iran

(b)(5) Ireland

Updated 23 March

CX 115 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N;A

.1~

Italy March 16, Italian 2011

Latvia

15.03.2011.

Food or feed business 18.03.2011. operators and consumers

(b)(5) 27.03.2011.

24.03.2011.

Luxembourg 17/03/2011 Norway Since 28.03.2011

Poland 24 March

CX 116 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Serbia 24 March

Slovakia Published on Citizens of the web page Slovakia. of the Public Health Authority (PHA) and in the mass- media on 17 March 2011. Slovenia Spain 23 March

Sweden (b)(5) 22/03/2011

Update via IAEA

Switzerland 25.03.11

CX 117 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange wN;

4. 25.03.11 Portugal Next week ?

23 March

18 March

United 19 March Kingdom (b)(5) United States 20 March

24 March

Applcabl Coutr D cisotae or Reomnaiii ' ionmaeApalea .' Dae Pouato

CX 118 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange ( N),"

Belgium 16/03/11 1Belgian Q4: I citizens in Whaare you Japan poice or plan wit repc to K Czech Republic 17.03.2011 t Czech citizens in Japan

Denmark last update Danish citizens 24. March inJapan

France March 21 (b)(5)

Germany March 21

Greece Since 16 March Hungary

CX 119 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

I 23 march _____ 4- iran Japan March 21 latvia 18.03.2011. up to date

Norway 20.03.2011, updated: 22.03.2011, 14:22

(b)(5) Portugal 16 March

Serbia

Sweden

United 20 March Kingdom

United States 21 March

CX 120 of 1170 AEmergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange () AE'. I Q5: Australia 23 March Have you established any recommendations regarding screening of passengers, baggage and transport arriving from Japan interms of: # Screening of passengers and crew s Screening of baggage and cargo # Screening of cabins (on airplane or on ships) # Screening of outer surfaces (of airplanes or of ships) Ifyou have established such Belgium 18/03/11 recommendations, what are they, and Custom what istheir technical basis? officers

(b)(5) 23/03/11 Ship crew

Custom officers

Czech 25 March Republic

I __ _ - ______I _ _ _

CX 121 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N .

r {

Denmark Updated on Passengers 24 March arriving from Japan

Planes arriving from Japan

Danish vessels inJapan Finland 18 March Passengers returning by air from Japan. France 30 March

(b)(5)

Germany 23 March

CX 122 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N;k::

I ______

Greece Since 18 Passengers March coming from Japan.

(b)(5) To be applied Ships and crew upon ships members arrival coming from Japan affected area. Iran 25 March Passengers ,baggages and Cargo arriving from Japan Latvia 17 March

Portugal 15 March

4 ______.1-

CX 123 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Serbia 18 March Persons arriving from Japan

Sweden 24 March

Switzerland (b)(5) 23 March

t ______

CX 124 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Czech Republic Last update 24.03.2011

(b)(5)

Denmark last update Danish and 24. March foreign authorities

CX 125 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

N*;

France Updated on 28 March

Iran

Ireland 21 March

Portugal 23 March

(b)(5) Romania

Serbia 17 March

Sweden

Switzerland 14.03.11

21.03.11

23.03.11 Greece L ______L

CX 126 of 1170 A Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange ( )AE! wN~'

Update 30 March

(b)(5)

Norway ______I ______EUROPOL

CX 127 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange •N

*1~ Activation of a call Austria Since Persons centerfor 12.03.2011 concerned information of the Belgium 14/03/11 public

Canada March 18 Canadian public Czech 15.03.2011 Republic Updating every day

Denmark Last update Danes just 24. March arrived from Japan or with friends and relatives staying (b)(5) inJapan

Iran 17 march Ireland 12 March Publicand media

CX 128 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

Latvia 12 March Public and 2011 media

Portugal 16 March Updated on 23 March without change Greece 12 March The general (b)(5) public Update 30 March (no change) Norway Serbia 13 March

Sweden

CX 129 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N:

d•n~.r2l Aumatinnc. General nuestions:

(b)(5)

CX 130 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange N

ANNEX-1 EU PRESS RELEASE

Brussels, 24 March 2011

Food safety: the EU reinforces controls on imports from Japan

In order to further limit possible risks to the safety of its Food Chain, the European Union decided today to reinforce controls on imports of food andfieedfrom certain regionsof Japan, where production could be affected by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Member States endorsed, at a meeting of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health (SCoFCAH), a Commission proposal to impose special import conditions. The measures apply to all feed and food originatingin or consigned from 12 prefectures of Japan,' including the four most affected by the accident. All products from these prefectures have to be tested before leaving Japan and will be subject to random testing in the EU. Feed and food products from the remaining 35 prefectures will have to be accompaniedby a declarationstating the prefecture of origin and will be randomly tested upon arrivalin the EU. The Union will review these measuresevery month.

In particular, the regulation adopted today stipulates that each consignment of food or feed from the 12 prefectures has to be accompanied by a declaration -to be provided by the Japanese authorities- attesting that the product does not contain levels of radionuclides that exceed the EU's maximum permitted levels2. Radionuclides are radioactive elements and the Commission regulation makes specific reference to iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137. Furthermore, importers are required to notify the national competent authorities two days before the arrival of each consignment of food and feed from Japan. Feed and food products that were harvested or processed before March 11 are not affected by the provisions of this regulation. Nevertheless, these products from all of Japan's territory would have to be accompanied by a declaration stating clearly that they were harvested/ processed before March 11. As regards food and feed harvested/produced after March 11, the measures provide that: * Upon arrival in the EU, the competent authorities of the Border Inspection Posts (BIP) or of the consignment's Designated Point of Entry (DPE) will carry out document and identity checks on all food and feed consignments from Japan; * Physical checks, including laboratory analysis, will be carried out on at least 10% of the consignments of food or feed coming from 12 prefectures mentioned above. Physical checks will also be carried out on at least 20% of the consignments coming from the remaining 35 prefectures; • Pending the availability of the test results, products shall be kept under official control for a maximum of five working days. The consignments will be released when the importer will present to the custom authorities the favourable results of the official controls mentioned above; * Products that are found to exceed the maximum permitted levels shall not be placed on the market and will either be safely disposed of or returned to Japan. The Commission proposal, endorsed today by SCoFCAH, will be formally adopted tomorrow. The resulting implementing regulation will enter into force one day after its publication in the European Union's Official Journal. It is expected to be published in the OJ on Saturday, March 26.

Background Currently, there is no evidence of risk for the EU consumer by increased radiation levels in food and feed products imported from Japan. However, the Commission decided to reinforce its measures in order to further limit possible risks to its own Food Chain and, thus, ensure better protection for the health of EU citizens. The Commission has been following closely developments in Japan. On 15th March, it asked the Member States, through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), to step up controls on food products arriving from Japan. Food safety risks for EU citizens due to the Japan nuclear crisis are low for a series of reasons. They include: * Japan is authorised to export to the EU only four products of animal origin, namely: Fishery products; Bivalve molluscs; Casings; Petfood. * Vegetables/fruits may also be exported to the EU, but such exports from Japan into the EU are small in volume - they stood at about 9,000 tons from all of Japan's territory in 2010.

CX 131 of 1170 Emergency Response Governmental Decision and Recommendations Information Exchange

.~N.

" According to the latest information, the Japanese authorities have taken the necessary measures to ensure that food (and drinking water) testing above their established acceptable levels of radio-activity is neither sold to the Japanese public nor exported. * Imports to the EU of Japanese agricultural products (i.e. products of animal origin, fish and of plant products) are relatively small. In 2010, the total value of agricultural products imported to the EU from Japan stood at C187 million for agricultural products and C18 million for fishery products. Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Miyagi, Yamagata, Niigata, Nagano, Yamanashi, Saitama, Tokyo and Chiba 2: Council Regulation (Euratom) No. 3954/87 (OJ L 371, 30, 12, 1997, p. 11)

CX 132 of 1170 From: Rothschild, Trip Sent: Thursday, April 07, 2011 2:32 PM To: Kozal, Jason; Jones, Cynthia Subject: FW: Japan radiation, interagency legal group - incoming passengers question + POC list Attachments: LPS-#178714-vl-Japan-earthquake_-_lawyers-group-listjreformatted.DOC

DO] has asked for our views on the following question. Please advise me whether we have anything to contribute.

Question on Mandatory Screening and Decontamination of Incoming Passengers, from Joe Foster, HHS/CDC OGC

In the current circumstances, screening and decontamination of travelers contaminated with radiation and arriving from Japan has been conducted on a voluntary basis.

In the event that circumstances substantially worsen and screening and decontamination may need to be conducted on a compulsory basis, we are interested in whether agencies other than HHS may have relevant authorities.

HHS has already examined its authorities, which present some vulnerabilities, so we are seeking input from each of you in order to have a better understanding of the full legal landscape.

Submitted by:

Joseph A. Foster Office of the General Counsel Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Direct 404 639 7209 1CellZ(b)(6) Main 404 639 7200 I Fax 404 639 7351 Email ifosteracdc.gov

CX 133 of 1170 Japan Earthquake/Radiation Interagency Lawyers Work Group

CONTACT LIST (Please contact kelly.yamashita(dusdoj.gov DOJ-ENRD, for any changes) 4/6/11

Attorney Name Email Address Phone Number U.S. Department of Justice

Environment & Natural Resources Division James Payne (Senior Counsel) iames.payne2Wusdoj.gov W: 202-514-3473 C: [(b)(6)

Natalia Sorgente (Chief of Staff) [email protected] 202-616-9473 Patrice Simms (Dep. Asst. Attorney General) patrice.simms(@usdoi.gov Ignacia Moreno (Asst. Attorney General) [email protected]

National Security Division Jordan Strauss jordan.strauss&.usdoj. ov 202-353-2682

Civil Division Brian Martinez (Chief of Staff) brian.martinez@(usdoj.gov 202-353-2793 Danielle Gray (Senior Counsel to AAG) [email protected] 202-307-6315

Office of Legal Counsel Rosemary Hart [email protected] 202-514-2027

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Ralph Linden (Assoc. GC for Int'l Affairs, ralph.linden(&ogc.usda.gov W: 202-720-6883 Commodity Programs and Food Assistance Program) Tom Walsh (Asst. GC) thomas.walsh(ogc.usda.gov 202-720-5550 Steve Silverman (Deputy GC) steve.silverman usda.gov 202-720-3351 Ramona Romero (GC) ramona.romerodosec.usda.gov

U.S. Department of Commerce

Cameron Kerry (GC) [email protected]

U.S. Department of Defense

F ýb)(6) W: 703-614-4862

CX 134 of 1170 H: 703-536-6820 / k a k A I W:73-571-2699

(b)(6) 703-697-9771 703-695-2604 703-697-1137

(b)(6)

+ i U.S. Department of Energy

Sam Walsh (Legal Advisor to GC) samuel.walshbhq.doe.gov W - - b)(6) Sean Lev (Acting GC and Deputy GCfor sean.levy(dhg.doe.gov Environmentand Nuclear Programs)

Environmental Protection Agency

Lee Tyner tyner.lee~iepa.gov 202-564-5524 Sue Stahle stahle.susan(epa.gov 202-564-1272 Earl Salo salo.earl()epamail.epa.gov Brenda Mallory (Principal Deputy GC) [email protected]

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

Samantha Ferrell samantha.ferrell(hhs.gov Joe Foster [email protected] W: 404-639-7209 C: (b)(6) Susan Sherman [email protected] 202-619-0166

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Ben Currier beniamin.curriera~dhs.gov 4 (b)(6) (b)(6)

(b)(6) W: 202-372-3787 C:Fb-)(6) [email protected] John Havranek Ijqhn.havranek(@dhs.gov 1II Z I

CX 135 of 1170 Ivan Fong (GC) ivan.fonga(ddhs.gov

U.S. Department of Labor

Rajesh Nayak (Special Asst. to the Solicitor) nayak.rajeshadol.gov 202-693-5277 Joseph Woodward (Assoc. Solicitor for OSHA) woodward.ioseph(adol.gov W - - C:1(b)(6) M PatriciaSmith smith.m.patricia(adol.gov W.- 202-693-5260 c. ZiI 1

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Stephanie Campbell (Attorney-Advisor) [email protected] 301-221-7229 Thomas Street (Attorney-Advisor) thomas.street(Anoaa.gov W: 301-713-7390 C1[b)(6)

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Trip Rothschild (Assoc. GC) trip.rothschildanrc.gov W: 301-415-1740 Cj!(b)(6) Stephen Burns (GC) stephen.burnsdnrc.iov

U.S. Department of State

Jesse Tampio (Attorney-Adviser, East Asian & tampioai(state.gov - Pacific Affairs) C (b)(6) H: 202-544-3750

Julie Herr (Attorney-Adviser, Nonproliferation herrik(state.gov W 202-647-1865- and Verification) C: [(b)(6) H: 202-363-6820 David J. Sullivan sullivandi 1 state.gov HaroldKoh (LegalAdviser) kohhh(dstate.gov

U.S. Department of Transportation

Donna L. O'Berry (Senior Attorney - OGC) donna.o'[email protected] W: 202-366-6136

Robert Rivkin (GC) robert.rivkin(ddot.gov

USAID

Harold Cohen (programmatic issues) hcohen(ausaid.gov 202-712-5172 Jim Peters (personnel / worker's comp issues) ipeters(iTusaid.gov 202-712-4785

CX 136 of 1170 Bruce McPherson (personnel / worker's comp dmcpherson(cusaid.gov 202-712-1611 issues) Lisa Gomer (GC) [email protected]

U.S. Postal Service

Tom Marshall (Deputy GC) thomas.j.marshall1jusps.gov Marv Anne Gibbons (GC marv.anne.gibbons(Dusps.gov

______I______I _____ White House

1~~~~~~~ ~ + (b)(6) (b)(6) W: 202-456-3030 C:[(bF 6) - (b)(6) W: 202-395-7751 C:FEWIbIII

(b)(6)

CX 137 of 1170 From: Milligan, Patricia Sent: Thursday, April 07, 2011 11:33 AM To: Jones, Cynthia; Evans, Michele Subject: Fw: Additional edits on Return policy to discuss Attachments: Guidance for Return with April 6 NRC edits and April 7 Tiger Team edits.docx

Current doc from epa. Please include with info for Marty. We are in a good place right now with epa and I am reluctant to upset that unnecessarily. Sent from my NRC Blackberry Patricia A Milliean CHP RPh (b)(6) I

- Original Message ----- From: [email protected] To: Milligan, Patricia Sent: Thu Apr 07 11:24:24 2011 Subject: RE: Additional edits on Return policy to discuss

Trish,

Here is the version as we just left it.

Mike

(See attached file: Guidance for Return with April 6 NRC edits and April 7 Tiger Team edits.docx)

From: "Milligan, Patricia"

To: EOC Science Tiger Team@EPA

Date: 04/07/2011 10:46 AM

Subject: RE: Additional edits on Return policy to discuss

Hi Mike I am working 3-11 at the ops center today and working at home now. please call me rb (6) Patricia Milligan, CHP, RPh Senior Technical Advisor for Preparedness & Response Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response US NRC MS T B46M Washington, DC 20555

CX 138 of 1170 301-415-2271 Blackberry[(b)(6)

From: Boyd.Mike@epa mail.epa.gov [[email protected]] On Behalf Of [email protected] [[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 07, 2011 9:26 AM To: Milligan, Patricia Cc: [email protected] Subject: Additional edits on Return policy to discuss

Trish,

We have been asked by senior leadership here to make extra sure that the Return paper is compatible with the PLE paper on re-entry/return. If you can take a quick look, we can discuss this morning. We are available from now Until noon and can call you at the usual number.

Mike

(See attached file: Guidance for Return with April 6 NRC edits and April 7 Tiger Team edits.docx)

CX 139 of 1170 Guidance for Return (Permanent Re-entry) of US Citizens to Areas around Fukushima Daiichi NPP

(b)(5)

I Do Not Cite or Quote Draft for Comment 4/-7/2011

CX 140 of 1170 (b)(5)

I Do Not Cite or Quote Draft for Comment 4/57/2011

CX 141 of 1170 From: morgan cox Sent Thursday, April 07, 2011 8:42 AM To: Jack M. Selby Cc: Mark Maiello; Murray E. Moore; Hayes, Robert; Jones, Cynthia Subject: Fwd: ANSI N424.49B

------Original-- Message ------Subject:ANSI N424.49B Date:Thu, 07 Apr 2011 08:39:54 -0400 From:morgan cox To:'Michael Unterweger' CC:Arthur Desrosiers < (b)(6) I Joe McDonald

Mike, Japanese authorities are seriously considering distributing colorimetric dosimeters to the population in and around the Fukushima prefecture, site of the crippled reactors. Their objective is to measure and control exposures to the population in massive numbers. So I suggest that we complete and publish ANSI N42.49B, the only standard on the horizon national or international, that specifies performance requirements and performance testing requirements for colorimetric dosimeters. We have the expertise and momentum to put the finishing touches on that standard soon. Let's discuss. Regards, Morgan

CX 142 of 1170 From: Milligan, Patricia Sent Wednesday, April 06, 2011 4:57 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: permanent reentry guidance rev2..docx Attachments: permanent reentry guidance rev2..docx

CX 143 of 1170 Guidance for Return (Permanent Re-entry) of US Citizens to Areas around Fukushima Daiichi NPP

(b)(5)

Do Not Cite or Quote Draft for Comment 4/5/2011

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Do Not Cite or Quote Draft for Comment 4/5/2011

CX 145 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Wednesday, April 06, 2011 3:57 PM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Hoc, PMT12; Sun, Casper Subject: FW: Updated report, request, rept on nuclear security Attachments: 110405 Japan reactor v3.pdf

RST-

Please see the request below from Jonathan Medalia, Congressional Research Service. We (PMT) assisted him about 10 days ago with an earlier draft of this document, which will be going to Congress. See highlighted portion of his request below. IF RST is tied up with response to the event, can someone else in RES or NRR assist?

Thanks

Cyndi

Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D., Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security & Incident Response Mail Stop T4-D22A, Washington, D.C. 20555 cynthia.0ones(i3nrc.gov cgi(nrc.s~ov.2ov Work: 301-415-0298 Blackberry: From: Jonathan Medalia [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 06, 2011 10:18 AM To: Jonathan Medalia Subject: Updated report, request, rept on nuclear security All,

I've attached the current update of my report, 'The Japanese Nuclear Incident: Technical Aspects." This version includes an appendix with links to 34 sources of information on the incident from US govt, Japan, industry, NGO, IAEA, WHO, etc.

Here is a link to a report by the World Institute for Nuclear Security, "Maintaining Nuclear Security in a Complex Crisis." http:/Iwww.wins.org/pu blicationfile.ashx?fid=100&w=283&h=400

I have a request. I want to update my report to show why the reactor accident has released I- 131 and Cs-137. As part of the explanation, I'd like to include a graph showing products from fission of U-235 by percentages, such as in the graph in this link: http://www.kayelaby.ngl.co.uk/atomic and nuclear physics/4 7/4 7 1.html . That graph has two drawbacks for a congressional audience. First, it shows fission products for six types of reactions, making it difficult to read the graph, when all I need is fission of U-235 by thermal neutrons. Second, it uses a logarithmic scale, which could prove problematic for a congressional audience. So, I'd appreciate it if anyone has raw data that would let me construct a graph of fission products of U-235 by thermal neutrons, or can point me to someone who has the data.

Thanks, Jon

CX 146 of 1170 •~Research" Congressionai Service

The Japanese Nuclear Incident: Technical Aspects

Jonathan Medalia

Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy

April 5, 2011

Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41728 CRS Report for Congress Pr-epaedfiJbrMembers and C(ommitees of Congress

CX 147 of 1170 The JapaneseNuclear Incident: Technical Aspects

Summary

Japan's nuclear incident has engendered much public and congressional concern about the possible impact of radiation on the Japanese public, as well as possible fallout on U.S. citizens. This report provides information on technical aspects of the nuclear incident, with reference to human health.

While some radioactive material from the Japanese incident may reach the United States, it appears most unlikely that this material will result in harmful levels of radiation. In traveling thousands of miles between the two countries, some radioactive material will decay, rain will wash some out of the air, and its concentration will diminish as it disperses.

Many atoms are stable; they remain in their current form indefinitely. Other atoms are unstable, or radioactive. They "decay" or "disintegrate," emitting energy through various forms of radiation. Each form has its own characteristics and potential for human health effects.

Nuclear reactors use uranium or mixed oxides (uranium oxide and plutonium oxide, or MOX) for fuel. Uranium and plutonium atoms fission, or split, releasing neutrons that cause additional fissions in a chain reaction, and also releasing energy. A nuclear reactor's core consists of fuel rods made of uranium or MOX encased in zirconium, and neutron-absorbing control rods that are removed or inserted to start or stop the chain reaction. This assembly is placed underwater to carry off excess heat. The incident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant prevented water from circulating in the core of several reactors, causing water to evaporate and temperature to rise. High heat could melt the fuel rods and lead to a release of radioactive material into the air.

When uranium and plutonium fission, they split into smaller atoms that are highly radioactive and generate much heat; indeed, fuel rods that have just been removed from a reactor are much more radioactive, and hotter, than fuel rods before they have been inserted into a reactor. After fuel rods can no longer efficiently produce energy, they are considered "spent" and are placed in cooling pools of water for several years to keep them from overheating while the most radioactive materials decay. A concern about the spent fuel pool at reactor 4 is that it may have lost most or all of its water, yet it has more fuel rods than pools at the other five reactors, as it contains all the active fuel rods that were temporarily removed from the reactor core in November 2010 to permit plant maintenance in addition to spent fuel rods.

A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb because the concentration of the type of uranium or plutonium that fissions easily is too low to support a runaway chain reaction, and a nuclear weapon requires one of two configurations, neither of which is present in a reactor.

Some types of radiation have enough energy to knock electrons off atoms, creating "ions" that are electrically charged and highly reactive. Ionizing radiation is thus harmful to living cells. It strikes people constantly, but in doses low enough to have negligible effect. A concern about the reactor incident is that it will release radioactive materials that pose a danger to human health. For example, cesium- 137 emits gamma rays powerful enough to penetrate the body and damage cells. Ingesting iodine- 131 increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Potassium iodide tablets protect the thyroid, but there is no need to take them absent an expectation of ingesting iodine- 131.

This update adds a section on useful links.

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Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Could Harmful Levels of Fallout Reach the United States? ...... 1 What Is Radiation? ...... 3 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors ...... 4 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation ...... 6 Sources of Radiation Exposure ...... 7 Measuring Exposure: Absorbed Dose v. Equivalent Dose ...... 7 External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose ...... 10 Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk ...... 11 Potassium Iodide ...... 11 The Japanese Situation ...... 12

Tables Table 1. Radiation Dose Levels ...... 9

Appendixes Appendix. Useful Links ...... 14

Contacts Author Contact Inform ation ...... 18 Acknowledgm ents ...... 18

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Introduction The Japanese earthquake and tsunami of March 2011 caused extensive damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). This damage has released some radioactive materials, and there are widespread fears about the health effects of current and possible future releases. These fears, and public concern about radiation in general, have attracted the world's attention. This report presents scientific and technical aspects of these issues in order to provide a basis for understanding the risks associated with this event.

Could Harmful Levels of Fallout Reach the United States?' To monitor radiation in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) operates RadNet, which "is a national network of monitoring stations that regularly collect air, precipitation, drinking water, and milk samples for analysis of radioactivity. The RadNet network, which has stations in each state, has been used to track environmental releases of radioactivity from nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents."2 EPA has an online map of these stations,3 and provides updates on the results of its air monitoring as it relates to the Japanese nuclear incident.4

Whether harmful levels of radioactive material from the incident reach the United States depends on many factors: * Particle size: Tiny particles are more readily carried by the wind and can travel farther than large particles, which fall to Earth more rapidly. " Wind patterns. * Amount of material released: The more material released, the more likely some of it is to travel long distances. * Melt vs. bum: If nuclear fuel rods (fresh or spent) melt and form a pool of very hot, highly radioactive liquid, that liquid might be contained by a containment structure. If it melts through that structure, it might contaminate groundwater. If the fuel rods burn, the fire would loft radioactive material into the air. The larger and hotter the fire, and the longer it burns, the more material would be injected into the air. * Travel time: The longer radioactive material is in the air, the more of it will decay. * Distance: The farther radioactive material travels, the greater the volume of air in which the material disperses, diluting it.

'This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. 2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet-Tracking Environmental Radiation Nationwide," httpJ/www.epa.gov/nareUradnet/. 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet Map View," httpsJ/cdxnode64.epa.gov/radnet-public/showMap.do. 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Japanese Nuclear Emergency: EPA's Radiation Air Monitoring," http'/www.epa.gov/japan2Ol l/.

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* Rain and snow: Precipitation washes some particles out of the air. The first four of these factors depend on circumstances; the other three would reduce the amount of material reaching the United States under any circumstances.

According to U.S. nuclear authorities, the reactor incident does not appear to pose an immediate threat to the United States. On March 13, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) stated, "Given the thousands of miles between the two countries [United States and Japan], Hawaii, Alaska, the U.S. Territories and the U.S. West Coast are not expected to experience any harmful levels of radioactivity."5 On March 18, EPA and the Department of Energy stated that a monitoring station in Sacramento "today ... detected minuscule quantities of iodine isotopes and other radioactive particles that pose no health concern at the detected levels," and that between March 16 and 17, a detector in Washington State detected "trace amounts of Xenon-133, which is a radioactive noble gas produced during nuclear fission that poses no concern at the detected level.",6 In a briefing to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on March 21, Bill Borchardt, NRC Executive Director for Operations, said, "natural background from things like ... rocks, sun, buildings, is 100,000 times more than any level that has been detected to date. We feel confident in our conclusion that there is no reason for concern in the United States regarding radioactive releases from Japan." 7 A press report of March 22 stated that equipment in Charlottesville, VA, detected radiation from the reactor incident, but that "health experts said that the plume's radiation had been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and that-at least for now, with concentrations so low-its presence will have no health consequences in the United States."'

It is useful to put these doses in perspective. Using the figure that natural sources provide 100,000 times the dose recorded in California and Washington state, it is possible to calculate a rough approximation of the dose from the Japanese incident, using the improbable assumption that the dose persists at the detected rate for an entire year. As discussed later, a report estimates that the average American receives a dose of 310 millirem (mrem) per year from natural sources. (Units of radiation dose are discussed under "Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation.") NRC requires its licensees to "limit maximum radiation exposure to individual members of the public" to 100 mrem per year. One-one-hundred-thousandth of 310 mrem per year is a dose of 0.00310 mrem per year. At that rate, it would take 32,258 years to accumulate a dose of 100 mrem; over a 70- year lifespan, the cumulative dose at this rate would amount to 0.22 mrem.

5 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "NRC Sees No Radiation at Harmful Levels Reaching U.S. from Damaged Japanese Nuclear Power Plants," press release no. 11-046, March 13, 2011, http:I/pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1 107/ ML1 10720002.pdf. 6 U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency. "Joint EPA/DOE Statement: Radiation Monitors Confirm That No Radiation Levels of Concern Have Reached the United States," press release, March 18, 2011, http://www.energy.gov/news/10190.htm. 7 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Briefing on NRC Response to Recent Nuclear Events in Japan," public meeting, March 21, 2011, p. 13, http//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/tr/2011/20110321.pdf. 8 William Broad, "Radiation over U.S. Is Harmless, Officials Say," New York Times, March 22, 2011, p. 6.

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What Is Radiation? 9 Many atoms are stable: they will remain in their current form indefinitely. Some atoms are unstable, or radioactive. They "decay" or "disintegrate," often transforming into atoms of a different element, such as through emission of radiation, which permits the atom to reach a more stable state.'0 The most common types of radiation emitted in decay, and their characteristics, are: Alpha particles are two protons plus two neutrons. They are electrically charged and massive by subatomic standards, and travel relatively slowly, so they lose energy quickly in matter. They travel only an inch in air, and are stopped by a sheet of paper or the dead outer layers of skin. * Beta particles (an electron or positron"I) are electrically charged, so are readily absorbed by matter, but are much less massive than alpha particles or neutrons. Depending on their energy, some are stopped by outer layers of skin, while others can penetrate several millimeters. They can travel up to several feet in air. * Neutrons are typically emitted by heavy atoms like uranium and plutonium. They have no electrical charge and may be highly penetrating, depending on their speed. They can travel tens of meters in air; energetic neutrons can penetrate the body. They can be slowed down by hydrogen-containing material like water. * Gamma rays are photons released during radioactive decay. Photons may be thought of as packets of electromagnetic energy; radio waves, fight, and x-rays are less-energetic photons. Gamma ray energies vary widely. Those of medium to high energies are highly penetrating and can travel hundreds of meters in air. Stopping them requires a thick layer of a dense material like lead. Several measurements are useful in discussing radioactivity. Radioactivity is measured in units of curies (Ci), where 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10'0 disintegrations per second, or becquerels (Bq), where 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second. (The curie is widely used in the United States; the Becquerel is more widely used internationally.) Specific activity-curies per gram--measures how radioactive a material is. Half-life is the time for half of the atoms in a mass of a particular type of radioactive material to decay. Specific activity is inversely related to half-fife. For example, radioactive iodine-131 is intensely radioactive. It has a specific activity of 124,000 curies per gram and a half-life of 8 days; in 10 half-lives (80 days), 99.9% of the iodine-131 created at a given time will have decayed. In contrast, uranium-235 has a specific activity of 0.000002 curies per gram and a half-life of 700 million years; it would take 7 billion years (10 half-lives) for 99.9% of it to decay. 2 According to Richard Firestone, staff scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,

9 This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. ` For descriptions of radiation, see Roger Eckhardt, "Ionizing Radiation-It's Everywhere," Los Alamos Science, no. 23, 1995, http'/www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/00326627.pdf, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Radiation: Ionizing and Non-Ionizing," http'/www.epa.gov/radiationluriderstand/index.htrrl. "A positron is a positively-charged electron. 12 For data on half-lives and other characteristics of radionuclides, see Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Exploring the Table of Isotopes," http://ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm, and U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management. "Table B. 1. Characteristics of important radionuclides," httpJ/www.orau.org/ptp/ PTP%2OLibrary/library/DOE/MiscfIable%/*2OBI_%2OCharacteristics%/o200ot%/201mportant%/2ORadionuclides.htm.

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uranium-235 emits so little radiation that "holding a piece in the hand would cause negligible radiation exposure.'"13

Energy released per decay is measured differently. A standard measure is the electron volt or, more commonly, thousands of electron volts (keV). 14 The penetrating power of gamma rays, and thus their threat to human health, increases as their energy increases.

Each radioactive atom, or "radionuclide," decays in a specific way. For example, when uranium- 235 decays,' 5 it emits gamma rays, most of which are of 186 keV (a low energy) or less, and alpha particles; cesium-137 emits gamma rays, virtually all of which are of 662 keV, a medium energy, and beta particles. Each radionuclide that emits gamma rays does so in a unique pattern, or "spectrum," of energies that is the primary characteristic used to identify many radionuclides.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors 16

Some heavy atoms, such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239, "fission" when struck by a neutron. In fission, an atom typically (1) splits into two lighter atoms, called "fission products"; (2) releases two or three neutrons; and (3) emits vast quantities of radiation. Fission products are often highly radioactive, such as cesium-137, iodine-13 1, and strontium-90.

Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 can support a nuclear chain reaction: to oversimplify, one neutron fissions one atom, which releases two neutrons that fission two atoms, releasing four neutrons that fission four atoms, and so on. Neutrons thus drive chain reactions; this is a key concept for understanding nuclear reactors. A supercritical mass supports an increasing rate of fission; fission diminishes in a subcritical mass; and fission proceeds at a constant rate in a critical mass. In an atomic bomb, a supercritical mass of uranium or plutonium supports a chain reaction that proceeds in a tiny fraction of a second, releasing vast quantities of energy. A nuclear reactor is designed to maintain a constant rate of fission. If fission proceeds too quickly, it gets out of control, in which case the fuel rods generate so much heat that they melt. When control rods are inserted into the reactor core, individual atoms continue to fission but the chain reaction stops. Control rods typically contain boron or cadmium because they are efficient neutron absorbers. (Because boron absorbs neutrons, it was added to cooling water in the Fukushima Daiichi NPP incident to prevent inadvertent criticality.) Fission that proceeds at the desired rate releases energy over several years from one load of fuel. The energy heats water to generate steam that spins turbines to generate electricity.

A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb because the fuels and configurations differ. In nature, uranium is 99.3% uranium-238 and 0.7% uranium-235. Only the latter is "fissile," that

13Personal communication, March 30, 2011. 14"An electron volt is a measure of energy. An electron volt is the kinetic energy gained by an electron passing through a potential difference of one volt." Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, "How Big Is an Electron Volt?," http:/www-bd.fnal.gov/public/electronvolt.html. 15The number following the name of an element is the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus. 16This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, and Mark Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division. See also CRS Report R41694, FukushimaNuclear Crisis, by Richard J. Campbell and Mark Holt. For the status of each reactor, see "Status of the Nuclear Reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant," New York Times, http//www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2011/03/16/world/asia/reactors-status.html., and Japan, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, http//www.nisameti.go.jp/english/.

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is, it will fission when struck by neutrons moving at relatively slow speeds. To make fuel for a bomb or a reactor, the fraction of uranium-235 must be increased through "enrichment."' 7 An atomic bomb uses uranium enriched to about 90% uranium-235 ("highly enriched uranium," HEU), while nuclear reactor fuel is typically enriched to less than 5% ("low enriched uranium," LEU). LEU does not have enough uranium-235 to support a chain reaction of the sort found in an atomic bomb. In addition, a bomb must be configured in one of two ways to create a large enough mass to support a runaway chain reaction; reactors are arranged in an entirely different configuration.

A nuclear reactor uses pellets of LEU or mixed oxides (MOX, i.e., uranium oxide and plutonium oxide) for fuel. Fuel rods-thin zirconium tubes typically between 12 and 15 feet long-hold the fuel. According to one report,

Zirconium is the metal of choice in this application because it absorbs relatively few of the neutrons produced in a fission reaction and because the metal is highly resistant to both heat and chemical corrosion.

Low neutron absorption is vital to any structural material used in a nuclear reactor because large numbers of neutrons produced by the reaction must be free to interact simultaneously

with all the nuclear fuel confined inside hundreds of fuel8 rods. This interaction sustains the necessary chain reaction throughout the reactor's core.1

Even with control rods fully inserted to halt the nuclear chain reaction, the radioactive decay of the fuel rods (primarily from fission products) generates heat, which must be dissipated. At the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, cooling was done by pumping cool water into the reactor. If the heat is not dissipated, the rods become so hot that they melt or burn. A fire would loft particles of radioactive material into the air. If fuel rods become too hot, their zirconium cladding may also react with water and produce hydrogen. The Fukushima Daiichi NPP primary containments used inert nitrogen gas to preclude hydrogen ignition. However, the operators had to vent the primary containment to relieve pressure, introducing hydrogen into the secondary containment, which is believed to have caused the explosions at reactor units 1-3.'9 This explains the urgency of the efforts to keep the fuel rods cool, and why the reactors suffered major damage when backup cooling systems failed.

In order to cool the fuel rods, personnel have been spraying huge amounts of seawater into the reactors and spent fuel pools. However, when seawater boils away from the heat of the fuel rods, it leaves behind large quantities of salt.

The big question is how much of that salt is still mixed with water, and how much now forms a crust on the reactors' uranium fuel rods. Chemical crusts on uranium fuel rods have been a problem for years at nuclear plants.

Crusts insulate the rods from the water and allow them to heat up. If the crusts are thick enough, they can block water from circulating between the fuel rods. As the rods heat up,

17For information on the enrichment process, see U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment," May 15, 2009, httpJ/www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichmenLhtml. 18"Zirconium: Covering for Fuel Rods," New York Times, June 9, 1995, httpJ/www.nytimes.comt/1995/06/09/ nyregion/zirconium-covering-for-fuel-rods.html. 19Information provided by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, personal communication, March 25, 2011.

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their zirconium cladding can ignite, which may cause the uranium inside to melt and release radioactive material.20

To alleviate this problem, workers have begun using fresh water instead of seawater.2'

As the fuel fissions in a reactor, the fraction of fission products in fuel rods increases. When the ratio of fission products to fissile material rises to the point at which a fuel rod can no longer efficiently maintain a chain reaction, it is referred to as spent fuel. "Spent" seems to imply that the fuel has been used up, and is therefore less dangerous, than fresh uranium fuel, but this is not necessarily the case. When fuel rods are first removed from a nuclear reactor, they have a high level of short-lived radionuclides, unlike new fuel rods, so they are intensely radioactive. This radioactivity generates intense heat, so spent fuel rods are placed in pools of water to cool them, typically for several years, until most of the short-lived radionuclides decay. The water also provides shielding against any radioactive release into the air, and the spent fuel pools have no hardened containment structure that would protect against radiation release. If a pool is drained, the fuel rods would heat up, melt, and perhaps bum. This possibility led to concern about the spent fuel rods at Fukushima Daiichi NPP reactor 4:

The spent fuel pools can be even more dangerous than the active fuel rods, as they are not contained in thick steel containers like the reactor core. As they are exposed to air, the zirconium metal cladding on the rods can catch fire, and a deadly mix of radioactive elements can spew into the atmosphere....

According to Tokyo Electric [Power Company]'s data, the spent fuel pool at the No. 4 reactor contains 548 fuel assemblies that were in use at the reactor until last November, when they were moved to the storage pool on the site. That means that the fuel rods were only recently taken out of active use and that their potential to bum and release radioactivity is higher than spent fuel in storage for a longer period.22

Another danger comes from the potential release of plutonium from the MOX fuel used at reactor 3. Even very small amounts of plutonium, if inhaled, can potentially cause lung cancer. This explains the concern about that reactor, as it is the only one that uses MOX fuel, although irradiation of uranium fuel also creates plutonium. Water is being pumped into the spent fuel pools at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP reactors as well to cool the fuel rods and prevent additional radiation release.

Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation23

Humans are continuously exposed to significant amounts of ionizing radiation from various naturally occurring and manmade sources. Because of its relatively high energy level, ionizing radiation is capable of producing significant biological change. Ionizing radiation gets its name

20 Keith Bradsher, "New Problems at Japanese Plant Subdue Optimism and Present a Risky Agenda," New York Times, March 24, 2011, p. 11. 21 David Nakamura and Steven Mufson, "Japan Urges More to Evacuate," Washington Post. March 26, 2011, p. 1, and "Nuclear Energy-Crisis in Japan," New York Times, update of March 30, 2011. 22 David Sanger, Matthew Wald, and Hiroko Tabuchi, "U.S. Sees 'Extremely High' Radiation Level at Plant, Focusing on Spent Fuel's Impact," New York Times, March 17, 2011, p. 13. 23 This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, hnd C. Stephen Redhead, Specialist in Health Policy, Domestic Social Policy Division.

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from the fact that it causes ionization-ejection of electrons-when it interacts with atoms in the molecules that constitute cells and tissue. This process creates charged, often unstable, and highly reactive entities. The ensuing reactions may result in permanent molecular damage. Radiation disrupts cell division, which is why the most sensitive tissues are those in which cells frequently divide, such as skin, hair, bone marrow (where precursor cells give rise to new blood cells), and the cells that line the stomach and small intestine. Ionizing radiation may also damage DNA in chromosomes, resulting in mutations that are responsible for long-term effects such as the development of cancer.

Sources of Radiation Exposure

Naturally occurring sources of ionizing radiation to which all humans are exposed include cosmic radiation from outer space and terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in rock deposits and soil. The Earth's atmosphere acts as a shield against cosmic radiation, so exposure levels increase with altitude (especially when flying). The most important source of terrestrial exposure is the inhalation of radon, which is produced by the radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium.

In the United States, radiation exposure as a result of medical practice has increased significantly over the past 25 years as a result of the growing use of CT scans and nuclear medicine procedures to diagnose and treat disease. Other manmade sources of radiation account for a relatively small fraction of the U.S. population's total exposure. Those sources include consumer products (e.g., cigarettes, building materials, appliances); industrial, security, educational, and research activities, including nuclear power generation; and various types of occupational exposure.

Measuring Exposure: Absorbed Dose v. Equivalent Dose

Human exposure is measured by the amount of energy that ionizing radiation deposits in a unit mass of tissue. This is called the absorbeddose. The international unit for the absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), which replaced an earlier unit of dose, the rad (short for "radiation absorbed dose"). One gray equals 100 rad. The biological impact of ionizing radiation, however, depends not just on the absorbed dose (i.e., the amount of energy absorbed) but on the type of radiation. For example, an alpha particle is more damaging to biological tissue than a beta particle or gamma radiation because of its mass, electrical charge, and slow speed. Alpha particles lose their energy much more densely along the relatively short path they travel though biological tissue. Thus, 1 Gy of alpha radiation is more harmful than I Gy of beta or gamma radiation.

Radiation scientists use another quantity, called equivalent dose, which allows them to measure all types of exposure on an equal basis. Equivalent dose is equal to the absorbed dose multiplied by a factor that takes into account the relative effectiveness of each type of radiation to cause harm. For beta particles and gamma radiation, the factor is set at 1; that is, the absorbed dose equals the equivalent dose. For alpha particles the factor is set at 20, which means that the equivalent dose is 20 times the absorbed dose. This reflects the fact that alpha radiation is more harmful than beta and gamma radiation. The international unit for the equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv). So, I Sv of alpha radiation to the lung would create the same risk of lung cancer as 1 Sv of beta radiation. The sievert is a large unit relative to common exposures, so the more common unit is the millisievert (mSv), which is one-thousandth of a sievert. The sievert replaced an earlier unit of equivalent dose, the rem, which is still widely used in the United States. One sievert = 100 rem; 1 mSv = 100 millirem (mrem).

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The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) estimates that the average annualequivalent dose to an individual in the United States is 6.2 mSv (620 mrem).14 Of that amount, 3.1 mSv (310 mrem) is from natural background sources, primarily inhalation of radon and its decay products, and 3.0 mSv (300 mrem) is from diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. The remaining 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) is from consumer products, industrial activities, and occupational exposure, among other sources. For comparison, the radiation dose from a jet airplane flight is 0.5 millirems (mrem) per hour in the air; from a chest x-ray, 6 mrem; and from living at an altitude of one mile, about 50 mrem/year. 25 Table 1 shows various doses and their health consequences or regulatory limits.

24 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," report no. 160, 2009. 25 American Nuclear Society, "Radiation Dose Chart," httpJ/www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/. This interactive chart permits the user to adjust values to find an approximation of his or her total annual dose.

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Table I. Radiation Dose Levels

Dose, Dose, mSv rem Source Comments

I/yr 0. 1/yr (2) NRC requires its licensees to "limit maximum radiation exposure to individual members of the public" to this level. 6.2/yr 0.62/yr (I) Average U.S. individual's total effective radiation dose in 2006; half is from natural background and half is from medical uses and other human activities. 20 2 (7) Federal Emergency Management Agency and Environmental Protection Agency recommend relocating the public from an area if the expected dose in the first year after a radiological incident is above this level. 50/yr 5/yr (2) NRC requires its licensees to "limit occupational radiation exposure to adults working with radioactive materials" to this level. 100 10 (6) A National Research Council committee defines "low dose" of certain types of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, as this level or below. 0-250 0-25 (3) For an "acute" (i.e., received over a short time) whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "No detectable clinical effects; small increase in risk of delayed cancer and genetic effects." 250 25 (4) Japan raised the permitted dose for emergency workers at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP from 100 mSv/10 rem to this level. 500 50 (5) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "blood count changes." 1,000- 100- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Minimal symptoms; 2,000 200 nausea and fatigue with possible vomiting; reduction in [certain white blood cells], with delayed recovery." 2,000- 200- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Nausea and vomiting 3,000 300 on first day; following latent period of up to 2 weeks, symptoms (loss of appetite and general malaise) appear but are not severe; recovery likely in about 3 months unless complicated by previous poor health." 3,200- 320- (5) Half the population exposed to an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing 3,600 360 radiation will die within 60 days despite receiving minimal supportive care. 3,500- 350- (2) NRC believes that half the population receiving this dose in a few hours or less 5,000 500 would die within 30 days. 8,000 800 (5) 100% mortality, despite best available treatment, for people receiving this external dose of whole-body ionizing radiation.

Sources: (I) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," report no. 160, 2009, p. II. (2) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Biological Effects of Radiation," January 2011, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact- sheets/bio-effects-radiation.html, and 10 CFR 20. (3) Dade Moeller, Environmental Health, revised edition, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 250. (4) Keith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. (5) Princeton University, Environmental Health and Safety. "Open Source Radiation Safety Training. Module 3: Biological Effects," http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/osradtraining/biologicaleffects/page.htm, adapted from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report No. 98, "Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities," Bethesda, MD, 1989. (6) National Research Council, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, "Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation," BEIR [Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation] VII Phase 2, p. 2, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record-id= I 1340&page= I and click on PDF Summary. (7) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs. Manual of ProtectiveAction Guides and ProtectiveActions for Nuclear Incidents, revised 1991 (second printing. May 1992), p. 4-4, httpl/www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/er/400-r-92-O0 I.pdf, and Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents," 73 Federal Register 45034, August 1,2008.

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External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose The health risks of ionizing radiation can occur as a result of both external and internal exposure. External exposure is almost exclusively from radioactive material that emits gamma radiation, which is very penetrating and, at higher energies, can only be stopped by a thick layer of lead or concrete. External sources of gamma radiation produce a whole-body exposure. Importantly, the level of exposure to gamma radiation falls off sharply with distance from the source. Cesium-137 ("37Cs), which has a half-life of 30 years, is the most common source of gamma radiation from nuclear weapons tests and reactor accidents.

Alpha and beta particles outside the body are typically not a source of external exposure. Alpha particles travel only a few centimeters through the air and cannot penetrate clothing or the outermost dead layer of skin. Beta particles, composed of electrons or positrons, can travel at most several feet through the air and penetrate to the live layer of skin causing burns (as happened to workers at Chernobyl). But they too are blocked by radiation suits.

Internal radiation exposure occurs through the inhalation of airborne radioactive material or the ingestion of contaminated food and drink. The potential for harm depends on the type and quantities of radioactive material taken in and the length of time they remain in the body. As already noted, isotopes that emit alpha particles present a greater hazard than those that emit beta particles and gamma radiation. In addition, the fate of the radioactive material depends on its chemical identity. For example, Strontium-90 (9Sr), which is chemically similar to calcium and emits beta particles, accumulates in bone and can cause leukemia and bone cancer.

Iodine-131 ("31I), another beta emitter, tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Beta radiation from iodine-131 damages the surrounding cells and increase the risk of non-malignant thyroid disease and thyroid cancer. Iodine- 131 from radioactive fallout accumulates on grass and leafy crops and becomes concentrated in the milk of cows and goats that feed on the contaminated vegetation. Children who drink the contaminated milk are especially at risk because they are still growing and their thyroid glands are very active. However, iodine-131 has a half-life of only 8 days, so it decays relatively quickly on the ground, in the food chain, and in the body.

Iodine-131 posed the most important health risk following the incident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency:

The main consequence of the Chernobyl accident is thyroid cancer in children, some of whom were not yet born at the time of the accident. Following the vapour [sic] explosion and fire at the Chernobyl reactor, radioactive iodine was released and spread in the surrounding area. Despite measures taken, children in southern Belarus and northern Ukraine, were exposed to radiation in the weeks following the accident, particularly by consuming milk from pastured cows and leafy vegetables that had been contaminated with radioactive 26 iodine.

Unlike whole-body external exposures, the exposure from ingested or inhaled radioactive material is often limited to certain parts of the body or even specific organs. Radiation scientists

26 International Atomic Energy Agency, "Thyroid Cancer Effects in Children," staff report, August 2005, httpJ/www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-1 5/thyroid.shtnml.

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are able to calculate a whole-body equivalent dose, or effective dose, for partial-body exposures. These amounts can be summed with external exposure to calculate a total dose.

Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk

The health effects of ionizing radiation exposure depend on the total dose and dose rate. Radiation health experts distinguish between (1) acute, or short-term, effects such as radiation sickness that are associated with relatively high doses over a short period; and (2) long-term effects such as increased lifetime cancer risk that result from chronic exposure to low levels of radiation. Short-term health effects are typically seen in workers and others in close proximity to nuclear weapons tests and accidents, while the long-term cancer risks apply to the general population. Scientists calculate the cancer risk from radiation exposure using data from epidemiological and other studies, such as those following the health outcomes of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the lifetime risk of contracting a fatal cancer from chronic exposure to low-level radiation exposure is 0.05 per sievert, or 1 in 20 per sievert (i.e., 1 in 2,000 per rem). The ICRP and NCRP both recommend an annual exposure limit of I mSv (100 mrem) for members of the general population. An individual that received that much annual exposure over a 70-year lifetime (a total of 70 mSv, or 7 rem) would, as a result, have an increased risk of cancer death of approximately I in 300.

Table 1 summarizes the health effects of exposure to various acute doses of ionizing radiation. For comparison, the table also includes the current exposure standards for the general public and workers, and the average background radiation exposure in the United States.

Potassium Iodide There is considerable interest in potassium iodide (also referred to by its chemical formula, KI) tablets to protect against thyroid cancer. These tablets contain non-radioactive iodine-127, the same type used in iodized table salt, to saturate the thyroid with iodine. Once the thyroid is saturated, it cannot absorb more of any isotope of iodine, including iodine- 131. As a result, potassium iodide tablets, taken shortly before exposure to iodine- 131, offer protection from thyroid cancer. The protection is of limited duration, however, and potassium iodide protects only the thyroid only against radioactive iodine. It does not protect against any other radioactive material or against radiation in general. Nor is there value in taking potassium iodide as a precautionary measure unless iodine-i 31 is expected to be present. As the next section of this report discusses, the amount of radioactive material that has reached the United States from the Japanese nuclear reactor incident is minuscule. Accordingly, the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed on March 22, said, "At this time, CDC does not recommend that people in the United States take KI or iodine supplements in response to the nuclear power plant explosions in Japan. You should only take KI on the advice of emergency management officials, public health officials, or your doctor. There are health risks associated with taking KI.'' 27 Further, "Some general side effects caused by KI may include intestinal upset, allergic reactions (possibly severe), rashes, and inflammation of the salivary glands."28

27 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency Preparedness and Response: Radiation and Potassium Iodide (KI)," httpY/www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/japan/ki.asp. 28 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency (continued...)

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The Japanese Situation

Understanding dose and its health effects casts light on the Japanese situation. The (U.S.) Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation of the National Research Council reported on the health risks from a certain type of radiation that includes gamma rays and x-rays. It considered doses below about 100 mSV (10 rem) to be low doses. The committee found that many factors "make it difficult to characterize the effects of ionizing radiation at low levels," and that "at doses less than 40 times the average yearly background exposure (100 mSv), statistical limitations make it difficult to evaluate cancer risk in humans." To develop an estimate of risk, the committee constructed a "lifetime risk model [that] predicts that approximately I person in 100 would be expected to develop cancer (solid cancer or leukemia) from a dose of 0.1 Sv [10 rem] above background." For comparison, about 42% of the population will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes.29 At Fukushima Daiichi NPP,

The workers are being asked to make escalating-and perhaps existential-sacrifices that so far are being only implicitly acknowledged: Japan's Health Ministry said Tuesdaythat it was raising the legal limit on the amount of radiation exposure to which each worker could be exposed, to 250 millisieverts from 100 millisieverts, five times the maximum exposure permitted for nuclear plant workers in the United States.

The change means that workers can now remain on site longer, the ministry said. "It would be unthinkable to raise it further than that, considering the health of the workers," the health minister, Yoko Komiyama, said at a news conference. 30

An acute dose of 250 mSv (25 rem) is the upper threshold at which dose is unlikely to cause noticeable health effects, but it increases the risk of cancer. Based on the National Research Council report, 25 of 1,000 people would be expected to develop solid cancers or leukemia as a result of receiving this dose. Workers exposed to this dose will probably not be allowed to be exposed to additional radiation above background for at least a year to give their bodies time to repair ccli damage.

Beyond the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, the external doses reported fall far below the low-dose threshold of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology reported dose readings from 80 monitoring stations between 25 and 60 km from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP.31On March 20, almost all the readings were less than 15 microsieverts per hour. (One milisievert = 1,000 microsieverts; 1 microsievert = 0.1 miflirem.) At a rate of 15 microsieverts per hour, it would take 278 days to accumulate a dose of 10 rem. At the highest rate reported, 110 microsieverts per hour, it would take 38 days to accumulate that dose. Staying inside an uncontaminated building would reduce exposure

(...continued) Preparedness and Response: Potassium Iodide (KI)," http./emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp#med. 29 National Research Council. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Washington, National Academies Press, 2006, pp. 1, 2, 7, 8, httpY//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record-id=l 1340&page=l, and click on "pdf summary." 1oKeith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. 31Japan. Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology (MEXT), "Readings at Monitoring Post out of 20 Km Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP [Nuclear Power Plant]," news release, as of 19:00 March 20, 2011, http'/www.mext.go.jp/component/english/icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/20/1303972_2019.pdf.

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considerably, and short-lived radionuclides like iodine- 131 (half-life, 8 days) would decay significantly during a month or more, sharply reducing the dose they produce. On the other hand, a larger release of radionuclides would be expected to increase dose, and cesium-137 (half-life, 30 years) decays much more slowly than iodine- 131, so it would contribute to dose for many decades.

Given the increase in thyroid cancer as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, a major concern in Japan is minimizing the risk of thyroid cancer. This is especially important for children. At Chernobyl, as noted earlier, ingestion of radioactive iodine-131 resulted mainly from drinking milk from cows that ate contaminated feed, and from eating leafy greens. Accordingly, Japanese authorities have tested spinach, other vegetables, and milk for iodine-131, and found elevated levels. In response, on March 23 Prime Minister Naoto Kan restricted the distribution and consumption of spinach, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables in Fukushima Prefecture, and restricted the distribution of fresh raw milk and parsley produced in Ibaraki Prefecture.32 In addition, authorities have reportedly found traces of radioactive iodine in drinking water in Tokyo. On March 23,

Ei Yoshida, head of water purification for the Tokyo water department, said ... that infants in Tokyo and surrounding areas should not drink tap water. He said iodine- 131 had been detected in water samples at a level of 210 becquerels per liter, about a quart. The recommended limit for infants is 100 becquerels per liter. For adults, the recommended limit is 300 becquerels.... The Health Ministry said in a statement that it was unlikely that there

would be negative consequences to infants who did drink the33 water, but that it should be avoided if possible and not be used to make infant formula.

However, by March 24 the level was reported to be 79 becquerels per liter, and by March 27 had diminished to the point where two readings showed no radiation and one showed 27 becquerels per liter.34

32 Japan. Policy Planning and Communication Division. Inspection and Safety Division. Department of Food Safety. "Restriction of Distribution and/or Consumption of Foods Concerned in Fukushima and Ibaraki Prefectures (in Relation to the Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant)," March 23, 2011, httplI/www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/ 2r98520000015wun-attr2r98520000015xym.pdf. 33 David Jolly and Denise Grady, "Tokyo Says Radiation in Water Puts Infants at Risk," New York Times, March 23, 2010. 34 David Jolly, "Radiation in Tokyo's Water Has Dropped, Japan Says," New York Times, March 24, 2011, and David Jolly, Hiroko Tabuchi, and Keith Bradsher, "High Radiation Found in Water at Japan Plant," New York Times, March 28, 201l1,p. 11.

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Appendix. Useful Links35

U.S. Government

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention "2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Radiation Release in Japan: Travel Information" http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/id/2511.aspx

"CDC Situation Awareness - 2011 Japan Earthquake": includes some maps of Japan relevant to the nuclear incident http://emergency.cdc.gov/situationawareness/japan/

"Radiation Emergencies": includes fact sheets on Japan: radiation and health http://emergency.cdc.gov/Radiation/?scid=emergency_001

CongressionalResearch Service "Fukushima Nuclear Crisis," by Richard Campbell and Mark Holt: describes the crisis, presents status of reactors, includes a map and diagrams http://www.crs.gov/Products/R/PDF/R41694.pdf

Departmentof Agriculture "USDA's Radiation Safety Questions and Answers": includes information on food imports from Japan http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid= radiationsafetyqa.html

Departmentof Energy "The Situation in Japan": includes statements, congressional testimony, photos, and detailed radiological assessments based on DOE's Aerial Measuring System http://blog.energy.gov/content/situation-japan

Departmentof State "Embassy of the United States, Tokyo, Japan": includes information for Americans in Japan, updates on Tokyo water, availability of potassium iodide, travel warnings, press releases, etc. http://japan.usembassy.gov/

35 This appendix was prepared by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

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Environmental ProtectionAgency "Japanese Nuclear Emergency: EPA's Radiation Air Monitoring": home page http://www.epa.gov/japan2O1l /

"Japanese Nuclear Emergency Radiation Monitoring: Daily Data Summary" http://www.epa.gov/japan20l 1/data-updates.html

"Radiation Doses in Perspective" http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html

Food and DrugAdministration "Radiation Safety": includes FDA actions to assess the situation in Japan and to ensure the safety of products imported from Japan http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm247403.htm

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory "Exploring the Table of Isotopes": detailed data on isotopes of each element http://ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm

Los Alamos National Laboratory

"Ionizing Radiation-It's Everywhere," by Roger Echkardt, Los Alamos Science, no. 23, 1995: a detailed primer on ionizing radiation, written in a light style http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/00326627.pdf

Nuclear Regulatory Commission "NRC Actions on Japan's Emergency": statements and congressional testimony by commissioners, news releases, FAQs http://www.nrc.gov/japan/japan-info.html

Japanese Sources

Government of Japan "Countermeasures for Great East Japan Earthquake": messages from the Prime Minister, press conferences by the Chief Cabinet Secretary, links to ministries and agencies http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/incident/index.html

JapanAtomic IndustrialForum, Inc. Home page: includes "Information Update on Fukushima Nuclear Power Station" with updates several times a day, such as on reactor status and major events, trend of radiation in the

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environment, other press releases http://www.jaif or.jp/english/

Kyodo News

Home page: news feed, including reports on the nuclear incident http://english.kyodonews.jp/

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology "Reading of Environmental Radioactivity Level": includes daily updates of radiation levels at many radiation detection posts http://www.mext.go.jp/english/radioactivity_level/index.htm

Ministry of Health, Labourand Welfare

"Information about the Great East Japan Earthquake": announcements on radiation in food and water http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/2011eq/index.html

NHK World Home page of Japan Broadcasting Corporation: includes many news stories on the Fukushima Daiichi incident. Note: Members of the Board of Directors are appointed by the Prime Minister and approved by both Houses of the Diet. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/01_33.html

Nuclear and IndustrialSafety Agency

"Countermeasures for Tohoku--Pacific Ocean Earthquake": includes updates of information on radiation levels http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/

Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet "The Prime Minister in Action": includes messages, statements, and a blog by the Prime Minister http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html

Tokyo Electric Power Company Home page of the company that owns the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant: includes press releases and monitoring data http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/index-e.html

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Other

American Nuclear Society "Fukushima": Links to many news sources, updates on reactor status, an archive of updates and news http://ansnuclearcafe.org/fukushima/

Areva

"The Fukushima Daiichi Incident," by Matthias Braun: provides a detailed description, with photos and diagrams, of plant design, accident progression, radiological releases, spent fuel pools, and sources of information http://www.seyth.com/ressources/quake/AREVA-Document.pdf

Health Physics Society "Fukushima Nuclear Plant Update": health aspects of radiation exposure in general and from the Fukushima Daiichi incident http://www.hps.org/fuikshima/

InternationalAtomic Energy Agency "Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log": daily detailed updates of the situation http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdateO1.html

New York Times "Status of the Nuclear Reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant": for each reactor, daily updates of the situation along with recent developments http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/16/world/asia/reactors-status.html?ref=-asia

"Assessing the Radiation Danger, Near and Far," by Joe Burgess et al., April 2, 2011: Combines data from multiple sources to show the potential danger at different distances and in various environments resulting from the Fukushima Daiichi incident http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/04/02/world/asia/assessing-the-radiation-danger.html? ref=-asia

Nuclear Energy Institute "Japan Earthquake: Additional NEI Updates": includes daily updates and an archive of these updates, a timeline of events in Japan, and latest news and events http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/information-on-the-japanese-earthquake-and-reactors-in-that- region/japan-earthquake-additional-nei-updates/

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Union of Concerned Scientists "UCS Spotlight: Nuclear Reactor Crisis in Japan": daily press briefings on the incident, FAQs, the organization's position on nuclear power, and a report on NRC and nuclear power plant safety http://www.ucsusa.org/

World Health Organization "FAQs: Japan Nuclear Concerns": Q&A from a United Nations Agency, including current risk, human exposure to ionizing radiation, WHO travel advice for Japan http://www.who.int/hac/crises/jpn/faqs/en/index.html

World Institutefor Nuclear Security "Emerging Lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Maintaining Nuclear Security in a Complex Crisis": focuses on lessons learned from the incident for maintaining and improving security, as distinct from safety http://wins.org/fileitem.aspx?id=249

World Nuclear Organization "Nuclear Power in Japan": detailed background on many aspects of this topic including history; tables and descriptions of Japan's nuclear power reactors built, under construction, and planned; fuels used and spent fuel; and R&D. Does not deal with the Fukushima Daiichi incident. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf79.html

"Fukushima Accident 2011": technical description of the accident, with diagrams http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/fukushima-accident-inf129.html

Author Contact Information

Jonathan Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy [email protected], 7-7632

Acknowledgments The Nuclear Regulatory Commission provided technical comments on this report.

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CX 167 of 1170 (b)(6) From: Sent: Wednesday, April 06, 2011 11:25 AM To: '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Milligan, Patricia; Jones, Cynthia; (b)(6) RESILIENCE; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]' Cc: Regan, Sean P.; Rohde, Brian; Cogswell, Patty; Bahar, Michael; Bentz, Julie A.; Miller, Charles; Avery, Heidi E. Subject: RSVP REQUESTED: Transborder Supply Chain Security RESTRICTED IPC on Radiological Standards for International Cargo FRIDAY APRIL 8, 2011 Attachments: TRANSBORDER Mail IPC 4-8-11 Agenda (Final).docx

NATIONAL SECURITY STAFF TRANSBORDER SECURITY RESTRICTED INTERAGENCY POLICY COMMITTEE on Supply Chain Security

DATE: Friday April 8,2011 LOCATION: WHCC, Truman Room TIME: 11:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.

NSS-Transborder will host a Restricted IPC in the Truman Room of the White House Conference Center from 11:30 - 12:30 PM on April 8, 2011 to determine appropriate health and environmental radiological standard to respond to the current international cargo contamination resulting from the Japanese reactor incidents arriving in the United States.

Attendance is limited to an Assistant Secretary and a plus one from DHS, DOE, DOT, EPA, HHS, and NRC. In addition, one representative from the following components is invited: USCG, CBP, CDC, OSHA, NIOSH and the Advisory Team to provide operations context. Please forward the names of your attendees to Sean Regan at [email protected] by COB April 7, 2011.

Patrick Flanagan DirectorSurface TransportationSecurity National Security Staff The White House Executive Office of the President Office: (202) 456-5651 Cell: I(b)(6)

CX 168 of 1170 NATIONAL SECURITY STAFF TRANSBORDER SECURITY INTERAGENCY POLICY COMMITTEE on Supply Chain Security

DATE: Friday April 8,2011 LOCATION: WHCC, Truman Room TIME: 11:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m.

AGENDA

I. Introduction NSS

II. Acceptable Contamination Standard for General Public Exposure CDC

III. Acceptable Contamination Standard for the Environment EPA

IV. Acceptable Contamination Standard Exposure for Transportation Workers OSHA

V. Department of Transportation Policy Position DOT

VI. Operational Isotope Detection Conversion Matrix CBP

VII. Closing NSS

CX 169 of 1170 From: Jonathan Medalia Sent Wednesday, April 06, 2011 11:09 AM To: Jonathan Medalia Subject: Thanks; graphic received

All, Thanks to those of you who have sent me graphics of the fission products distribution. I will probably use this one http://www.world-nuclear.orq/education/phys.htm , though I have yet to look at several others. I appreciate your quick response! No need for further work on this request. Best, Jon

CX 170 of 1170 From: Wiggins, Jim Sent: Wednesday, April 06, 2011 9:03 AM To: Hoc, PMT12 Cc: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Modeling shows limited spread of Fukushima's radioactive release in ocean I Homeland Security News Wire

This article implies that the French have a modeling capability for close-in ocean plumes. I see in IPC and Deputies call minutes that NOAA and others are working this too.

http://homelandsecuritynewswire.com/modeling-shows-Iimited-spread-fukushimas-radioactive-release-ocean

CX 171 of 1170 From: morgan cox Sent: Tuesday, April 05, 2011 8:15 PM To: Jones, CynthiaE(b)) i Ii > > "Jones, Cynthia"; Ted Quinn; Hayes, Robert; Arthur Desrosiers; Ted Hartwell; Edward Walker; Hansen, Richard; Mark Hoover; Mark Maiello; Redmond, Randy (RXQ); whicker > > Jeff Whicker, david@baltTiorg; Dennis Hadlock; [email protected]; Newton, Eric; Arthur Desrosiers; Bowen, Larry; Klett, Alfred; Lamb, Scott D.; Alan L. Justus; MARTINSON Tim Subject: Planning for the AMUG

Greetings friends, Planning for the exciting AMUG meeting during the first week in May is progressing. On Tuesday, 3 May, by popular request the opening session will focus on the nuclear situation in Japan. The session will be moderated by Cyndi Jones of the NRC and me with inputs from Ted Quinn (Altran), Rob Hayes (WIPP), Arthur Desrosiers (SEC), Ted Hartwell (DRI), Ed Walker (BWR consultant), Rick Hansen (NTS) and others from the audience. We expect this session to last from 0845 to at least 1030 on Tuesday. The second session will take a close look at the "BOOK" co-edited by Mark Maiello and Mark Hoover, with Q&A & comment from the audience. We will allow the Marks to continue as long as there is interest in this topic. We can have one or two manufacturers complete the morning session. Lunch will be from noon to 1330. Following lunch will be the presentation of the Hoover-Newton award to a well deserving scientist. Then we will have two presentations by manufacturers to be selected. Next we will have Rob Hayes address "The latest developments at the WIPP", and another related presentation. The afternoon break will follow. Next Randy Redmond of Y-12 will present "An evaluation of fixed air sample cross-contamination and radioactivity loss." Then Jeff Whicker will present "Environmental air sampling and monitoring during cleanup of a rad waste site." Next will be a presentation by a manufacturer to be named. Finally we will preview the tour of the Nevada National Security Site on Wednesday. Rick Hansen and I have arranged an exciting tour. If this schedule is too robust we will continue on Thursday, 5 May.

Thursday morning will begin with a session to be moderated by Mark Hoover focusing on the topics of radon & radon progeny.This session will include work by Mark, Phil Jenkins, Rob Hayes, Tom Kendrick & others with expertise in these topics. The session will include the development of ANSI N42.50 and the related IEC 61578 standard. We have two new members from Canada with some fine operational input on the subject. Other specific papers for the meeting follow. Dave Baltz of Bladewerx will deliver a talk entitled "Radon chamber testing of the SabreBPM beta particulate monitor in the "Radon mode." Joey Smiley of the Savannah River Site will present "Wireless networked CAMs at the Savannah River Site." Dennis Hadlock has a presentation entitled "The use of air sampling plans at the Savannah River Site." Eric Newton Honeywell) will present "The uses of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)." Arthur Desrosiers (SEC) will present "Development of a compact ANSI N31.1-complaint aerosol monitor for HEPA carts." Larry Bowen (Southern Research Org) has a presentation entitled "Development and optimization of a low-flow rate air sampling impinger." Alfred Klett (Berthold) will present a paper entitled "Pseudo-coincidence techniques." Scott Lamb of Thermo will discuss "Advancements to the Alpha 7A/L." Alan Justus of LANL will present "Risked-based containment and air monitoring criteria", coauthored by VR Veluri, and two pombined papers.

CX 172 of 1170 Tim Martinson will discuss the status of ANSI N320, very important related to the Japanese nuclear situation, & the Canberra response. Ted Hartwell of Desert Research Institute will also present a paper on Friday by request. I will arrange all of this good work as possible. In summary we will have a full schedule for Tuesday, Thursday and Friday am, and a great tour on Wednesday.

My laryngitis limits my phone calls for now. Best regards, Morgan

CX 173 of 1170 From: Dembek, Stephen Sent: Tuesday, April 05, 2011 12:28 PM To: ICWG Subject- FINAL ICWG Meeting Summary - March 30, 2011

The only change from the draft was the last action item below added by Shawn W.

International Council Working Group Meeting Summary Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Attendees: Heather Astwood (NRR), Jeff Dehn (RES), Steve Dembek (OIP), Michael Cullingford (NRR), David Diec (NSIR), Wendy Eisenberg (RES), Shawn Smith (NMSS), and Shawn Williams (OEDO)

The first topic discussed was "Multiple Traveler Conferences Table." The discussion was led by Shawn W. Shawn said he saw this table on OIP's SharePoint site and saw a lot of past due and TBD dates and thought it should be updated. The group discussed the table and agreed that its original purpose was to provide a reference for anyone participating in conferences likely to be attended by more than one NRC office. The list specified a lead office that would coordinate the pre-trip authorization and post-trip summary. Based on the discussion, the group decided the title of the table would be changed to make the purpose clearer and the date column would be changed to eliminate specific dates. Steve D. will then provide the table to the group for updates. Specifically, the ICWG is requested to review the table and delete meetings that only apply to one NRC office. New conferences that are likely to be attended by more than one office should be added to the list. Please open the document in ADAMS at ML093230282 and make the necessary changes by COB on April 11, 2011. If you prefer, you can give your comments to me and I'll make them. A pdf version of the table is attached for your information.

Next, Jeff discussed the updated pre-trip template that was forwarded to the group previously. After some debate, the group decided that the template should have two additional changes made. The phrase "OIP Assistance Program" would be deleted from the Framework section of the form. This will leave the word "Assistance" after that check block. The group's consensus was that assistance includes OIP assistance so it was unnecessary and potentially confusing to include both. Also, near the bottom of the form, "Normal" will be replaced with "NRC" for the funding source to make it clear to travelers that the two funding choices are NRC funding or external funding. Jeff committed to make the changes and provide them to Shawn. After the meeting, Shawn W. requested two additional changes as shown in the attached email. The final version of the pre-trip form will be distributed to the ICWG once it's been completed and it will also be posted on OIP's SharePoint site.

Next, Shawn W. distributed the latest revision of his OEDO-0290 procedure. Shawn noted that the procedure has been signed out, but he wanted the group to give one final look before it's put into pdf and distributed. Shawn discussed all of the changes made to the procedure and the rationale for the changes. The group only had very minor comments to the procedure. The OEDO procedure is at: ML103280041

Next the ICWG discussed open action items: " OIP is still investigating whether or not SharePoint or ADAMS P8 can be effectively used as an archive for trip reports. Eric committed to provide an update at this ICWG meeting. Since Eric had the lead on this item and he's been working on the events in Japan and is now in Japan on a special assignment, we have not made progress on this item. " RES is still organizing a meeting between CSNI and CNRA Working Group members in April 2011 to align participants prior to the June meetings. Jeff plans to send out a scheduler for some time between April 19-21.

CX 174 of 1170 " OEDO will check the status of the human resources exercise (cooperation vs. assistance activities). Shawn W. noted that the memo is on its way to the EDO for signature. " OIP will determine the implications of the new "Controlled Unclassified Information" policy for trip report sensitivities and periodic reviews. OIP is still working with the CUI point of contact on this issue.

Other items of interest:

" Shawn W. mentioned the email he sent earlier in the day (Wednesday morning) regarding Marty Virgilio's request for the offices to carefully consider attending meetings/conferences in response to the Japanese events. Marty wants to be sure we're not duplicating efforts. It was clarified that the advance notice Marty is looking for is not meant to require that Marty approve all such travel. He just wants the offices to be sensitive to potential duplication and he wants to be made aware of potential travel ahead of time. " Heather noted that the CNRA and CSNI are forming a joint task force on the Japanese event. " Shawn S. noted that that at the NEA last week, the NEA noted that they are still determining the best way to respond to the Japanese events. " Jeff and Wendy noted that Donna-Marie's rotation has concluded and she's returned as the RES international liaison.

Action Items: " OIP is investigating whether or not SharePoint or ADAMS P8 can be effectively used as an archive for trip reports. * RES will organize a meeting between CSNI and CNRA Working Group members in April 2011 to align participants prior to the June meetings. " OEDO will check the status of the human resources exercise (cooperation vs. assistance activities). " OIP will determine the implications of the new "Controlled Unclassified Information" policy for trip report sensitivities and periodic reviews. " The ICWG members will review the document formerly titled "Multiple Traveler Conference Table" and

comment on it by April 1 1 th. Note per the request of the ICWG, the document is now titled: International Conferences with Travelers from Multiple NRC Offices " OIP will determine the implications of the new "Controlled Unclassified Information" policy for trip report sensitivities and periodic reviews. " Eric Stahl has the lead to look into adding an ICWG section only on OIP's SharePoint that would be available to only ICWG members and include the ICWG meeting summaries. Subsequently, Shawn W. would eliminate the ICWG community of practice on the NRC Knowledge Management Database.

As always, if we've missed something, or made a mistake, please respond to everyone with the addition/correction.

The ICWG NRC Knowledge Management Center that includes past meeting summaries can be found at: http://nrcknowledgecenter.nrc.gov/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=12956&lang=en-US

CX 175 of 1170 From: Jonathan Medalia Sent: Monday, April 04, 2011 10:08 AM To: Jonathan Medalia Subject: Areva presentation: Fukushima Daiich incident

Here are the slides by Matthias Braun of Areva, 'The Fukushima Daiichi Incident." It provides a detailed visual description of plant design, accident progression, radiological releases, and spent fuel pools. http://www.seyth.com/ressources/quake/AREVA-Document.pdf

The NYTimes of April 2 had a front-page article by William Broad, "From Afar, a Vivid Picture of Japan Crisis," referencing these slides. The article is here. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/science/03meltdown.html? r=l&scp=l&sq=far labs vivid picture Japan broad&st=cse

CX 176 of 1170 From: Peter R. Davis Sent Monday, April 04, 2011 9:56 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Q9694 Submitted to ATE

Cynthia,

On April 4, 2011, Peter R. Davis submitted the following question through the HPS Web site "Ask the Experts" page:

NUMBER: 09694 CATEGORY: Policy & Standards QUESTION: "My question has to do with health effects of low levels of radiation. Associated with the Fukushima reactor accident, Fox news interviewed a person (I didn't get his name) who said that any level of radiation is harmful. I was wondering if the HPS endorses this position. I also was wondering if the HPS endorses the linear no-threshold model for realistically calculating latent cancer deaths from low levels of radiation (i.e. below 10 rem). I have been following the debate over these issues, and have found different opinions. At one extreme, there is a theory (Hormesis) that asserts that low radiation levels are beneficial and actually can produce health benefits. There have been papers by the Electric Power Research Institute, the U of Mass School of Public Health (BELLE newsletter) asserting that a homesis effect may exist with low levels of radiation. A recent paper by Professor Cohen (University of Pittsburg) claims data shows that people exposed to high levels of radiation from radon gas actually have lower cancer death rates than those exposed to low levels. There was also a recent presentation by a French scientist to the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste in which he argued that the LNT model overstates health effects (i.e. cancers) at low radiation exposures. The other extreme is the opinion stated on Fox news that any dose, no matter how small, is harmful.

Any response would be appreciated. "

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN: UNITED STATES

You may review this question on your Members Only page at: https://hps.orp,/membersonly/ateeditors/listquestions.cfm.

You may delete the question if it is in bad taste or inappropriate for showing on the HPS Web site, send email to Peter R. Davis, or initiate the process of answering the question by assigning it to an expert.

(This is an automated email message generated by the HPS Web site)

CX 177 of 1170 From: Igor Jovanovic Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 4:56 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Re: Your request for a copy of the DNDO Global Nuclear Detection Strategy

Hi Cyndi,

Thank you very much for the update. It is entirely understandable that in the past weeks both your and our attention has shifted somewhat - I hope not for a long term. I am very much looking forward to seeing this document.

Best regards, Igor

Igor Jovanovic Associate Professor of Nuclear Engineering I Bashore Career Development Professor Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Phone: 814-867-4329 Email: iiovanovic(,psu.edu Web: www.mne.psu.edu/IJ

On Apr 1, 2011, at 4:48 PM, Jones, Cynthia wrote:

Hi Igor-

It's been a bit busy here as you can imagine, but I wanted to get back to you following the last meeting that you and Jim Wiggins attended at PSU. I double checked with the DHS Domestic Nuclear Detection Office and currently their Global Nuclear Detection Strategy (U)document is still being kept at the Official Use Only level and consequently I cannot provide it to you. I am the main point of contact with DNDO here at NRC, so I'll continue to work with them to see when they can expect to have a public version available for you. Let's keep in touch-

All the best Cyndi Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D., Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security &Incident Response Mail Stop T4-D22A, Washington, D.C. 20555 cynthia.iones•..nrc.aov co(c.nrc.sqov.qov Work: 301-415-0298 Blackberry: ýb)(6)

CX 178 of 1170 From: Betsey Norgard Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 4:36 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject RE: Augsburg

Hello Cyndi,

Thank you so much for your edits and info. We're posting the story this afternoon on the Inside Augsburg page--http.'//inside.augsburg,edu/

Betsey

Betsey Norgard Editor, Augsburg Now Augsburg College 2211 Riverside Ave. Minneapolis, MN 55454 norgard(iaugsburg.edu Tel. 612- 330- 1181 Fax 612-330-1780

>>> "Jones, Cynthia" 4/1/2011 03:05 PM >>> Hi Sherry-

You caught me at my desk (!). I am back on shift work starting at 6am Sun morning. Here are my edits in the attached word document.

Thanks for thinking of me. And let me know if/when it goes in .....

Gotta run-

Cyndi

----Original - Message ----- From: Sherry Jennings-King [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 2:56 PM To: [email protected]; Jones, Cynthia Cc: Betsey Norgard; Jeremy Wells Subject: Augsburg

Hi Cyndi,

CX 179 of 1170 Hope all is well with you and Rick and that you're hanging in there with everything going on.

I wanted to get in touch with you real quick as Christina and 11(b)(6) J Our Augsburg NOW editor, and good friend of mine, Betsey Norgard, asked me if we might be able to put something on our website about the work you're doing. The website page is our "Inside Augsburg" site. She was able to write something up (see below) based on information she could find, but asked me to get in touch with you for your review.

Can you pls get back to Betsey with any changes/edits/additions? We'd love to include anything you think should go in such as how you're working with international agencies in this crisis, etc.

Just let Betsey know how you'd like it changed. Sorry I'll be out of touch during this time. [(b)(6) Fb)(6)

Best, as always,

Regent Cyndi Jones monitors nuclear crisis

Cynthia Jones '81, physics graduate and Augsburg regent, is a staff member in the Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Since the Japan earthquake and tsunami, she has been working long hours to help U.S. officials and the public understand what is happening at the nuclear reactor sites in Japan so that the U.S. can make informed decisions to the situation.

Jones has been with the NRC since 1988, first as a senior health physicist, and currently as senior technical advisor for nuclear security. She is responsible for coordinating agency interactions both with government and the industry, both domestically and international, that relate to nuclear security, safeguards, radiological and nuclear protection issues, and potential health effects of adverse consequences.

In 2004, she became the U.S national officer to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and served on the advisory committee for the development of the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). This scale that was developed, from 1 to 7, identifies and helps communicate the severity of nuclear plant accidents, similar to how the Richter scale identifies the severity of earthquakes.

As the Japan nuclear crisis has unfolded, Jones has served as the national officer to clear all reports to the IAEA from U.S agencies. The IAEA daily news stories include a chronology of the daily briefings, videos with story resources and links to social media.

More about Cyndi's role in responding and communicating this event as it unfolds. Has there been any INES ratings issued for the Fukushima events?

Sherry Jennings-King Institutional Advancement Augsburg College Campus Box #142 2211 Riverside Avenue Minneapolis, MN 55454 (612) 330-1386

CX 180 of 1170 FAX (612) 330-1330 jenningk(daugsburg.edu

CX 181 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 182 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 183 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent. Friday, April 01, 2011 4:20 PM To: Jonathan Medalia Subject minor edits Attachments: 110401 partial appendix.doc

Minor edits for the NRC portion of your appendix.

You might want to also add American Nuclear Society (www.ans.org) and the Health Physics Society (http://www.hps.org/fikushima/ ) to the list.

Cyndi

CX 184 of 1170 Appendix. Useful Links

U.S. Government

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Radiation Release in Japan: Travel Information http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/id/2511 .aspx CDC Situation Awareness - 2011 Japan Earthquake: includes maps of Japan, including some relevant to the nuclear incident http://emergency.cdc.gov/situationawareness/japan/ Radiation Emergencies: includes fact sheets on Japan: radiation and healt http://emergency.cdc.gov/Radiation/?s-cid=emergency_001

Departmentof Agriculture USDA's Radiation Safety Questions and Answers: includes information on food imports from Japan http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=radiation-safety _qa.html

Departmentof Energy The Situation in Japan: includes statements, congressional testimony, photos, and detailed radiological assessments based on DOE's Aerial Measuring System http://blog.energy.gov/content/situation-japan

Departmentof State Embassy of the United States, Tokyo, Japan: includes information for Americans in Japan, updates on Tokyo water and availability of potassium iodide tablets, travel warnings, press releases, etc. http://japan.usembassy.gov/

Environmental ProtectionAgency Japanese Nuclear Emergency Radiation Monitoring: home page http://www.epa.gov/japan20lI/ Japanese Nuclear Emergency Radiation Monitoring: Daily Data Summary http://www.epa.gov/japan20l 1/data-updates.html Radiation Doses in Perspective http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html

Food and Drug Administration Radiation Safety: includes what FDA is doing to assess the situation in Japan and to ensure the safety of products imported from Japan http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm247403.htm

CX 185 of 1170 NUrlpar Rpowllatorij Cnmiqn

(b)(5)

Japanese Sources

Other International Sources

InternationalAtomic Energy Agency Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log: daily detailed updates of the situation http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate0l.html

Non-Governmental Organizations

CX 186 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent. Friday, April 01, 2011 4:10 PM To: Hoc, PMT12 Subject: see attached

Pls see the article below. Check with the NRC Japan team to verify or nullify this report. ET asked PMT about these individuals on Wed this week (see PMT action for update on HE of workers.

From: Cameron, Stuart [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 3:15 PM To: Mansur. Gary: Becerril. Elizabeth; Blackwell, Henry; [email protected]; (b)(6) 1(b)(6) [email protected]; Brown, Courtney; Chisholm, Bruce; [email protected]; Corr, Michael; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Dugan, Dennis; [email protected]; [email protected]; F(b)(6) [email protected]; [email protected]" Hncpn Iirhnrri. Eamkins, Elaine; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected](b)(6) *wafc.org; Kafantaris, Carolyn R. (NEV); KPvin.sheehan(ic-fhi-av- LETan~ncrde .nr '(b)(6) [email protected]; (b)(6) J'mricla'rds~salud.unmedu [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Riland, Carson;l(b)(6) [email protected];l(b)(6) hompson, Roger (NEV); Troller, Gerald; Van Etten, Donald; Vialard, Tina; [email protected]; Whitt, Randall; [email protected]; Blumenthal, Dan; [email protected]; Clark, Harvey; Jones, Cynthia; [email protected]," P•,rat flrai- fred.wehrenberqa dhs.aov: '[email protected]; [email protected]; 1(b)(6) Mena, RajahC(b)(6) lOLaughlin, Colleen (NEV); [email protected]; Plionis, Alexander; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Thomas.O'Connell@state. ma.us; [email protected] Subject: Interesting Artide Related to this Project

Report: Fukushima nuke workers expect to die 'They know it is impossible for them not to have been exposed to lethal doses of radiation,' mother of worker tells journalist msnbc.com staff and news service reports updated 4/1/2011 4:42:25 AM ET 2011-04-01T08:42:25

TOKYO - The workers at Japan's stricken nuclear power plant - known as the Fukushima 50 - expect some of them will die within weeks or months, the mother of one has reportedly said. Tokyo Electric Power Co., the power company that runs the plant, said Friday that leaking radiation had seeped into groundwater beneath the site.

The leak is an indicator of how far TEPCO is from stabilizing the dangerously overheating reactors after cooling systems were knocked out in the March II quake and tsunami.

Earlier this week, a Japanese minister conceded there was no end in sight to the crisis, although some of the world's lareest cement pumps are bein2 sent to Japan initially to pump water but then to possibly entomb the site as was done in Chernobyl.

CX 187 of 1170 The Fukushima 50, who actually are a group of about 300 people who have been working in shifts of 50, have become heroes in Japan and are known as atomic "samurai."

Speaking, to Fox News by phone via an interpreter, the mother of a 32-year-old worker said her son had told her they must have been exposed to lethal doses of radiation.

"My son and his colleagues have discussed it at length and they have committed themselves to die if necessary to save the nation," she said. Fox News said she was tearful as she spoke.

"He told me they have accepted they will all probably die from radiation sickness in the short term or cancer in the long-term," she added.

"They have concluded between themselves that it is inevitable some of them may die within weeks or months. They know it is impossible for them not to have been exposed to lethal doses of radiation," she said.

The woman, who Fox News said spoke on condition of anonymity because the workers had been asked to not speak to the media, added that her son was too scared to sleep on the floor and so had been doing so on a desk.

"But they say high radioactivity is everywhere and I think this will not save him," she said.

Contamination has affected work at the plant, where radioactive water has been pooling, often thwarting the work of powering up the complex's cooling systems.

Sharing radiation meters Despite the leaks, TEPCO hasn't had enough dosimeters to provide one for each employee since many were destroyed in the earthquake. Under normal circumstances, the gauges, which measure radiation, would be worn at all times.

Officials said Friday that more meters had arrived and there were now enough for everyone.

"We must ensure safety and health of the workers, but we also face a pressing need to get the work done as quickly as possible," said nuclear safety agency spokesman Hidehiko Nishiyama. Until now, sharing meters "has been an unavoidable choice."

TEPCO has repeatedly relaxed safety standards during the crisis in order to prevent frequent violations. That is not uncommon during emergencies.

TEPCO spokesman Naoyuki Matsumo also said iodine-131, a radioactive substance that decays quickly, was found nearly 50 feet below one of the reactors.

The groundwater contamination was found in concentrations 10,000 times higher than the government standard for the plant.

Seiki Kawagoe, an environmental science professor at Tohoku University, said Friday the radioactive substances were unlikely to affect drinking water, noting that radiation tends to dissipate quickly in the ground, as it does in the ocean.

But there are two ways the iodine could eventually affect drinking water if concentrations were high enough.

One is if it were to seep into wells in the area. For now, a 12-mile radius around the plant has been cleared, though residents of the area are growing increasingly frustrated with evacuation orders and have been sneaking back to check on their homes.

Japanese officials have also suggested people within a 19-mile radius should consider leaving, although high levels of radiation have been found up to 25 miles away.

The other concern is that contaminated water from the plant could seep into underground waterways and eventually into rivers used for drinking water.

Tomohiro Mogamiya, an official with the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's water supply division, said that was "extremely unlikely" since groundwater would flow toward the ocean, and the plant is right on the coast.

There are two nearby fdtration plants for drinking water, and both have been shut down because they are just inside the exclusion zone.

One takes water from the Kido River, to the south, and another takes it from groundwater below Odaka, to the north. Both are several miles from the coast and on higher ground.

CX 188 of 1170 "When people return to the area we will test the water to make sure it is safe," said Masato Ishikawa, an official with the Fukushima prefecture's food and sanitation division.

Radiation concerns have rattled the Japanese public, already struggling to return to normal life after the earthquake-borne tsunami pulverized hundreds of miles of the northeastern coast.

Three weeks after the disaster in one of the most connected countries in the world, 260,000 households still do no have running water and 170,000 do not have electricity.

Radioactive cow In the latest report of food becoming tainted, the government said Friday that a cow slaughtered for beef had slightly elevated levels of cesium, another radioactive particle. Officials stressed that the meat was never put on the market.

Video: Radiation discovered in America's milk supply (on this page)

Radioactive cesium can build up in the body and high levels are thought to be a risk for various cancers.

It is still found in wild boar in Germany 25 years after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, making the pigs off-limits for eating in many cases.

Though TEPCO has acknowledged that it was initially slow to ask for help in dealing with the nuclear crisis, experts from around the world are now flooding in.

French nuclear giant Areva, which supplied fuel to the plant, is helping figure out how to dispose of contaminated water, and American nuclear experts are joining Japanese on a panel to address the disaster.

Japan has also ordered two giant pumps, typically used for spraying concrete, from the U.S.

They are being retrofitted to spray water first, according to Kelly Blickle, a spokeswoman at Putzmeister America Inc. in Wisconsin. At least one similar pump is already in operation at the plant.

A construction company in Augusta, Ga., was among those redirecting the pumps to Japan. Its owner said he believes building a concrete sarcophagus will follow.

"Our understanding is they are preparing to go to next phase and it will require a lot of concrete," Jerry Ashmore told the Augusta Chronicle.

He did not expect the pump to return. "It will be too hot to come back," Ashmore said.

Video: EPA admits to glitches in radiation monitors (on this page)

U.S. troops also are involved in the search for the dead. Japan's defense ministry said that, starting Friday, the two militaries will create joint teams to look for bodies from the air. So far 11,500 people have been confirmed dead. Another 16,400 are missing, and many may never be found.

Hundreds of thousands more people are living in evacuation centers, most because they lost their homes in the tsunami. But others have been forced to leave their houses near the plant because of radiation concerns.

Some residents are growing angry and frustrated with the government and are increasingly violating the bans to return to their homes to gather whatever they can find.

Fukushima officials have put up posters in all evacuation centers urging residents not to violate the cordon, but also are pressing Tokyo to arrange trips in for the residents as soon as possible.

"There is no doubt in my mind that it is dangerous in there," said Kazuko Hirohara, a 52-year-old nurse from Minami Soma. "I just wish they would have thought about safety before they ruined our lives."

The Associated Press, Reuters and NBC News contributed to this story.

CX 189 of 1170 Inspector Stuart K. Cameron Commanding Officer Suffolk County Police Special Patrol Bureau 2175 Smithtown Avenue Ronkonkoma, NY 11779-7326 [email protected] 631.854.5701 fax: 631.467.5056

CX 190 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent Friday, April 01, 2011 2:35 PM To: Evans, Michele Cc: Wiggins, Jim Subject: FW: Nextgov Today -- March 24, 2011

Michele/Jim-

For awareness at next trilateral from RI- more of the same concerns from regions and staff about NNSA not providing complete US story about US security activities. It's not just HQ who is concerned....

Cyndi

From: Ferdas, Marc Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 6:54 AM To: Giantelli, Adelaide Subject: FW: Nextgov Today -- March 24, 2011

Adelaide, Please see email traffic below concerning a recent news article. Can you fwd this to someone in NSIR for their awareness?

Who is a good POC in NSIR for these type of issues?

Thanks

Marc S. Ferdas Chief, Medical Branch (NRC/Region 1/DNMS) [email protected] 610-337-5022 (w) Z(b)(6) 1)

From: Collins, Daniel Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 6:20 AM To: Ferdas, Marc; Screnci, Diane; Sheehan, Neil Cc: Lorson, Raymond Subject: Re: Nextgov Today -- March 24, 2011

Marc -

Thanks for flagging this. NSIR has had an ongoing dialouge with NNSA over thwe past few years about better coordination and telling a complete story about post-9/11 activities related to source/nuclear security. Since NSIR is our primary liaison with NNSA, we should probably refer this to NSIR and FSME to consider what follow up action NRC should take.

Dan Dan Collins, sent from blackberry

From: Ferdas, Marc To: Screnci, Diane; Sheehan, Neil

CX 191 of 1170 Cc: Lorson, Raymond; Collins, Daniel Sent: Thu Mar 24 06:14:29 2011 Subject: FW: Nextgov Today -- March 24, 2011

See 7 th article. Looks like NNSA is out there drumming up support for their activities associated with GTRI. Article make no mention of the efforts the NRC made after 9/11 and the work we do to encourage our licensees to reach out w/ NNSA to harden their facilities even further (see RIS 2010-02).

We (the NRC) should address this with a note to the editor or some other means. Any thoughts?

Marc S. Ferdas Chief, Medical Branch (NRC/Region 1/DNMS) Marc.Ferdas @nrc.gov 1(b)(6)610-337-5022 w)Ct)

From: Nextgov.com Newsletters [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 5:34 AM To: Ferdas, Marc Subject: Nextgov Today -- March 24, 2011

THURSDAY, MARCH 24, 2011 -!.J,:,- - -"-

Brought to you by Government Executive ARTICLES ]..... " Japanese radiation levels could have triggered larger evacuation area under U.S. guidelines " Senators miffed over drunk driver apps Upcoming National Security Events " Wyden seeks to clarify when government can track Later this month in Washington, DC mobile data " 'Ludicrous' Defense contract keeps Reserve physicians * The Longest War and American Security from treating troops, congressman says featuring CNN's Peter Bergen " Wisconsin reps try to derail VA/Defense open source * WikiLeaks: Lessons Learned featuring health records system former CIA Inspector General Frederick Hitz " Judge rejects Google Books settlement " U.S. looks to safeguard medical isotopes from terrorists See all upcoming events>> " Half the Afghanistan and Iraq veterans treated by VA receive mental health care WHAT'S BREWIN' Bob Brewin's Take on Defense Information Technology

" Following the Epic Systems Money

TECH INSIDER An Expert Blog on the State of Federal Technology

" Cloudburst

CX 192 of 1170 WORKPLACE WIRED WORKPLACE A Look at Issues Facing Federal IT Workers " Slashing Retirement Benefits

CYBERSECURITY REPORT Updates on the battle to protect data and systems " Agencies Look to the Cloud for Help with Digital ID Requirement

HEALTH IT UPDATE The latest developments in the e-health world " Docs warm to the iPad

Susrb to Goemn Exectiv

ARTICLES

" Japanese radiation levels could have triggered larger evacuation area under U.S. guidelines BY WILLIAM MATTHEWS Radiation levels in some unevacuated areas around Japan's crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant were high enough to trigger "protective action," likely an evacuation, under U.S. radiation exposure guidelines.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110323_4158.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP " Senators miffed over drunk driver apps BY JULIANA GRUENWALD, NATIONAL JOURNAL Drunk and want to avoid the police? There's an app for that, and Congress doesn't like it.

Full story: http:/lwww.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110323_9164.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP

Brought to you by Government Executive

Upcoming National Security Events Later this month in Washington, DC

" The Longest War and American Security featuring CNN's Peter Bergen * WikiLeaks: Lessons Learned featuring former CIA Inspector General Frederick Hitz

See all upcomingq events>>

" Wyden seeks to clarify when government can track mobile data

BY ALIYA STERNSTEIN Forthcoming proposed restrictions on government!s ability to track the location of possible criminal suspects 3

CX 193 of 1170 through mobile devices could have the unintended consequence of deterring federal authorities from legally using such location-based data to save lives, say law enforcement technology experts.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110323_8085.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP 'Ludicrous' Defense contract keeps Reserve physicians from treating troops, congressman says BY BOB BREWIN A $790 million Defense Department contract prevents uniformed doctors from performing medical exams on soldiers during drill weekends, said a U.S. congressman who also serves as an Army Reserve doctor.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng.20110323_1450.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP " Wisconsin reps try to derail VA/Defense open source health records system BY BOB BREWIN Five members of the Wisconsin congressional delegation asked the Veterans Affairs and Defense departments to consider using a single commercial system for their new electronic health records, a move that could benefit one of the state's largest employers, software company Epic Systems Corp.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng.20110322_3673.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP " Judge rejects Google Books settlement BY JULIANA GRUENWALD, NATIONAL JOURNAL A federal judge has rejected Google's revised settlement of a class-action lawsuit filed against its proposed online digital library.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110322_9199.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP " U.S. looks to safeguard medical isotopes from terrorists BY FROM GLOBAL SECURITY NEWSWIRE The United States is spending millions of dollars to help hospitals reduce the potential for terrorists to acquire sufficient amounts of medical isotopes to build a radiological "dirty bomb," Newsday reported on Monday.

Full story: http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110322_2041.php?oref=rss?zone=NGtoday

RETURN TO TOP " Half the Afghanistan and Iraq veterans treated by VA receive mental health care BY BOB BREWIN This is the eighth story in an ongoing series.

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WHAT'S BREWIN'

CX 194 of 1170 Bob Brewin's Take on Defense Information Technology

Following the Epic Systems Money BY BOB BREWIN I 3/23/11 I 3:09 P.M. ET I reported yesterday that five members of the Wisconsin congressional delegation asked the Veterans Affairs and Defense departments to consider using a single commercial system for their new electronic health records, a move that could benefit one of the state's largest employers, software company Epic Systems Corp.

Read More: http://whatsbrewin.nextgov.com/2011/03/followingthe-epic-systems-money.php

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TECH INSIDER An Expert Blog on the State of Federal Technology Cloudburst

BY TOM SHOOP I 3/22/11 1 3:27 P.M. ET It's all cloud, all the time in federal IT these days, especially since the Office of Management and Budget ordered agencies to take a cloud-first approach to IT projects. Mary Davie, assistant commissioner for the Office of Integrated Technology Services in the General Services Administration's Federal Acquisition Service, provides a reality check on cloud mania today, with a blog post aimed at busting four myths about cloud computing in the federal sector.

Read More: http://techinsider.nextgov.com/2011/03/cloudburst.php

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CYBERSECURITY REPORT Updates on the battle to protect data and systems Agencies Look to the Cloud for Help with Digital ID Requirement BY ALIYA STERNSTEIN I 3/22/11 1 1:55 P.M. ET Some agencies are turning to cloud computing providers to fulfill a requirement that they install smart card readers on all federal facilities by October.

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HEALTH IT UPDATE The latest developments in the e-health world Docs warm to the iPad

BY JOHN PULLEY I 3/23/11 I 12:22P.M. ET Health IT companies are scrambling to develop medical apps for the iPad, whose popularity among physicians has taken the industry by surprise, CNBC reports on Wednesday.

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CX 196 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Friday, April 01, 2011 12:03 PM To: RST01 Hoc; Hoc, PMT12 Subject: CRS document on Japan event Attachments: 110331 Japan reactor v2.pdf

Here's the final CRS document that RST and PMT were asked to comments on last week. Hope your comments were included, as the first one needed some big corrections. Jonathan told me that he acknowledge NRC's assistance in the draft -

His next version will include the NRC links in an appendix.

For your Team's awareness.

Cyndi

CX 197 of 1170 m,,,!ACongressiona1Research Service

The Japanese Nuclear Incident: Technical Aspects

Jonathan Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy

March 31, 2011

Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41728 CRS Report for Congress Prepared or Members and Committees of'CongreIs

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Summary

Some types of radiation have enough energy to knock electrons off atoms, creating "ions" that are electrically charged and highly reactive. Ionizing radiation is thus harmful to living cells. It strikes people constantly, but in doses low enough to have negligible effect. A concern about the reactor incident is that it will release radioactive materials that pose a danger to human health. For example, cesium-1 37 emits gamma rays powerful enough to penetrate the body and damage cells. Ingesting iodine- 131 increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Potassium iodide tablets protect the thyroid, but there is no need to take them absent an expectation of ingesting iodine- 131.

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Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Could Harmful Levels of Fallout Reach the United States? ...... I W hat Is Radiation? ...... 3 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors ...... 4 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation ...... 7 Sources of Radiation Exposure ...... 7 M easuring Exposure: Absorbed Dose v. Equivalent Dose ...... 7 External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose ...... 10 Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk ...... 11 Potassium Iodide ...... 11 The Japanese Situation ...... 12

Tables Table 1. Radiation Dose Levels ...... 9

Contacts Author Contact Information ...... 13 Acknowledgments ...... 14

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Could Harmful Levels of Fallout Reach the United States?' To monitor radiation in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) operates RadNet, which "is a national network of monitoring stations that regularly collect air, precipitation, drinking water, and milk samples for analysis of radioactivity. The RadNet network, which has stations in each state, has been used to track environmental releases of radioactivity from nuclear weapons tests and nuclear accidents." 2 EPA has an online map of these stations,3 and provides updates on the results of its air monitoring as relates to the Japanese nuclear incident.4

Whether harmful levels of radioactive material from the incident reach the United States depends on many factors: * Particle size: Tiny particles are more readily carried by the wind and can travel farther than large particles, which fall to Earth more rapidly. * Wind patterns. * Amount of material released: The more material released, the more likely some of it is to travel long distances. Melt vs. bum: If nuclear fuel rods (fresh or spent) melt and form a pool of very hot, highly radioactive liquid, that liquid might be contained by a containment structure. If it melts through that structure, it might contaminate groundwater. If the fuel rods burn, the fire would loft radioactive material into the air. The larger and hotter the fire, and the longer it bums, the more material would be injected into the air. Travel time: The longer radioactive material is in the air, the more of it will decay. Distance: The farther radioactive material travels, the greater the volume of air in which the material disperses, diluting it.

'This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. 2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet-Tracking Environmental Radiation Nationwide," httpJ/www.epa.gov/narellradnet/. 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet Map View," httpsJ/cdxnode64.epa.gov/radnet-public/showMap.do. 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Japanese Nuclear Emergency: EPA's Radiation Air Monitoring," http./www.epa.gov/japan2O 11/.

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According to U.S. nuclear authorities, the reactor incident does not appear to pose an immediate threat to the United States. On March 13, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) stated, "Given the thousands of miles between the two countries [United States and Japan], Hawaii, Alaska, the U.S. Territories and the U.S. West Coast are not expected to experience any harmful levels of radioactivity."5 On March 18, EPA and the Department of Energy stated that a monitoring station in Sacramento "today ... detected minuscule quantities of iodine isotopes and other radioactive particles that pose no health concern at the detected levels," and that between March 16 and 17, a detector in Washington state detected "trace amounts of Xenon-133, which is a radioactive noble gas produced during nuclear fission that poses no concern at the detected level.",6 In a briefing to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on March 21, Bill Borchardt, NRC Executive Director for Operations, said, "natural background from things like ... rocks, sun, buildings, is 100,000 times more than any level that has been detected to date. We feel confident in our conclusion that there is no reason for concern in the United States regarding radioactive releases from Japan." 7 A press report of March 22 stated that equipment in Charlottesville, VA, detected radiation from the reactor incident, but that "health experts said that the plume's radiation had been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and that-at least for now, with concentrations so low-its presence will have no health consequences in the United States."8

It is useful to put these doses in perspective. Using the figure that natural sources provide 100,000 times the dose recorded in California and Washington state, it is possible to calculate a rough approximation of the dose from the Japanese incident, using the improbable assumption that the dose persists at the detected rate for an entire year. As discussed later, a report estimates that the average American receives a dose of 310 millirem (mrem) per year from natural sources. (Units of radiation dose are discussed under "Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation.") NRC requires its licensees to "limit maximum radiation exposure to individual members of the public" to 100 mrem per year. One one hundred thousandth of 310 mrem per year is a dose of 0.00310 mrem per year. At that rate, it would take 32,258 years to accumulate a dose of 100 mrem; over a 70-year lifespan, the cumulative dose at this rate would amount to 0.22 mrem.

sU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "NRC Sees No Radiation at Harmful Levels Reaching U.S. from Damaged Japanese Nuclear Power Plants," press release no. 11-046, March 13, 2011, http'./pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML 1107/ ML1 10720002.pdf. 6 U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency. "Joint EPA/DOE Statement: Radiation Monitors Confirm That No Radiation Levels of Concern Have Reached the United States," press release, March 18, 2011, http./www.energy.gov/news/1 01 90.htm. 7 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Briefing on NRC Response to Recent Nuclear Events in Japan," public meeting, March 21, 2011, p. 13, http:/www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/tr/2011/20110321 .pdf. 8 William Broad, "Radiation over U.S. Is Harmless, Officials Say," New York Times, March 22, 2011, p. 6.

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What Is Radiation?9 Many atoms are stable: they will remain in their current form indefinitely. Some atoms are unstable, or radioactive. They "decay" or "disintegrate," often transforming into atoms of a different element, such as through emission of radiation, which permits the atom to reach a more stable state. ' The most common types of radiation emitted in decay, and their characteristics, are: * Alpha particles are two protons plus two neutrons. They are electrically charged and massive by subatomic standards, and travel relatively slowly, so they lose energy quickly in matter. They travel only an inch in air, and are stopped by a sheet of paper or the dead outer layers of skin. * Beta particles (an electron or positron") are electrically charged, so are readily absorbed by matter, but are much less massive than alpha particles or neutrons. Depending on their energy, some are stopped by outer layers of skin, while others can penetrate several millimeters. They can travel up to several feet in air. * Neutrons are typically emitted by heavy atoms like uranium and plutonium. They have no electrical charge and may be highly penetrating, depending on their speed. They can travel tens of meters in air; energetic neutrons can penetrate the body. They can be slowed down by hydrogen-containing material like water. * Gamma rays are photons released during radioactive decay. Photons may be thought of as packets of electromagnetic energy; radio waves, light, and x-rays are less-energetic photons. Gamma ray energies vary widely. Those of medium to high energies are highly penetrating and can travel hundreds of meters in air. Stopping them requires a thick layer of a dense material like lead. Several measurements are useful in discussing radioactivity. Radioactivity is measured in units of curies (Ci), where 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second, or becquerels (Bq), where 1 Bq = I disintegration per second. (The curie is widely used in the United States; the Becquerel is more widely used internationally.) Specific activity---curies per gram-measures how radioactive a material is. Half-life is the time for half the atoms in a mass of particular type of radioactive material to decay. Specific activity is inversely related to half-life. For example, radioactive iodine-131 is intensely radioactive. It has a specific activity of 124,000 curies per gram and a half-life of 8 days; in 10 half-lives (80 days), 99.9 percent of the iodine-131 created at a given time will have decayed. In contrast, uranium-235 has a specific activity of 0.000002 curies per gram and a half-life of 700 million years; it would take 7 billion years (10 half-lives) for 99.9 percent of it to decay. 12 According to Richard Firestone, staff scientist, Lawrence Berkeley

This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. ioFor descriptions of radiation, see Roger Eckhardt, "Ionizing Radiation--It's Everywhere," Los Alamos Science, no. 23, 1995, http'/www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/00326627.pdf, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Radiation: Ionizing and Non-Ionizing," http//www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.html. "A positron is a positively-charged electron. 12 For data on half-lives and other characteristics of radionuclides, see Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Exploring the Table of Isotopes," httpJ/ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm, and U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management. "Table B. 1. Characteristics of important radionuclides," http:/www.orau.org/ptp/ PTP%/o2OLibrary/library/DOE/Misc/Table%20B 1 %2OCharacteristics%/n2OoP"/o2Olmportant%/o2ORadionuclides.htm.

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National Laboratory, uranium-235 emits3 so little radiation that "holding a piece in the hand would cause negligible radiation exposure."'

Energy released per decay is measured differently. A standard measure is the electron volt or, 4 more commonly, thousands of electron volts (keV). 1 The penetrating power of gamma rays, and thus their threat to human health, increases as their energy increases.

Each radioactive atom, or "radionuclide," decays in a specific way. For example, when uranium- 235 decays,15 it emits gamma rays, most of which are of 186 keV (a low energy) or less, and alpha particles; cesium- 137 emits gamma rays, virtually all of which are of 662 keV, a medium energy, and beta particles. Each radionuclide that emits gamma rays does so in a unique pattern, or "spectrum," of energies that is the primary characteristic used to identify many radionuclides.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors16,1 7 Some heavy atoms, such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239, "fission" when struck by a neutron. In fission, an atom typically (1) splits into two lighter atoms, called "fission products"; (2) releases two or three neutrons; and (3) emits vast quantities of radiation. Fission products are often highly radioactive, such as cesium-137, iodine-13 1, and strontium-90.

13Personal communication, March 30, 2011. 14"An electron volt is a measure of energy. An electron volt is the kinetic energy gained by an electron passing through a potential difference of one volt." Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, "How Big Is an Electron Volt?," httpJ/www-bd.fiial.gov/public/electronvolt.html. 15The number following the name of an element is the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus. 16This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, and Mark Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division. See also CRS Report R41694, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Richard J. Campbell and Mark Holt. 17For the status of each reactor, see "Status of the Nuclear Reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant," New York Times. http//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/16/world/asia/reactors-status.html., and Japan, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, http-/www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/.

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A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb because the fuels and configurations differ. In nature, uranium is 99.3 percent uranium-238 and 0.7 percent uranium-235. Only the latter is "fissile," that is, it will fission when struck by neutrons moving at relatively slow speeds. To make fuel for a bomb or a reactor, the fraction of uranium-235 must be 8 increased through "enrichment."'• An atomic bomb uses uranium enriched to about 90 percent uranium-235 ("highly enriched uranium," HEU), while nuclear reactor fuel is typically enriched to less than 5 percent ("low enriched uranium," LEU). LEU does not have enough uranium-235 to support a chain reaction of the sort found in an atomic bomb. In addition, a bomb must be configured in one of two ways to create a large enough mass to support a runaway chain reaction; reactors are arranged in an entirely different configuration.

Low neutron absorption is vital to any structural material used in a nuclear reactor because large numbers of neutrons produced by the reaction must be free to interact simultaneously with all the nuclear fuel confined inside hundreds of fuel rods. This interaction sustains the necessary chain reaction throughout the reactor's core.19

Even with control rods fully inserted to halt the nuclear chain reaction, the radioactive decay of the fuel rods (primarily from fission products) generates heat, which must be dissipated. At the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, cooling was done by pumping cool water into the reactor. If the heat is not dissipated, the rods become so hot that they melt or burn. A fire would loft particles of radioactive material into the air. If fuel rods become too hot, their zirconium cladding may also react with water and produce hydrogen. The Fukushima Daiichi NPP primary containments used inert nitrogen gas to preclude hydrogen ignition. However, the operators had to vent the primary containment to relieve pressure, introducing hydrogen into the secondary containment, which is believed to have caused the explosions at reactor units 1-3.20 This explains the urgency of the efforts to keep the fuel rods cool, and why the reactors suffered major damage when backup cooling systems failed.

18 For information on the enrichment process, see U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment," May 15, 2009, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichmenLhtml. "' "Zirconium: Covering for Fuel Rods," New York Times, June 9, 1995, http'/www.nytimes.com/1995/06/09/ nyregion/zirconium-covering-for-fuel-rods.html. 20 Information provided by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, personal communication, March 25, 2011.

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Crusts insulate the rods from the water and allow them to heat up. If the crusts are thick enough, they can block water from circulating between the fuel rods. As the rods heat up, their zirconium cladding2 can ignite, which may cause the uranium inside to melt and release radioactive material. 1

To alleviate this problem, workers have begun using fresh water instead of seawater.22

As the fuel fissions in a reactor, the fraction of fission products in fuel rods increases. When the ratio of fission products to fissile material rises to the point at which a fuel rod can no longer efficiently maintain a chain reaction, it is referred to as spent fuel. "Spent" seems to imply that the fuel has been used up, and is therefore less dangerous, than fresh uranium fuel, but this is not necessarily the case. When fuel rods are first removed from a nuclear reactor, they have a high level of short-lived radionuclides, unlike new fuel rods, so they are intensely radioactive. This radioactivity generates intense heat, so spent fuel rods are placed in pools of water to cool them, typically for several years, until most of the short-lived radionuclides decay. The water also provides shielding against any radioactive release into the air, and the spent fuel pools have no hardened containment structure that would protect against radiation release. If a pool is drained, the fuel rods would heat up, melt, and perhaps burn. This possibility led to concern about the spent fuel rods at Fukushima Daiichi NPP reactor 4:

21 Keith Bradsher, "New Problems at Japanese Plant Subdue Optimism and Present a Risky Agenda," New York Times, March 24, 2011, p. 11. 22 David Nakamura and Steven Mufson, "Japan Urges More to Evacuate," Washington Post, March 26, 2011, p. 1, and "Nuclear Energy-Crisis in Japan," New York Dimes, update of March 30, 2011. 23 David Sanger, Matthew Wald, and Hiroko Tabuchi, "U.S. Sees 'Extremely High' Radiation Level at Plant, Focusing on Spent Fuel's Impact," New York Times, March 17, 2011, p. 13.

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Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation2 4 Humans are continuously exposed to significant amounts of ionizing radiation from various naturally occurring and manmade sources. Because of its relatively high energy level, ionizing radiation is capable of producing significant biological change. Ionizing radiation gets its name from the fact that it causes ionization-ejection of electrons-when it interacts with atoms in the molecules that constitute cells and tissue. This process creates charged, often unstable, and highly reactive entities. The ensuing reactions may result in permanent molecular damage. Radiation disrupts cell division, which is why the most sensitive tissues are those in which cells frequently divide, such as skin, hair, bone marrow (where precursor cells give rise to new blood cells), and the cells that line the stomach and small intestine. Ionizing radiation may also damage DNA in chromosomes, resulting in mutations that are responsible for long-term effects such as the development of cancer.

Sources of Radiation Exposure Naturally occurring sources of ionizing radiation to which all humans are exposed include cosmic radiation from outer space and terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in rock deposits and soil. The Earth's atmosphere acts as a shield against cosmic radiation, so exposure levels increase with altitude (especially when flying). The most important source of terrestrial exposure is the inhalation of radon, which is produced by the radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium.

In the United States, radiation exposure as a result of medical practice has increased significantly over the past 25 years as a result of the growing use of CT scans and nuclear medicine procedures to diagnose and treatment disease. Other manmade sources of radiation account for a relatively small fraction of the U.S. population's total exposure. Those sources include consumer products (e.g., cigarettes, building materials, appliances); industrial, security, educational, and research activities, including nuclear power generation; and various types of occupational exposure.

Measuring Exposure: Absorbed Dose v. Equivalent Dose Human exposure is measured by the amount of energy that ionizing radiation deposits in a unit mass of tissue. This is called the absorbeddose. The international unit for the absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), which replaced an earlier unit of dose, the rad (short for "radiation absorbed dose"). One gray equals 100 rad. The biological impact of ionizing radiation, however, depends not just on the absorbed dose (i.e., the amount of energy absorbed) but on the type of radiation. For example, an alpha particle is more damaging to biological tissue than a beta particle or gamma radiation because of its mass, electrical charge, and slow speed. Alpha particles lose their energy much more densely along the relatively short path they travel though biological tissue. Thus, 1 Gy of alpha radiation is more harmful than I Gy of beta or gamma radiation.

24 This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, and C. Stephen Redhead, Specialist in Health Policy, Domestic Social Policy Division.

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CX 207 of 1170 The JapaneseNuclear Incident: Technical Aspects equals the equivalent dose. For alpha particles the factor is set at 20, which means that the equivalent dose is 20 times the absorbed dose. This reflects the fact that alpha radiation is more harmful than beta and gamma radiation. The international unit for the equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv). So, 1 Sv of alpha radiation to the lung would create the same risk of lung cancer as 1 Sv of beta radiation. The sievert is a large unit relative to common exposures, so the more common unit is the millisievert (mSv), which is one-thousandth of a sievert. The sievert replaced an earlier unit of equivalent dose, the rem, which is still widely used in the United States. One sievert = 100 rem; 1 mSv = 100 millirem (mrem).

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) estimates that the average annual equivalent dose to an individual in the United States is 6.2 mSv (620 mrem)? 5 Of that amount, 3.1 mSv (310 nmrem) is from natural background sources, primarily inhalation of radon and its decay products, and 3.0 mSv (300 mrem) is from diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. The remaining 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) is from consumer products, industrial activities, and occupational exposure, among other sources. For comparison, the radiation dose from a jet airplane flight is 0.5 millirems (mrem) per hour in the air; from a chest x-ray, 6 mrem; and from living at an altitude of one mile, about 50 mrem/year.26 Table 1 shows various doses and their health consequences or regulatory limits.

25National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," report no. 160, 2009. 26 American Nuclear Society, "Radiation Dose Chart," http'J/www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/. This interactive chart permits the user to adjust values to find an approximation of his or her total annual dose.

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Table I. Radiation Dose Levels

Dose, Dose, mSv rem Source Comments

50/yr 5/yr (2) NRC requires its licensees to "limit occupational radiation exposure to adults working with radioactive materials" to this level.

100 10 (6) A National Research Council committee defines "low dose" of certain types of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, as this level or below. 0-250 0-25 (3) For an "acute" (i.e., received over a short time) whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "No detectable clinical effects; small increase in risk of delayed cancer and genetic effects." 250 25 (4) Japan raised the permitted dose for emergency workers at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP from 100 mSv/10 rem to this level. 500 50 (5) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "blood count changes." 1,000- 100- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Minimal symptoms; 2,000 200 nausea and fatigue with possible vomiting; reduction in [certain white blood cells), with delayed recovery."

2,000- 200- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Nausea and vomiting 3,000 300 on first day; following latent period of up to 2 weeks, symptoms (loss of appetite and general malaise) appear but are not severe; recovery likely in about 3 months unless complicated by previous poor health." 3,200- 320- (5) Half the population exposed to an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing 3,600 360 radiation will die within 60 days despite receiving minimal supportive care. 3,500- 350- (2) NRC believes that half the population receiving this dose in a few hours or less 5,000 500 would die within 30 days. 8,000 800 (5) 100% mortality, despite best available treatment, for people receiving this external dose of whole-body ionizing radiation.

Sources: (I) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," report no. 160, 2009, p. II. (2) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Biological Effects of Radiation," January 2011, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact- sheets/bio-effects-radiation.html, and 10 CFR 20. (3) Dade Moeller, Environmental Health, revised edition, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 250. (4) Keith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. (5) Princeton University, Environmental Health and Safety. "Open Source Radiation Safety Training, Module 3: Biological Effects," http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/osradtraining/biologicaleffects/page.htm, adapted from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report No. 98, "Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities," Bethesda, MD, 1989. (6) National Research Council, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, "Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation," BEIR [Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation] VII Phase 2, p. 2, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record-id= I 1340&page= I and click on PDF Summary. (7) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs. Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents, revised 1991 (second printing, May 1992), p. 4-4, http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/er/400-r-92-OOI.pdf, and Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents," 73 FederalRegister 45034, August I, 2008.

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External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose

The health risks of ionizing radiation can occur as a result of both external and internal exposure. External exposure is almost exclusively from radioactive material that emits gamma radiation, which is very penetrating and, at higher energies, can only be stopped by a thick layer of lead or concrete. External sources of gamma radiation produce a whole-body exposure. Importantly, the level of exposure to gamma radiation falls off sharply with distance from the source. Cesium- 137 (137Cs), which has a half-fife of 30 years, is the most common source of gamma radiation from nuclear weapons tests and reactor accidents.

Internal radiation exposure occurs through the inhalation of airborne radioactive material or the ingestion of contaminated food and drink. The potential for harm depends on the type and quantities of radioactive material taken in and the length of time they remain in the body. As already noted, isotopes that emit alpha particles present a greater hazard than those that emit beta particles and gamma radiation. In addition, the fate of the radioactive material depends on its chemical identity. For example, Strontium-90 (9°Sr), which is chemically similar to calcium and emits beta particles, accumulates in bone and can cause leukemia and bone cancer.

Iodine-131 ("11I), another beta emitter, tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Beta radiation from iodine-I 31 damages the surrounding cells and increase the risk of non-malignant thyroid disease and thyroid cancer. Iodine-131 from radioactive fallout accumulates on grass and leafy crops and becomes concentrated in the milk of cows and goats that feed on the contaminated vegetation. Children who drink the contaminated milk are especially at risk because they are still growing and their thyroid glands are very active. However, iodine- 131 has a half-life of only 8 days, so it decays relatively quickly on the ground, in the food chain, and in the body.

Iodine-131 posed the most important health risk following the incident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency:

Unlike whole-body external exposures, the exposure from ingested or inhaled radioactive material is often limited to certain parts of the body or even specific organs. Radiation scientists

27 International Atomic Energy Agency, "Thyroid Cancer Effects in Children," staff report, August 2005, httpJ/www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chemobyl-I 5/thyroid.shtml.

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are able to calculate a whole-body equivalent dose, or effective dose, for partial-body exposures. These amounts can be summed with external exposure to calculate a total dose.

Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk The health effects of ionizing radiation exposure depend on the total dose and dose rate. Radiation health experts distinguish between (1) acute, or short-term, effects such as radiation sickness that are associated with relatively high doses over a short period; and (2) long-term effects such as increased lifetime cancer risk that result from chronic exposure to low-levels of radiation. Short-term health effects are typically seen in workers and others in close proximity to nuclear weapons tests and accidents, while the long-term cancer risks apply to the general population. Scientists calculate the cancer risk from radiation exposure using data from epidemiological and other studies, such as those following the health outcomes of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the lifetime risk of contracting a fatal cancer from chronic exposure to low-level radiation exposure is 0.05 per sievert, or 1 in 20 per sievert (i.e., 1 in 2,000 per rem). The ICRP and NCRP both recommend an annual exposure limit of I mSv (100 mrem) for members of the general population. An individual that received that much annual exposure over a 70-year lifetime (a total of 70 mSv, or 7 rem) would, as a result, have an increased risk of cancer death of approximately 1 in 300.

Potassium Iodide There is considerable interest in potassium iodide (also referred to by its chemical formula, KI) tablets to protect against thyroid cancer. These tablets contain non-radioactive iodine- 127, the same type used in iodized table salt, to saturate the thyroid with iodine. Once the thyroid is saturated, it cannot absorb more of any isotope of iodine, including iodine-13 1. As a result, potassium iodide tablets, taken shortly before exposure to iodine- 13 1, offer protection from thyroid cancer. The protection is of limited duration, however, and potassium iodide protects only the thyroid only against radioactive iodine. It does not protect against any other radioactive material or against radiation in general. Nor is there value in taking potassium iodide as a precautionary measure unless iodine-131 is expected to be present. As the next section of this report discusses, the amount of radioactive material that has reached the United States from the Japanese nuclear reactor incident is minuscule. Accordingly, the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed on March 22, said, "At this time, CDC does not recommend that people in the United States take KI or iodine supplements in response to the nuclear power plant explosions in Japan. You should only take KI on the advice of emergency management officials, public health officials, or your doctor. There are health risks associated with taking KI.''2' Further, "Some general side effects caused by KI may include intestinal upset, allergic reactions (possibly severe), rashes, and inflammation of the salivary glands.'' 29

28U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency Preparedness and Response: Radiation and Potassium Iodide (KI)," http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/japan/ki.asp. 29 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency (continued...)

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The Japanese Situation Understanding dose and its health effects casts light on the Japanese situation. The (U.S.) Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation of the National Research Council reported on the health risks from a certain type of radiation that includes gamma rays and x-rays. It considered doses below about 100 mSv (10 rem) to be low doses. The committee found that many factors "make it difficult to characterize the effects of ionizing radiation at low levels," and that "at doses less than 40 times the average yearly background exposure (100 mSv), statistical limitations make it difficult to evaluate cancer risk in humans." To develop an estimate of risk, the committee constructed a "lifetime risk model [that] predicts that approximately 1 person in 100 would be expected to develop cancer (solid cancer or leukemia) from a dose of 0.1 Sv [10 rem] above background." For comparison, about 42 percent of the population will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetimes. 30 At Fukushima Daiichi NPP,

The workers are being asked to make escalating-and perhaps existential-sacrifices that so far are being only implicitly acknowledged: Japan's Health Ministry said Tuesdaythat itwas raising the legal limit on the amount of radiation exposure to which each worker could be exposed, to 250 millisieverts from 100 millisieverts, five times the maximum exposure permitted for nuclear plant workers in the United States.

Beyond the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, the external doses reported fall far below the low-dose threshold of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology reported dose readings from 80 monitoring stations between 25 and 60 km from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP. 32 On March 20, almost all the readings were less than 15 microsieverts per hour. (One millisievert = 1,000 microsieverts; 1 microsievert = 0.1 millirem.) At a rate of 15 microsieverts per hour, it would take 278 days to accumulate a dose of 10 rem. At the highest rate reported, 110 microsieverts per hour, it would take 38 days to accumulate that dose. Staying inside an uncontaminated building would reduce exposure

(...continued) Preparedness and Response: Potassium Iodide (KI)," http'J/emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp#med. 30 National Research Council. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health Risksfrom Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Washington, National Academies Press, 2006, pp. 1, 2, 7, 8, httpl./www.nap.edu/openbook.php?recordid=-1 1340&page= l, and click on "pdf summary." 31Keith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. 32 Japan. Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology (MEXT), "Readings at Monitoring Post out of 20 Km Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP [Nuclear Power Plant]," news release, as of 19:00 March 20,2011, httpJ/www.mext.go.jp/component/english/licsFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/20/1303972_2019.pdf.

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considerably, and short-lived radionuclides like iodine- 131 (half-life, 8 days) would decay significantly during a month or more, sharply reducing the dose they produce. On the other hand, a larger release of radionuclides would be expected to increase dose, and cesium-1 37 (half-life, 30 years) decays much more slowly than iodine-i 31, so it would contribute to dose for many decades.

Given the increase in thyroid cancer as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, a major concern in Japan is minimizing the risk of thyroid cancer. This is especially important for children. At Chernobyl, as noted earlier, ingestion of radioactive iodine- 131 resulted mainly from drinking milk from cows that ate contaminated feed, and from eating leafy greens. Accordingly, Japanese authorities have tested spinach, other vegetables, and milk for iodine-131, and found elevated levels. In response, on March 23 Prime Minister Naoto Kan restricted the distribution and consumption of spinach, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables in Fukushima Prefecture, and restricted the distribution of fresh raw milk and parsley produced in Ibaraki Prefecture. 33 In addition, authorities have reportedly found traces of radioactive iodine in drinking water in Tokyo. On March 23,

Ei Yoshida, head of water purification for the Tokyo water department, said ... that infants in Tokyo and surrounding areas should not drink tap water. He said iodine- 131 had been detected in water samples at a level of 210 becquerels per liter, about a quart. The recommended limit for infants is 100 becquerels per liter. For adults, the recommended limit is 300 becquerels. ... The Health Ministry said in a statement that it was unlikely that there would be negative consequences to infants who did drink 3the4 water, but that it should be avoided if possible and not be used to make infant formula.

However, by March 24 the level was reported to be 79 becquerels per liter, and by March 27 had diminished to the point where two readings showed no radiation and one showed 27 becquerels per liter.35

Author Contact Information

Jonathan Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy [email protected], 7-7632

33 Japan. Policy Planning and Communication Division. Inspection and Safety Division. Department of Food Safety. "Restriction of Distribution and/or Consumption of Foods Concerned in Fukushima and Ibaraki Prefectures (in Relation to the Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant)," March 23, 2011, http:/www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/ 2r98520000015wun-att/2r98520000015xym.pdf. 34 David Jolly and Denise Grady, "Tokyo Says Radiation in Water Puts Infants at Risk," New York T1mes, March 23, 2010. 35 David Jolly, "Radiation in Tokyo's Water Has Dropped, Japan Says," New York Times, March 24, 2011, and David Jolly, Hiroko Tabuchi, and Keith Bradsher, "High Radiation Found in Water at Japan Plant," New York Times, March 28, 2011, p. 11.

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Acknowledgments The Nuclear Regulatory Commission provided technical comments on this report.

14 Congressional Research Service 14

CX 214 of 1170 From: morgan cox < [email protected]> Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 5:15 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Re: Article for USNC

Dear Cyndi, I have copied you on my amended draft, And thank you for agreeing to help moderate a "current events" session that could go all morning. I have found the BBC and the IAEA the best most knowledgeable sources. The news networks seem to send reporters marinated in either journalism or political science to scenes like Fukushima, and earlier to Chernobyl and 3 Mile Island. And the media seems to want to make the news instead of reporting. Best regards, Morgan

On 3

/31/2011 5:00 PM, Jones, Cynthia wrote: > Hi Morgan- Yes, I agree that you should not mention the # R/h- and yes I will help moderate a panel discussion at AMUG.

> Cyndi

> ---- Original Message--- > From: morgan cox [mailto:[email protected]] > Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 4:43 PM > To: Jones, Cynthia > Subject: Re: Article for USNC

> Dear Cyndi. Thank you for your comment and the reference. I said that > the radiation levels are decreasing. Citing 40 R/h or higher levels to > the USNC has little meaning. I will add that levels are high at and > near the reactors. > From my experiences the Japanese have nuclear engineers and health > physicists every bit the equal of ours. The media and therefore much > of the American audience do not seem to understand that.The Japanese > victim of the criticality accident several years ago has survived an > estimated whole body dose of 800+rem. So the Japanese also know how to > treat radiation exposures. > Will you help me moderate a session at the AMUG meeting focused on the > situation in Japan. So far Ted Carswell of Desert Research Institute, > Rob Hayes of WIPP, Rick Hansen of National Security Technologies, I > and a few others have said that they would contribute to this > important session. We would let the session go from startup on Tuesday > am until the break, or about 11/2 hours. Best regards, Morgan

> On 3/31/2011 4:08 PM, Jones, Cynthia wrote: >> Morgan-

>> Here are my comments- I could not get to the section on hydro, due to other pressing issues.

>> Also, please use and reference the NRC Info Notice on the event at:

CX 215 of 1170 >> http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/2 >> 012/ML110760432.pdf

(b)(5)

>> Cyndi

>> -- Original Message ----- >> From: morgan cox [mailto:[email protected]] >> Sent: Saturday, March 26, 2011 2:09 PM >> To: Jones, Cynthia >> Subject: Article for USNC

>> Dear Cyndi, Would you please critique this article for me soon. You >> will note that I included some information regarding the nuclear >> situation in Japan. Thank you and best regards, Morgan

CX 216 of 1170 From: Jonathan Medalia Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 10:22 AM To: Jonathan Medalia Subject Carnegie conference; my rept on Japanese nuclear incident; hearing Attachments: 110331 Japan reactor v2.pdf

All, Here is a link to the Carnegie International Nuclear Policy Conference, held in Washington on March 28 and 29. This link has links to many of the presentations, and more will be added in the next few days.

http://camegieendowment.orq/events/nppCon20l1/

Here is a link to the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee's hearing of March 29 on the Japanese situation. The link includes a couple of prepared testimonies.

http://enercqy.senate.qov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction = Hearings. Hea rinq&Hearing ID=e8a6b69c-9a06-a2e4-eble- 2ed705f85bd6

I also attach my new report, "The Japanese Nuclear Incident: Technical Aspects." Any comments welcome.

Best, ]on

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The Japanese Nuclear Incident: Technical Aspects

Jonathan Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy

March 31, 2011

Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41728 CRS Report for Congress Preparedfrr Members and Commitlees of Congress

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Summary

Japan's nuclear incident has engendered much public and congressional concern about the possible impact of radiation on the Japanese public, as well as possible fallout on U.S. citizens. This report provides information on techmical aspects of the nuclear incident, with reference to human health.

Some types of radiation have enough energy to knock electrons off atoms, creating "ions" that are electrically charged and highly reactive. Ionizing radiation is thus harmful to living cells. It strikes people constantly, but in doses low enough to have negligible effect. A concern about the reactor incident is that it will release radioactive materials that pose a danger to human health. For example, cesium-1 37 emits gamma rays powerful enough to penetrate the body and damage cells. Ingesting iodine- 131 increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Potassium iodide tablets protect the thyroid, but there is no need to take them absent an expectation of ingesting iodine- 131.

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Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Could Harmful Levels of Fallout Reach the United States? ...... What Is R adiation? ...... 3...... Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors ...... 4 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation ...... 7 Sources of Radiation Exposure ...... 7 Measuring Exposure: Absorbed Dose v. Equivalent Dose ...... 7 External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose ...... 10 Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk ...... 11 Potassium Iodide ...... 11 The Japanese Situation ...... 12

Tables

Table 1. Radiation D ose Levels ...... 9

Contacts

Author Contact Information ...... 13 Acknowledgments ...... 14

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Whether harmful levels of radioactive material from the incident reach the United States depends on many factors: 0 Particle size: Tiny particles are more readily carried by the wind and can travel farther than large particles, which fall to Earth more rapidly. * Wind patterns. * Amount of material released: The more material released, the more likely some of it is to travel long distances. Melt vs. burn: If nuclear fuel rods (fresh or spent) melt and form a pool of very hot, highly radioactive liquid, that liquid might be contained by a containment structure. If it melts through that structure, it might contaminate groundwater. If the fuel rods burn, the fire would loft radioactive material into the air. The larger and hotter the fire, and the longer it bums, the more material would be injected into the air. * Travel time: The longer radioactive material is in the air, the more of it will decay. * Distance: The farther radioactive material travels, the greater the volume of air in which the material disperses, diluting it.

'This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. 2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet-Tracking Environmental Radiation Nationwide," http//www.epa.gov/nareUradnet/. 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "RadNet Map View," https'/cdxnode64.epa.gov/radnet-public/showMap.do. 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Japanese Nuclear Emergency: EPA's Radiation Air Monitoring," http./www.epa.gov/japan2O 11/.

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According to U.S. nuclear authorities, the reactor incident does not appear to pose an immediate threat to the United States. On March 13, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) stated, "Given the thousands of miles between the two countries [United States and Japan], Hawaii, Alaska, the U.S. Territories and the U.S. West Coast are not expected to experience any harmful levels of radioactivity." 5 On March 18, EPA and the Department of Energy stated that a monitoring station in Sacramento "today ... detected minuscule quantities of iodine isotopes and other radioactive particles that pose no health concern at the detected levels," and that between March 16 and 17, a detector in Washington state detected "trace amounts of Xenon- 133, which is a radioactive noble gas produced during nuclear fission that poses no concern at the detected level."6 In a briefing to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on March 21, Bill Borchardt, NRC Executive Director for Operations, said, "natural background from things like ... rocks, sun, buildings, is 100,000 times more than any level that has been detected to date. We feel confident in our conclusion that there is no reason for concern in the United States regarding radioactive releases from Japan." 7 A press report of March 22 stated that equipment in Charlottesville, VA, detected radiation from the reactor incident, but that "health experts said that the plume's radiation had been diluted enormously in its journey of thousands of miles and that-at least for now, with concentrations so low-its presence will have no health consequences in the United States."8

It is useful to put these doses in perspective. Using the figure that natural sources provide 100,000 times the dose recorded in California and Washington state, it is possible to calculate a rough approximation of the dose from the Japanese incident, using the improbable assumption that the dose persists at the detected rate for an entire year. As discussed later, a report estimates that the average American receives a dose of 310 millirem (mrem) per year from natural sources. (Units of radiation dose are discussed under "Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation.") NRC requires its licensees to "limit maximum radiation exposure to individual members of the public" to 100 mrem per year. One one hundred thousandth of 310 mrem per year is a dose of 0.00310 mrem per year. At that rate, it would take 32,258 years to accumulate a dose of 100 mrem; over a 70-year lifespan, the cumulative dose at this rate would amount to 0.22 mrem.

5 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "NRC Sees No Radiation at Harmful Levels Reaching U.S. from Damaged Japanese Nuclear Power Plants," press release no. 11-046, March 13, 2011, httpY//pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML 1107/ ML1 10720002.pdf. 6 U.S. Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency. "Joint EPA/DOE Statement: Radiation Monitors Confirm That No Radiation Levels of Concern Have Reached the United States," press release, March 18, 2011, httpJ/www.energy.gov/news/l 0190.htm. 7 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Briefing on NRC Response to Recent Nuclear Events in Japan," public meeting, March 21,2011, p. 13, httpJ/www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/tr/2011/20110321.pdf. William Broad, "Radiation over U.S. Is Harmless, Officials Say," New York Times, March 22, 2011, p. 6.

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* Beta particles (an electron or positron" I) are electrically charged, so are readily absorbed by matter, but are much less massive than alpha particles or neutrons. Depending on their energy, some are stopped by outer layers of skin, while others can penetrate several millimeters. They can travel up to several feet in air. " Neutrons are typically emitted by heavy atoms like uranium and plutonium. They have no electrical charge and may be highly penetrating, depending on their speed. They can travel tens of meters in air; energetic neutrons can penetrate the body. They can be slowed down by hydrogen-containing material like water. * Gamma rays are photons released during radioactive decay. Photons may be thought of as packets of electromagnetic energy; radio waves, light, and x-rays are less-energetic photons. Gamma ray energies vary widely. Those of medium to high energies are highly penetrating and can travel hundreds of meters in air. Stopping them requires a thick layer of a dense material like lead. Several measurements are useful in discussing radioactivity. Radioactivity is measured in units of curies (Ci), where 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10'0 disintegrations per second, or becquerels (Bq), where I Bq = I disintegration per second. (The curie is widely used in the United States; the Becquerel is more widely used internationally.) Specific activity-curies per grami--measures how radioactive a material is. Half-life is the time for half the atoms in a mass of particular type of radioactive material to decay. Specific activity is inversely related to half-life. For example, radioactive iodine-131 is intensely radioactive. It has a specific activity of 124,000 curies per gram and a half-life of 8 days; in 10 half-lives (80 days), 99.9 percent of the iodine-131 created at a given time will have decayed. In contrast, uranium-235 has a specific activity of 0.000002 curies per gram and a half-life of 700 million years; it would take 7 billion years (10 half-lives) for 99.9 percent of it to decay.12 According to Richard Firestone, staff scientist, Lawrence Berkeley

9 This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. 10For descriptions of radiation, see Roger Eckhardt, "Ionizing Radiation-It's Everywhere," Los Alamos Science, no. 23, 1995, http'I/www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanU/O0326627.pdf, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Radiation: Ionizing and Non-Ionizing," httpJ/www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/index.html. "A positron is a positively-charged electron. 12 For data on half-lives and other characteristics of radionuclides, see Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Exploring the Table of Isotopes," http//ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm, and U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management. "Table B. 1. Characteristics of important radionuclides," http//www.orau.org/ptp/ PTP%20Library/library/DOE/Misc/Table%20BI,1%2OCharacteristics%20oof/o2Olmportant%/`2ORadionuclides.htm.

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National Laboratory, uranium-235 emits3 so little radiation that "holding a piece in the hand would cause negligible radiation exposure."''

Each radioactive atom, or "radionuclide," decays in a specific way. For example, when uranium- 235 decays,"5 it emits gamma rays, most of which are of 186 keV (a low energy) or less, and alpha particles; cesium- 137 emits gamma rays, virtually all of which are of 662 keV, a medium energy, and beta particles. Each radionuclide that emits gamma rays does so in a unique pattern, or "spectrum," of energies that is the primary characteristic used to identify many radionuclides.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactors 16,17

16This section was written by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, and Mark Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division. See also CRS Report R41694, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Richard J. Campbell and Mark Holt. "7For the status of each reactor, see "Status of the Nuclear Reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant," New York Times, http:/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/16/world/asia/reactors-status.html., and Japan, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/.

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A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atomic bomb because the fuels and configurations differ. In nature, uranium is 99.3 percent uranium-238 and 0.7 percent uranium-235. Only the latter is "fissile," that is, it will fission when struck by neutrons moving at relatively slow speeds. To make fuel for a bomb or a reactor, the fraction of uranium-235 must be increased through "enrichment."''8 An atomic bomb uses uranium enriched to about 90 percent uranium-235 ("highly enriched uranium," HEU), while nuclear reactor fuel is typically enriched to less than 5 percent ("low enriched uranium," LEU). LEU does not have enough uranium-235 to support a chain reaction of the sort found in an atomic bomb. In addition, a bomb must be configured in one of two ways to create a large enough mass to support a runaway chain reaction; reactors are arranged in an entirely different configuration.

Even with control rods fully inserted to halt the nuclear chain reaction, the radioactive decay of the fuel rods (primarily from fission products) generates heat, which must be dissipated. At the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, cooling was done by pumping cool water into the reactor. If the heat is not dissipated, the rods become so hot that they melt or burn. A fire would loft particles of radioactive material into the air. If fuel rods become too hot, their zirconium cladding may also react with water and produce hydrogen. The Fukushima Daiichi NPP primary containments used inert nitrogen gas to preclude hydrogen ignition. However, the operators had to vent the primary containment to relieve pressure, introducing hydrogen into the secondary containment, which is believed to have caused the explosions at reactor units 1-3.20 This explains the urgency of the efforts to keep the fuel rods cool, and why the reactors suffered major damage when backup cooling systems failed.

18For information on the enrichment process, see U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment," May 15, 2009, http//www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichment.html. 19"Zirconium: Covering for Fuel Rods," New York Times, June 9, 1995, httpJ/www.nytimes.com/1995/06/09/ nyregion/zirconium-covering-for-fuel-rods.html. 20 Information provided by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, personal communication, March 25, 2011.

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Crusts insulate the rods from the water and allow them to heat up. If the crusts are thick enough, they can block water from circulating between the fuel rods. As the rods heat up, their zirconium cladding can ignite, which may cause the uranium inside to melt and release radioactive material.2

To alleviate this problem, workers have begun using fresh water instead of seawater.

As the fuel fissions in a reactor, the fraction of fission products in fuel rods increases. When the ratio of fission products to fissile material rises to the point at which a fuel rod can no longer efficiently maintain a chain reaction, it is referred to as spent fuel. "Spent" seems to imply that the fuel has been used up, and is therefore less dangerous, than fresh uranium fuel, but this is not necessarily the case. When fuel rods are first removed from a nuclear reactor, they have a high level of short-lived radionuclides, unlike new fuel rods, so they are intensely radioactive. This radioactivity generates intense heat, so spent fuel rods are placed in pools of water to cool them, typically for several years, until most of the short-lived radionuclides decay. The water also provides shielding against any radioactive release into the air, and the spent fuel pools have no hardened containment structure that would protect against radiation release. If a pool is drained, the fuel rods would heat up, melt, and perhaps burn. This possibility led to concern about the spent fuel rods at Fukushima Daiichi NPP reactor 4:

According to Tokyo Electric [Power Companyl's data, the spent fuel pool at the No. 4 reactor contains 548 fuel assemblies that were in use at the reactor until last November, when they were moved to the storage pool on the site. That means that the fuel rods were only recently taken out of active use and that their potential to bum and release radioactivity is higher than spent fuel in storage for a longer period.23

21 Keith Bradsher, "New Problems at Japanese Plant Subdue Optimism and Present a Risky Agenda," New York Times, March 24, 2011, p. 11. 22 David Nakamura and Steven Mufson, "Japan Urges More to Evacuate," Washington Post, March 26, 2011, p. 1, and "Nuclear Energy-Crisis in Japan," New York Times, update of March 30, 2011. 23David Sanger, Matthew Wald, and Hiroko Tabuchi, "U.S. Sees 'Extremely High' Radiation Level at Plant, Focusing on Spent Fuel's Impact," New York Times, March 17, 2011, p. 13.

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Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation24 Humans are continuously exposed to significant amounts o f ionizing radiation from various naturally occurring and manmade sources. Because of its relatively high energy level, ionizing radiation is capable of producing significant biological change. Ionizing radiation gets its name from the fact that it causes ionization-ejection of electrons-when it interacts with atoms in the molecules that constitute cells and tissue. This process creates charged, often unstable, and highly reactive entities. The ensuing reactions may result in permanent molecular damage. Radiation disrupts cell division, which is why the most sensitive tissues are those in which cells frequently divide, such as skin, hair, bone marrow (where precursor cells give rise to new blood cells), and the cells that line the stomach and small intestine. Ionizing radiation may also damage DNA in chromosomes, resulting in mutations that are responsible for long-term effects such as the development of cancer.

In the United States, radiation exposure as a result of medical practice has increased significantly over the past 25 years as a result of the growing use of CT scans and nuclear medicine procedures to diagnose and treatment disease. Other-manmade sources of radiation account for a relatively small fraction of the U.S. population's total exposure. Those sources include consumer products (e.g., cigarettes, building materials, appliances); industrial, security, educational, and research activities, including nuclear power generation; and various types of occupational exposure.

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equals the equivalent dose: For alpha particles the factor is set at 20, which means that the equivalent dose is 20 times the absorbed dose. This reflects the fact that alpha radiation is more harmful than beta and gamma radiation. The international unit for the equivalent dose is the sievert (Sv). So, I Sv of alpha radiation to the lung would create the same risk of lung cancer as 1 Sv of beta radiation. The sievert is a large unit relative to common exposures, so the more common unit is the millisievert (mSv), which is one-thousandth of a sievert. The sievert replaced an earlier unit of equivalent dose, the rem, which is still widely used in the United States. One sievert = 100 rem; 1 mSv = 100 millirem (mrem).

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) estimates that the 2 averageannual equivalent dose to an individual in the United States is 6.2 mSv (620 mrem). 1Of that amount, 3.1 mSv (310 mrem) is from natural background sources, primarily inhalation of radon and its decay products, and 3.0 mSv (300 mrem) is from diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. The remaining 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) is from consumer products, industrial activities, and occupational exposure, among other sources. For comparison, the radiation dose from a jet airplane flight is 0.5 millirems (mrem) per hour in the air; from a chest x-ray, 6 mrem; and from living at an altitude of one mile, about 50 mrem/year.26 Table 1 shows various doses and their health consequences or regulatory limits.

25 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," report no. 160, 2009. 26 American Nuclear Society, "Radiation Dose Chart," http'/www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/. This interactive chart permits the user to adjust values to find an approximation of his or her total annual dose.

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Table I. Radiation Dose Levels

Dose, Dose, mSv rem Source Comments

I/yr 0. 1/yr (2) NRC requires its licensees to "limit maximum radiation exposure to individual members of the public" to this level. 6.2/yr 0.62/yr (I) Average U.S. individual's total effective radiation dose in 2006; half is from natural background and half is from medical uses and other human activities. 20 2 (7) Federal Emergency Management Agency and Environmental Protection Agency recommend relocating the public from an area ifthe expected dose in the first year after a radiological incident is above this level. 50/yr 5/yr (2) NRC requires its licensees to "limit occupational radiation exposure to adults working with radioactive materials" to this level. 100 10 (6) A National Research Council committee defines "low dose" of certain types of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, as this level or below. 0-250 0-25 (3) For an "acute" (i.e., received over a short time) whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "No detectable clinical effects; small increase in risk of delayed cancer and genetic effects." 250 25 (4) Japan raised the permitted dose for emergency workers at the Fukushima Daiichi N PP from 100 mSv/ 10 rem to this level. 500 50 (5) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "blood count changes." 1,000- 100- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Minimal symptoms; 2,000 200 nausea and fatigue with possible vomiting; reduction in [certain white blood cells], with delayed recovery." 2,000- 200- (3) For an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing radiation, "Nausea and vomiting 3,000 300 on first day; following latent period of up to 2 weeks, symptoms (loss of appetite and general malaise) appear but are not severe; recovery likely in about 3 months unless complicated by previous poor health." 3,200- 320- (5) Half the population exposed to an acute whole-body external dose of ionizing 3,600 360 radiation will die within 60 days despite receiving minimal supportive care. 3,500- 350- (2) NRC believes that half the population receiving this dose in a few hours or less 5,000 500 would die within 30 days. 8,000 800 (5) 100% mortality, despite best available treatment, for people receiving this external dose of whole-body ionizing radiation.

Sources: (I) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States." report no. 160, 2009, p. II. (2) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on Biological Effects of Radiation," January 2011, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact- sheets/bio-effects-radiation.html, and 10 CFR 20. (3) Dade Moeller, Environmental Health, revised edition, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 250. (4) Keith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. (5) Princeton University, Environmental Health and Safety. "Open Source Radiation Safety Training, Module 3: Biological Effects," http://web.princeton.edulsites/ehs/osradtraining/biologicaleffects/page.htm, adapted from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report No. 98, "Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities," Bethesda, MD, 1989. (6) National Research Council, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, "Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation," BEIR [Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation] VII Phase 2, p. 2, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.phprecord id= I 1340&page= I and click on PDF Summary. (7) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs. Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents, revised 1991 (second printing, May 1992), p. 4-4, http'/www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/er/400-r-92-O0 I.pdf, and Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents," 73 FederalRegister 45034, August I, 2008.

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External v. Internal Exposure: Effective Dose The health risks of ionizing radiation can occur as a result of both external and internal exposure. External exposure is almost exclusively from radioactive material that emits gamma radiation, which is very penetrating and, at higher energies, can only be stopped by a thick layer of lead or concrete. External sources of gamma radiation produce a whole-body exposure. Importantly, the level of exposure to gamma radiation falls off sharply with distance from the source. Cesium-137 ('37Cs), which has a half-life of 30 years, is the most common source of gamma radiation from nuclear weapons tests and reactor accidents.

Alpha and beta particles outside the body are typically not a source of external exposure. Alpha particles travel only a few centimeters through the air and cannot penetrate clothing or the outermost dead layer of skin. Beta particles, composed of electrons or positrons, can travel at most several feet through the air and penetrate to the live layer of skin causing bums (as happened to workers at Chernobyl). But they too are blocked by radiation suits.

Internal radiation exposure occurs through the inhalation of airborne radioactive material or the ingestion of contaminated food and drink. The potential for harm depends on the type and quantities of radioactive material taken in and the length of time they remain in the body. As already noted, isotopes that emit alpha particles present a greater hazard than those that emit beta particles and gamma radiation. In addition, the fate of the radioactive material depends on its chemical identity. For example, Strontium-90 (0Sr), which is chemically similar to calcium and emits beta particles, accumulates in bone and can cause leukemia and bone cancer.

Iodine-131 ('3i), another beta emitter, tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, where it is used in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Beta radiation from iodine-131 damages the surrounding cells and increase the risk of non-malignant thyroid disease and thyroid cancer. Iodine-131 from radioactive fallout accumulates on grass and leafy crops and becomes concentrated in the milk of cows and goats that feed on the contaminated vegetation. Children who drink the contaminated milk are especially at risk because they are still growing and their thyroid glands are very active. However, iodine- 131 has a half-life of only 8 days, so it decays relatively quickly on the ground, in the food chain, and in the body.

Iodine-131 posed the most important health risk following the incident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency:

The main consequence of the Chernobyl accident is thyroid cancer in children, some of whom were not yet born at the time of the accident. Following the vapour [sic] explosion and fire at the Chernobyl reactor, radioactive iodine was released and spread in the surrounding area. Despite measures taken, children in southern Belarus and northern Ukraine, were exposed to radiation in the weeks following the accident, particularly by consuming milk from pastured 27 cows and leafy vegetables that had been contaminated with radioactive iodine.

Unlike whole-body external exposures, the exposure from ingested or inhaled radioactive material is often limited to certain parts of the body or even specific organs. Radiation scientists

27 International Atomic Energy Agency, "Thyroid Cancer Effects in Children," staffreport, August 2005, httpl/www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chemobyl- 15/thyroid.shtml.

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are able to calculate a whole-body equivalent dose, or effective dose, for partial-body exposures. These amounts can be summed with external exposure to calculate a total dose.

Acute Health Effects v. Long-Term Cancer Risk The health effects of ionizing radiation exposure depend on the total dose and dose rate. Radiation health experts distinguish between (1) acute, or short-term, effects such as radiation sickness that are associated with relatively high doses over a short period; and (2) long-term effects such as increased lifetime cancer risk that result from chronic exposure to low-levels of radiation. Short-term health effects are typically seen in workers and others in close proximity to nuclear weapons tests and accidents, while the long-term cancer risks apply to the general population. Scientists calculate the cancer risk from radiation exposure using data from epidemiological and other studies, such as those following the health outcomes of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the lifetime risk of contracting a fatal cancer from chronic exposure to low-level radiation exposure is 0.05 per sievert, or 1 in 20 per sievert (i.e., 1 in 2,000 per rem). The ICRP and NCRP both recommend an annual exposure limit of 1 mSv (100 mrem) for members of the general population. An individual that received that much annual exposure oyer a 70-year lifetime (a total of 70 mSv, or 7 rem) would, as a result, have an increased risk of cancer death of approximately 1 in 300.

Potassium Iodide There is considerable interest in potassium iodide (also referred to by its chemical formula, KI) tablets to protect against thyroid cancer. These tablets contain non-radioactive iodine-127, the same type used in iodized table salt, to saturate the thyroid with iodine. Once the thyroid is saturated, it cannot absorb more of any isotope of iodine, including iodine- 131. As a result, potassium iodide tablets, taken shortly before exposure to iodine- 131, offer protection from thyroid cancer. The protection is of limited duration, however, and potassium iodide protects only the thyroid only against radioactive iodine. It does not protect against any other radioactive material or against radiation in general. Nor is there value in taking potassium iodide as a precautionary measure unless iodine-131 is expected to be present. As the next section of this report discusses, the amount of radioactive material that has reached the United States from the Japanese nuclear reactor incident is minuscule. Accordingly, the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed on March 22, said, "At this time, CDC does not recommend that people in the United States take KI or iodine supplements in response to the nuclear power plant explosions in Japan. You should only take KI on the advice of emergency management officials, public health officials, or your doctor. There are health risks associated with taking KI. 28 Further, "Some general side effects caused by KI may include intestinal29 upset, allergic reactions (possibly severe), rashes, and inflammation of the salivary glands.''

28 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency Preparedness and Response: Radiation and Potassium Iodide (KI)," http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/japan/ki.asp. 29 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Emergency (continued...)

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The workers are being asked to make escalating-and perhaps existential-sacrifices that so far are being only implicitly acknowledged: Japan's Health Ministry said Tuesday that itwas raising the legal limit on the amount of radiation exposure to which each worker could be exposed, to 250 millisieverts from 100 millisieverts, five times the maximum exposure permitted for nuclear plant workers in the United States.

Beyond the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, the external doses reported fall far below the low-dose threshold of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology reported dose readings from 80 monitoring stations between 25 and 60 km from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP.32 On March 20, almost all the readings were less than 15 microsieverts per hour. (One millisievert = 1,000 microsieverts; 1 microsievert = 0.1 millirem.) At a rate of 15 microsieverts per hour, it would take 278 days to accumulate a dose of 10 rem. At the highest rate reported, 110 microsieverts per hour, it would take 38 days to accumulate that dose. Staying inside an uncontaminated building would reduce exposure

(...continued) Preparedness and Response: Potassium Iodide (KI)," http./emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp#med. 30 National Research Council. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health Risksfrom Exposure to Low Levels of lonizing Radiation, Washington, National Academies Press, 2006, pp. 1, 2, 7, 8, http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?recordid=l 1340&page= 1, and click on "pdf summary." 31Keith Bradsher and Hiroko Tabuchi, "50 Workers Bravely Stay at Troubled Japan Reactors," New York Times, March 16, 2011. 32 Japan. Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology (MEXT), "Readings at Monitoring Post out of 20 Km Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP (Nuclear Power Plant]," news release, as of 19:00 March 20, 2011, httpJ/www.mext.go.jp/component/english/-icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/20/1303972_2019.pdf.

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considerably, and short-lived radionuclides like iodine-131 (half-life, 8 days) would decay significantly during a month or more, sharply reducing the dose they produce. On the other hand, a larger release of radionuclides would be expected to increase dose, and cesium- 137 (half-life, 30 years) decays much more slowly than iodine-13 1, so it would contribute to dose for many decades.

Given the increase in thyroid cancer as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, a major concern in Japan is minimizing the risk of thyroid cancer. This is especially important for children. At Chernobyl, as noted earlier, ingestion of radioactive iodine-131 resulted mainly from drinking milk from cows that ate contaminated feed, and from eating leafy greens. Accordingly, Japanese authorities have tested spinach, other vegetables, and milk for iodine- 131, and found elevated levels. In response, on March 23 Prime Minister Naoto Kan restricted the distribution and consumption of spinach, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables in Fukushima Prefecture, and restricted the distribution of fresh raw milk and parsley produced in Ibaraki Prefecture.13 In addition, authorities have reportedly found traces of radioactive iodine in drinking water in Tokyo. On March 23,

Ei Yoshida, head of water purification for the Tokyo water department, said ... that infants in Tokyo and surrounding areas should not drink tap water. He said iodine-131 had been detected in water samples at a level of 210 becquerels per liter, about a quart. The recommended limit for infants is 100 becquerels per liter. For adults, the recommended limit is 300 becquerels. ... The Health Ministry said in a statement that it was unlikely that there

would be negative consequences to infants who did drink the34 water, but that it should be avoided if possible and not be used to make infant formula.

However, by March 24 the level was reported to be 79 becquerels per liter, and by March 27 had diminished to the point where two readings showed no radiation and one showed 27 becquerels per liter.35

Author Contact Information

Jonathan Medalia Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy [email protected], 7-7632

33 Japan. Policy Planning and Communication Division. Inspection and Safety Division. Department of Food Safety. "Restriction of Distribution and/or Consumption of Foods Concerned in Fukushima and Ibaraki Prefectures (in Relation to the Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant)," March 23, 2011, http//www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/ 2r98520000015wun-att/2r98520000015xym.pdf. 34 David Jolly and Denise Grady, "Tokyo Says Radiation in Water Puts Infants at Risk," New York Times, March 23, 2010. 35David Jolly, "Radiation in Tokyo's Water Has Dropped, Japan Says," New York Times, March 24, 2011, and David Jolly, Hiroko Tabuchi, and Keith Bradsher, "High Radiation Found in Water at Japan Plant," New York Times, March 28, 2011,p. 11.

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Acknowledgments The Nuclear Regulatory Commission provided technical comments on this report.

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CX 234 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:37 AM To: Lewis, Robert Subject: RE: 1AEA Basic Safety Stds (BSS) exemption levels were used after Chernobyl Attachments: image001.jpg

I Understand.

From a health physics standpoint and looking at previous contamination issues, we have never used the TS-R- 1 levels or DOT limits for contam packaging. DHS and CBP use a multiple of background (2x to 5 x background and then its released). That's what is done in practice. And in the past we recommended Reg Guide 1.86. After Chernobyl, 1 mrem was used by many countries correctly or not, as a way to rapidly check these millions of packages.

The extremely low risk from these low contamination levels does not warrant the cost of the surveys. Using a pancake probe without isotopic ID (as was suggested by the EPA draft just makes more sense.

Perhaps we can agree to step back and let EPA take the lead, as they have under the NRF?

From: Lewis, Robert Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:32 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: IAEA Basic Safety Stds (BSS) exemption levels were used after Chernobyl

Cyndi

I took Trip off to avoid further confusion. With all due respect, you have a misunderstanding of my point and the application of the IAEA standards.

If one applies the activity de-minimus levels in the BSS to contaminated non-radioactive objects, the modeling behind the values (from RS-G-1.7) breaks down. TS-R-1 does have them - 4 Bq/cm2 beta/gamma, without regard to the nuclide. This creates a situation where objects are regulated at the origin and destination, and exempt in transit. And worse, vice versa (only regulated in transport). IAEA legal has said the more restrictive limit trumps - in this case TS-R-1's 4 bq/cm2

This has been an extensive discussion topic in both rassc and transsc.

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:12 AM To: Lewis, Robert; Rothschild, Trip Subject: RE: IAEA Basic Safety Stds (BSS) exemption levels were used after Chernobyl

No- there are both exemption levels and exempt activity concentration levels.

It was used after Chernobyl and the excerpt I sent you from the BSS states that "A practice or a source within a practice may be exempted without further consideration provided that the following criteria are met in all feasible situations." It then refers to the I mrem per year... The lawyers can argue if shipping constitutes a practice or not, but it is much more sensible to use in this case. 1

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Cyndi

From: Lewis, Robert Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 8:51 AM To: Jones, Cynthia; Rothschild, Trip Subject: RE: IAEA Basic Safety Stds (BSS) exemption levels for 1-131 and Cs-137 URGENT

Cyndi

The BSS applies only to volumetrically (sp?) distributed activity. Its model does not work for surface contamination. We pointed that out during the comment process for the latest BSS. IAEA didn't make changes but flagged it as a known issue.

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 8:48 AM To: Rothschild, Trip Cc: Lewis, Robert Subject: IAEA Basic Safety Stds (BSS) exemption levels for 1-131 and Cs-137 URGENT Importance: High

Trip-

As a follow-up to our conversation, attached please find the exemption level for 1-131 and Cs-137 per the IAEA BSS.

These BSS levels are far higher than what CBP or EPA has found (which is the reason why EPA wants to use other criteria than the DOT or NRC transportation regs). The cost for evaluation does not justify the risk of this very low level of radiation, especially for 1-131.

The level for 1-131 is Cs-137 is 106Bq = 27 microcuries = 27,000,000 picocuries The level for Cs-137 is 104 Bq = 0.27 microcuries = 270,000 picocuries

I would recommend we use the BSS level of exemption at 1 mrem as I believe that Japan also has this in their regs as well as most of Europe.

Bottom line- EPA lead a lead role under the National Response Framework.

CX 236 of 1170 *Ihc 3oa LlicN to Wftrk dWTb4l PIMALSOMMMIld?.

CX 237 of 1170 From: Rothschild, Trip Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 9:13 AM To: Jones, Cynthia; Lewis, Robert Subject: FW: JAPAN RADIATION - INTERAGENCY ATTORNEY CALL TODAY 4PM. Call-in 202-395-6392, code 2832464. Attachments: Japan Supply Chain Document ver 29MAR.doc

From: Payne, James (ENRD) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 1:53 PM To: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; steve.silverran@Gusda. ov; [email protected]; F(b)(6) j(b)(6)I [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 1(b)(6) I Havranek, John (DHS); Strauss, Jordan (NSD); Hart, Rosemary (SMO); Martinez, Brian (CIV); Payne, James (ENRD); Sorgente, Natalia (ENRD); [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Rothschild, Trip; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; donna.o'[email protected]; 1(b)(6) - [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Smart, Stephanie M CAPT USN 3CS DOM; Dapper, James H Col JCS DOM; Com, Gary P LTC JCS DOM OCCS LC Cc: Martinez, Brian (CIV); Simms, Patrice (ENRD); Sorgente, Natalia (ENRD); Wardzinski, Karen (ENRD) Subject: JAPAN RADIATION - INTERAGENCY A-TORNEY CALL TODAY 4PM. Call-in 202-395-6392, code 2832464.

To: Contacts for Interagency Legal Group, Japan Radiation

In the e-mail below, the White House has scheduled an interagency legal call with General Counsel today at 4pm. Call- in is 202-395-6392, code (b)(6) As with the call last week, agency legal points of contact are encouraged to participate in conjunction with their General Counsel.

This call would be a good opportunity for legal POCs to learn more about this new group.

The first agenda item (below) concerns potential temporary standards for incoming cargo. As a heads up, we'd like to send a reminder for an agency to be sure to follow its relevant jurisdictional statute(s) for decision-making, including in the present circumstances. This includes ensuring development of an administrative record in support of the decision. We're available to discuss this further during the call or separately.

Jim Payne Senior Counsel Law and Policy Section Environment and Natural Resources Division US DO] (202) 514-3473 1(b)(6) cell

From :1(b)(6) t mailto 1(b)() Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 11:41 AM

CX 238 of 1170 To: 'Taylor, Robert, Mr, DoD OGC; Moreno, Ignacia (ENRD); 'Koh, Harold (STATE)'; Fong, Ivan (DHS); '[email protected]'; 'Sean. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Romero, Ramona'; 'Smith.M. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Kieserman, Brad'; Verrilli, Don; Bansal, Preeta D.; Bershteyn, Boris; 'Marshall, Thomas J - Waghoitnn Dr` Wardzinski, Karen (ENRD); Simms, Patrice (ENRD); Havranek, John (DHS); Maher, Joseph (DHS); I(b)(6) I Nusraty, Tim; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Sevier, Adrian'; Payne, James (ENRD); Smith, Brad (ODAG); Sorgente, Natalia (ENRD); Strauss, Jordan (NSD) Cc: DeRosa, Mary B.; Reed, Richard A.; Kern, Dab; Hattan, Justin D.; Zelvin, Lawrence K.; Landau, Zachary L. Subject: Today's 4PM Call--Japan

To the General Counsels:

In light of yesterday's IPC and this morning's DC, as well as in advance of this week's PC (just announced this morning), I propose that we discuss the following at today's 4:00 call:

1. Temporary standards and operational implementation for international cargo arriving in the United States (DOT, DHS, EPA, HHS and DOJ). I have attached a short information paper on this subject. 2. Litigation in Japan (DOJ) 3. Preparation of Document Templates for the Threshold Levels Working Group (NSS) 4. Ongoing Funding Issues-- OHDACA 5. Discussion of any other issues, particularly in advance of the PC (ALL)

The call-in information will follow shortly as a calendar invite from Justin Hattan from our office.

Thank you!

Sincerely, Michael

Michael Bahar Deputy Legal Advisor National Security Staff 202-456-9115

CX 239 of 1170 Draft for Discussion Purposes Only For official Use Only

INFO PAPER

Purpose

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Background

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1 The OIL approach is a cornerstone of international emergency preparedness efforts and one of the IAEA requirements in the Nuclear Safety Standards. It was one of the key lessons from the Chernobyl accident. We would be better prepared to respond to a nuclear or radiological event if the US adopted this approach.

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Additional Information Necessary:

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2 Limited waivers or decisions on enforcement may be necessary for certain regulations or policies (i.e. DOT provides a waiver for enforcement of surface contamination standards, possibly with conditions. EPA has provided such waivers for fuel standards. EPA's Office of General Counsel can assist with this option.) Public Affairs guidance will be necessary to ensure clear understanding f the intent and factors that led to the decision.

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CX 243 of 1170 From: Ramsey, Jack Sent: Thursday, March 31, 2011 8:41 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject FW: IAEA Convening High-Level Nuclear Safety Conference in Wake of Fukushima

FYI, just in case you haven't seen.

From: Schwartzman, Jennifer Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 6:00 PM To: Doane, Margaret; Mamish, Nader; Fragoyannis, Nancy; Henderson, Karen; Ramsey, Jack Subject: FW: IAEA Convening High-Level Nuclear Safety Conference in Wake of Fukushima

Fasdnating juxtaposition....

From: Kenagy, W David [[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 1:28 PM To: Metz, Patricia J; Fladeboe, Jan P; Burkart, Alex R Cc: [email protected]; Schwartzman, Jennifer; [email protected]; Shaffer, Mark R Subject: FW: IAEA Convening High-Level Nuclear Safety Conference in Wake of Fukushima

FOR INFO: At this time the 6th Meeting of Representatives of Competent Authorities under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Convention on Provision of Assistance is scheduled the same week as the newly announced high-level conference. I have been expecting there will be heightened interest in the Competent Authority meeting.

David Kenagy

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

From: SMART Core [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 12:42 PM Cc: Covington, Mindy K; Menold, William F; Davis, Michael (Scott); Adams, J Stephen; Cockerham, Robert S; Foughty, Michael A; Goodman, Mark W; Liebowitz, Alexander T; Rudolph, Deborah A; Sanborn, Jonathan B; Sharp, Matthew K; Weithman, Elizabeth M; Ward, Barclay; Klebesadel, Amy L; Wickel, Kevin Subject: IAEA Convening High-Level Nuclear Safety Conference in Wake of Fukushima

UNCLASSIFIED

Info Office: MNSA

MRN: 11 UNVIE VIENNA 114

CX 244 of 1170 DateIDTG: Mar 30, 2011 / 301640Z MAR 11 From: USMISSION UNVIE VIENNA Action: WASHDC, SECSTATE ROUTINE E.O.: 13526 TAGS: TRGY, KRAD, AORC, ENRG, IAEA, PREL Captions: SENSITIVE Reference: A) 11 UNVIE VIENNA 117 AND PREVIOUS Pass Line: STATE FOR S, T, ISN/NESS, IO/GS, AND EAP/J NRC FOR BORCHARDT, DOANE, HOLZMAN Subject: IAEA Convening High-Level Nuclear Safety Conference in Wake of Fukushima

1. rin 1 (b)(5)

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Drafted By: UNVIE VIENNA:Scheland, Mark Cleared By: UNVIE/EXEC/DCM:Wood, Robert A UNVIE/IAEA:Shaffer, Mark R Approved By: UNVIE:Davies, Glyn T Released By: UNVIE VIENNA:Scheland, Mark DL Info: VIENNA IAEA POSTS COLLECTIVE ROUTINE Attachments: 11-11091 E USA -3-.pdf, Metadata.dat

Action Post: Dissemination Rule: DISMNSA

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CX 246 of 1170 From: Cordes, John Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 12:35 PM To: Milligan, Patricia; Jones, Cynthia Cc: Kim, Grace; Rothschild, Trip Subject FW: TIME SENSITIVE FOR JAPAN RADIATION. For EDS/NRS: would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend a challenge to an agency's cargo shipping standards (for rad contamination)? Attachments: Japan Supply Chain Document ver 29MAR.doc

Hello, Patricia & Cynthia -

Below is an e-mail thread forwarded to me by DOJ. I see that you folks are involved in the "radioactive- contamination-of-cargo-from-Japan" issue (at least you are e-mail addressees). Could one of you please let me know whether NRC has existing or to-be-developed standards on this? Or are we merely consulting with other agencies? Or are we not involved at all? DOJ needs to know whether NRC is involved, apparently for the bureaucratic purpose of deciding which lawyers should handle lawsuits.

Thanks.

John Cordes (Solicitor, OGC)

From: Jones, Lisa (ENRD) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 10:26 AM To: Cordes, John Subject: FW: TIME SENSITIVE FOR JAPAN RADIATION. For EDS/NRS: would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend a challenge to an agency's cargo shipping standards (for rad contamination)?

John - does the NRC have any input on agencies' proposed standards for radioactive contamination on cargo? Thanks, Lisa

From: Wardzinski, Karen (ENRD) Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 10:23 AM To: Mergen, Andy (ENRD); Jones, Usa (ENRD) Cc: Payne, James (ENRD) Subject: FW: TIME SENSITIVE FOR JAPAN RADIATION. For EDS/NRS: would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend a challenge to an agency's cargo shipping standards (for rad contamination)?

Just thought I'd check to see if you folks had any sense of the answer here?

From: Payne, James (ENRD) Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 10:18 AM To: Gualtieri, David S (ENRD) Cc: Wardzinski, Karen (ENRD) Subject: FW: TIME SENSITIVE FOR JAPAN RADIATION. For EDS/NRS: would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend a challenge to an agency's cargo shipping standards (for rad contamination)?

CX 247 of 1170 From: Payne, James (ENRD) Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 8:25 PM To: Vaden, Christopher (ENRD); Grishaw, Letitia (ENRD); Clark, Tom (ENRD); Smith, Marc (ENRD) Cc: Simms, Patrice (ENRD); Wardzinski, Karen (ENRD); Sorgente, Natalia (ENRD) Subject: TIME SENSITIVE FOR JAPAN RADIATION. For EDS/NRS: would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend a challenge to an agency's cargo shipping standards (for rad contamination)?

All -

Would it be ENRD or Civil that would defend an agency decision setting a standard for radioactive contamination on cargo being shipped into US?

(Civil has said that they don't have current expertise on these standards; I haven't asked them which division would defend a challenge to them.)

The setting is the Japan radiation matter.

The WH has scheduled a meeting for this Thurs for agencies to decide the standard for radioactive contamination on incoming cargo. Cargo that exceeds this standard must be set aside for decontamination before being able to proceed in commerce. (Might consider APA defense considerations with a decisional meeting at WH.)

There appears to be inconsistent agency standards. DOT appears to have a standard near zero, while DHS/Customs' standard is much less stringent.

More below.

(For EDS - I separately checked on this with Martin M, and he said he was not familiar with these rad standards.)

Jim

Sent Using U.S. DOJ/ENRD BES Server

From: Strauss, Jordan (NSD) To: Smith, Brad (ODAG); Sorgente, Natalia (ENRD); Simms, Patrice (ENRD); Payne, James (ENRD) Cc: Stifel, Megan (NSD) Sent: Tue Mar 29 19:17:28 2011 Subject: FW: RSVP REQUESTED: Temporary Radiological Standards for International Cargo Transborder Supply Chain Security IPC THURSDAY MARCH 31, 2011

FYI - this just came in.

Jordan Strauss Director of Preparedness and Response National Security Division U.S. Department of Justice

Jordan.Strauss(&nsd.doj.ic.gov (JWICS) Jordan.Strauss(qnsd.usdoi.sgov.gov (SI PR) [(b)(6) (Blackberry PIN)

202-353-2682 (Desk) 1(b)(6) I(Blackberry) 1-877-394-6934 (Pager) IMPORTANT: This c-mail, including all attachments, is intended only for the use of the individual or entity to which it is addrcssed-

It may contain information that is privileged, confidentia r othc..i er applicable law. If the reader of

CX 248 of 1170 this e-mail transmission is not the intended recipient or the employee or agent responsible for delivering the transmission to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution, co in o . - or Its contents is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail in erro .c" cr y responding to the e-mail and then delete the e-mail immcdiate]

(b)(6) From: I(6 [mailto: Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 7:08 PM To: Maldonado-Barton, Frances; 'Russell [email protected]'; Heyman, David (DHS); Joseph, Leonard (DHS); 1(b)(6) 'Pat. [email protected]'; 'Kimberly. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Michalic, Mark (ODAG); '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Janet. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Aaron. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Henry, Shawn (FBI); Perkins, Kevin L. (FBI); Connelly, Catherine (FBI); !(b)(6)'STEVEAC5(@dni.aov': ' .uv-d.tumer(&uaov.cov';'eric.fiqueroa uqov.qov'; 'Jan. C.0per( hud.ov'; I

[(b)(6) 1; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Phillips, Katherine J.; Croley, Steve; Gonzalez, Roberto J.; Sullivan, David J.; Bloom, Ron; Cashin, Charles L.; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 1(b)(6) .. '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Mertens, Steven M.; Avery, Heidi E.; DeRosa, Mary B.; Hattan, Justin D.; Chopra, Aneesh; Blackburn, Duane M.; Rapallo, David P.; DL-OVP-National Security; Koneff, Douglas A.; Boyd, Valerie S.; Cogswell, Patty; Tuggle, Ronald D.; Shapiro, Nicholas S.; Bhowmik, Rachana; Astrich, Katherine T.; Nelson, Kimberly P.; Daumit, Alexander (Jim); Haun, David J.; Stem, Warren (DHS); '[email protected]'; Chavez, Richard (DHS); 'Janet. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Dietrich. [email protected]'; 'Veal. [email protected]'; 'Tupin. [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Shrval-Mdarh . na r i..usdgov'; Strauss, Jordan (NSD); '[email protected]'; 'Cynthia.Jones@nrc gov' I(b)(ý6) #RESILIENCE; Bahar, Michael; Quinn, Andrew; '[email protected]'; 'Susa [email protected]' Cc: '[email protected]'; 'marineka. [email protected]'; Totaro, Juliana (DHS); '[email protected]'; Dupre, Kyle(OilS),• I(b(6 SI'[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'Christopher A [email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; 'robertsonsaistate.aov'; 'batierh~state.gov'; 'schultzof~state.qov': 'ca- [email protected]'; '[email protected]'t(b)(6) (b)(6) (b)(6)

I[(b)(6) J'[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Severn, Deb; Page, Shelly; Dirksen, Ward F.; Doorenbos, Bobbi J.; '[email protected]'; Mielke, Dawn M.; White, Kamela G.; Pope, David F.; Pegram, Tristen A.; Richter, Shannon; Andrew Frankel; Alexander, Barbara (DHS); Bentz, Julie A.; Blackwell, Paul Mr OSD ATL; Brian McGregor; Brzozowski, Christa (DHS); Cashin, Charles L.; CDR Christopher Cox; Chad Graham; (b)(6)I Dan Forbes; Daumit, Alexander (Jim); David Huizenga; Domenic Veneziano; Eggleston, Brian; Elly Melamed; Gormsen, Eric T (SMO); Keller, Fernando H (DHS); Flanagan, Patrick S.; (b)(6) Guy Turner; Hall, Robert L. J.; Holly Dockery; Home, Sabra E.; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Ken Friedman; Ken Holliday; Ken Lord; Kim Green; Kirvan, Roy D.; LeeAnne Jackson; '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; Michael Callahan; Mike Rouse; Mike Wangler; Nelson, Kimberly P.; Nick Bauer; Ozment, Andy; Parish, Leslie; Starke, Patrick (FBI); Paul Tortora; Peter Hanlon; Regan, Sean P.; Murphy, Renee (DHS); Russell Adise (Russell [email protected]); Sean McClure; Moon, Sean (DHS); Sherri Clark; Stephen O'Connor; '[email protected]'; Stewart, Joseph D.; Tracey Mustin; Wade Taylor; Wayne Blanchette; White, Kamela G.; William Kilmartin; Wong, Nancy (DHS); Yarusso-Horan, Amanda J. Subject: RSVP REQUESTED: Temporary Radiological Standards for International Cargo Transborder Supply Chain Security IPC THURSDAY MARCH 31, 2011 3

CX 249 of 1170 NATIONAL SECURITY STAFF TRANSBORDER SECURITY INTERAGENCY POLICY COMMITTEE on Supply Chain Security

DATE: Thursday March 31, 2011 LOCATION: WHCC, Truman Room TIME: 12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.

NSS-Transborder will host an IPC in the Truman Room of the White House Conference Center from 12:00 - 1:00 PM on March 31, 2011 to determine temporary radiological standards and operational implementation for international cargo arriving in the United States.

Attendance is limited to an Assistant Secretary and a plus one from DHS, State, DOD, DOE, DOT, DOJ, EPA, HHS, DOC, USDA, and NRC. In addition, one representative from the following components is invited: USCG, CBP, FAA, DNDO, r 'hMAand the Adviso Team to provide operations context. Please forward the names of your attendees to ) t(7)Zt I j by COB March 30, 2011.

Note that one of the options may be to accept a pre-existing standard already contained in policy or regulation. As such, Departments and Agencies are requested to forward, before 2:00 pm, March 30, 2011, their regulatory acceptable limits of radiation contamination (as applicable).

Patrick Flanagan DirectorSurface TransportationSecurity National Security Staff The White House Executive Office of the President Office: (2021456-5651 Cell: 1(b)(6)

CX 250 of 1170 Draft for Discussion Purposes Only -For tiuiUeO n

INFO PAPER

Purpose

(b)(5) ]

Backaround

(b)(5)

I The OIL approach is a cornerstone of international emergency preparedness efforts and one of the IAEA requirements in the Nuclear Safety Standards. It was one of the key lessons from the Chernobyl accident. We would be better prepared to respond to a nuclear or radiological event if the US adopted this approach.

Draft for Discussion Purposes Only For Officia. Us•eOnlyI

CX 251 of 1170 Draft for Discussion Purposes Only itor Ifrai NeceOary

Additional Information Necessary:

(b)(5)

Discussion

(b)(5)

Draft for Discussion Purposes Only ,F,,.OffiaUse Only

CX 252 of 1170 Draft for Discussion Purposes Only i--orOfficalUe Onl

(b)(5)

Policy Issues:

(b)(5)

Draft for Discussion Purposes Only For Official Use Only

CX 253 of 1170 Draft for Discussion Purposes Only 1or Ic

(b)(5)

Policy Issue 2: Implementation

(b)(5)

Draft for Discussion Purposes Only -ForfiFcWa sc Onl~y-

CX 254 of 1170 From: Williams, Shawn Sent: Wednesday, March 30, 2011 9:30 AM To: ICWG Subject: International Requests for NRC to support Fukushima Lessons Learned activities Attachments: image0O1.gif

All,

(b)(5)

Thus, please keep the EDO's office informed by either e-mailing me (and I will forward to Marty) or your OD can e-mail Marty and inform him of the request and a recommendation as to whether or not your office plans to support.

The only international activity related to the Fukushima Lessons Learned that I know of right now is: (1) NEA task group evaluating the impact of the Fukushima event (highly recommended by many ODs to support)

Shawn

From: Virgilio, Martin To: Williams, Shawn Sent: Tue Mar 29 13:09:45 2011 Subject: Fw: ACTION:: CNRA conference call notes and actions

Shawn

Please work with IP to ensure we are aware of and participating in the appropriate international meetings concerning the Fukushima event. Note - we will need to be selective.

From: Leeds, Eric To: Cheok, Michael Cc: Ruland, William; Grobe, Jack; Boger, Bruce; Virgilio, Martin; Miller, Charles; Johnson, Michael; Astwood, Heather; Rosales-Cooper, Cindy; Cullingford, Michael Sent: Tue Mar 29 07:47:54 2011 Subject: ACTION:: CNRA conference call notes and actions

Mike -

As Chair of the LT, please see the attachment for the assignment that we discussed yesterday. As we discussed, I'd like a member of the expanded LT to be a key contributor to the international NEA task group evaluating the impact of the Fukushima event. I'll look forward to receiving the names of potential candidates.

Thanks!

CX 255 of 1170 Eric J. Leeds, Director Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 301-415-1270

From: [email protected] [mailto: [email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 4:41 AM To: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Cullingford, Michael; Astwood, Heather; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Leeds, Eric; Johnson, Michael Subject: CNRA conference call notes and actions

Dear CNRA bureau members -

The CNRA Chair and Vice-chairs held a conference call yesterday evening to discuss CNRA actions in response to the Fukushima events. Please find attached the notes and actions from the conference call. Comments are always welcome.

Best, Diane Jackson, Nuclear Safety Specialist Nuclear Safety Division, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Tel.: +33 (0)1 45 24 10 55, Diane.Jacksonfoecd.org

CX 256 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 4:19 PM To: Laura Atwell Subject: FW: NCRP Publications and Current Activities Related to the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident Attachments: Fukushima.pdf

Hi Laura-

Can I get on a "listserv" for NCRP press releases? I just rec'd the following from some staff here and was wondering if you or someone else has a server list that you can add my email address to (Similar to what I get for NRC press releases). If it's on your website to sign up, just let me know. (I'd like to receive these, and this one is a very nice idea!)

Thanks Cyndi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Subject: NCRP Publications and Current Activities Related to the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident

Please find attached a Press Release regarding NCRP Publications and Current Activities Related to the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident.

Additionally, NCRP has made its Commentary No. 10, Advising the Public About Radiation Emergencies available for free download. The report can be found here: http://www.ncrponline.or-q/Publications/Commentaries/NCRP%2OComm%2ONo.%2010.pdf

CX 257 of 1170 Immediate Release March 26, 2011

Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) is actively advising U.S. federal and state agencies as they assist the Japanese government in their response to the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident. NCRP is also working closely with members of the media (i.e., television, radio and print) to provide timely and accurate information related to the potential human and environmental health impacts of releases of radionuclides from the damaged reactors and spent fuel pools.

Once the situation in Japan is stabilized, the focus will shift to late-phase recovery and site restoration. In 2010, NCRP formed a scientific committee to define the process and procedures to be used in optimizing recovery and restoration following a radiological or nuclear incident. This effort is being funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security with an emphasis on incidents involving radiological dispersal devices and improvised nuclear devices.

The next meeting of the NCRP Committee on April 11-12, 2011 has been expanded to include a discussion of the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident. Members of the Committee are actively monitoring the situation and assembling relevant information to be discussed at the meeting. The lessons learned section of the report will include this accident.

NCRP has published a number of important reports that provide guidance at each phase of a nuclear or radiological accident.

Human Health * Report No. 161, Management of Persons Contaminatedwith Radionuclides * Report No. 159, Risk to the Thyroid from Ionizing Radiation " Report No. 116, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

Environmental Health " Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Anproaches to Assessment and Management * Report No. 109, Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms " Report No. 52, Cesium from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose

Emergency Response * Commentary No. 19, Key Elements of PreparingEmergency Responders for Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism

Immediately following the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident, NCRP made Commentary No. 10, Advising the Public About Radiation Emerqencies,available for free download from its website (http://NCRPonline.orq). All NCRP reports and commentaries are available from the NCRP website, http://NCRPpublications.org. For additional information contact David A. Schauer, ScD, CHP at schauerINCRPonline.org, 301.657.2652 (x20) or 301.907.8768 (fax).

The National Council on 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400 Radiation Protection and Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3095 Measurements Telephone: (301) 657-2652 Fax: (301) 907-8768 http://NCRPonline.org http://NCRPpblicationsorCX 258 o;11170 17 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent Tuesday, March 29, 2011 4:07 PM To: Stern, Warren Subject: Your Q on IAEA data (SBU)

Warren-

I checked with the day shift in the Ops Center. Yes we are viewing info thru ENAC. IAEA has provided a lot of info that is available on that site. It's my understanding that the IAEA teams have been taking confirmatory measurements (alongside Japan) as well as independent measurements. For the most part these have consisted of dose rate measurements at various locations. Their results have been substantially similar to the data that is being provided by Japan, and posted on ENAC. The environmental samples (air and soil) taken by the IAEA team have just been sent to Siebersdorf laboratories, and the results are not yet available. These too will be posted on the public web site when analyzed and reported.

IAEA's public web site has info that posts the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log. This log provides daily updates and posts the actual IAEA presentations that are used to brief Member States every day at 3:00 pm, including the IAEA monitoring team's data: http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html. This link gets you to the log, which will also have links to the presentations. Take a look at the presentation entitled, Radiological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident - 28 March 2011," This provides all the details on IAEA's monitoring team.

Cyndi

-Original Message--- From: Stern, Warren [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, March 28, 2011 3:40 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: NOC #0330-11 - JAPAN EARTHQUAKE SITUATION REPORT No. 28 03/27/I tSB-

Cyndi, I am sorry to bother you again.

Ambassador Davies wrote to me this morning and, in response to a comment I made regarding IAEA data on Japan, said that all of the directly measured IAEA data is on ENAC. Now, I know how to use ENAC and have access, but I don't seem to see the IAEA data, only the Japanese data. I believe the Ambassador's comments were strongly influenced by NRC. Does NRC have access to the IAEA measured data on ENAC(not the Japanese data)? I think that it would be useful to OSTP and DOE in particular if we have this info.

Thank you!

Warren

CX 259 of 1170 From: HOO Hoc Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 2:50 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Nuclear Power Plant Location Per Your Request Attachments: SITELATLONG.xlsx; imageO0I.jpg

From: Huffman, William Sent: Tuesday, March 29, 2011 10:53 AM To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; Gott, William; Marshall, Jane; Morris, Scott; HOO Hoc; Jones, Cynthia Subject: Nuclear Power Plant Location Per Your Request

The information you have requested is in the attached spread sheet.

Per your request.

Bill Huffman

Headquarters Operations Officer U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Phone: 301-816-5100 Fax: 301-816-5151 email: hoo.hoc(inrc.gov secure e-mail: [email protected] U.S.NRC

From: Robert.Kemadot.qov rmailto:Robert.Kernadot.qovl Sent: Monday, March 28, 2011 9:43 AM To: PMT09 Hoc Cc: Janet.Beniniadot.qov: Rob.Leea3dot.qov Subject: RE: Info from NRC on NPP locations as requested

Good morning; U.S. DOT would greatly appreciate the GIS location data (unclassified) regarding nuclear plant locations for our GIS folks here at DOT. U.S. DOT's Research and Innovative Technology Administration provides transportation infrastructure mapping to DOT's Crisis Management Center (CMC), the Secretary's Intelligence, Security and Emergency Planning Office (S-60) and modal administrations during crisis situations and for planning and exercise purposes. During the recent disaster in Japan we discovered that we did not have mapping data concerning the 104 nuclear power plants within the continental US. We would like to rectify that situation so that we may include nuclear facility locations on all future mapping products (unclassified) concerning crisis response and exercise/planning.

CX 260 of 1170 If you could provide a point of contact within the NRC that does your GIS work we would be more than happy to work with that person and keep you informed of our progress. Our goal is to obtain the GIS data for mapping and establish a working relationship between our GIS programs.

Thank you, Robert M. Kern II RITA Emergency Coordinator

CX 261 of 1170 SITE ADDR_1 ADDR_2 CITY ARKANSAS ONE ARKANSAS NUCLEAR NUCLEAR ROUTE 3, BOX 137G RUSSELVILLE PLANT

BEAVER VALLEY BEAVER VALLEY POWER SHIPPINGPORT STATION

BELLEFONTE P.O. BOX 2000 HOLLYWOOD

BIG ROCK 10269 US HIGHWAY 31 BIG ROCK POINT POINT NUCLEAR NORTH CHARLEVOIX PLANT

BRAIDWOOD BRAIDWOOD NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 84 BRACEVILLE PLANT

BROWNS FERRY P.O. BOX 2000 DECATUR

BRUNSWICK 87NC HIGHWAY P.O. BOX 10429 SOUTHPORT

BYOEROBYRON 4450 NORTH GERMAN BYRON NUCLEAR BYRON RD. PLANT CHURCH CALLAWAY CALLAWAY NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 620 FULTON PLANT

CALVERT CLIFFS MD RTS 2 & 4 P.O. BOX 1535 LUSBY

CATAWBA ROUTE 2, BOX YORK 179N CLINTON P.O. BOX 678 MAIL CODE CLINTON NUCLEAR V920 CLINTON PLANT WASHINGTON COLUMBIA GENERATING STATION NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 69 RICHLAND PROJECT

COMANCHE PEAK P.O. BOX 2300 GLEN ROSE

CX 262 of 1170 COOK NUCLEAR 770 RED ARROW COOK PLANT HIGHWAY BRIDGMAN

COOPER COOPER NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 98 BROWNSVILLE PLANT POWER LINE CRYSTAL RIVER POAD CRYSTAL RIVER ROAD

DAVIS-BESSE DAVIS BESSE NUCLEAR STATE ROUTE 2 OAK HARBOR PLANT DIABLO SAN LUIS CANYON P.O B 6IS DIABLO CANYON NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 369 OBISPO NLEAR COUNTY PLANT ______DRESDEN DRESDEN NUCLEAR RURAL ROUTE 1 MORRIS PLANT

DUANE ARNOLD DUANE ARNOLD ENERGY 3277 DAEC ROAD PALO CENTER

FARLEY P.O. BOX 470 ASHFORD

FORT CALHOUN FORT CALHOUN NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 399 FORT CALHOUN STATION

FERMI NUCLEAR 6400 NORTH DIXIE FERMI POWER PLANT HIGHWAY NEWPORT

FITZPATRICK P.O. BOX 41 LYCOMING

16805 WELD FORT SAINT VRAIN COUNTY RD. 19- PLATTEVILLE 1/2

FORT CALHOUN FT CALHOUN NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 399 FORT CALHOUN STATION

16805 WELD FT SAINT VRAIN COUNTY RD. 19- PLATTEVILLE 1/2

CX 263 of 1170 1503 LAKE GIN NA ROAD ONTARIO

GRAND GULF P.O. BOX 756 PORT GIBSON

HADDAM NECK P.O. BOX 270 HARTFORD

336 HARRIS FAYETTEVILLE RALEIGH STREET

HATCH P.O. BOX 442 BAXLEY

P.O. BOX 236 HANCOCKS HOPE CREEK BRIDGE

HUMBOLDT BAY EUREKA

INDIAN POINT P.O. BOX 215 BUCHANAN

KEWAUNEE KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR ROUTE 1 BOX 48 KEWAUNEE PLANT

LACROSSE 2615 EAST AVENUE SOUTH LACROSSE

LASALLE LASALLE NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 224 MARSEILLES PLANT

2301 MARKET LIMERICK STREET PHILADELPHIA

MAINE YANKEE MAINE YANKEE WISCASSET

MCGUIRE P.O. BOX 488 CORNELIUS

MILLSTONE MILLSTONE NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 128 WATERFORD POWER STA

CX 264 of 1170 MONTICELLO MONTICELLO NUCLEAR STATION MONTICELLO GENERATING

NINE MILE POINT SYRACUSE POINT UNIT 1

NORTH ANNA P.O. BOX 26666 RICHMOND

OCONEE P.O. BOX 1175 SENECA

OYSTER CREEK P.O. BOX 388 FORKED RIVER

PALISADES 27780 BLUE STAR PALISADES NUCLEAR MEMORIAL HWY. COVERT POWER PLANT PALO VERDE PALO VERDE NUCLEAR WINTERSBURG ROAD WINTERSBURG POWER PLANT

PEACH BOTTOM 2301 MARKET PHILADELPHIA STREET

PERRY NUCLEAR ERRY PER PLAR 10 CENTER ROAD PERRY POWER PLANT

PILGRIM RFD #1 ROCKY HILL RD. PLYMOUTH

POINT BEACH POINT BEACH NUCLEAR 6610 NUCLEAR ROAD TWO RIVERS PLANT

PRAIRIE ISLAND PRAIRIE ISLAND NUCLEAR ROUTE 2 WELCH PLANT

QUAD CITIES QUAD CITIES NUCLEAR 22710 206 AVE. NORTH CORDOVA PLANT RANCHO SECO RANCHO SECO NUCLEAR 14440 TWIN CITIES ROAD HERALD _PLANT I I

CX 265 of 1170 RIVER BEND ST P.O. BOX 220 RIVER BEND NUCLEAR FRANCISVILLE PLANT ROBINSON SC HIGHWAY HARTSVILLE 151 & 23

SAINT LUCIE P.O. BOX 128 FT. PIERCE

HANCOCKS SALEM P.O. BOX 236 BRIDGE

SAN ONOFRE SAN ONOFRE NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 4329 SAN CLEMENTE _POWER PLANT

1000 ELM SEABROOK STREET MANCHESTER

SEQUOYAH SODDY-DAISY

SHOREHAM P.O. BOX 618 WADING RIVER

SOUTH TEXAS SOUTH TEXAS NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 289 WADSWORTH PLANT P.O. BOX 88 SUMMER (MAIL CODE JENKINSVILLE 601)

SURRY P.O. BOX 315 SURRY

SUSQUEHANNA 2 NORTH NINTH STREET ALLENTOWN

THREE MILE ISLAND P.O. BOX 480 MIDDLETOWN

TROJAN TROJAN NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 250 PRESCOTT POWER PLANT 9250 WEST TURKEY POINT FLAGLER P.O. 013100 MIAMI _STREET I

CX 266 of 1170 GOVERNOR VERMONT YANKEE HUNT ROAD VERNON

VOGTLE RT. 2 BOX 299A WAYNESBORO

WASHINGTON Washington Nuclear (WNP-2) NUCLEAR P.O. BOX 69 RICHLAND PROJECT WATERFORD 3 WATERFORD NUCLEAR P.O. BOX B KILLONA PLANT

WAITS BAR P.O. BOX 2000 SPRING CITY

WOLF CREEK WOLF CREEK NUCLEAR OPER. P.O. BOX 411 BURLINGTON CORP. YANKEE

YANKEE ROWE NUCLEARPOWER ROWERW

STATION

ION ZION NUCLEAR 105 SHILOH BLVD. ZION POWER PLANT

CX 267 of 1170 ZIP COUNTY POPCTR LATITUDE LONGITUDE 6 MI WNW OF 72801 POPE RUSSELLVILLE, 351842 931315 AR

17 MI W OF 15077 BEAVER MCCANDLESS, 403723 802557 PA

6 MI NE OF 35752 JACKSON SCOTTSBORO, 344232 855536 AL

4 MI NE OF 49720 CHARLEVOIX CHARLEVOIX, 452134 851146 MI

24 MI SSW OF 60407 WILL 411437 881344 JOLIET, ILL

35602 LIMESTONE 10MINWOF 344213 870716 DECATUR, AL 2 MI N OF 28461 BRUNSWICK SOUTHPORT, 335730 780030 NC 17 MI SW OF 61010 OGLE 420430 891655 ROCKFORD, IL

65251 CALLAWAY 10 MI SE OF 384541 914656 FULTON, MO

40 MI S OF 20657 CALVERT ANNAPOLIS, 382539 762535 MD

29745 YORK 6350305 810410 ROCK HILL, SC 6 MI E OF 61727 DEWITT-I- 401019 885003 CLINTON, IL

12 MI. NW OF 99352 BENTON RICHLAND, 462817 1191959 WASH.

76043 SOMERVELLE 4.5321754 974705 _GLEN ROSE,TX 3 940

CX 268 of 1170 11 MI S OF 49106 BERRIEN BENTON 415844 863343 HARBOR, MI 23 MI S OF 68321 NEMAHA NEBRASKA CITY, 402141 953817 NE 7 MI NW OF 32629 CITRUS CRYSTAL RIVER, 285726 824156 FL

43449 OTAWA ESEOF 413549 830516 TOLEDO, OH

SAN LUlS 12 MI WSW OF SAN LUIS 351244 1205114 OBISPO OBISPO

9 MI E OF 60450 GRUNDY 412323 881617 MORRIS, IL

8MI NWOF 52324 LINN CEDAR RAPIDS, 420602 914636 IA 18 MI SE OF 36312 HOUSTON 311321 850642 DOTHAN, AL

68023 WASHINGTON 19MINOF 413114 960439 OMAHA, NE

25 MI NE OF 48166 MONROE 415748 831531 TOLEDO, OH

13093 OSWEGO 8 MI NE OF 433119 762354 OSWEGO, NY 5 MIWOF 80651 WELD PLATTEVILLE, 401441 1045228 CO

68023 WASHINGTON 19MINOF 413114 960439 OMAHA, NE

5MIWOF 80651 WELD PLATTEVILLE, 401441 1045228 CO

CX 269 of 1170 20 MI NE OF 14649 WAYNE 431679 771850 ROCHESTER, NY

25 MI S OF 39150 CLAIBORNE 320027 910253 VICKSBURG, MS 13 MI E OF 06101 MIDDLESEX 412856 722957 MERIDEN, CT

WAKE & 20 MI SW OF 276023500772 CHATHAM RALEIGH, NC 353800 785722

11 MI N OF 31513 APPLING 315604 822039 BAXLEY, GA 18 MI SE OF 08038 SALEM WILMINGTON, 392753 753212 DE

HUMBOLDT 4MISWOF 404431 1241220 EUREKA, CA 24 MILES N OF 10601 WESTCHESTER 411557 735606 NEW YORK CITY

27 MI E OF 54216 KEWAUNEE 442036 873206 GREEN BAY, WI

19 MI S OF 54601 VERNON 433336 911342 LACROSSE, WI

61341 LA SALLE 11 MI SEOF 411424 884012 OTTAWA, ILL 21 MI NW OF 19105 MONTGOMERY PHILADELPHIA,P 401312 753524 A

04578 LINCOLN 10MINOF 435702 694148 BATH, ME 17 MI S OF 28031 MECKLENBURG 352559 805655 CHARLOTTE, NC

3.2 MI ENE OF 06385 NEW LONDON NEW LONDON, 411832 721004 CONN

CX 270 of 1170 30 MI NW OF 55362 WRIGHT MINNEAPOLIS, 452003 935055 MINN 6 MI NE OF 13093 OSWEGO 433119 762354 OSWEGO, NY 40 MI NW OF 23261 LOUISA 380348 774713 RICHMOND, VA

29678 OCONEE 30MIWOF 344738 825355 GREENVILLE, SC

9 MI SOF TOMS 08731 OCEAN 394844 741224 RIVER, NJ

5 MIS OF 49043 VANBUREN SOUTH HAVEN, 421924 861852 MI 36 MI W OF 85343 MARICOPA 332325 1125145 PHOENIX, AZ

19105 YORK & 17.9 MI S. OF 394533 761608 LANCASTER LANCASTER PA

7 MI NE OF 44081 LAKE PAINESVILLE, 414803 810836 OHIO 4 MI SE OF 02360 PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH, 415640 703441 MASS 13 MI NNW OF 54241 MANITOWOC MANITOWOC, 441700 873230 WiS.

28 MI SE OF 55085 GOODHUE MINNEAPOLIS, 443725 923804 MINN

20 MI NE OF 61242 ROCK ISLAND 414338 902030 MOLINE, ILL

25 MI SE OF 95638 SACRAMENTO SACRAMENTO, 382046 1210708 CA

CX 271 of 1170 WEST 24 MI NNW OF 70775 WESA BATON ROUGE, 304526 911954 FELICIANA LA

29550 DARLINGTON 26 MI FROM 342412 800930 FLORENCE, SC 12 MI SE OF FT. 34954 ST LUCIE 0 0 ______~ PIERCE, FL ______18 MI S OF 08038 SALEM WILMINGTON, 392746 753208 DEL 5 MI SE OF SAN 92674 SAN DIEGO 332210 1173330 CLEMENTE CA.

13 MI S OF 03105 ROCKINGHAM PORTSMOUTH, 425353 705105 NH 9.5 MI NE OF 37379 HAMILTON CHATTANOOGA 351331 850513 TN 7.1 MI SSW 11792 SUFFOLK BROOKHAVEN, 405740 725156 NY (LI)

12 MI SSW OF 77483 MATAGORDA BAY CITY, TEX 284742 960300

26 MI NW OF 20965 FAIRFIELD 341754 811855 COLUMBIA, SC

17 MI NW OF 23883 SURRY NEWPORT 371000 764150 NEWS, VA 18101 LUZERNE 7410600 760900 BERWICK, PA 10 MI SE OF 17057 DAUPHIN HARRISBURG, 400800 764330 PA 32 MI N OF 97048 COLUMBIA 460224 1225206 PORTLAND, ORE

33174 DADE 25MISOF252602 8019 MIAMI, FLA

CX 272 of 1170 5 MIS OF 05354 WINDHAM BRATTLEBORO, 424649 723057 VT

30830 BURKE 26MISEOF 330831 814553 AUGUSTA, GA 26 MI SE OF 30830 BURKE 330831 814553 AUGUSTA, GA 12 Mi. NW OF 99352 BENTON RICHLAND, 462817 1191959 WASH. 20 MIW OF 70066 ST CHARLES NEW ORLEANS, 300000 902812 LA 10 MI S OF 37381 RHEA SPRING CITY, 353610 844725 TENN 3.5 MI NE OF 66839 COFFEY BURLINGTON, 381420 954120 KAN

21 MI NE OF 01701 FRANKLIN PITTSFIELD, 424341 725529 MASS

40 MI N OF 60099 LAKE 422734 874823 CHICAGO, ILL

CX 273 of 1170 From: Laura Atwell < [email protected]> Sent Sunday, March 27, 2011 7:53 AM Subject: NCRP Publications and Current Activities Related to the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident Attachments: Fukushima.pdf

Dear All,

Please find attached a Press Release regarding NCRP Publications and Current Activities Related to the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident.

Laura Atwell Office Manager 301-657-2652 ext. 18 http://ncrponline.orq http://ncrppublications.oraq

CX 274 of 1170 IINICJRIPICANational Council an Radiation Protection & Measurerments Immediate Release March 26, 2011

Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident

NCRP has published a number of important reports that provide guidance at each phase of a nuclear or radiological accident.

Human Health * Report No. 161, Management of Persons Contaminatedwith Radionuclides * Report No. 159, Risk to the Thyroid from Ionizing Radiation * Report No. 116, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

Environmental Health * Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management " Report No. 109, Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms " Report No. 52, Cesium from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose

Emergency Response * Commentary No. 19, Key Elements of PreparingEmergency Responders for Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism

Immediately following the Fukushima nuclear reactor accident, NCRP made Commentary No. 10, Advising the Public About Radiation Emergencies, available for free download from its website (http://NCRPonline.orq). All NCRP reports and commentaries are available from the NCRP website, http://NCRPpublications.or-q. For additional information contact David A. Schauer, ScD, CHP at schauer(aNCRPonline.orq, 301.657.2652 (x20) or 301.907.8768 (fax).

The National Council on 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400 Radiation Protection and Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3095 Measurements Telephone:. (301) 657-2652 Fax- (301) 907-8768 http://NCRPonline. org http://NCRPpublications.org1CX 275 of 1170 From: Zimmerman, Roy Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 3:53 PM To: Ruland, William; Giitter, Joseph; Carpenter, Cynthia; Jones, Cynthia Subject- FW: Suggestions on 3/11/11 FAQs

From: Borchardt, Bill Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 3:34 PM To: Brenner, Eliot; Ellmers, Glenn; Zimmerman, Roy Subject: FW: Suggestions on 3/11/11 FAQs

From: William E. Burchill [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, March 24, 2011 2:13 PM To: Borchardt, Bill Subject: Suggestions on 3/11/11 FAQs

Bill,

Please pass along the following suggestions for consideration relative to the FAQs on the 3/11/11 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami posted on the NRC website:

(b)(5)

CX 276 of 1170 (b)(5)

I hope these suggestions are useful to you. I fully appreciate the difficulty of your task and that of the agency under these circumstances. I watched your briefing the Commissioners on Monday and was impressed by both your prepared remarks and your answers to questions from the Commissioners. Soon you'll be being compared to Harold Denton.

Best regards, Bill

William E. Burchill, Ph.D. Past President American Nuclear Society Retired Department Head Nuclear Engineering Texas A&M University 129 Zachry Engineering Center College Station, TX 77843-3133 Phone: (979) 845-1670 FAX: (979) 845-6443 E-mail: burchillatamu.edu

CX 277 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2011 11:37 AM To: Diec, David Cc: Schwartzman, Jennifer Subject: As requested INES statement for inclusion in the NEA/IAEA COmmission paper for alP

Importance: High

David & Jen. For inclusion into the NEA/IAEA OIP Commission paper: (Currently ticketed in NSIR for comment)

Participation in IAEA's International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)

Since 1992, the NRC has participated in the IAEA International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) reporting system that the IAEA and NEA has established as a means for promptly communicating to the international public, in consistent terms, the safety significance of events at nuclear and radiological facilities. In 2002, the NRC expanded its participation in INES to report all events reported to NRC at a Level 2 or higher on the INES scale. Events rated at Level 0 are below scale with no safety significance, while events rated at Level 7 (the highest on the INES scale) constitute a major nuclear accident. As examples, Chernobyl was a Level 7 and the Three Mile Island accident was a Level 5.

In 2004, supplemental revised INES guidance was published by IAEA, with the assistance of the INES Advisory Committee (of which the NRC is the U.S. representative), for the rating of radiation and transport events to INES. This revised Additional Guidance was issued for pilot use and feedback in 2004 and was approved in 2006 for incorporation into a new revised INES User's Manual, which was published by IAEA in 2008. This expanded approach is based on actual exposure of individuals and therefore, is also useful for events involving unplanned exposure of within nuclear installations. It also is being used to report stolen or lost radioactive sources that have the potential for causing the exposure of an individual member of the public in excess of I mSv (100 mrem) or the exposure of an occupational worker in excess of the statutory annual limits (in the U.S., 50 mSv or 5 rem per year).

NRC's Senior Level Advisor for Nuclear Security is on the IAEA Advisory Committee for INES and is also the U.S. National Officer, responsible for working with NRR, NMSS and FSME for rating and approving all U.S. events that meet the threshold of Level 2 for submission to the IAEA. As was recently illustrating in the Japanese Fukushima reactor events, INES provides a very valuable tool for communicating the significance of events to the local public and media. Overall, INES and its rating scale is well known by the European regulators and media; but not very well known or used by the media in North America.

Thanks- Please insert where appropriate into the SECY paper.

I'll be back at NRC starting this afternoon working 3-1 1pm shift thru Sat....

Cyndi

CX 278 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2011 10:37 AM To: Hoc, PMT12 Subject: Distance from gate to Rx?

PMT- Do we know the approximate distance between the Fukushima main gate and the reactors? I have seen a range of values and would think we could narrow this down-

Thanks- see you around 3 today. Thx Cyndi

CX 279 of 1170 From: AlIston, Dennis Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2011 7:49 AM To: Costello, Ralph; Peduzzi, Francis; Jones, Cynthia; Rivers, Joseph Subject: FW: State Department Travel Warning Issued Yesterday for Japan (Health Related).

From: Johnson, Daryl Sent: Tuesday, March 22, 2011 10:27 AM To: NSIRDDSPILTABDistribution Subject: State Department Travel Warning Issued Yesterday for Japan (Health Related).

Travel Warning U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Bureau of Consular Affairs

Japan

March 21, 2011

This Travel Warning replaces the Travel Warning dated March 18, 2011, in response to the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Department of Energy, and other technical experts in the U.S. Government have reviewed the scientific and technical information they have collected from assets in country, as well as what the Government of Japan has disseminated. Consistent with the NRC guidelines that would apply to such a situation in the United States, we are recommending, as a precaution, that U.S. citizens within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant evacuate the area or to take shelter indoors if safe evacuation is not practical.

On March 21, 2011, consistent with NRC guidelines that apply to such a situation in the United States, the U.S. Government is making available Potassium Iodide (KI) as a precautionary measure for United States Government personnel and dependents residing within Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture), Tokyo (Tokyo Capital Region), Yokohama (Kanagawa Prefecture), and the prefectures of Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizouka, Tochigi, Yamagata, and Yamanashi. The KI should only be consumed after specific instruction from the United States Government. While there is no indication that it will become advisable to take KI, out of an abundance of caution the United States Government is making it available to its personnel and family members to be used only upon direction if a change in circumstances were to warrant. No-one should take KI at this time. In the event of a radiological release, sheltering in place or departing the affected area remain the primary means of protection.

There are numerous factors, including weather, wind direction and speed, as well as the exact status of the reactor problem, that affect the risk of the possibility of lower-level radioactive materials reaching greater distances. Previous notification to U.S. citizens to leave areas within 50 miles of the reactors stands. In the event they cannot evacuate

CX 280 of 1170 that area, they are advised to seek shelter and remain sheltered. For private U.S. citizens seeking information about KI, we advise you to contact your doctor or employer. Please monitor our website at http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis pa tw/pa/pa 5378.html for the most updated information. Should you need further assistance contact the Department of State by emailing ]apanEmeraencyUSC~state.qgov or calling 1-888-407- 4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada or, for callers outside the United States and Canada, a regular toll line at 1-202-501-4444.

On March 17, the United States NRC recommends that U.S. citizens who live within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant evacuate the area or take shelter indoors if safe evacuation is not practical. The State Department strongly urges U.S. citizens to defer travel to Japan at this time and those in Japan should consider departing.

Also, on March 17, the Department of State authorized the voluntary departure from Japan of eligible family members of U.S. government personnel in Tokyo (Tokyo Capital Region), Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture), Yokohama (Kanagawa Prefecture), and the prefectures of Akita, Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizouka, Tochigi, Yamagata, and Yamanashi. Separately, because of infrastructure damage from the earthquake and resulting tsunami, voluntary authorized departure is authorized for the eligible family members at Misawa AB (Aomori Prefecture).

On March 16, the State Department authorized the voluntary departure from Japan of eligible family members of U.S. government personnel assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, the U.S. Consulate in Nagoya, the Foreign Service Institute Field School in Yokohama and the prefectures of Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama, Shizouka, Tochigi, Yamagata, and Yamanashi. U.S. citizens should defer all travel to the evacuation zone around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami and tourism and non-essential travel to the rest of Japan at this time.

Commercial flights have resumed at all airports that were closed by the earthquake, except Sendai Airport, and commercial seats are available at the time of this posting. In Tokyo, most public transportation including trains and subways are operating. Many roads have been damaged in the Tokyo area and in northern Japan, particularly in the Miyagi prefecture where government checkpoints have been established on damaged roadways. In Iwate Prefecture, toll road highways are restricted to emergency vehicles only.

The Department of State is working to assist U.S. citizens to depart from affected areas. U.S. citizens in Tokyo should review our Japan Earthquake/Pacific Tsunami weboaae for updated departure-related information. Hardships caused by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami continue to cause severe difficulties for people in the areas affected by the disaster. Temporary shortages of water and food supplies may occur in affected areas of Japan due to power and transportation disruptions.

Rolling power outages continue in the Tokyo Metropolitan area and areas in northeast Japan affected by the earthquake and tsunami. The Tokyo Electric Power Company reports that three-hour outages may occur in various regions, including Tokyo. Please monitor the Tokyo Electric Power Company website, and local news media for specific information and schedules for the planned outages. Radio stations in the Tokyo area that have emergency information in English include the U.S. Armed Forces station at 810AM and InterFM (76.2FM).

Strong aftershocks are likely for weeks following a massive earthquake such as this one. The American Red Cross recommends that in the event of aftershocks, persons should move to open spaces away from walls, windows, buildings, and other structures that may collapse, and should be alert to the danger of falling debris. If you are

CX 281 of 1170 indoors, drop, cover and hold on: if possible, seek cover under a sturdy desk or table, hold on, and protect your eyes by pressing your face against your arm. If there is no table or desk nearby, sit on the floor against an interior wall away from windows, bookcases or tall furniture that could fall on you. Avoid damaged buildings and downed power lines. Great care should be used with matches, lighters, candles, or any open flame due to the possibility of disrupted gas lines.

Due to the continuing possibility of strong aftershocks, Japan remains at risk for further tsunamis. Japanese authorities have issued a warning for people to stay away from low-lying coastal areas. If a tsunami alert is issued by Japanese authorities, evacuate immediately to higher ground. Further information about what you can do if a tsunami occurs can be found at the National Weather Service's Tsunami Ready website, and the International Tsunami Information Center's website. Current tsunami alerts can be found at the Japan Meteorological Agency website, and the website of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.

The U.S. Embassy continues to deploy consular assistance teams where needed; these teams are actively working with our taskforce and local authorities to locate U.S. citizens, visit shelters and assistance centers, and help U.S. citizens identify public and commercialtransportation options away from affected areas U.S. citizens requiring emergency consular assistance should contact the Department of State via e-mail or through the emergency contact numbers below.

U.S. citizens in Japan should contact family and friends in the United States to confirm their well-being at the earliest opportunity. Where internet and telephone services are not available, it may be possible to contact people using SMS (Cell text message) or other forms of social media such as Twitter and Facebook.

For the latest U.S. Government information on the situation in Japan, please go to the Department of State's Consular Affairs' website.

Information about nuclear radiation exposure risks can be obtained from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and from the Centers for Disease Control.

U.S. citizens in Japan are encouraged to enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP). U.S. citizens without internet access may enroll directly at the U.S. Embassy or U.S. Consulates. By enrolling, U.S. citizens make it easier for the Embassy/Consulates to contact them in case of emergency.

Updated information on travel and security in Japan may be obtained from the Department of State by calling 1-888- 407-4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada or, for callers outside the United States and Canada, a regular toll line at 1-202-501-4444. For further information, please consult the Country Specific Information for Japan, as well as the Worldwide Caution.

http:lltravel.state..qovltravel/cis Pa tw/tw/tw 5398.html

CX 282 of 1170 From: Zabko, John Sent Monday, March 21, 2011 1:54 PM To: Koeppel, Kimberly Cc: Stern, Warren; Gowadia, Huban Subject: RE: Office of the Secretary Tasker (11.0006.041) Independent Verification of Nuclear Emergency Information (Due Date 03.22.2011)

Kim, Here are the suggested bullet points, I will let you put it in to Secretary memo style.

(b)(5)

IAEA

1. The IAEA's Incident and Emergency Center has been activated and is evaluating plant data, but not sure if they are verifying data, or have teams on the ground.

From: Koeppel, Kimberly Sent: Monday, March 21, 2011 12:54 PM To: Zabko, John Subject: Fw: Office of the Secretary Tasker (11.0006.041) Independent Verification of Nuclear Emergency Information (Due Date 03.22.2011)

CX 283 of 1170 From: Brought, Nathaniel Sent: Sunday, March 20, 2011 11:29 AM To: DNDO Exec Sec; Koeppel, Kimberly; Scheuer, Mark; Wilson, Laura Cc: SBS Tasker; Heinz, Todd; Joves, Alexander; King, Ria; Kruger, Mary; Lee, Charmaine; Newingham, Marty; OPS Exec Sec; Saitta, Christopher; Wein, Matthew; Campbell, Sandra L; Faber, Birch; Plcy Exec Sec; Andreacchio, Miranda; Andrews, Stephanie; I&A Exec Sec; S&T Exec Sec; Saunders, Diane; Stevens, Nancy Subject: Office of the Secretary Tasker (11.0006.041) Independent Verification of Nuclear Emergency Information (Due Date 03.22.2011)

Office of the Secretary Tasker (11.0006.041) Tasker Name (U//FOUO- Independent Verification of Nuclear Emergency Information Tracking Number 11.0006.041 Lead Component DNDO Required OPS, S&T, PLCY, I&A, and others as required Coordination Product Information Memorandum Notes Background: On March 20, 2011, the Secretary reviewed her daily Japan Earthquake information binder.

Required: Use the attached template to provide an informational memorandum detailing the information below. * A consolidated list of U.S. Government (particularly NRC) actions to independently verify the information being provided by the Government of Japan through press and diplomatic channels regarding the nuclear emergency currently taking place in Japan.

Submission Guidance: * Format response in accordance with the attached template " Confirm required coordination * Utilize typed signature in place of hand signature " Convert to PDF * Email appropriately classified response to:

> Unclassified: [email protected] > Secret: [email protected] > Top Secret: [email protected]

Due to SBS March 22, 2011 (1200)

Nate Brought Operations and Production Specialist Morning Shift Team Lead Information Inquiries Team Lead DHS/ESEC/SBS 202-282-8110 706-8110

CX 284 of 1170 From: opa administrators Sent Monday, March 21, 2011 10:39 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Prepared Remarks for Commission Meeting Monday, March 21, 2011 Attachments: 11-054.pdf

CX 285 of 1170 \p, REGU 4Ri1~ i I3? ~NRC NEWS 0 - •U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION : Office of Public Affairs Telephone: 301/415-8200 Washington, D.C. 20555-0001 lop E-mail. opa.rcsourcc(anrc.govx Site: www.nrc.gov " ,z ,• "Blog: http://public-blog.nrc-gatcwav.gov

No. 11-054 March 21, 2011

PREPARED REMARKS FOR COMMISSION MEETING MONDAY, MARCH 21, 2011

Good morning. The Commission meets today to discuss the tragic events in Japan and consider possible actions we may take to verify the safety of the nuclear facilities that we regulate in the United States. This meeting will-without a doubt-be one of the most heavily watched meetings in the history of this agency.

People across the country and around the world who have been touched by the magnitude and scale of this disaster are closely following the events in Japan, and the repercussions in this country and in many other countries. I would first like to offer my condolences to all those who have been affected by the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Our hearts go out to all who have been dealing with the aftermath of these natural disasters, and we are mindful of the long and difficult road they will face in recovering. We know that the people of Japan are resilient and strong, and we have every confidence that they will come through this difficult time and move forward, with resolve, to rebuild their vibrant country.

I believe I speak for all Americans when I say that we stand together with the people of Japan at this most difficult and challenging time. The NRC is a relatively small agency, with approximately 4000 staff, but we play a critical role in protecting the American people and the environment. We have inspectors who work full-time at every nuclear plant in the country, and we are proud to have world-class scientists, engineers and professionals representing nearly every discipline.

Since Friday, March 11, when the earthquake and tsunami struck, the NRC's headquarters Operations Center has been operating on a 24-hour basis to monitor and analyze events at nuclear power plants in Japan. At the request of the Japanese government, and through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the NRC sent a team of its technical experts to provide on-the-ground support, and we have been in continual contact with them. And, within the United States, the NRC has been working closely with other Federal agencies as part of our government's response to the situation.

We have a responsibility to the American people to undertake a systematic and methodical review of the safety of our own domestic nuclear facilities, in light of the natural disaster and the resulting nuclear emergency in Japan. Beginning to examine all available

CX 286 of 1170 information is an essential part of our effort to analyze the event and understand its impact on Japan and implications for the United States. Our focus is always on keeping plants and radioactive materials in this country safe and secure.

As this immediate crisis in Japan comes to an end, we will look at any information we can gain from the event and see if there are changes we need to make, to further protect the public. Together with my colleagues on the Commission, we will review the current status and identify the steps we will take to conduct that review. In the meantime, we will continue to oversee and monitor plants to ensure that U. S. reactors remain safe.

On behalf of the Commission, I want to thank all of our staff for maintaining their focus on our essential safety and security mission throughout these difficult days. I want to acknowledge their tireless efforts and their critical contributions to the U.S. response to assist Japan. In spite of the evolving situation, the long hours, and the intensity of efforts over the past week, staff has approached their responsibilities with dedication, determination and professionalism, and I am incredibly proud of their efforts.

The American people also can be proud of the commitment and dedication within the Federal workforce, which is exemplified by our staff every day. Before we begin our meeting with Mr. Borchardt's presentation, would any of my fellow Commissioners like to make opening comments?

News releases are available through a free listserv subscription at the following Web address: http://www.nrc.'ov/Tpublic-involve/Iistscrvcr.html. The NRC homepage at www.nrc.gov also offers a SUBSCRIBE link. E-mail notifications are sent to subscribers when news releases are posted to NRC's website.

CX 287 of 1170 From: C. Jones i(b)(6)> Sent: Sunday, March 20, 2011 2:15 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: FW: Sizewell B and Fukushima Attachments: Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March 2011.pdf

FYI the attached from EDF.

Date: Sun, 20 Mar 2011 08:36:45 +0000 Subject: Fwd: Sizewell B and Fukushima From: (b)(6) To: [email protected]; (b)(6)

Andrew/Rick

I've been sent the attached by EdF Energy. Looks like it's been pretty widely circulated, but best not to quote directly from and give the source without permission, I guess.

Richard

-..------Forwarded message ------From: Barnwood CESC Date: 19 March 2011 14:18 Subiect: RE: Sizewell B and Fukushima TO: (b)(6) Cc: Western Jeremy

Richard,

Further to the e-mails below and correspondence with Jeremy Western, please find attached a question and answer briefing that has been shared with all EDF Energy employees today. You might find this helpful in any future discussions. If you wish to contact our media relations direct, their no. is 01452 652233.

We welcome your ongoing input.

Best regards,

Steve Wright Assistant CESC Controller

From: Westepm leremv To: (b)(6) Sent: Sat Mar 19 10:53:19 2011 Subject: Re: Sizewell B and Fukushima

Richard

Hydrogen production is a predicted problem in very severe accidents involving water cooled reactors and is taken into account in Sizewell B's safety case. 1

CX 288 of 1170 In fact as I still attend our Licensee Board meetings (as a sort of non-Exec) I can tell you this was one of the issues we considered last week when we held a special meeting to consider the implications of Japan for the safety of continued operation at all our sites. Our conclusion was unanimously that they could although we identified a number of sensible areas where we could review/reinforce training and our readiness for responding to extreme events.

The first thing to say is that severe overheating is prevented at Sizewell B through extensive 4-train redundant, geographically segregated and diverse (ie not all electrically powered or sea-water dependent) systems.

Second, the containment is double-skinned, massively strong, and much larger in volume than Fukushima and our studies show it could contain the energy (pressure) from severe accidents including (if ever necessary) a hydrogen burn/explosion.

We are operating a continuous information gathering/analysis centre at Barnwood and will copy your enquiry to them so they are aware. We are keen to provide the best factual information we can on topics like this to people like you who are approached by the media for your professional advice.

Hope this helps

Jeremy Western British Energy (part of EdF Energy)

Tel +44(0)1452 654296 Internal 777-4296 Mob [(b)(6) Internal 789-8008

Sent from my BlackBerry Wireless Handheld

This message was sent from my BlackBerry Handheld

From: Richard Wakeford (b)(6) To: Western Jeremy Cc: Davies Neil Sent: Sat Mar 19 09:57:48 2011 Subject: Sizewell B and Fukushima

Jeremy

One of the big questions that will have to be answered in the wake of Fukushima concerns the hydrogen explosions (at least, I assume that these were hydrogen explosions), and how hydrogen was permitted to accumulate in the outer building - I note that they are cutting holes in the roofs of Units 5 and 6 (containing fuel - shut-down on 3 Jan and 14 Aug, respectively), just in case, since it is reported that water levels in these reactors are falling.

One question I can think of that could be winging our way in the UK is whether the design of Sizewell B could permit the build-up of hydrogen in the same way as Fukushima. I'm not sure if Sizewell B is anything to do with you anymore, but if it isn't, I'm sure you could pass the message on.

Richard

Richard Wakeford 6 Bourne Street Wilmslow 2

CX 289 of 1170 Cheshire SK9 5HD United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0)1625 527443 Mob: (b)(6) e-mail This e-mail,[email protected] and any attachments, is confidential and for the use of the addressee only. fyuae o h ntended reci" ' one#+4(0 1355 846000. We do. not accept legal responsibility for this e-mail or any viruses. All e- " ved by us are monitored. Contracts cannot be concluded with us by e-mail. This m n omn British Energy Generation Limited, a company registered in England and Wales No. 03076445, with registered office at Barnett Way, Bamwood, Gloucester, GL4 3RS. British Energy Generation Urmited is the Existing Nuclear business of EDF Energy

Richard Wakeford 6 Bourne Street Wilmslow Cheshire SK9 5HD United Kingdom

Tel:Mob": 44 °(0)1625 52 I~)6 e-mail:e(b)(6) Rirha;rrd.wakeford@)mancherster ;a.uk

CX 290 of 1170 Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March 2011 V0 '% eDF ENERGY SAFETY OF UK PLANTS

Could a similar event happen in the UK?

" The UK does not have the same seismic activity as Japan. Nor do we operate the same type of plants. " Even if they were hit by the worst earthquake, tsunami or flood that could be expected in 10,000 years, our plants would be safe. " These measures are detailed in approved safety cases which are tested and agreed with the independent safety authority. * Further, beyond that design principle, in even more extreme and unlikely scenarios there are back up systems and steps we could take to provide protection. * Nonetheless, if there are relevant lessons to be learnt from Japan, they will be implemented.

What level of seismic activity is credible in the UK?

* An earthquake the size of the one in Japan is not credible in the UK. * The largest earthquake in the UK occurred on the Dogger Bank in 1931, 100km into the North Sea with a magnitude of 6.1. The energy from this UK earthquake was 130,000 times smaller than the earthquake which hit Japan on 11 March (8.9 on the Richter scale). * It caused minor damage along the east coast of England to chimneys and roofs. There is no chance of a tsunami from a British earthquake because they are small and low in energy. * Earthquakes of the size of the Japanese earthquake can only occur in zones where tectonic plates collide. The UK is located in the middle of a tectonic plate. The nearest place to the UK where plates meet is thousands of kilometres away. * The largest earthquake ever recorded in Northern Europe was in 1356 (6.5 on the Richter scale).

What magnitude of earthquake are UK plants protected against.

* They are protected against the effects of a 1 in 10,000 years earthquake. * That means: Even if they were hit by the worst earthquake that could be expected in 10,000 years, our plants would be safe. * These measures are detailed in approved safety cases which are tested and agreed with the independent safety authority. * Further, beyond that design principle, in even more extreme and unlikely scenarios there are back up systems and steps we could take to provide protection. * Because of the different geological conditions at each site that means different magnitudes for each. * But it means that they are protected against all credible seismic activity in the UK.

What level of storm surgeltsunami are UK plants protected against:

* All the plants are protected against credible storm surge and tsunami events for the UK. " Even if they were hit by the worst storm or tsunami or flood that could be expected in 10,000 years, our plants would be safe. * These measures are detailed in approved safety cases which are tested and agreed with the independent safety authority. * Further, beyond that design principle, in even more extreme and unlikely scenarios there are back up systems and steps we could take to provide protection.

CX 291 of 1170 1 Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March 2011 eDF ENERGY * The levels are different for each plant because of the range of geographical conditions at each. * For Sizewell as an example, the worst case scenario for extreme high tide and tsunami combining is 2.3m. The plant is designed to withstand a wave of 7.6m - more than 5m higher. " We have applied similar standards to all the sites, reflecting the local conditions.

Is Nuclear power safe?

* Nuclear power stations are some of the most robust buildings ever built. * The training and safety culture in the nuclear industry is particularly high. * It is part of the safety-case licensing programme, overseen by the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate, that all UK nuclear plants are robust to withstand the most extreme conditions including earthquake. * Emergency arrangements are regularly tested at all UK nuclear plant and local populations are briefed on safety issues and emergency arrangements. Various countermeasures can be taken, including evacuation, sheltering and administering iodine tablets.

How does regulation support this?

• Independent Nuclear and environmental regulation in the UK is extremely stringent. * Regulation is provided by both the Nil and the Environment Agency (SEPA in Scotland). * The regulator (Nil) has said that it is confident that the UK's fleet of nuclear power reactors and operators are prepared appropriately for any seismic activity that could be anticipated in the UK. • Safety-cases must demonstrate UK nuclear reactors could withstand the most extreme seismic conditions - otherwise they would not be licensed. * Preparedness for seismic activity is examined and inspected by UK regulators during 10-yearly periodic safety reviews and continuously through the year as required. * The UK regulator ensures each and every nuclear plant has access to emergency power supplies should connection to the grid fail - and that back-up plans are robust. * The regulator oversees regular testing of on-site and offsite emergency procedures at each UK nuclear plant. The police, local authorities, emergency services and other agencies are involved and regularly practice such scenarios with the plant operators. * We learn from every exercise and ensure we enhance safety standards.

The latest reactor designs are even safer than previous ones. Does that mean our existing plants are unsafe?

" No it doesn't. All our plans have very robust safety cases agreed with and tested by the safety authority. One analogy might be - when you buy a new car, it's state of the art. * However, as time goes on there are constant developments and improvements. This doesn't make the car you have unsafe; it just means that there are now better options on the market. * In our case every 10 years in a Periodic Safety Review (PSR), we take stock of what better options there are and back fit improvements as necessary. " To use the car analogy, this doesn't mean you make your old car exactly like a brand new one but, to give some historical examples, you would fit seat belts, ABS brakes, better headlights. * That's what a PSR is and we have to satisfy the Nil with our review. • Practically this means that, for example on Dungeness B, (our oldest AGR and therefore with the biggest gap in time with newer models) we spent around £100m back fitting systems - additional feed systems, electrical overlay systems, additional fault protection - as part of our first PSR to enhance our safety standards.

CX 292 of 1170 2 1"-dl Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March 2011 eDF ENERGY * Ongoing investment and improvements take place between PSRs.

What serious nuclear events have there been in the UK?

* Level 5 on INES scale, Windscale Reactor Fire, October 1957 - a reactor built for plutonium production caught fire releasing substantial amounts of radioactive contamination into the surrounding area. (Windscale was an early experimental reactor owned by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority which was completely different to those we have) " Level 4 on INES scale, Windscale reprocessing plant September 1973 - an exothermic reaction occurred involving accumulated zirconium fines and solvent in a vessel in the Head End Treatment Plant, Building B204. This caused contamination of the plant operating area although nothing to the local environment. * The highest level incident at one of our plants has been a Level 2.

How can we guarantee our cooling systems in other situations?

* We assess the nuclear facilities for preparation not just on seismic activities but against a range of possibilities, including direct aeroplane strike, terrorist attack etc. The regulator assesses this. * The regulator continues to express confidence in our fleet. * All our plants have access to emergency power supplies should connection to the grid fail. * EDF Energy and the regulator ensure these back up plans are robust. * The regulator oversees regular testing of on-site and offsite emergency procedures at each UK nuclear plant. The police, local authorities, emergency services and other agencies are involved and regularly practice such scenarios with the plant operators. These exercises must be successfully demonstrated to the regulator or they can to shut the plant down.

What if mains power was lost to stations because of the national grid?

" All our stations are designed with the capability to withstand a loss of grid. * All are equipped with back up generators capable of supplying power to essential equipment. * These are protected from credible natural events. Is Nuclear still needed?

• We always operate our plants with safety at the forefront of our mind. " The safety case for nuclear plants in the UK is strong and regulation is stringent. * Britain's need for a diverse energy mix is unchanged. * What is important is to learn the lessons from the events in Japan and to incorporate any lessons. * The imperative need for affordable, low carbon power supply remains as strong as ever.

How much radiation are people exposed to in everyday life? (in millisieverts, which is the standard unit for measuring radiation)

* 0,002 Annual dose received when in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant * 0,006 Dose received during a dental panoramic radiograph * 0,03 Dose received during a flight from London to New York * 0,3 Dose received during a lung/chest radiograph/x-ray * 0,3 Annual dose received due to radioactivity in food and water * 2,5 Average annual dose background dose * 8 Average annual background dose in areas of Cornwall due to the granite rock

CX 293 of 1170 Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March 2011 eDF ENERGY At what level does radiation become harmful?

* 100 Dose at which the first biological effects appear * 500 Dose causing long term effects * 1 000 Dose causing immediate clinical effects * 4 000 Dose that is lethal if not treated in 50% of cases * 7 000 Dose that is lethal in a few hours

Are EDF Energy and the public authorities ready to deal with a nuclear accident?

" EDF Energy has well-established emergency plans in place for each of its nuclear power stations, to be activated in the unlikely event of emergency. " These arrangements form part of the emergency response plan and involve a number of different agencies who work together to provide a robust response. " In conjunction with our regulator, EDF Energy runs a programme of emergency exercises across all of its eight nuclear power stations in the UK. These test how all of the agencies involved in emergency planning would respond in the unlikely event of an emergency being declared at our nuclear sites.

Are we supporting the international effort to assist the Japanese nuclear operator?

* EDF Group is monitoring the situation closely. We are preparing to send experts as required through the auspices of the World Association of Nuclear Operators. We are also providing nuclear expertise to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other official bodies. " We are sending 95 tonnes of boric acid to Japan, to put into the water to prevent uncontrolled criticality in the storage ponds. " We are also making available robots, detection systems and radioprotection equipment to Tepco (the Fukushima plant owners and operators). * In total 130 tonnes of equipment made available by EDF and Areva will be flown out to Japan this weekend, with the required accompanying personnel. * Tepco has also asked EDF Group to help them get the networks back up and running as soon as possible. ERDF (the networks division of EDF) is fully involved with these efforts. * EDF Energy has also provided iodine tablets for the British and Commonwealth Foreign Office (FCO) and stands ready to mobilise additional resources if and when required.

What actions are we taking in our existing stations following the events in Japan?

* We are monitoring the situation in Japan carefully. • As the full facts emerge from Japan we will ensure any appropriate lessons are implemented. * In our existing stations, as in the whole of EDF Energy, we are ensuring that safety continues to be our top priority. * We are not complacent. We called a special meeting of the board to initiate an immediate action plan. This included: o Immediate check by station directors of back up systems, over and above normal audit process. o Refresher training for employees on use of back up systems - in addition to usual training programme o Initiate review of the Emergency plan with particular focus on the impact on infrastructure disturbance o Establish formal arrangements to ensure that learning from the event are fed into our safety processes.

CX 294 of 1170 2011 Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March eDF ENERGY

* In addition, we have sent the list of actions we are talking to WANO to ensure our steps are shared with nuclear operators across the world. What is WANO? WANO is the World Association of Nuclear Operators. WANO was set up following the Chernobyl accident in order to ensure the highest possible standards of nuclear safety across the World. Every company and country with an operating commercial nuclear power plant is a member. The WANO mission is to maximise the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants worldwide by working together to assess, benchmark and improve performance through mutual support, exchange of information and emulation of best practices. Many EDF Energy people participate in WANO reviews around the World and, in turn, EDF Energy's power stations host nuclear experts from member companies around the world in a bid to share learning and ensure the highest standards of safety.

What action will the UK safety regulator take after this?

" The Secretary of State, Chris Huhne, has asked the NIl, the UK Safety Authority, for a full report on the implications of the Japanese incident. We welcome this. " We also welcome the fact that this will be done in close cooperation with other regulators internationally.

IMPACT ON OUR CUSTOMERS

Q: Will prices rise as a result of the events in Japan? • It is too early to tell. * There has been an increase in wholesale prices since last Thursday (10th Mar). * While there is speculation that market prices could increase further it should be remembered that they could also fall. We continue to offer some very good deals, including some very competitive fixed prices for those concerned about rising prices.

NUCLEAR NEW BUILD

What does this mean for our Nuclear New Build plans?

* We welcome the political consensus in the UK on the appropriate response to the events in Japan. It steers the right course. * There should be no knee jerk reactions and no rush to judgement. * On new nuclear: On the one hand we need to continue working on our plans. * On the other, of course, any learning from Japan will be incorporated into our plans in the proper way. We expect this to be achievable.

How does the EPR's safety system differ to the Japanese reactors?

" EDF reactors in France are pressurised water reactors which do not involve the same technology as that of the Fukushima plant in which boiling water reactors are used, a technology with which EDF is less familiar. " The EPR is an evolutionary design of pressurised water reactor, taking the best of existing technology and making improvements to enhance safety, efficiency and performance.

CX 295 of 1170 6 2011 Questions and Answers on Japanese Earthquake - 18 March eDF ENERGY

How confident are we in the safety systems of the EPR?

" The EPR incorporates and builds on over 30 years of experience of operating pressurised water reactors around the world. " The EPR design combines familiar and proven technology based on the most recent French N4 and German KONVOI reactors. * A number of technological advances put the EPR reactor at the forefront of reactor safety. These include additional systems to prevent core meltdown and innovation to mitigate its potential consequences as well as technological advances to ensure high resistance to external hazards, in particular airplane crashes and earthquakes.

CX 296 of 1170 From: Joe Colvin Sent: Saturday, March 19, 2011 6:43 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Arranging In-State Meetings With Your Senators/Members of Congress Attachments: Mar 18_Info sources2.pdf

Dear ANS Members,

We are all saddened by the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the resulting damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Station. As we move forward, it is critically important that we work together to ensure that our federal policy makers have accurate information about nuclear technology and radiation.

Your Senators and Members of Congress are returning to their States and Districts next week, and I encourage you to schedule a meeting with them while they are back home. They need to know they have constituents with nuclear related technical expertise who can help them make sense of this very complex and dynamic situation in Japan.

I suggest you take these steps:

CX 297 of 1170 (b)(5)

Any help you can give would be greatly appreciated.

Joe Colvin ANS President

Attachment: Information About Conditions in Japan, March 18, 2011

CX 298 of 1170 W• ' AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY 555 North Kensington Avenue Tel: 708/ 352-6611 La Grange Park, Illinois E-Mail: [email protected] 60526-5592 USA http://www.ans.org Fax.: 7081352-0499 Information about Conditions in Japan

March 18, 2011

Humanitarian Assistance

" American Nuclear Society Japan Relief Fund www.ans.org/relief " U.S. Agency for International Development www.usaid.gov " U.S. State Department www.state.gov * U.S. Red Cross www.redcross.or-•

News Updates on Japan's Nuclear Crisis

" American Nuclear Society www.ans.org * Nuclear Energy Institute www.nei.org- " World Nuclear News www.world-nuclear-news.org

Understanding Radiation Measurements

* ANS Radiation Dose Chart (interactive) www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/ * ANS Radiation Dose Chart (in print form) www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/docs/dosechart.-pdf

English Language News in Japan

" NHK Television www3.nhk.or.ip//nhkworld/index.html " Japan Times www.iapantimes.co.ip

About the American Nuclear Society

The American Nuclear Society is a not-for-profit, international, scientific and educational organization. It was established by a group of individuals who recognized the need to unify the professional activities within the diverse fields of nuclear science and technology. December 11, 1954, marks the Society's historic beginning at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. ANS has since developed a multifarious membership composed of approximately 11,000 engineers, scientists, administrators, and educators representing 1,600 plus corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies. It is governed by four officers and a board of directors elected by the membership.

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CX 299 of 1170 From: Evans, Michele Sent Friday, March 18, 2011 1:26 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Do we have a list of the NRC folks in Japan?

I barely have one, nothing with expertise

Chuck Casto John Monninger Jim Trapp Tony Ulses Bill Cook Jack Foster Tony Nakanishi Richard DeVercelly Tim Kolb 2 - IP staff - Brooke and someone else

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 1:12 PM To: Evans, Michele Subject: FW: Do we have a list of the NRC folks in Japan?

Hi Michele-

Do we have a list of who went over to Japan? It would be helpful to have as we (PMT DIR) keep getting asked what expertise in what are and we don't know.. thanks ......

From: McIntyre, David Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 12:36 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Do we have a list of the NRC folks in Japan?

We don't here in OPA. I suspect NRR or the RST might.

From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 12:36 PM To: McIntyre, David Subject: Do we have a list of the NRC folks in Japan?

More for my interest as PMT director- I am wondering what they background is- mostly bwrs?

CX 300 of 1170 From: Field, R W Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 12:24 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: IAEA - New Event on NEWS, Japan, Power Reactor

Thank you for the information.

R. William Field. PHD. MS Bill-field•,uiowa.edu

Dear Dan & RADSAFE-

I am the US National Officer for INES (the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale) and with all due respect, the Japanese issued a INES Level 4 rating form for this event on 3-12-2011, six days ago. This was VERY early in the event and I believe it was very responsible, given the emergency situations and dire events surrounding the earthquake and tsunami that they are dealing with.

They issued several updates last night, which you received today. INES is not a requirement for the 70 countries that agree to use it and typically is not issued systematically in emergency situations; their first priority is safety of the people and securing the NPPs, not issuance of an INES rating, which they also translate kindly for us in English. I have attached the INES User manual for you and others to read and learn about; it is also available on the IAEA website. A shorter version of the INES pamphlet is attached, for your review and understanding of the scale.

Let's not be so quick to rush to judgment. The Japanese and millions of people around the world are watching and thousands are helping them deal with a crisis of this magnitude. The NRC has manned its Operation Center 24/7 and is working with many other organizations; including Japan's, to provide the best advice and help we can give. The Japanese upgraded the INES rating level to Level 5 today, and I believe they are doing the best they can given the priority of things that they need to do to get these reactors and fuel stabilized.

Sincerely

Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D., U.S. National Officer and Advisory Committee Member, INES Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security & Incident Response Mail Stop T4-D22A, Washington, D.C. 20555 cynthia.jones@ nrc.gov [email protected] Work: 301-415-0298 Blackberry: E ZZ)

CX 301 of 1170 From: Goldberg, Margaret M. Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 11:56 AM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC. Attachments: image003.jpg

Cyndi, Thanks. That will actually work much better for me too. I'll send you a note sometime in April to just set a calendar date for May.

Best regards, Margaret

From: Jones, Cynthia [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, March 18, 2011 10:53 AM To: Goldberg, Margaret M. Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC

Margaret-

Let's keep in touch on this- May night be a much better time and I have about 6-10 people from various offices to attend-

Thanks Cyndi Cynthia G. Jones, Ph.D., Sr. Technical Advisor for Nuclear Security U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Security & Incident Response Mail Stop T4-D22A, Washington, D.C. 20555 cynthia.iones(Qnrc.gov cgi(Hnrc.s~ov.gov W ork' L d-41 2 Blackbe ()6 ]

From: Goldberg, Margaret M. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 10:57 AM To: Jankovich, John Cc: Foster, Jack; Jones, Cynthia; Ulicny, William; Chamberlain, David B. Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC

John, Thanks. I certainly understand that you and your colleagues have a lot to deal with right now. We'll set a date later when you have time to breathe again.

Thanks for all your help in the interim.

CX 302 of 1170 Best regards, Margaret

From: Jankovich, John [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 6:07 AM To: Goldberg, Margaret M. Cc: Foster, Jack; Jones, Cynthia Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC

Margaret, Thank you for your offer to come and give a presentation. However, at the present time due to the emergency in Japan and our Operations Center going 24/7, we would contact you next week. Many of the staff who are interested are called to serve at the Operations Center. John

From: Goldberg, Margaret M. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 2:00 PM To: Jankovich, John Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC

Hi John, Hope your time off was relaxing and enjoyable. I met with Traci Kime a week ago and she was very helpful in answering my questions. She also introduced me to Jack Foster and we chatted for a few minutes too. So thanks for your help in getting that all set up. I would still like to make a visit with some colleagues and demonstrate our status regarding use of registry data and discuss our plans for the future. Is the end of March still ok for you and your colleagues? What date might work best for you? My current contract runs out at the end of March, so that's why I'm trying to complete this before April.

Thanks very much! Margaret

From: Jankovich, John [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, February 18, 2011 2:29 PM To: Goldberg, Margaret M. Cc: Foster, Jack Subject: RE: Argonne visit to NRC

Margaret, Please note that I did receive both of your e-mails and forwarded to those within the NRC who work with source data bases. They will contact you directly about the proposed meeting. John

John P. Jankovich, Ph.D. Team Leader Sealed Source and Device Registrations Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management Programs U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555

From: Goldberg, Margaret M. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, February 16, 2011 12:44 PM To: Jankovich, John

CX 303 of 1170 Cc: Ulicny, William; Chamberlain, David B. Subject: Argonne visit to NRC

Hi John,

It was good talking with you the other morning. I wanted to follow up with an email explaining a little more about the meeting I proposed.

As you know, Argonne has been importing registrations from the NRC Sealed Source and Device Registry for several years. We enter the information into a searchable database of source and device models that we maintain on a server at Argonne. The primary purpose of our database is to aid in nuclear forensics investigations in the event that a radioactive source is used in a dirty bomb. We work with DHS and other federal agencies, including FBI and DOE-IN.

If you wouldn't mind, I would like to come to the NRC (with a small group) to give a short database demonstration that will allow you and your colleagues to see what we are doing with your information. We are very aware that the information is sensitive and so believe that we need to keep you informed about how we are using it and with whom we share it. We also include a substantial amount of information about foreign sources, manufacturers, and distribution routes outside the US that may be of interest to you. Finally, we have combined information from our database with that from other databases of foreign facilities and events to generate a classified analysis of the threat to the US of misappropriated radioactive sources in a foreign country. We would like to offer our information and tools as resources to the NRC to the extent that we are allowed to share them.

I understand that you will be on vacation shortly, but would like to set up a meeting in March with you and your colleagues at the NRC. If you don't mind, I would also like to bring my DHS sponsor for National Technical Nuclear Forensics, William Ulicny, and an intel analyst from his organization, so they can participate in our discussions as well. The group from Argonne would likely consist of 3 people. If that is imposing too much, please just let me know.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Thanks very much!

Margaret Goldberg

Margaret M. Goldberg, Ph.D. Nuclear Forensics and Nano-engineering Group Leader National Security Department Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, B2o5 Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Ave. Argonne, IL 60439 Ph: 63o-25z-7362 Fax: 63o-97z-4446 [email protected]

CX 304 of 1170 Full Name: Steve T.D. Walker Last Name: Walker First Name: Steve Job Title: Health and Safety Executive Company: HM Inspector (Nuclear Installations)

Business Address: Defence Systems Assessment, ND3E 4S.2 Redgrave Court Merton Road Bootle 120 7HS

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail Display As: [email protected]

CX 305 of 1170 From: ANS Broadcasts Sent Thursday, March 17, 2011 10:15 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: Letter to President Obama Attachments: letterjto-president obama.jpg

• AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY 555 North Kensington Avenue Tel: 708/ 352-6611 La Grange Park, Illinois E-Mail: NUCLEUS~ans.org 60526-5592 USA http://www.ans.org Fax: 708/ 352-0499 March 16, 2011

The Honorable Barack Obama President of the United States 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20500

Dear Mr. President

On behalf of the more than 11,000 men and women of the American Nuclear Society (ANS), I extend our deepest sympathies to the people of Japan as they begin to recover from a natural disaster of unprecedented proportions. We also salute the heroic efforts of the TEPCO/Fukushima plant operators as they work to facilitate a safe shutdown of the impacted reactors.

ANS has offered technical assistance to the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ) and is prepared to help the U.S. government in any way possible to provide needed assistance to the Japanese government and people.

We also thank you for your administration's measured political response to the current situation.

Clearly, events at the Fukushima Daiicbi reactor site continue to evolve rapidly and our understanding of them has been clouded by conflicting information, and in some cases misleading media reports.

We are urging policymakers in the administration and Congress to withhold judgments on U.S. nuclear policy until the current situation has been resolved and the incident has been filly understood. We recognize that the events in Japan will trigger a broader public discussion over the benefits and risks of nuclear energy. We welcome that discussion, but only after a complete technical understanding of its causes, progression, and impact has been established and fiflly evaluated.

Please let me know if I can be of any assistance to you on this or any other matter.

Sincerely,

Joe Colvin

CX 306 of 1170 From: Stern, Warren Sent. Thursday, March 17, 2011 4:22 PM To: Nuclear Accidents Experts Cc: DHS DNDO; Bentz, Julie A.; Jones, Cynthia; MacKinney, John A Subject: FW: Per Secretary's recommendation: Japan response group meeting today at 6pm ET

From: Stern, Warren Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2011 3:41 PM To: de Valiance, Brian; BERSIN, ALAN D.; AGUILAR, DAVID V; LOPEZ, MARCO A (CHIEF OF STAFF); Mayorkas, Alejandro N; Pistole, John; Fugate, Craig; Serino, Richard; McNamara, Jason; O-oole, Tara; Kroloff, Noah; Peacock, Nelson; Markey, Betsy; 'Mcnamara, Phil'; Kielsmeier, Lauren; Rossides, Gale; Macias, Art Chief of Staff; Chavez, Richard; Smith, Sean; O'Connor, Erin; Gifford, Ashley; Cohen, John; 'de Valiance, Brian'; Stupak, Philip; Papp, Robert ADM; Brice-O'Hara, Sally VADM; Benda, Paul; 'Shlossman, Amy'; 'Smith, Douglas A'; Hill, Alice; Garza, Alexander; 'Ramanathan, Sue'; 'Sandweg, John' Cc: Smith, Douglas A; 'Pistole, John'; Grant, Daniel; 'McNamara, Jason'; 'Kielsmeier, Lauren'; 'Ballew, Jennifer'; 'Rossides, Gale'; 'Smith, Rebecca A.'; Ramanathan, Sue; Sandweg, John Subject: RE: Per Secretary's recommendation: Japan response group meeting today at 6pm ET

As a follow up to yesterday's discussion, I list below three sites where you can see near real-time data from radiation networks in Korea, China and Taiwan and all of Europe (including Russia). Dose rates appear normal at ground level. http://iernet.kins.re.kr/GROUPO1/RealTimeData.aspx?area=4 -- This is for Korea. Click on the region you wish to examine. Then, ignore the Korean characters. The dose rates are reported in nSv/hr (nanoSieverts/hour). As long as the reported numbers are in the 100-300 range, this is normal. http://english.mep.gov.cn/special reports/NSJMQ/aadr/ --This is China. Click on the latest update. The units also appear to be nSv/hr. http://eurdeppub.irc.ec.europa.eu/eurdeppub/home.aspx# --This is all of Europe, including Russia. The units are also in nSv/hr http://rmsp.trmc.aec.gov.tw/user/taiwan out.asp?c2e=e --This is Taiwan. Note that the dose rates are in microSv/hr. You need to multiply by 1000 to convert to nSv/hr.

CX 307 of 1170 From: Don Higson <1(b)(6) Sent Thursday, March 17, 2011 1:16 AM To: Scott, Bobby; Doug Boreham; Ron Mitchel; Edouard Azzam; [email protected]; Eleanor Blakely; Sykes, Pamela (Health); Redpath, Leslie; Morgan, William F; Osborne, James; [email protected]; Brenda Laster; McCollough, Cynthia PhD; Thompson, Richard; Carmel Mothersill; [email protected]; Shirley Sanders; [email protected]; Ulsh, Brant A. (CDC/NIOSH/OD); Melissa Klumpar; Tom Koval; Edward Calabrese; Longley, Susan Cc: Metting, Noelle;[email protected]; [email protected]; Stone, Helen (NIH/NCI) [M]; Jones, Cynthia; O'Daniel, Heather, Kyla Thompson Subject: Re: Japanese Nuclear Power and Wrath of Nature Attachments: Reactor Safety in North-eastern Japan.doc

I am attaching an article that I wrote yesterday for the Australian Science Media Centre (AusSMC) in Adelaide, South Australia. I understand that they will be sending it out to journalists and publishing it on their website. Don Higson --- Original Message _- From: Scott, Bobby To: Doug Boreham ; Ron Mitchel ; Edouard Azzam ; lynn.hlatky•,tufts.edu ; Eleanor Blakely ; Sykes, Pamela (Health); Redpath, Leslie; Morgan, William F ; Osborne, James ; [email protected] ; Brenda Laster; McCollouqh; Cynthia PhD ; Thompson, Richard ; Carmel Mothersill ; mhbarcellos-hoff•.nyumc.orq ; Shirley Sanders; pndain(,bpthosp.orq ; Ulsh, Brant A. (CDC/NIOSH/OD) ; Melissa Klumpar; Tom Koval; Don Higson ; Edward Calabrese Longley, Susan; krithidech@,notes.cc.sunysb.edu Cc: Metting. Noelle; "orient( mindsprina.com; [email protected] ; Stone, Helen (NIH/NCI) J ; Cyndi Jones; O'Daniel, Heather; Kyla Thompson Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2011 5:01 AM Subject: Japanese Nuclear Power and Wrath of Nature

Dear Colleagues:

I thought you may like to know about the attached article by Zbigniew Jaworowski titled "Japanese Nuclear Power and Wrath of Nature" that is submitted to 2 1st Century Science and Technology. The article was provided to me by Zbigniew.

I am also attaching a 16 March 2011 FoxNews.com article by Van Hipp titled "Ex-Rad, the U.S. Miliraty's Radiation Wonder Drug." The article was provided to me by Noy Rithidech.

Best wishes, Bobby B. R. Scott Senior Scientist Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA Phone: 001-505-348-9470

CX 308 of 1170 Reflections on Reactor Safety in North-eastern Japan

These are the personal views of Don Higson, PhD Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia Fellow of the Australasian Radiation Protection Society

I believe it will eventually be understood that events over the past few days at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station in north-eastern Japan have demonstrated the safety of nuclear power. In what may have been the worst earthquake and tsunami ever to have occurred, the approximately 40-year old nuclear plants have been severely damaged. Three of them are likely to be written off- like many other industrial installations in that part of Japan. However, the reactor containments have remained intact, releases of radioactivity outside the site boundary have not reached dangerous levels and there is no risk to the general public.

There have been deaths and injuries caused by the earthquake and tsunami but none attributable to radiation, and none are likely to occur even in the worst case scenario. It has been reported that about 200 workers at the nuclear power stations are being checked for radiation exposure. One is reported to have received a dose of a little more than 100 mSv. Theoretically, a dose of 100 mSv causes a very small risk of cancer after about 20 or more years, but actually it causes no significant increase in the risk that a person will die from cancer anyhow: About 25% of the population dies from cancer, even without accidental exposure to radiation. Doses in the range of 10 to 100 mSv could be incurred from whole body CT scans.

The local evacuation of more than 200,000 people is justified as a precaution but is probably an over-reaction by officials who want to show that they have done everything possible to protect the public. They may even believe that it is necessary. Let's hope people are allowed to go home soon. I am sure that they will have enough problems to deal with, without having their lives disrupted by unnecessary fears about radiation.

There is no possibility that the consequences of damage to these plants will approach those of the Chernobyl reactor accident because: " At Chernobyl, the reactor had no containment. There was a full core melt-down and release of fission products to the atmosphere without delay. " The most significant fission product, Iodine-131, decays with an 8-day half life. (Hence, the Fukushima reactors' inventories of Iodine- 131 will already be well down compared with Chemobyl's.) Most of the significant noble gas fission products decay even more rapidly. " Administration of stable iodine, to block the uptake of radioactive iodine in human thyroids, was delayed by about a week at Chernobyl, whereas it is already taking place in Japan.

The Chemobyl accident was obviously a terrible disaster but even that was not as bad as first feared. The only confirmed physical health effect of radiation to the general public, outside the reactor site boundary, has been an increase in the incidence of child thyroid

CX 309 of 1170 cancer caused by Iodine-131 (see the IAEA Chernobyl Forum Report, 2005). The only other major health effect of the Chernobyl accident for the general public has been psychological, due to the forced relocation of population and exaggerated fears about radiation. It has long been recognised that most of the relocated population would have been better off left in their homes.

A major problem at Fukushima Dalichi has been that the emergency diesels (intended to provide power to the cooling systems in the event of a loss of normal power supplies) started up properly but were then inundated by the tsunami. The plant was designed to withstand a tsunami (and an earthquake) but what occurred was obviously a much bigger tsunami than anyone anticipated. This loss of power seems to have been the root cause of inadequate cooling of reactor fuel cores and damage to the fuel ("partial meltdown").

Explosions that have destroyed the turbine halls (apparently) have almost certainly been caused by hydrogen, probably generated by interactions between the coolant and the cladding of the overheated fuel inside the reactor core. In a boiling water reactor (BWR), steam generated inside the reactor pressure vessel (inside the containment) passes out of the containment into the turbine hall, and the hydrogen and any other gases go with it. (Compare this with the indirect cycle PWR at Three Mile Island in the US - TMI2 - where the reactor primary coolant circulated entirely within the containment boundary, so this risk of hydrogen getting into the turbine hall did not exist during the accident there in 1979.)

I am really impressed with the way that these elderly reactors have stood up to the demands on them. Think of driving in a 40-year old car: You might expect more things to go wrong, a greater probability of accidents and worse consequences of accidents than in a 2011-model Volvo. And, if your old car was written off, you would probably buy a 2011-model with all its modem safety features.

The usual approach to safety assessment and design of nuclear plants with respect to earthquakes is to decide first on what has variously been called the "Maximum Credible Earthquake", "Safe Shutdown Earthquake" or "S2 Event". This is the greatest level considered likely to occur at the reactor site (or words to that effect). The plant is then designed to be capable of shutting down and being maintained in a safe condition if that event occurs. For the Fukushima reactors, the S2 event was apparently Richter Magnitude 8.2 - I am not sure about how far away, horizontally and vertically - but the largest of a series of earthquakes that occurred last week was reported to have been 9.0. Since the Richter scale is logarithmic, this means that what actually occurred was 8 times greater than the design base event.

Regarding reactor safety assessments generally, a larger but less likely earthquake than the S2 event is usually possible. According to the "deterministic" approach outlined in the foregoing paragraph, the risk of this occurring is sometimes said to be "acceptable" or "tolerable". However, the deterministic approach provides no idea of what that risk might be. A probabilistic approach could provide an estimate of the risk to the population as a whole (not just to an individual at the site boundary) and this risk could then be assessed

CX 310 of 1170 against a probabilistic risk limit. This would be informative in decisions about reactor siting and the levels of protection needed on any particular site. Such assessments are not done, although the LAEA (for example) has looked into the matter. I guess a probabilistic approach would be bad for public relations (viz: "they knew it could happen") or perhaps the reason is that people making the decisions don't understand probabilities. Experience at Fukushima suggests that there are shortcomings to the deterministic approach.

CX 311 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 5:15 PM To: Hoc, PMT12 Subject: FW: biodosimetry

FYI-

Please see Qs below for awareness from WH.

From: Bentz, Julie A. . (b)(6) Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 5:06 PM To: Terrell, Patrick COL (USA) OSD POLICY; Nicole Lurie ([email protected]) Cc: Zabko, John; Gowadia, Huban; Stern, Warren; Jones, Cynthia; Hatchett, Richard (HHS/ASPR) Subject: RE: biodosimetry

Pat and Nicki,

kb~~

Julie

From: Stern, Warren [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 4:24 PM To: Bentz, Julie A. Cc: Zabko, John; Jones, Cynthia; Gowadia, Huban Subject: biodosimetry

Julie:

Warren M. Stern Director Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Department of Homeland Security 202-254-7300 (Office) 1

CX 312 of 1170 L2ZIII)II (Blackberry)

CX 313 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 3:58 PM To: Hoc, PMT12 Cc: I(b)(6) Subject RE: Request from Dr. Julie Bentz, White House (WH) Nuclear Security Staff (NSS) Director

Importance: High

Hi Protective Measures Team (PMT)-

The request as I just outlined to the PMT just now is the following:

(b)(5)

Please send bullets to Dr. Julie Bentz, NSS by 6:00pm tonight. I have cc'd her on this email so that you have her email address

Thanks Cyndi

From: Hoc, PMT12 Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 3:43 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject:

CX 314 of 1170 From: Jones, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 3:47 PM To: Sigmon, Rebecca Subject: RE: INES rating

Thanks Rebecca-

(b)(5)

I am back at the Ops Center tomorrow as PMT director for the next 3 days. And yes, I agree with you - very glad that we're not over there-

Cyndi

From: Sigmon, Rebecca Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 3:20 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject: INES rating

Cyndi,

(b)(5)

Rebecca Sigmon Reactor Systems Engineer NRR/DIRS/IOEB Operating Experience Branch (301) 415-4018 Rebecca.Siqmon(.nrc.aov

CX 315 of 1170 From: Sandier, Ben CMLIAN I i(b)(6)ii > Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2011 7:38 AM To: Whitney, James; Hahn, Matthew; Pearson, Laura; Aliston, Dennis; Johnson, Daryl; Masse, Todd Cc: Warren, Roberta; Holahan, Patricia; Jones, Cynthia; Way, Ralph Subject: Japan's nuclear emergency

Here's a nice open source timeline of events regarding the current situation in Japan. The timeline has associated graphics. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/specialtwodd/iapan-nuclear-reactors-and-seismic-activity/

-Ben

Benjamin M. Sandier Senior Intelligence Specialist Defense Threat Reduction Agency U.S. Department of Defense Phone: 703-375-6290 Unclass: 1(b)(6)

CX 316 of 1170 From: C. Jones d(b)(6) Sent Monday, March 14, 2011 12:21 PM To: Jones, Cynthia Subject FW: EPA domestic radiation monitors

FYI Mike's below note on EPA activities

> Subject: EPA domestic radiation monitors > To: thomas.hinton@ irsn.fr (b( 6 je > CC: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]; Vince. [email protected] > From: [email protected] > Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2011 11:49:59 -0400

> Tom,

> For domestic monitoring, EPA operates a network of 124 fixed monitors > (RadNet) spread across the U.S. These can be supplemented with > additional deployable units. I believe that an increased frequency of > sampling and the addition of deployable units are under discussion now. > More detailed information should soon be available on the RadNet website > at http://www.epa.gov/narel/radnet/

> Please let me know if you need additional information about RadNet and > I'll connect you with the appropriate staff.

> Mike Boyd > Senior Health Physicist > EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air > 1-202-343-9395

> From: "HINTON Thomas" > To: "McClelland, Vince" > Cc: "GARIEL Jean-christophe" , > , 'Ted Lazo" , Mike > Boyd/DC/USEPA/US@EPA, , "C. Jones" 'iV')(6> "HINTON > Thomas" > Date: 03/14/2011 09:32 AM > Subject: RE: ANS Talking Points - Japan nuclear crisis

> Hi Vince, > Thanks, I appreciate your response. That is precisely what the French > Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) is looking > for. We would appreciate being on an early notification list should > radiation levels start to increase. We anticipate that your monitoring > sites in Hawaii would provide very valuable early warning information > for us to forecast the potential threat to the European public. > Thanks!

CX 317 of 1170 > Cheers, > - tom

> Tom Hinton > IRSN > Bat 159, Cadarache BP3 > 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France > [email protected] > phone: 33 4 42 19 95 32 > fax: 33 4 42 19 9143

> From: McClelland, Vince [mailto:[email protected]] > Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 2:24 PM > To: HINTON Thomas > Cc: GARIEL Jean-christophe; [email protected]; Ted Lazo; > [email protected]; [email protected]; Elena Buglova; 'C. Jones' > Subject: RE: ANS Talking Points - Japan nuclear crisis

> Hello Tom,

> At the current time the U.S. Government, through a multi-agency task > force, is monitoring the nuclear situation in Japan. However, the > Japanese Government has not requested any nuclear/radiological > assistance from the U.S. at this time. The IAEA IEC has been kept > apprised of the situation by the Japanese Government and I recommend > that any information be obtained from the IEC at this time.

> If the situation changes, we will let you know.

> Thanks > Vince

> From: C. Jones [mailtoi.()6) > Sent: Monday, March 14, 20119:05 A > To: [email protected] > Cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; McClelland, Vince; Ted > Lazo; [email protected] > Subject: ANS Talking Points - Japan nuclear crisis > Importance: High

> FYI the attached as the American Nuclear Society set of talking points > for your use as you see fit. A consistent voice from the profession may > help!

> Best to all! > Rick

> Subject: RE: Japan nuclear crisis > Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:29:15 +0100 > From hnmahinfnnircn.fr ;>" To:" , (b)(6)I " CC: [email protected]; [email protected]; > [email protected]; [email protected] > Thanks Rick ! Those are excellent recommendations. I have had the good > fun of guiding Charles on a chase of the elusive large-mouthed bass, and > met Vince many years ago at a radioecology meeting in Monaco. I will

CX 318 of 1170 > give them both a call. > Cheers to you, > -tom

> From: C. Jones [mailto 6 > Sent: Monday, March 14, 2011 1:15 PM > To: HINTON Thomas > Cc: GARIEL Jean-christophe; [email protected]; [email protected] > Subject: RE: Japan nuclear crisis > Importance: High

> Tom - I can offer the below two points of contact:

> 1. Dr. Charles Miller at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) > ([email protected]) (770.488.3725). The CDC is responsible for long term > monitoring of the population.

> 2. Vince McClelland at NNSA/DOE ([email protected]) > (202.586.8045). Vince runs the Office of International Emergency > Management and Cooperation who can deploy monitoring teams in the event > of an emergency.

> I have copies Charlie and Vince on this email.

> Best Regards!!! > Rick

> Subject: FW: Japan nuclear crisis > Date: Mon, 14 Mar 2011 08:39:14 +0100 " Fronm, thnm•,= hIn,--'rn~fr

STo: (b)(6)/sn'fr > CC: [email protected]; [email protected] > Good morning Rick, > The French Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) > would like to contact the US agency responsible for monitoring in case > of a severe nuclear accident in Japan (see email below). Could you > suggest a contact name in the DoE and/or NRC? I assume those are the > correct agencies? > Thanks Rick. We appreciate your help. > Cheers, > -tom

> From: GARIEL Jean-christophe > Sent: Sunday, March 13, 2011 11:03 PM > To: HINTON Thomas > Cc: GARNIER-LAPLACE Jacqueline > Subject: Japan nuclear crisis

> Hi Tom,

> In order to anticipate a massive release of radioactivity from a > japanese NPP, we would like to establish a contact with the US > organisation in charge of the radioactivity monitoring in the US. Do you > have any idea about this organisation?

> Cheers

CX 319 of 1170 From: Nerret, Amanda Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 1:18 PM To: Dudek, Michael Subject: RE: Economic Consequences Paper

Yeah, I figured the Japan event would have an impact on hearing back. I appreciate you following up though. Hang in there! ©

From: Dudek, Michael Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 12:53 PM To: Nerret, Amanda Subject: RE: Economic Consequences Paper

b 5 ]She is working on so many high- level actions for the Japan Response, everything else has been put on hold.

Michael Dudek I Technical Assistant I NSIR/Division of Preparedness & Response I U.S. NRC 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 I (301) 415-6500 I E]: MichaeI.Dudekanrc,gov

From: Nerret, Amanda Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 12:50 PM To: Dudek, Michael Subject: RE: Economic Consequences Paper

No problem, Mike. I ended up leaving her a message yesterday too. Let me know if you hear anything. Thanks!

From: Dudek, Michael Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 12:09 PM To: Nerret, Amanda Subject: Economic Consequences Paper

Mandy, FYI, I got your message. Things have been kinda hectic, but I am looking for a status. •:,.t:+ :,b)5,.. .I

Sorry!

Michael Dudek I Technical Assistant I NSIR/Division of Preparedness & Response I U.S. NRC 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 I W (301) 415-6500 I1: Michael.Dudek(@nrc.gov

From: Nerret, Amanda Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 12:03 PM To: Nerret, Amanda; Jackson, Gerard; Sturz, Fritz; Reed, Elizabeth; Johnson, Daryl; Kozal, Jason; Dudek, Michael; Sullivan, Randy; VandenBerghe, John; Sturzebecher, Karl; Harris, Larry; Rivers, Joseph; Ryder, Christopher Cc: Biddison, John; Caldwell, Robert; Giantelli, Adelaide; Erlanger, Craig; Wastler, Sandra; Peduzzi, Francis; Cubellis, Louis Subject: RE: Final NRC nominations for FY2012 NCIPP data call (Attachments are password protected)

Password:

CX 320 of 1170 From: Cubellis, Louis Sent Monday, March 14, 2011 8:42 AM To: 'William A. Zinnikas' Cc: 'Hamilton, Larry K.'; Erlanger, Craig Subject: RE: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Good morning, Bill,

I'm sorry, but I was out of the office last week, and I don't know anything more than what the cable news networks have been reporting.

Respectfully,

Lou

From: William A. Zinnikas [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Saturday, March 12, 2011 1:48 PM To: Cubellis, Louis Cc: 'Hamilton, Larry K.' Subject: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Lou,

Did this morning's explosion destroy the main containment building surrounding the reactor or an auxiliary support structure such as the turbine deck?

Regards, Bill Z.

CX 321 of 1170 From: Cubellis, Louis Sent Monday, March 14, 2011 8:40 AM To: 'Zito, Garrett M.' Cc: Hamilton, Larry K.; Erlanger, Craig Subject: RE: Japan

Good morning, Garrett,

I was out of the office for personal reasons last week, but my understanding is the NRC is currently monitoring the situation in Japan.

V/R Lou

-Original Message-- From: Zito, Garrett M. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, March 11, 2011 10:27 AM To: Cubellis, Louis Cc: Hamilton, Larry K. Subject: RE: Japan

Lou,

Just curious if you guys are keeping a watch on the situation in Japan concerning the Nuc Plant. Please keep us informed of any major developments.

Regards, Garrett

-Original Message- From: Hamilton, Larry K. Sent: Friday, March 11, 2011 6:48 AM To: Zito, Garrett M. Subject: Japan

Bad news for the nuclear power industry. It seems that earthquake in Japan has seriously (b)(5)

Larry Hamilton FBIHQ, WMD Countermeasures (202)-324-8318 - Office (202)-324-3159 - Fax 1(b)(6) Cell

CX 322 of 1170 From: dwnorwood <1(b)(6) Sent Friday, April 29, 2011 6:36 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject boarding pass Attachments: Boarding Pass.pdf

CX 323 of 1170 Boarding documents Pagel1 of 2

Printed •rom t(// U H I T E De C 0 M '

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Boarding Pass

I/UNITED NORWOOD, DONALD NORWOOD, DONALD UA 00330212942 UA 00330212942 PPO USA 13APR2016 United 804/ Apr 30 Please scan your passport at an EasyCheck-in® kiosk or present it to a United representative at the airport check-in counter.

United 804 / Apr 30 From: Narita, Japan (NRT) To: Washington, DC (lAD) Boards at: 3:15 PM From: Narita, Japan (NRT) Departs at: 4:00 PM To: Washington, DC (lAD) seat07B Seat 07B

Boards at: 3:15 PM Cabin: United Business Departs at: 4:00 PM Gate: *Pending Bags: 02

*Gate number may change, check airport monitors for your flight's gate. L-t P,ý - Ml., '( Confirmation number: SSW7W4 E-ticket number: 0168646732433

No longer traveling on this flight? Cancel your check-in before your departure or your ticket will be no longer valid. To cancel online, go to EasyCheck-in Online at united.com. TSA Travel Tips: For your security, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screens all baggage. Visit http://www.tsatraveltips.us/ to review acceptable items. Checking baggage:

https:H/travel.united.com/eco/webcheckin/print~jsp CCX 3242 off~~~i MMoi i Boarding documents Page 2 of 2

A/fUUNITED united.com BagCheck kiosks are now available at Tokyo-Narita Our united.com BagCheck kiosks are designed to help customers using EasyCheck-in Online@ save even more time. When arriving at the United terminal, please proceed to the curbside united.corn BagCheck kiosks to check your bags. Please note that bags must be checked at least 1 hour before departure. united.com BagCheck kiosk locations at Tokyo-Narita In the terminal map below, the star indicates the united.com BagCheck kiosk location.

Narita Internalionall SECURITY

E D C B A ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE

Standalone I'UN ITE DcCDN Kiosk Bag(--';'K 52 S1 Entrance Entrance N

Instructions for using united.com BagCheck kiosks After locating a united.corn BagCheck kiosk at the airport: Step 1: Press Start on the screen. Step 2: Select the Scan Barcode option, and then place the online boarding pass face down on the barcode reader.* Step 3: Verify your name and destination on the screen and select Check Baggage. Step 4: Select the number of bags each person is checking in. After you complete these steps at the kiosk, a United Representative will assist you with your baggage. You will need to present your passport. Please note that all bags are screened by security for your safety. *Ifthe barcode cannot be read or is not present, you may also enter your confirmation number, which is the six- character code (consisting of letters and numbers) that is printed on your boarding document. Select Enter Confirmation Number on the screen and type in the six-character code.

View United's baigage policies

bttps://travel.united.com/eco/webcheckin/print~jspCX35oCX 325 of AtMoii oi i < From: Tanaka, Reid CAPT USN Sent: Friday, April 29, 2011 3:28 AM To: Moore, Carl; Garchow, Steve; Mitman, Jeffrey; Norwood, Donald; Lupold, Timothy;, Plasse, Richard Cc: Foster, Dirk LCAPT USN; Gawboy, Bradley D CAPT USN Subject: RE: IF Plant DATA (4/29/2011)

Steve, Carl, Jeff, Don, Tim,

(b)(5)

Hope your turnover is going well.

- reid

-- Original Message- From: Moore, Carl [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 29, 2011 12:48 PM To: Garchow, Steve; Mitman, Jeffrey; Norwood, Donald; Lupold, Timothy; Tanaka, Reid CAPT USN; Plasse, Richard Subject: FW: IF Plant DATA (4/29/2011)

CX 326 of 1170 ---- Original Message-- From: ME• NHI [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 9:20 PM To: Reynolds, Steven; Moore, Carl; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Aleshia D. Duncan Cc: QJII ; - 0 MrLI',; [email protected]; 0% V; L; I l-:•z; fkgs 9; -- 2--; rpw

Subject: 1F Plant DATA (4/29/2011)

Dear all.

Please find attached plant status of Fukushima Daiichi NPS.

We appreciate your support.

Best regards,

Shiraishi Tetsuhiro TEPCO

CX 327 of 1170 (b)(5)

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CX 356 of 1170 From: Lapp, Alison Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 2:15 AM To: Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Heldi; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Angelov, Bonnie A; Audu Besmer; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA) [USAID]; Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster;, Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA) [USPID]; Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P; Norwood, Donald; Meighan, Sean;j3temp5 @jso.mod.go.jp Cc: [email protected] Subject: 04.28.11 - BACC Collaboration Session Notes Attachments: 04.28.11 - BACC Meeting notes.doc; 04.27.11 - GoJ Secretariat WG Notes.doc

Bilateral Assistance Coordination Cell (BACC) Meeting Notes April 28, 2011

'tjmmnarv - Kev Artinn' and POC'

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The next BACC meeting will take place at 1:00 p.m. on Monday, May 2.

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General Items

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Summary - Key Actions and POCs

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CX 362 of 1170 From: Mitman, Jeffrey Sent Thursday, April 28, 2011 1:07 AM To: RST08 Hoc; Marksberry, Don; Zoulis, Antonios; '[email protected]'; Circle, Jeff; '[email protected]' Cc: Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald; '[email protected]'; Bernhard, Rudolph Subject: Fukushima Daiichi P&IDs Attachments: Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4 PnIDs from TEPCo.pdf; Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 PnIDs from TEPCo.pdt Fukushima Daiichi Unit 2 PnIDs from TEPCo.pdt Fukushima Daiichi Unit 3 PnIDs from TEPCo.pdf

The attached P&ID files were given to us by TEPCo. They are marked as "secret to TEPCo." This is NOT US Government secret. Because of these markings they should not be distributed outside of the US Government unless and until this is clarified and we receive permission to do so by TEPCo. We are working to get that permission.

Jeff Mitman

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CX 430 of 1170 From: Hochevar, Albert R. (INPO) Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 12:47 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Wittick, Brian; Moore, Carl; Chuck Casto; Norwood, Donald; Gepford, Heather, Mitman, Jeffrey; Salay, Michael; Hay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; Reynolds, Steven; Bradley Gawbow; CAPT Dirk L Foster, Reid Tanaka Subject: FW: April 28 Updates Attachments: 20110428 0500 Unit 1 Drywell Pressure[1].pdf; 20110428 0700 Water Levels[1].pdf; 20110428 Rev.14 Evaluated Water Level in Ut PCV[1].pdf; 20110428 0600 Plant Parameters[1].pdf

Thanks, At

Al Hochevar histitute of Nuclear Power Operations Cell I(b)(6)

Restricted Distribution: Copyright @ 2011 by the Institute of NuclearPower Operations. Not for sale or fo commercial use. Reproduction of this report without the prior written consent of IN'- prohibited. Unauthorizedreproduction is a violation of ape persons and organizationsthat are furnished copies of this report shouldýr-ransfer this report to any third party, or make this report or its contents ub e prior agreement of INPO. All other rights reserved.

From: Ryan, Robert D (WANO) Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:55 PM To: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO); INPOERCTech; INPOERCAnalysis Cc: Gard, Lee A (INPO); Maddox, James E. (INPO); Garchow, David F.(INPO); Gambone, Robert L (INPO) Subject: April 28 Updates

(b)(5)

Bob

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CX 452 of 1170 From: Norwood, Donald Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 11:36 PM To: (b)(6) / Subject: FW: Status of MELCOR calcs of Fukushima Attachments: 3rd Round MELCOR calculations - Status 4-27-11.docx

From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Thursday, April 28, 2011 12:35 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Status of MELCOR calcs of Fukushima

From: Gauntt, Randall 0 [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:04 PM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: Mitman, Jeffrey; Casto, Chuck Subject: FW: Status of MELCOR calcs of Fukushima

Thought you guys might like to have a peek at the reactor scenarios. This is provisional of course.

Randy

From: M.T. Leonard [[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:22 PM To: Gauntt, Randall 0 Cc: Burns, Shawn; Lachance, Jeffrey Lynn Subject: Status of MELCOR calcs of Fukushima

Randy -

(b)(5)

I'll be wrapping these calculations up tomorrow. It's time to put together a plan for further foren sic analysis.

Mark

CX 453 of 1170 UDPATE TO IF1 calculation - 4-27-2011:

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CX 470 of 1170 From: Norwood, Donald Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 11:21 PM To: HOO Hoc; Gott, William; Teal, Charles Cc: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Site team replacments will allow some of us to go home early

I will be in the group returning April 30th.

Norwood

-Original Message-- From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 5:59 AM To: Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather; Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Wittick, Brian Cc: Casto, Chuck Subject: Site team replacments will allow some of us to go home early

Japan Site Team members,

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster is one that will re-write the history books!

We have been working on this historic event and have the honor to help assure the protection of the US citizens and to offer our advise and assistance to the Japanese people. The next group of NRC staff to be a part of the Japan Site team are busy making plans to be here by the end of this week. With our replacements soon to be here and assessing the progress that we have made, we are in a position to downsize the PMT and RST earlier than first estimated. Instead of leaving for home next Tuesday, May 3rd., we will be able to have some of us leaving this Saturday, April 30th.

The team leaders (Heather and Steve), our risk expert (Jeff), and Carl will be staying until May 3rd. The rest of the team should plan on leaving this Saturday, April 30th. Work with Brian to make the necessary travel arrangements.

You have earned my deepest appreciation for your dedication and sacrifice. thanks again, Steve

CX 471 of 1170 From: Moore, Carl Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:27 PM To: Garchow, Steve; Lupold, Timothy; Mitman, Jeffrey; Norwood, Donald; Marksberry, Don; Rempe, Joy Subject: FW: iF Plant DATA (4/28/2011) Attachments: •i•--,5>'-sF ,•-'90428_06 f003.pdf; f -T .t3t0428_0800Fix.pdf

---- Original Message ----- From: Af flt [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:14 PM To: Reynolds, Steven; Moore, Carl; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Aleshia D. Duncan Cc: JIll 4; 1t; •E; r=t; [email protected]; WE •,•; , •2-j3; • I•; -. '

Subject: IF Plant DATA (4/28/2011)

Dear all.

Please find attached plant status of Fukushima Daiichi NPS.

We appreciate your support.

Best regards,

Hidekazu Endou TEPCO

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CX 498 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:21 PM To: Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Re-send list of Waste Water Management Contractors Attachments: Deliverable-Portable Water Processing Units att 2.pdf

From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:53 PM To: Skeen, David; Hiland, Patrick; Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven; Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: FW: Re-send list of Waste Water Management Contractors

Here is Part 2.

From: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:47 PM To: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO); RSTO1 Hoc Cc: INPOERCTech Subject: RE: Re-send list of Waste Water Management Contractors

Mike,

Please find attached the information on waste processing contractors you requested. This is part two of two.

I(b)(6)/INPO3 FRC Fmprgency Director

From: RST01 Hoc [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 8:09 AM To: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO); INPOERCTech; '[email protected]' Subject: Re-send list of Waste Water Management Contractors

I know you guys sent us a list of potential suppliers of Waste Processing contractors (suppliers of skid mounted or portable waste processing systems) a couple of weeks ago.

However, we have changed computers and I have not been able to locate the list.

If you could re-send the list to me I would appreciate it.

Thanks,

Mike

Mike Brown

CX 499 of 1170 Reactor Safety Team

CX 500 of 1170 INPO Industry Support Team (IST) IST Item No. 003

Response to ERC Request, email R. Tropasso request to IST, dated March 27, 2011, 10:40 AM EST

Original Request:

From, Ir.IFO Eme,-_eni,ý-_zspons•.Ctr ,irIrF-O Sent: Su.nda-,. r,.arch 271:21 9:24 -1r`.1 To: 311O-ER;-Tecr: M[PFOERrAg55istanlre Subject: Fe~rtable F'r~cessiing Units

(b)(5)

(b)(6) %0 ncyD rector

Additional information requested:

From: •urris. Rick E ýJIiFO0 [mailtc:BrnsRE.rIrIFO.orc] On Behalf Of .lIFOERCrssistance Sent: Surnde,.,, March 27: 23•1 9:03 AM To: Bram blett: Jeff "..-v.:Gooder.. riatt E .4.:!6SC : r.-ljnd ,.: Rand .N8f'?. Cc: flielsen. RickM (4Ir.IFO': O'Donrell, Brian L •IrlF'O: McCartl.. James H. Subject: F';',: FPortable FProcessing Units Importance: High

Good morning All Please see the below request below high prioiity request from Al Hochevar.

I (b)(5)

Rick

IN PO ERC Assistance

March 28, 2011 Page 1 of 4

CX 501 of 1170 INPO Industry Support Team (IST) IST Item No. 003

Summary of Industry Responses Received

1. Energy Solutions/Duratek

a. Mobile Disposal Pressure Vessel Demineralization Services Attachment 1

b. Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS) - Attachment 2

c. High Flow Emergency Response System - Attachment 3

d. Demand Reverse Osmosis System - Attachment 4

For additional information contact Ahmad Ghandour at ( or email at [email protected].

2. Diversified Technologies Services Inc.

a. Filtration and Ion Exchange - Attachment 5

b. Processing Media - Attachment 6

c. Fukushima Water Processing Support From Diversified Technologies Services (DTS) - Attachment 7

For additional information contact Dennis Brunsell at o or email at [email protected].

3. Avantech, a specialty manufacturer of portable radioactive water treatment systems

a. Avantech loads vessels with zeolite for the removal of cesium (Cs) and particulate, and anion resin for the removal of iodine (1-131).

For additional information contact Tracy Barker at or email at [email protected].

March 28, 2011 Page 2 of 4

CX 502 of 1170 INPO Industry Support Team (IST) IST Item No. 003

Appendix A - Original IST Request

Ob'ective Statement:

(b)(5)

Assumed Conditions as of March 27, 2011

(b)(5)

Out of Scope

(b)(5)

March 28, 2011 Page 3 of 4

CX 503 of 1170 INPO Industry Support Team (IST) IST Item No. 003

Appendix A - Original IST Request (continued) Il~liv~rihl•__ hv 12 PM Mnnd~nv M~rr~h 2•R 9l111 Deliverables bv 12 PM Mondav March 28 2011

(b)(5)

End of Request

March 28, 2011 Page 4 of 4

CX 504 of 1170 Attachment 1

CX 505 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

EQUIPMENT

Vessels

(b)(4)

Page 1 Duratek (Rev. 3120101)

Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by Duratek at any time are the property of Duratek and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of Duratek and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to Duratek upon request.

CX 506 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

Demineralization Control Skids

(b)(4)

Page 2 ~Duratek' (Rev. 3120/01)

CX 507 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

Page 3 -'Duratek (Rev. 3120101)

CX 508 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

Booster Pumps

(b)(4)

Sample Sinks (Optional)

Instrumentation

(b)(4)

Shielding

(b)(4)

SYSTEM OPERATION

(b)(4)

Page 4 JDuratek (Rev. 3120101)

Proprietary Information. All writings, dravings, specifications and other data furnished by Duratek at any time are the property of Duratek and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of Duratek and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to Duratek upon request.

CX 509 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

PLANT INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

(b)(4)

Page 5 kJDuratek- (Rev. 3/20101)

CX 510 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

L(b)(4)

Service Air

(b)(4)

Service Water

(b)(4)

Page 6 Duratek (Rev. 3/20/01)

Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by Duratek at any time are the property of Duratek and shall be treated as-confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of Duratek and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to Duratek upon request.

CX 511 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

NOTES6

(b)(4)

Electrical Power

(b)(4)

Design and Construction Specifications

(b)(4)

Waste Inlet

(b)(4)

PERSONNEL

(b)(4)

Page 7 Duratek (Rev. 3/20101)

CX 512 of 1170 MOBILE DISPOSABLE PRESSURE VESSEL DEMINERALIZATION SERVICES

(b)(4)

Page 8 koD uratek (Rev. 3120101)

CX 513 of 1170 Attachment 2

CX 514 of 1170 EN LF ItSOLUTIONS

ADVANCED LIQUID PROCESSING SYSTEM (ALPSTM)

(b)(4)

BOOSTER PUMP CONTROL MODULE I .

(b)(4)

DEMINERALIZATION/DEEP BED FILTRATION VESSELS

(b)(4)

Page 1 (Rev. Specification Table per Sanmen Proposal 6126108) Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySo/utions at any time are the property of EnergySolutlons and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutions and disclosure to third parties of them or Information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutlons upon request.

CX 515 of 1170 EN ER ,YSOLUTIONS

ADVANCED LIQUID PROCESSING SYSTEM (ALPSTM)

(b)(4)

Page 2 (Rev. Specification Table per Sanmen Proposal 6126108) Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySolutlons at any time are the property of EnergySolutions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutlons and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutions upon request.

CX 516 of 1170 E NE RG YSOL UTIONS

ADVANCED LIQUID PROCESSING SYSTEM (ALPSTM)

(b)(4)

Page 3 (Rev. Specification Table per Sanmen Proposal 6126/08) Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySo/utions at any time are the property of EnergySoluUons and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolufions and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySofulions upon request.

CX 517 of 1170 E NE R(; YSOLUTIONS

ADVANCED LIQUID PROCESSING SYSTEM (ALPSTM)

(b)(4)

Page 4 (Rev. Specification Table per Sanmen Proposal 6126108) Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySolutions at any time are the property of EnergySolufions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutions and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them Is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutions upon requesL

CX 518 of 1170 Attachment 3

CX 519 of 1170 --. ,,• . .

Euf( .. N: VSOLUTIONS

HIGH FLow EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

(b)(4)

II$E.:.FI-r,

(b)(4)

Supported many unique applications:

(b)(4)

[.)u MIN IIAI.IZERS

(b)(4)

Page 1 (Reviewed and edited 2/4/09)

Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySolutions at any time are the property of EnergySolutions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutions and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySo/udons upon request.

CX 520 of 1170 E, ( YSOLUTIONS

HIGH FLow EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

(b)(4)

Flurcfz VI.*S"S'k-'1-s'

(b)(4)

Page 2 (Reviewed and edited 2/4/09) Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySotutions at any time are the property of EnergySolutions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutions and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutions upon request.

CX 521 of 1170 ~Irl , ;YSOL UTIONS

HIGH FLOW EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

(b)(4)

Page 3 (Reviewed and edited 2/4109)

CX 522 of 1170 Attachment 4

CX 523 of 1170 DEANR SOLUTIONS

DEMAND REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

(b)(4)

Page 1 .(Revised 6/14/05 by Mike Sitsch)

Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergyS property of EnergySolutions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutions and disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutionsupon request.

CX 524 of 1170 AHN 1(4k;: YSOLUTIONS

DEMAND REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

(b)(4)

Page 2 (Revised 6/14/05 by Mike Sitsch)

Proprietary Information. All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySolutions at any time are the property of EnetgySolu(ions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutionsand disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be returned to EnergySolutions upon request.

CX 525 of 1170 ;t& YSOLUTIONS

DEMAND REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

3 Y 11i.I I !NI•E[R iAIF (Ci--1Rt) 0IR I'Ml-. 'N'! - S

(b)(4)

Page 3 (Revised 6/14/05 by Mike Sitsch)

Proprietary Information- All writings, drawings, specifications and other data furnished by EnergySolutions at any time are the property of EnergySolutions and shall be treated as confidential. Such materials shall not be used to the detriment of EnergySolutionsand disclosure to third parties of them or information derived from them is forbidden. The materials must be retumed to EnergySolutionsupon request.

CX 526 of 11-70 Attachment 5

CX 527 of 1170 Svf vi":(.,., of Aý.k'ýjlc Filtration & DTS xt w, ?gun ýt.-j Ion Exchange

(b)(5)

CX 528 of 1170 (b)(5)

2680 Wel(*Stott BOuAI~VAId Knoxvilk-ý f N 37931-3,1.11 vvww.dt~sguiocar.nl DTS Phione 865-539-9000 Fax 8J65-539-9000 E-mailkill'o@ýdtsc9000-CLO,

CX 529 of 1170 Attachment 6

CX 530 of 1170 Servicr~es Processing DTS i-U Wst O i-vt~siie Tt*,,hI l4xjjes In,vc~n. Media

(b)(5)

Also available as nuclear grade " Also available as macroporous

CX 531 of 1170 Media Equivalence Matrix

(b)(5)

2680 Westcott Boulevard Knoxm,ille, TN 37931-3111 www.dts9000.com DTS Phone 865-539-9000f Fax AR5-539-9000 E-mail [email protected]

CX 532 of 1170 Attachment 7

CX 533 of 1170 FUKUSHIMA WATER PROCESSING SUPPORT FROM DIVERSIFIED TECHNOLOGIES SERVICES (DTS)

(b)(5)

CX 534 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 535 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 536 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 537 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:17 PM To: RST01 Hoc; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: April 27 briefing notes and excel spreadsheet Attachments: TEPCO Sumarry Rev.101 Final April 27.xls; April 27 Ryan 6 pm briefing notes.doc

-- Original Message- From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:54 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; Reynolds, Steven; Foster, Dirk L CAPT USN;I (b)(6) Wittick, Brian; Gregg Schneider; Lovell, Russ; Hochevar, Albert R. (INPO); Gakuto Nakamura; Gard, Lee A (INPO); Hiroyuki Matsuura; Junji Tanaka; [email protected]; Keith Moser; Michio Matsuda; Richard Rossi; Bob Holland; [email protected]; [email protected]; Shigeo Hattori; Shinya Fujii; Shuji Furuya; Yoneo Suzumegano; Tom Stevens Subject: FW: April 27 briefing notes and excel spreadsheet

Attached are the briefing notes and parameter spread sheet. The radiation survey map was not available today.

.DISCLAIMER: This e-mail and any of its attachments may contain proprietary INPO or WANO information that is privileged, confidential, or protected by copyright belonging to INPO or WANO. This e-mail is intended solel e of the individual or entity for which it is intended. If you are not the intended reciie .e-mail, any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in relation to the con n attachments to this e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO or WANO and is prohibi are not the intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender imdaeybreIadpermanently delete the original and any copy or printout of this e-mail and any ents. Thank you.

CX 538 of 1170 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI Status as of 6pm (JST) April 27, 2011- TC Briefing. Information that is in italics should not be shared as it has not yet been released by TEPCO. The priorities remain as follows:

(b)(5)

I-IinhIinhtQ fnr fnrI~, ine~I~mrIs~ $h~ fnllnwinn Hinhiinhfs for todav include the fnil-e-n-

(b)(5)

CX 539 of 1170 (b)(5)

Unit Status

(b)(5)

CX 540 of 1170 Dose and Dose Rates

(b)(5)

CX 541 of 1170 Not for Release

CX 542 of 1170 KW; D.I.-e

DX5)

CX 543 of 1170 Not for Release

OR)

CX 544 of 1170 Not for Release

(DA5J

CX 545 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:09 PM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald; Peterson, Hironori Subject: FW: Fukushima site visit by Shaw team

-- Original Message--- From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 6:15 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; Reynolds, Steven; Foster, Dirk L CAPT USN; I Wittick, Brian Subject: FW: Fukushima site visit by Shaw team

Below is a good first-hand account of the situation at IF site as reported by a team from Shaw Group after visiting today. We appreciate Shaw giving us permission to share this email.

-Lee Gard

From: Holland, Robert (Stoughton) [[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 5:04 AM To: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Subject: FW: Fukushima site visit.

- Original Message ----- From: Murphy, Cornelius (Con) Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 03:42 AM To: Winkler, William; Bevan, George; Fitzgerald, Mike; Boyer, Joe; Aadland, Anders; Jenkins, Jeff; Merrifield, Jeff; Hess, Charlie; Maten, Mark; Haser, Larry; Lafferty, Pat; McEahern, Patrice M; O'Connell, Michael (Stoughton); Elder, Lee; Wilson, Bobby; Trice, Kelly; Bagale, Michael; Clemmens, Jack; Hall, William M; Grochmal, Craig; Nayowith, Maureen Subject: Fukushima site visit.

(b)(5)

CX 546 of 1170 (b)(5)

-The Shaw Group Inc. http://www.shawgrp.com

Restricted Distribution: Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations. Not for sale or for co rcial use. Reproduction of this report without the prior written consent of INPO is expressly prohibited. Unau rized reproduction is a violation of applicable law. The person or persons that are furnished copies of Dseport should not deliver or transfer this report to any third party, or make this report or its contents public, ittout the prior agreement of INPO. All other rights reserved.

.DISCLAIMER: This e-mail and any of its attachments may contain proprietary I or WANO information that is privileged, confidential, or protected by copyright belonging to INPO ANO. This e-mail is intended solely for the use of the individual or entity for which it is intended. If you not the intended recipient of this e-mail, any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in rela thto the contents of and attachments to this e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO or WANO and is prohi . If you are not the intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender immediately by return e-mail permanently delete the original and any copy or printout of this e-mail and any attachments.

CX 547 of 1170 From: UA08 Hoc Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 3:21 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject FW: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident

Please clarify this number. We've been told zero and up to 1200 and would like to get a final answer.

Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: I(b)()J

From: Hoc, PMT12 Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 3:13 PM To: LIA08 Hoc Subject: FW: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident fyi

From: Carpenter, Cynthia Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 9:13 PM To: Hoc, PMT12 Subject: FW: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident

Stacey

This would be good to update on the one pager. Thanks.

From: Uhle, Jennifer Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 9:04 PM To: Carpenter, Cynthia Subject: Fw: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident

We should update the entry on the one pager. See below. Thx. J

From: Gepford, Heather To: Wittick, Brian; Uhle, Jennifer Cc: Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven Sent: Tue Apr 26 20:08:14 2011 Subiect: RE: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident

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From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 7:57 PM To: Uhle, Jennifer

CX 548 of 1170 Cc: Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven; Gepford, Heather Subject: U.S. Personnel in Exclusion Zone prior to Accident

Jennifer,

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Thanks Brian Wittick

CX 549 of 1170 From: Johnston, Katherine Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 11:07 AM To: Norwood, Donald Cc: [email protected]; travel; RMTPACTSUAC Subject: Norwood TA Amendment 30 April Attachments: Norwood-TA Amend 2-Japan-April 2011.pdf

Hi Donald,

Please see attached TA Amendment for your April 3 0 th return from Japan. Your ticket has been issued; you can click on the link provided below to access your eTicket. Please let me know if you have any questions.

Click here to access your reservation on the web or a mobile device.

Best,

Katie Johnston Travel Coordinator USAID I Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance 529 14th St. NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20045 travel tel: 202.661.9388 tel:202.661.9363 B2/Cell: (5)(6-) ] fax: 202-33U.3 52

CX 550 of 1170 E2 Travel Authorization

27 Apr 2011 @ 10:02:03 PRIVACY ACT NOTICE: The following information is provided to comply with the Privacy Act of 1974(P.S. 93-579). The information requested on the form is required under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Chapter 57(as amended), Executive Orders 11609 of July 22, 1971, and 1102 of March 27, 1962, for the purpose of facilitating authorization action and the request for advance of funds for travel and other expenses to be incurred under administrative. The information contained in this form will be used by the Federal agency officers and employees who have a need for such information in the performance of their duties. Information will be transferred to appropriate Federal, State, local, or foreign agencies when relevant to civil, criminal or regulatory investigations, or prosecutions. Failure to provide the information required will result in delay or suspension of the processing of this form.

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CX 551 of 1170 Segment Names: BBFY/EBFY/Fund/Treasury Symbol/Oper i/rga Area/Distribution Code/Program Element/Program S• Elemnent/Teamn/Division/Benefiting Go Are rting Unit DefinediSub-Object Code/ProgramTemplate/Commitment Target/Post Code/B .aCode/Accounting Dolt Type/Commitment Document No/Commimn BltrlOb o yeBltrl Obl Doc No/Bilateral ObN Line

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201 1/NANFD-X1 1/72X1035/DCHNOFDANA22/488- W/A0891NA/NA/4881NN2100801/NN799/NA/2011 DCI-A PROGRAM FUN DS/NN0001 1TQ005639/1/NA/NA/NA

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CX 559 of 1170 From: [email protected] Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 10:50 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: Your Travel Authorization has been approved - 2984731-2

Dear DONALD NORWOOD,

Your authorization has been approved and you are authorized to proceed with travel.

Per diem authorized at TOKYO CITY, JPN

Trip ID : 2984731-2 Traveler: NORWOOD, DONALD Destination: TOKYO CITY, JPN TDY Type : Temporary Duty Purpose: Serve on Pacific Tsunami RMT Trip Dates : 2011-04-15 To 2011-04-30 Status : Pending Authorization Approval

Thank you for using E2 Solutions. Help and support is available online by selecting the 'Find Answers' link. Please note: Replies to this mailbox are not monitored.

Click here to log back into the System.

CX 560 of 1170 From: [email protected] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 9:54 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject. Your Trip 2984731-2 is pending approval from M-MS-TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION DMSION

Dear DONALD NORWOOD,

Your travel was approved by JOHNSTON, KATHERINE E and is now awaiting approval from M-MS- TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION DIVISION.

Trip ID : 2984731-2 Traveler : NORWOOD, DONALD Destination: TOKYO CITY, JPN TDY Type : Temporary Duty Purpose: Serve on Pacific Tsunami RMT Trip Dates : 2011-04-15 To 2011-04-30 Status : Pending Authorization Approval

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CX 561 of 1170 From: Lapp, Alison Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 2:32 AM To: Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Heldi; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Angelov, Bonnie A; Audu Besmer; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA) [USAID]; Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster, Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA) [USAID]; Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock, Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P; Norwood, Donald; Meighan, Sean;j3temp5 @jso.mod.go.jp Cc: [email protected] Subject. 04.27.11 - Cabinet Secretariat Working Group Minutes Attachments: 04.27.11 - GoJ Secretariat WG Notes.doc

GoJ Cabinet Secretariat Working Group Minutes

April 27, 2011

GeneralItems

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New Reauest - [pand Blanket,;

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High Purity Germanium Detectorsfor NISA (Item 4d)

CX 562 of 1170 (b)(5)

The next Cabinet Secretariat Working Group meeting will take place at 3:00 p.m. on May 9.

CX 563 of 1170 4 . V T Sensitive but Undassibed - hitemal USG Use(Jy..- Do Nut Distibut-

GoJ Cabinet Secretariat Working Group Minutes April 27, 2011

GeneralItems

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New Request - Lead Blankets

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Higzh Purity Germanium Detectors for NISA (Item 4d)

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TEPCOrequests for information (Items 38, 39, and 40)

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Sensitive but Unclassified - Internal USG Use Only -Do Not Distribulte,

CX 564 of 1170 Sensitive but Unclassified - hiteinial USG Use Ordy - Do Not Distriibute

Liquid KI (Item 18)

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Dosimeters (Item 13a)

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Closed items

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- The next Cabinet Secretariat Working Group meeting will take place at 3:00 p.m. on May 9.

Sensitive but Unclassified intcrnal USG Use Only Do Not Distribute

CX 565 of 1170 From: Wall, Marc M Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 2:27 AM To: Alapp; Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Zumwalt, James P; Norwood, Donald; Meighan, Sean Subject- BACC: lead blankets offer

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Marc

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 566 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent. Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:50 AM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: FW: % of Fuel damage - new numbers

-Original Message--- From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:44 AM To: Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven; Garchow, Steve Subject: % of Fuel damage - new numbers

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-Lee

From: Ryan, Robert D (WANO) Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:29 AM To: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Cc: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO) Subject: RE: Fuel info and exposure of female

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Bob

From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:15 AM To: Ryan, Robert D (WANO)

CX 567 of 1170 Subject: RE: Fuel info and exposure of female

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From: Ryan, Robert D (WANO) Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 12:39 AM To: INPO EmergencyResponseCtr (INPO); INPOERCTech; INPOERCRP Cc: Maddox, James E. (INPO); Gard, Lee A (INPO) Subject: Fuel info and exposure of female

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Bob

Restricted Distribution: Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations. Not for sale or for commeraý use. Reproduction of this report without the prior written consent of INPO is expressly prohibited. Unauthojizeý reproduction is a violation of applicable law. The person or persons that are furnished copies of this ort should not deliver or transfer this report to any third party, or make this report or its contents public, ot4ut the prior agreement of INP0. All other rights reserved.

This e-mail and anyah of its attachments may coti itr NO rWN nomton that is privileged, confidential, or protectedT~~ by copyrighan eoyu gt NP rWN.Tisemi sitended solely for the use of the individual or entity for which iti t e.I o r o h neddrcpeto hsemail, any dissemination, distribution, copyingo ci ae nrlto ot e o tnso n ta h et otis e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO orW adi rhbtd fyuaentteitne eiin fti -al laentfhe sender immeitl rtr -aladpraetydlt h rgnladaycp rpitu fti -alad any

CX 568 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:42 AM To: Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: New Report on Unit 4 SFP leakage Attachments: Unit 4 SFP.doc

---- Original Message---- From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 1:35 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; Reynolds, Steven; Foster, Dirk LCAPT USN; [(b)(6) Wittick, Brian; Gregg Schneider; Lovell, Russ; Hochevar, Albert R. (INPO); Gakuto Nakamura; Gard, Lee A (INPO); Hiroyuki Matsuura; Junji Tanaka; [email protected]; Keith Moser; Michio Matsuda; Richard Rossi; Bob Holland; [email protected]; [email protected]; Shigeo Hattori; Shinya Fujii; Shuji Furuya; Yoneo Suzumegano; Tom Stevens Subject: New Report on Unit 4 SFP leakage

This was posted on TEPCO site as media release and on NHK this afternoon.

.DISCLAIMER: This e-mail and any of its attachments may contain proprietary INPO or WANO information that is privileged confidential, or protected by copyright belonging to INPO or WANO. This e-mail is intended sol e use of the individual or entity for which it is intended. If you are not the intended recipient -mail, any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in relation to the contents of c ments to this e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO or WANO and is prohibited. If you are n intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender immediately by return e-mail and perm elete the original and any copy or printout of this e-mail and any attachments., Thank you.

CX 569 of 1170 Water may be leaking from No. 4 reactor fuel pool

The operator of the troubled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant says water may be leaking from the spent fuel pool of the No. 4 reactor.

More than 1,500 spent fuel rods are stored in the pool, the largest number at the site.

Tokyo Electric Power Company, or TEPCO, has been injecting water daily into the pool to make up for the loss of cooling function and prevent the fuel rods from being exposed and further damaged.

TEPCO has poured in 140 to 210 tons of water over each of the last few days. The company found that water levels in the pool were 10 to 40 centimeters lower than expected despite the water injections.

The walls of the reactor building supporting the pool were severely damaged by a hydrogen explosion last month. TEPCO says the pool may have been damaged by the blast as well.

According to a schedule announced earlier on containing the ongoing emergency, TEPCO plans to install concrete pillars to support the fuel pool by around July to increase its earthquake resistance. Wednesday, April 27, 2011 09:05 +0900 (JST)

CX 570 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 12:32 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Draft working group discussion guide Attachments: Agenda for Nuclear Assistance Working Group Meeting 04-27-2011.docx

From: Wall, Marc M [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 11:42 PM To: Alapp; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Howard, E. Bruce; Ken Spurlock; Berger, William; Garchow, Steve; Cherry, Ronald C; Duncan, Aleshia D Cc: Basalla, Suzanne I Subject: FW: Draft working group discussion guide

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This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

From: Lapp, Alison [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 27, 2011 9:41 AM To: Wall, Marc M; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Howard, E. Bruce; Ken Spurlock; Berger, William; [email protected]; Cherry, Ronald C; Duncan, Aleshia D Subject: Draft working group discussion guide

Marc et. al,

Please find the draft agenda for this afternoon's Hosono working group meeting attached here. Please let me know whether you would like any revisions or additions to the items listed.

We have agreed that a representative from each agency that has a discussion point on this agenda will meet in Marc's office at 1:00 p.m. today to finalize the GoJ conversation outline. Please be sure to assign a POC to attend this quick session.

Thanks, Alison

Alison Lapp Information Officer - Japan Tsunami DART U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) Tel: (202) 509-5702 alappD.ofda.qov

CX 571 of 1170 Guide for Discussion April 27, 2011

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CX 572 of 1170 From: Lapp, Alison Sent Tuesday, April 26, 2011 9:43 PM To: Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Heldi; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Angelov, Bonnie A; Audu Besmer; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA) [USAID]; Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster, Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA) [USAID]; Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P; Norwood, Donald; Meighan, Sean Cc: [email protected] Subject 04.27.11 - BACC Collaboration Session Notes Attachments: 04.27.11 - BACC Meeting notes.doc

Bilateral Assistance Coordination Cell (BACC) Meeting Notes April 27, 2011

jrmmnrnv - VIp Artinnc anrd PnrC

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Radiation Monitorina

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Hnoznnn Mpptina

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CX 573 of 1170 Reimbursement

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Notification I(b)(5)

Lead Blankets

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The next BACC meeting will take place at 1:00 p.m. on Thursday, April 28.

CX 574 of 1170 tienitiv eniasti- internial I-JM. '-Is lirv 0JNnt-I}5f'-ute---

Bilateral Assistance Coordination Cell (BACC) Meeting Notes April 27, 2011

i ...... ymimny-- wi'y Artinnrv "ndPnrv

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Radiation Monitoring

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LJ.LJALJI",

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Reimbursement

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Sensitive but Un.lassified internal USG Use Only Do Not Distribi hute

CX 575 of 1170 -Ne -itive hut tjUkdabsI I f-"ý - ffiterna'I ' T-Tcp 1,4 -7- tj ot Distribute

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AMntifirnf h-r I (b)(5)

Lead Blankets

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- The next BACC meeting will take place at 1:00 p.m. on Thursday, April 28. -

4 T T• • T T • Sensitive but Unciassmtect internal USi Use Only Do Not Distnbute

CX 576 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent Tuesday, April 26, 2011 5:10 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject FW: Radiation Monitoring Capabilities paper Attachments: 27 April Maritime Monitoring Capabilities.docx

From: Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 5:31 AM To: Aaron Held; Aaron Held1; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Alapp; Ana Katsuma; Audu Besmer; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cherry, Ronald C; Casto, Chuck; Cipullo, Timothy L; Cooper, Justin D; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spudock; Lapp, . Alison K; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; Suzanne Basalla; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Young, Joseph M; Zumwalt, James P Cc: Tokyo, BACC; Keeter, Darin LT USN USFJ J3 Subject: Radiation Monitoring Capabilities paper

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CDR Spencer Abbot, USN Defense Attache Office (TDY) U.S. Embassy Tokyo +81 03 3224 5386 tdyabbotcs(,state.gov

-SBU- This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 577 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 578 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 579 of 1170 From: Deese, Rick Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 4:50 PM To: R4DRS-DIV; R4DRP-DIV Subject: Callaway Resident Inspector Solicitation of Interest Attachments: SOI- RI-Callaway-04-2011.docx

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From: Scott, Mary Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:25 PM To: R4 Subject: SOI-RI-Callaway-04-2011.docx

This is to ensure that everyone is aware of the following Solicitation of Interest.

Permanent Reassignment

Resident Inspector GG-0840-11/12/13 Open Period: 4/21/2011 - 5/6/2011 Division of Reactor Projects Reactor Projects Branch B Callaway Resident Office

If you have any questions/concerns, please contact Keisa Brown a (b)(6) or Mary Scott, a (b)(6)

Thank You!

Mary Scott HR Specialist

CX 580 of 1170 SOLICITATION OF INTEREST

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CX 581 of 1170 From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 12:19 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject: USNRC Earthquake-Tsunami Update - 1200 EDT (April 26, 2011) Attachments: USNRC Earthquake-Tsunami Update 042611 Revision 00, 1200 EDT.docx

*******NOTE: THE ATTACHED IS FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY********

The next NRC Update will be distributed at 1200 EDT on Wednesday 27, 2011

*******NOTE: THE ATTACHED IS FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY********

Beth Reed Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

CX 582 of 1170 -- Er'-Ir-AIAl I 10C nKll V

Earthquake/Tsunami Status Update April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

USNRC Emergency Operations Center Status Update

April 26, 2011 Earthquake / Tsunami Status Update Compiled by Liaison Coordinator This report includes NRC's current understanding of the ongoing situation in Japan. Historical and background information can be found in past reports.

NRC's Top Priorities

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Status

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Press releases related to the situation in Japan can be found online at: http:/lwww.nrc.,ov/readin-q-rm/doc-collections/news/201 1/.

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1 of 6 FFICAL UeE-,NLY-

CX 583 of 1170 nC• -lIlAI I ICIE t'KII V

Earthquake/Tsunami Status Update April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

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Status of NRC Licensee and Agreement State Facilities

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Industry Consortium / Contractor Activities

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Current Understanding of Japanese Facilities

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2 of 6 OFFICGAL USE ONLY

CX 584 of 1170 tfe ApriL-USE26,20

Earthquake/Tsunami Status UpdEite April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

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3 of 6 -OFFIC-AL USEONLY-

CX 585 of 1170 12m~tCA[TJSE-GNLY--

Earthquake/Tsunami Status Update April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

(Source: IAEA 4/18). RPV pressure (Ch A: 78 psig, Ch B: 183 psig) (Source: DOE 4/9-r%

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FT-.#.7 - ITI ý- 71 I

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CX 586 of 1170 OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Earthquake/Tsunami Status Update April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

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Unit 5 - (NRC Prinriti-.5) (b)(5)

Unit 6 - (NRC Prioriti': 6)

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Other Plants

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L_[ Protective Measures Team (PMT) Update

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5 of 6 -QFFHGALrSTNY

CX 587 of 1170 OFFIC IAL USE ONLY--

Earthquake/Tsunami Status Update April 26, 2011 1200 EDT

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International Response

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6 of 6 -OFFItCAL-USE-ONLY

CX 588 of 1170 -4TF-F-WI=1-14SOýl

1200 EDT

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7 of 6 OFFý:AL US ONLYý 1 %

CX 589 of 1170 From: Koontz, Thomas (TDY/DOE) Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 12:56 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: handouts from DOE call on Friday April 15 Attachments: Fukushima questions Apr 12.docx; Requests for assistance from the DOE.doc; Attachment.l(pressure).pdf; Attachment_2(DWpressure after N2).pdf; Attachment_ 3(PCVcooling).pdf; Attachment_4(transfer line).pdf; Attachment5(Survey map).pdf; Attachment 6(water injection).pdf

Don, As requested, but it appears you guys already have it. Best, Dody

This email is UNCLASSIFIED

-Original Message- From: Cherry, Ronald C Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 10:56 AM To: Koontz, Thomas (TDY/DOE) Subject: FW: handouts from DOE call on Friday April 15

Fyi.

This email is UNCLASSIFIED

-- Original Message- From: Duncan, Aleshia D Sent: Tuesday, April 26, 2011 10:24 AM To: 'Steven.Reynolds@ nrc.gov'; 'Casto, Chuck' Cc: Cherry, Ronald C Subject: FW: handouts from DOE call on Friday April 15

Steve,

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Best,

Aleshia

This email is UNCLASSIFIED

CX 590 of 1170 l~tcment 61

Enhancement of Reactor Injection Reliability

April 12, 2011 Lone Term Cooling Team

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5 CX 591 of 1170 (b)(5)

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CX 593 of 1170 Attachment 1

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CX 601 of 1170 4/12/2011

Questions on Fukushima Daichi Plants from DOE

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Reactor Status Analysis

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I An%-tprm flq4cjyp cpplinp ontions'

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CX 602. of 1170 .Snpnt 1Riel• Pnnl ArnluIcic Spent Fuel Pool Analusis

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Water treatment aporoach

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CX 604 of 1170 April 15 TEPCO

Requests for assistance from the DOE

1.Assessment of Long Term Passive Cooling

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2. Water Treatment Methodology

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3. De-fueling

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CX 605 of 1170 From: Meighan, Sean Sent Tuesday, April 26, 2011 12:57 AM To: Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: OSC: Asahi: Tepco Filling Containment Vessels; Experts Raise Doubts

From: OSCINFO(arccb.osis.zov Date: April 26, 2011 11:23:52 AM GMT+09:00 Subject: OSC: Asahi: Tepco Filling Containment Vessels; Experts Raise Doubts Reply-To: OSCINFOarccb.osis.gov

Note: The following OSC material is being emailed to you based on a subscription.

UNCLASSIFIED

This product may contain copyrighted material; authorized use is for national security purposes of the United States Government only. Any reproduction, dissemination, or use is subject to the OSC usage policy and the original copyright.

Asahi: Tepco Filling Containment Vessels; Experts Raise Doubts

JPP20110426969004 Tokyo Asahi Shimbun Online in English 0139 GMT 26 Apr 11

[Computer selected and disseminated without OSC editorial intervention]

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CX 606 of 1170 (b)(5)

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Access OpenSource.gov from anywhere, anytime. All you need is the internet. Go to https://www.oipensource.gzov, or contact our OSC Customer Center at OSCinfo~rccb.osis. gov.

UNCLASSIFIED

CX 608 of 1170 I From: Lupold, Timothy Sent Monday, April 25, 2011 8:06 PM To: Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: Information Needs form TEPCO/NISA Attachments: NRC Information Needs.docx

Attached is what I have so far for an information request that Steve Reynolds has asked us to put together. If you want additional information added to the list, you can either let me know what you need and I will add it, or you can add it to the file, which is on the N: drive.

CX 609 of 1170 NRC Information Needs Individual Unit Basis

(b)(5)

CX 610 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent. Monday, April 25, 2011 7:57 PM To: 'RMTPACTSURM'; McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) Cc: Nakatsuma, Alfred (Jakarta/Environment) [USAID]; Young, Francis; Carter, Mary; Matheson, Mary Subject. NRC personnel changes

Request your assistance to make the following NRC schedule changes:

(b)(5)

Thank you for your assistance.

Brian Wittick NRC Japan Site Team 1(b)(6) I

From: RMTPACTSURM [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 8:18 AM To: Matheson, Mary; McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA); Wittick, Brian Cc: Nakatsuma, Alfred (Jakarta/Environment) [USAID] Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

Thanks Mary for your prompt concurrence. Sydel

From: Matheson, Mary [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 7:35 AM To: RMTPACTSURM; McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA); NRC: Wittick, Brian Cc: Nakatsuma, Alfred (Jakarta/Environment) [USAID] Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

(b)(5) I

From: RMTPACTSURM [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, April 24, 2011 9:02 AM To: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA); Wittick, Brian; Matheson, Mary Cc: Nakatsuma, Alfred (Jakarta/Environment) [USAID] Subject: Re: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

CX 611 of 1170 From: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) To: NRC: Wittick, Brian; RMTPACTSURM Sent: Sun Apr 24 02:23:49 2011 Subject: Re: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

(b)(5)

Cheers,

Surin

From: Wittick, Brian To: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) Sent: Sat Apr 23 23:50:43 2011 Subject: Re: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th Surin

(b)(5)

Thanks

Sent from NRC BlackBerry Rrinn Wittirk-

From: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) To: Wittick, Brian; [email protected] ; Nakatsuma, Alfred ; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA) [USAID] ; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA) [USAID] Sent: Sat Apr 23 23:12:46 2011 Subject: Re: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

I suggest you contact Mary Matheson in your HQ to clarify this. Thanks, Surin

From: Wittick, Brian To: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA)

CX 612 of 1170 Sent: Sat Apr 23 22:07:26 2011 Subject: Re: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th Surin

(b)(5)

Thanks

Sent from NRC BlackBerry Brian Wittick l(b)(6)

From: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) To: Wittick, Brian Sent: Fri Apr 22 02:49:40 2011 Subject: FW: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

I (b)(5)

Surin McKenna Administrative Officer Pacific Tsunami and Japan Earthquake DART USAID/DCHA/OFDA Office"p-IR11 )? "A,6 BB:I(b)(6) Email: smckenna.ofa.qov

From: _#i {f-7- [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:03 PM To: NRC: Wittick, Brian Cc: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) Subject: Interpreter for April 19th & 20th

Dear Brian-san,

Thank you for your call and email regarding the cancellation.

(b)(5)

Thank you!

Best regards. Yoriko

http://www.simul.co.jp TEL 03-3524-3177(0-A) FAX: 03-3524-3105 i 104-0045

CX 613 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 9:47 AM To: it W- Cc: 'McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA)' Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 16th&17th

Dear Yoriko-san,

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Kind regards, Brian

From: I±•T [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 4:21 AM To: Wittick, Brian Subject: Interpreter for April 16th&17th

Dear Brian-san,

(b)(5)

Thank you.

Best regards, Yoriko

http://www.simul.cojp TEL 03-3524-3177(Aif) FAX: 03-3524-3105 T 104-0045

CX 614 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 6:07 PM To: ±#4 W- Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 15th

Thank you.

From: ±1N k-T [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 5:01 AM To: Wittick, Brian Cc: '[email protected]'; '[email protected]' Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 15th

Dear Brian-san,

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I updated the schedule of interpreters as attached.

Thank you.

Best regards, Yoriko

http://www.simul.cojp TEL 03-3524-3177(ik ) FAX: 03-3524-3105 T104-0045 VAR- P A ( M f, I-112- 6 Mftk- lf::A)•5%

CX 615 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 5:35 PM To: _I#t WT Cc: '[email protected]'; '[email protected]' Subject: RE: Interpreter for April 15th

Dear Yoriko,

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Thank you, Brian Wittick

From: ±#-t - [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 3:00 AM To: Wittick, Brian Cc: '[email protected]'; Stahl, Eric; '[email protected]' Subject: Interpreter for April 15th

Dear Brian-san.

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If this is okay with you, I will make an arrangement accordingly.

Thank you.

CX 616 of 1170 Best regards, Yoriko

http://www.simul.coljp TEL 03-3524-3177(0-A) FAX: 03-3524-3105 T 104-0045

CX 617 of 1170 From: Collins, Elmo Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 6:37 PM To: R4 Subject. Info: General Information

All,

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Thank you for your hard work to accomplish the agency's mission!

Elmo E. Collins Region IV Regional Administrator

CX 618 of 1170 From: Norwood, Donald Sindayv Sent: Anril 24 2011 8:24 P To: (b)(6) r Subject FW: April 22 briefing notes, excel spreadsheet and radiation survey map Attachments: TEPCO Sumarry Rev.96 for reviewe April 22.xls; 20110421 1640 Facility Area Survey Data[1].pdf; April 22 Ryan 6 pm briefing notes.doc

--- Original Message--- From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 9:05 AM To: Norwood, Donald; Lupold, Timothy Subject: FW: April 22 briefing notes, excel spreadsheet and radiation survey map

---- Original Message---- From: Mitman, Jeffrey Sent: Monday, April 25, 2011 7:44 AM To: Reynolds, Steven Subject: FW: April 22 briefing notes, excel spreadsheet and radiation survey map

Forward o f email from Lee Gard.

-Original Message-- From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Saturday, April 23, 2011 8:41 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: FW: April 22 briefing notes, excel spreadsheet and radiation survey map

Attached are briefing notes, parameter spread sheet and survey map.

.DISCLAIMER: This e-mail and any of its attachments may contain proprietary INPO or WANO information that is privileged, confidential, or protected by copyright belonging to INPO or WANO. This e-mail is intended solel use of the individual or entity for which it is intended. If you are not the intended recipie e-mail, any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in relation to the cont attachments to this e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO or WANO and is prohibite re not the intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender immediately by retur n permanently delete the original and any copy or printout of this e-mail and any

Thank you.

CX 619 of 1170 (b)(5)

CX 620 of 1170 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI Status as of 6pm (JST) April 22, 2011-TC Briefing. All information may be shared The priorities remain as follows:

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Hiahliahts for today include the followina:

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Unit Status

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CX 622 of 1170 Dose Rates

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CX 623 of 1170 Not for Release

Fukushima-Daiichi Current Status and Planned Work

CX 624 of 1170 Not for Release

CX 625 of 1170 Not for Release

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CX 627 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Sunday, April 24, 2011 6:53 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: for today's 1000 BACC Funding meeting Attachments: Reimbursement Principles and Criteria 4-25 FINAL.DOCX

From: Basalla, Suzanne I [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, April 24, 2011 6:47 PM To: Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Alapp; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Held1; Aaron Leong; Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Besmer, Audu M; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Mild Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P; Meighan, Sean; Reynolds, Steven; Garchow, Steve; Casto, Chuck Cc: Tokyo, BACC Subject: for today's 1000 BACC Funding meeting

All,

Please see OMB's criteria for use in our 1000 BACC funding session. (We will still have our regular 1300 BACC to cover non-reimbursement issues).

Suzanne

-SBU-• This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

From: Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO) Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 8:08 PM To: Alapp; Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Heldl; Aaron Leong; Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Besmer, Audu M; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Blake Crowe; NRC: Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Mild Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P; 'Meighan, Sean'; '[email protected]'; 'Steve Garchow'; 'Chuck Casto' Cc: Tokyo, BACC Subject: Monday BACC Funding meeting

BACC members,

CX 628 of 1170 (b)(5)

CDR Spencer Abbot, USN Defense Attache Office (TDY) Bilateral Assistance Coordination Cell U.S. Embassy Tokyo +81 03 3224 5386 tdyabbotcsc2Istate.gov

From: Lapp, Alison [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 5:25 PM To: Basalla, Suzanne I; Cherry, Ronald C; Cooper, Justin D; Young, Joseph M; Aaron Held; Aaron Heldi; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Nakatsuma, Alfred; Andrae Brooks; Besmer, Audu M; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Blake Crowe; NRC: Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cipullo, Timothy L; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Roberts; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Mild Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Zumwalt, James P Cc: Tokyo, BACC Subject: 04.22.11 - Cabinet Secretariat working group notes

GoJ Cabinet Secretariat Working Group Minutes April 22, 2011

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The next Cabinet Secretariat Working Group meeting will take place at 1:30 p.m. on April 27.

CX 629 of 1170 -SBt--- This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 630 of 1170 Q ;; I - I-T A y-,- -~1 T TCCl T T ~ T~~N~~ MR).L VL UUL -- 111H1 U •J. MiJ.IO,•1iIuwflly

GoJ Cabinet Secretariat Working Group Minutes April 22, 2011

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The next Cabinet Secretariat Working Group meeting will take place at 1:30 p.m. on April 27. -

t . TT secnsitwvc but Unelasitticc- internal SGUUse ufly - Do rot Vis-ib

CX 631 of 1170 Reimbursement Principles and Criteria (21 April 2011)

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Process

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General

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USG would seek reimbursement for goods and services that meet the following conditions:

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-- 1 -

CX 632 of 1170 CX 633 of 1170 ATTACHMENITA

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CX 634 of 1170 From: Norwood, Donald Sent Sunday, April 24, 2011 2:25 AM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald Attachments: JNES Plant Status Evaluation.pdf

For your review. Not to be distributed outside NRC.

Norwood

CX 635 of 1170 Rev.1 2011,4.21 RESTRICTED

Plant Status Evaluation of IF-I, 2and 3 from 25th March 0:00 to 8thApril 0:00

April 21 2011

Nuclear Energy System Safety Division JNES

* :The evaluation of the plant status are based on the available technical information till 8th April 0:00. We acknowledge that the evaluation issubject-to change and refinement.

CX 636 of 1170 Plant Status of 1F-1 from 25th March 0:00 to 8t April 0:00 i Reactor Pressure Vessel{(RPV)

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m RPV Pressure

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Figl-1 Plant Status of 1F1 around 3/31/2011 5

CX 641 of 1170 Recommendations of Accident Managements for IF-i n Water Iniection into RPV

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1 Accident Manaaement for D/W

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' Accident Management for S/C

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II J

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Fig, 1-2 Reactor pressure, water level, D/W pressure, S/C pressure (1F-1) 7

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Fig.1-3 The amount of injected water into RPV (1F-1,2 and 3) 8

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Fig.1-4 The temperatures of some points around RPV (1F-1) 9

CX 645 of 1170 Plant Status of 1F-2 from 21th March 0:00 to 8th April 0:00

1 Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) I

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1 Primary Containment Vessel (PCV)

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n' Alu

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, RPV Pressure

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* RPV Temperature

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Fig,2-1 Plant Status of 1F-2 around 3/31/2011 12

K CX 648 of 1170 Recommendations for Accident Managements 1F-2 a Water Injection into RPV

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. Accident Management for D/W

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m Accident Management for SIC

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Fig,2-2 Reactor pressure, water level, D/W pressure, S/C pressure (1F-214

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Fig.2-3-1 The temperatures of some points around RPV (1F-2) 15

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Fig.2-3-2 The temperatures of some points around RPV (1F-2) 16

CX 652 of 1170 Plant Status of 1F-3 from 25th March 0:00 to 8th April 0:00

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,, RPV Pressure

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Fig,3-1 Plant Status of 1F-3 around 3/31/2011 21

CX 657 of 1170 Recommendations for Accident Managements for 1F3 m Water Injection into RPV

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Fig.3-2 Reactor pressure, water level, D/W pressure, S/C pressure (1F-3)3

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Fig.3-3-1 The relationship between the timing of SFP injection and the temperatures of some points around RPV (1F-3) 24

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Fig, Al Temperature of FW nozzles and RPV bottom head, and injection flow rate (iF-1) 27

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Fig. A2 Temperature of FW nozzles and RPV bottom head, and injection flow rate (1F-2) 28

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Fig. A3 Temperature of FW nozzles and RPV bottom head, and injection flow rate (1F-3) 29

CX 665 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Saturday, April 23, 2011 12:22 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject. Re: NRR ANSWER ON NITROGEN PURGE

Anyone interested in wandering the city?

Sent from NRC BlackBerry 1(b)(6)IBrian Wittick

From: Mitman, Jeffrey To: Liaison Japan Sent: Tue Apr 19 00:00:39 2011 Subject: FW: NRR ANSWER ON NITROGEN PURGE

From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 9:44 AM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; PMT-japan Resource Subject: FW: NRR ANSWER ON NITROGEN PURGE

From: Harrison, Donnie Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 4:25 PM To: Hiland, Patrick; RST01 Hoc; OST01 HOC Cc: Skeen, David; Ruland, William; Brown, Frederick Subject: RE: NRR ANSWER ON NITROGEN PURGE

(b)(5)

From: Hiland, Patrick Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 3:57 PM To: RST01 Hoc; OST01 HOC Cc: Skeen, David; Ruland, William; Brown, Frederick; Harrison, Donnie Subject: NRR ANSWER ON NITROGEN PURGE Importance: High

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(Fred Brown)

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From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 4:59 AM To: Hiland, Patrick; OST01 HOC Cc: RST01 Hoc; Skeen, David; Ruland, William Subject: ACTION: ASSIGN A ITEM TO NRR

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CX 667 of 1170 From: Tanaka, Reid S (TDY) Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 11:42 PM To: Gard, Lee A (INPO); Bob Holland; Chuck Miyamoto; Gakuto Nakamura; Gregg Schneider; Hiroyuki Matsuura; Junji Tanaka; [email protected]; Keith Moser;, Michio Matsuda; Richard Rossi; [email protected]; [email protected]; Shigeo Hattori; Shinya Fujii; Shuji Furuya; Tom Stevens; Yoneo Suzumegano Cc: (b)(6) :Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; (b)(6) INorwood, Donald; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michae: S v.Micael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected];

Subject: RE: April 21 plant status Updates

Lee,

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Thanks again, reid

CAPT Reid S. Tanaka 1(b)(6)

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 12:42 PM To: Bob Holland; Chuck Miyamoto; Gakuto Nakamura; Gard, Lee A (INPO); Gregg Schneider; Hiroyuki Matsuura; Junji Tanaka; [email protected]; Keith Moser; Michio Matsuda; Richard Rossi; [email protected]; [email protected]; Shigeo Hattori; Shinya Fujii Shuji Furuya; Tom Stevens; Yoneo Suzumegano Cc:c [email protected]; (b)(6) 'I [email protected]; [email protected]; S(b)(6) t [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Tanaka, Reid S (TDY); [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: FW: April 21 plant status Updates

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CX 688 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 9:12 PM To: Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: RST Assessment Document Sigmon Redraft 4-22-2011_clean cn.docx Attachments: RST Assessment Document Sigmon Redraft 4-22-2011_clean cn.docx

Please review the attached document

From: Norton, Charles Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 6:32 PM To: Garchow, Steve; PMTIjapan Resource Cc: Sigmon, Rebecca Subject: RST Assessment Document Sigmon Redraft 4-22-2011_clean cn.docx

Steve,

This is the latest draft of the RST assessment rev 2. This is what will become attachment 3 to the composite document. The data and assumptions in the document are dated. Please check to see that things are not way out of line. Send any comments to Rebecca Sigmon and me. I have just started through the document and had a comment on Unit 1 otherwise this is a clean copy of the latest rev and should be easy to read.

Thanks,

Chuck Norton

Rebecca,

Steve is on the Japan team and is the best person to check our assumptions.

CHN

CX 689 of 1170 Officia U-s-Only - RST Assessment of Fukushima Daiichi Units (REV 2), Based on most recent available data and input from industry and government sources

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CX 690 of 1170 -Offiica Use Ofty- RST Assessment of Fukushima Daiichi Units (REV 2),

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CX 692 of 1170 RST Assessment of Fukushima Daiichi Units (REV 2),

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CX 693 of 1170 RST Assessment of Fukushima Daiichi Units (REV 2),

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CX 729 of 1170 From: RSTO1 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 3:51 PM To: Casto, Chuck; Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather;, Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US- AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: TEPCO Roadmap Attachments: April 22 roadmap assessmentRev.l.docx

Everyone, Attached is the Consortium (RST included) assessment of the TEPCO Roadmap. It has been blessed off by the ET. Use it as you see fit. Tim Kolb

CX 730 of 1170 April 22, 2011

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CX 740 of 1170 Naval Reactors Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory US Department of Energy/Nuclear Energy United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission

CX 741 of 1170 From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 5:53 AM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather;, Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US-AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: Unit 2 RPV level decreasing

Clarification on the call today, did you say Unit2 reactor level was decreasing? Any data to the effect would be appreciated.

RST-Jim Shea

CX 742 of 1170 From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 5:25 AM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US-AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: 4' above the bottom of Containment SAMG

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CX 743 of 1170 From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 2:54 AM To: Casto, Chuck; Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather;, Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US- AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: Consortium Agenda for 4/22 Attachments: April 22 1100 Agenda.docx

Review during 3:00am phone call

RST Jim Shea

CX 744 of 1170 Agenda 11:00am Consortium Call 4/22/2011

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CX 745 of 1170 From: RSTO1 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 1:58 AM To: Lupold, Timothy Cc: Garchow, Steve; Norwood, Donald; Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: RE: Topic For HQ RST

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RST- Jim Shea

From: Lupold, Timothy Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:26 PM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Garchow, Steve; Norwood, Donald; Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: RE: Topic For HQ RST

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Please, provide thoughts and if possible more detail on an approach to fill these corner rooms. From: RSTO1 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 8:32 AM To: Lupold, Timothy Cc: Garchow, Steve; Norwood, Donald; Moore, Cad; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: RE: Topic For HQ RST

Here is the latest document that was generated on March 2 8th.

Ifwe update it, I will send any updates to you.

Mike

CX 746 of 1170 Garchow,RST01BrownThursday,Lupold,SafetyTopic Hoc Steve; Team]]mothy ForApril HQ Norwood, 21, RST 2011 2:15Donald; AM Moore, Carl; Mitman, ]effrey

Mike Brown Reactor Safety Team

From: Lupold, Timothy Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:15 AM To: RST01 Hoc Cc: Garchow, Steve; Norwood, Donald; Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: Topic For HQ RST To:Subject:From:Sent:C:c:ReactorMike

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CX 753 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 11:48 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: draft Agenda for Nuclear Assistance Working Group Meeting 04-22-2011 Attachments: Agenda for Nuclear Assistance Working Group Meeting 04-22-2011.docx

From: Cipullo, Timothy L [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:23 PM To: Wall, Marc M; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Cherry, Ronald C; Spurlock, Kenneth CAPT USN MDAO; [email protected]; Alapp; Garchow, Steve; Duncan, Aleshia D; Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE) Subject: draft Agenda for Nuclear Assistance Working Group Meeting 04-22-2011

Here is a draft agenda for today's 3:00 PM Working Group meeting. Let's discuss this and any proposed additions in today's 13:00 BACC meeting.

Best,

Tim

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 754 of 1170 Guide for Discussion

April 22, 2011

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CX 755 of 1170 From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:05 PM To: Casto, Chuck; Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather;, Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US- AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: FW: What do we know about contract with AREVA for water management?

FYI

-Original Message--- From: Peko, Damian (mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 9:04 PM To: RST01 Hoc; Skeen, David Cc: Burns, Douglas; Busby, Jeremy T; Schneider, Steve; Caponiti, Alice Subject: RE: What do we know about contract with AREVA for water management?

David, et al

(b)(5)

I am not sure this adequately addresses the concern. I will pass on anything more I hear. Let me know if you have any questions.

Damian Peko

-Original Message---- From: Caponiti, Alice Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 11:35 AM To: Schneider, Steve; DL-NERT-AII; Busby, Jeremy T; Burns, Douglas Subject: What do we know about contract with AREVA for water management?

All:

Alice

CX 756 of 1170 To: Griffin, Steven Subject: RE: New Bicycle Rack Installation in the White Flint Complex Garage

Mr. Griffin,

Sorry,

Steve

From: Norwood, Donald Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 6:53 PM To: Griffin, Steven Cc: Norwood, Donald Subject: New Bicycle Rack Installation in the White Flint Complex Garage

Mr. Griffin:

(b)(5)

I really appreciate your help, Donald Norwood

CX 757 of 1170 From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:52 PM To: Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: Action Required: Clarification on water levels Attachments: img07908.pdf

Please try to get the best answers we can from TEPCO today at the 11:00 meeting.

-- Original Message---- From: A , [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 11:32 PM To: Reynolds, Steven; [email protected] Cc: [email protected] Subject: RE: Clarification on water levels

Dear Reynolds

(b)(5)

Best regards,

Toshi

> -Original Message--- > From: Reynolds, Steven [mailto:[email protected]] > Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:55 PM > To: '[email protected]' > Cc: [email protected] > Subject: Clarification on water levels

> Mr. Nei,

> I apologize for this late night request.

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)

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> Again my apologies,

> Steve Reynolds

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CX 762 of 1170 From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:46 PM To: Gepford, Heather; Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Norwood, Donald; Garchow, Steve; Wittick, Brian Cc: Casto, Chuck Subject: FYI - LEnTER OF THANKS FROM SENATOR MIKULSKI Attachments: Tab A Sen. Barbara Mikulski 04-20-11.pdf

Nice note and a good reminder that we have an important job out here in Japan - to make a difference and get these reactors to a safer place. A lot of people are counting on us!.

From: Weber, Michael Sent: Friday, April 22, 2011 5:13 AM To: OST01 HOC; Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven Cc: Zimmerman, Roy; Boger, Bruce; Tracy, Glenn; Holonich, Joseph; Skeen, David; Trapp, James Subject: FYI - LETTER OF THANKS FROM SENATOR MIKULSKI

Please share the attached letter with our HQ and Japan Site Team. Not every day we receive such a complimentary and heartfelt letter. Well done.

CX 763 of 1170 Lb; ....., 5tatcs, $rutc.i¢•'---".

April 20, 2011

The Honorable Gregory Jaczko Chairman U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001

Dear Chairman Jaczko,

Thank you once again to you and your staff for the outstanding visit on Monday. The wealth of knowledge displayed by your team was highly impressive. The informative briefing and operations center tour were top-notch, and I greatly appreciated the opportunity to learn more about the fantastic work being done by the staff at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission each day.

The NRC is being relied upon to provide support and guidance during the nuclear crisis in Japan, and is working hard to keep domestic plants safe right here in our backyard. The essential work of these federal employees is paramount as we work to ensure a safe energy future. They are working around the clock and deserve the utmost appreciation for their service.

Please thank the staff once again for all that they do. They have my sincere gratitude.

Sincerely,

Barbara A. Mikulski United States Senator

." .',. . • .V...... " .1 . -. ..,. ".::Lr , .. . . " . " . .

CX 764 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:32 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Response Requested: Industry Consortium Matrix Action Item

From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:13 PM To: Garchow, Steve Subject: RE: Response Requested: Industry Consortium Matrix Action Item

Thanks Steve!

And there was one piece that I left off....

There is also a request to identify the actual of survey meters that the US Government could provide calibrated and free of charge. So, if you could include this in the update that would be great.

Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:08 PM To: LIA08 Hoc Subject: RE: Response Requested: Industry Consortium Matrix Action Item

Will do

From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 5:38 PM To: Garchow, Steve Subject: Response Requested: Industry Consortium Matrix Action Item

Hello Steve,

(b)(5)

Could you please give me an update on this action?

Thanks I

CX 765 of 1170 Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

CX 766 of 1170 From: Baca, Bernadette Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:35 PM To: R4DRP-DIV; R4DRS-DIV Subject: FW: FOIA 2011-0195 and 2011-187 Attachments: 2011-0195.pdf; FOIA Checklist.pdf; Assessing FOIA Related Docs-Guide-DRAFT.doc

Importance: High

Everyone,

With an ever increasing number of FOIA issued, Harry and I will be splitting the FOIAs between us. For the moment, Harry will process all information regarding 2011-187 and I have everything else.

In addition, I have attached "Assessing FOIA Related Docs-Guide-DRAFT" as a guide that will hopefully answer a few of your questions and help me process the FOIAs a little faster; i.e. more efficiently. If you have feedback regarding the guide, please provide them to me.

Thank you all for your help. There is no way I or Harry can complete these tasks without your timely support and responses. Bernadette

From: Munroe, Stacey Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:24 AM To: R4 Cc: Baca, Bernadette; Freeman, Harry; Cain, Chuck; Owen, Lucy Subject: ACT: FOIA 2011-0195 Importance: High

Region IV Staff

The attached Freedom of Information Act request was recently received by the NRC (FOIA 2011-0195, attached). This FOIA requests that the NRC provide to the requester Agency records on the Japan nuclear crisis for the dates April 19 and 20, 2011. In addition, they are requesting all communications between the NRC and the Department of Energy, GE Energy, and Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy pertaining to the Japanese nuclear incidents for the period March 11-April 20. If you have already supplied these, you do not need to do so again.

We need you to conduct a search of all paper records and all your electronic mail in your Outlook mailboxes: Inbox, Sent Items, Deleted Items, and Archived Items for mail on the above subjects (in bold). We are only interested in Agency records on the Japan nuclear crisis for the dates April 19 and 20, 2011, and communications between the NRC and the Department of Energy, GE Energy, and Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy pertaining to the Japanese nuclear incidents, if you haven't already supplied them.

The following is a listing of the types of documents that you do not need to provide as part of this request:

" Published items coming from HQs (examples: Periodic EDO Updates, Commission Meetings Slides, Press Releases, Public Affairs Office Announcements, Information sent to a broad distribution from the HQs Operations Center, Situation Reports, or Yellow Announcements).

* Newspaper Articles

CX 767 of 1170 0 External Information that you retrieved from websites (such as EPA, or other technical websites, etc)

After you have printed the documents, you will need to include the normal review and redaction recommendations. The FOIA Exemptions are attached to this email, along with the FOIA Policy Guide and The Region IV FOIA Responder Checklist. Documents from other offices of the Agency need to be forwarded to that office. Regional Office Policy Guide 0650.10 (attached) provides guidance on the FOIA. The Division FOIA Coordinators (listed below) are also available to assist you and answer any questions you might have.

The due date for this request is April 28, 2011. Please talk to your Division FOIA Coordinator about your response so that your Division can respond on and/or before April 28. 2011.

Division FOIA Coordinators: ORA - Lucy Owen DNMS - Chuck Cain DRS/DRP - Bernadette Baca/Harry Freeman

Should you have any questions, please contact Stacey Munroe at ext 136 or Earnestine Clay at ext 085.

Thank you for your cooperation and effort with this FOIA.

Stacey Munroe FOIA Coordinator

CX 768 of 1170 From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 10:10 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Norwood, Donald; Gepford, Heather;, Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: FW: April 21 briefing notes, excel spreadsheet and radiation survey map Attachments: April 21 Ryan 6 pm briefing notes.doc; 20110420 1330 Facility Area Survey Data[1].pdf; TEPCO Sumarry Rev.95 April 21.xls

.DISCLAIMER: This e-mail and any of its attachments may contain proprietary INPO or WANO information that is privileged, confidential, or protected by copyright belonging to INPO or WANO. This e-mail is intended solel use of the individual or entity for which it is intended. If you are not the intended recipient o -mail, any dissemination, distribution, copying, or action taken in relation to the contents of ac ments to this e-mail is contrary to the rights of INPO or WANO and is prohibited. If you are e intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender immediately by return e-mail and per y delete the original and any copy or printout of this e-mail and any attachments. 'sThank.

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CX 770 of 1170 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI

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CX 771 of 1170 Unit Status

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CX 772 of 1170 Not for Release

Fukushima-Daiichi Current Status and Planned Work

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ORbX

CX 776 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:42 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: sample of SOP for a BACC position Attachments: Daily Work for Bilateral Assistance Cooperation Cell - Embassy Coordinator.docx

From: Cipullo, Timothy L [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:38 AM To: Aaron Held; Aaron Heldi; Aaron Leong; Abbot, Charles Spencer (TDY/DAO); Alapp; Ana Katsuma; Angelov, Bonnie A; Audu Besmer; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Blake Crowe; Wittick, Brian; Calma, Neil R; Cherry, Ronald C; Cipullo, Timothy L; Cooper, Justin D; Dirk Foster; Duncan, Aleshia D; Ed Brown; Eric Corbett; Gabor, Robert R; Hefner, Timothy B; Helen Peterson; Howard, E. Bruce; Jeffrey Wiltse; Joseph Robertsl; Katz, Steven (DCHA/OFDA); Keith Simmers; Ken Spurlock; Lapp, Alison K; Michael Weisz; Miki Huntington; Reid Tanaka; Garchow, Steve; Suzanne Basalla; Thomas Roark; Wall, Marc M; White, James R (TDY/DAO); Young, Joseph M; Zumwalt, James P Subject: sample of SOP for a BACC position

Here is the SOP I wrote for my position in the BACC. It is a list, running through each day, of tasks related to the job and what products need to be sent to whom when. I hope it is useful to those of you who will be transitioning soon.

Best,

Tim

Timothy L. Cipullo Environment/Energy Officer Environment, Science and Technology Unit U.S. Embassy Tokyo

+81 3-3224-5495 [email protected]

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 777 of 1170 Daily Work for Bilateral Assistance Cooperation Cell - Embassy Coordinator

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X:\Earthquake 2011\BACC\BACC Planning\Daily Work for Bilateral Assistance Cooperation Cell - Embassy Coordinator.docx

CX 780 of 1170 From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:29 AM To: Casto, Chuck; Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather;, Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US- AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: Agenda update for 3:00am call Attachments: April 21 1100 Agenda.docx; 11 am call notes 110420.docx

CX 781 of 1170 11 am call notes 4/20/11

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CX 785 of 1170 From: Gard, Lee A (UNPO) Sent: Thursday, April 21, 2011 2:15 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; (b)(6) Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; 1(b)(6) Norwood, Donald; Gepford, Heather;, Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; -alay, Michael; Reid Tanaka; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: Scanned PDFs for SFP fill and N2 inject systems Attachments: SFP Injection.pdf; N2 Injection.pdf

Attached are basic system diagrams for SFP and N2 in case you don't have already, with some translations and notes I have added. We used these as basis for discussions with TEPCO on system redundancy, diversity and reliability.

Lee Gard INPO, Industry Support Team - Japan cell I (b)(6) -gardla(8Jinpo.org

Restricted Distribution: Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations. Not for sale or for commercia-L- use. Reproduction of this report without the prior written consent of INPO is expressly prohbidUnutie reproductionis a violation of applicable law. The persons and organiz e umished copies of this report should not deliver or transfe t heport or its contents public, without the prioragreement of/INPO. All other ri•

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CX 790 of 1170 I From: Garchow, Steve Sent Wednesday, April 20, 2011 10:18 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Site Team Requests.xlsx Attachments: Site Team Requests.xlsx

From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 10:16 PM To: Garchow, Steve; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy Subject: Site Team Requests.xlsx

Team,

My review of the past weeks emails and RST log, shows only the one item outstanding. There were other requests but they were resolved some way or another. I will attempt to turnover the file location and remind the next shift to log any requests into the attached spreadsheet. I am sure I have missed something, if it was important, someone will remind us. If you know of anything that is important and should be in the list, please let me know and I will add it.

RST Antonios Zoulis

CX 791 of 1170 IDRequest Requesting Date Requested Response Date Received Response Description Official Received Official Received

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CX 818 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 9:48 PM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Fukushima Daiichi Accident Progression Attachments: Fukushima Dai Ichi Unit 3 Accident Sequence Description.docx; Fukushima Daiichi Unit 2 Accident Description - Ed Fuller and Don Dube.pdf; Q466 NRCPostulatedCorebreach_1F2 - FINALpdf; Q466 NRCPostulated_Corebreach_lF2 - FINAL with comments.pdf

From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 9:47 PM To: Casto, Chuck; Garchow, Steve; Gepford, Heather; Huffert, Anthony; Lupold, Timothy; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Reynolds, Steven; US-AID Disaster Team; Wittick, Brian Subject: FW: Fukushima Daiichi Accident Progression

FYI

From: RST02 Hoc Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:39 PM To: RSTO1 Hoc Subject: Fukushima Daiichi Accident Progression

Official Use nly-

All,

Attached are the NRC's analysis on the accident progression for the Fukushima Daiichi plants. In addition, GEH developed its assessment which was subsequently reviewed by the NRC.

Reactor Safety Team

-Official Use Onlyý

CX 819 of 1170 Fukushima Dai Ichi Unit 3 Accident Description

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CX 822 of 1170 Fukushima Dai Ichi Unit 2 Accident Description

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CX 823 of 1170 Inr- 17%hll Xf- UOC-- k.JIML

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C:\Documents and Settings\eIMy Documents\Fukushima Dai-lchi\F2Trend_110318-E.xls

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C:\Documents and Settings\elf\My Documents\Fukushima Dai-lchi\F2Trend_110318-E.xls

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CX 831 of 1170 April 15, 2011 Confidential - GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy LLC Withhold Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4 Information is Unverified

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NRC Postulated Core Breach on 1F2 Review

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CX 839 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 8:25 PM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; RST01 Hoc; Norwood, Donald Subject- FW: April 20 Updates Attachments: N2 Purge.pdf; 20110420 0700 Water Levels[1].pdf; 20110420 0600 Plant Parameters[1].pdf; Unit I drywell Water Level Anticipation Rev.9 [1].pdf

From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2Q11 3:58 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Bradley [(b)() - Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck;[(b)(6) Norwood, Donald; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Reid Tanaka; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; steve. [email protected] Subject: FW: April 20 Updates

Latest information on N2 purge, building water levels and temperature / pressure graphs. Also attached is a clearer version of one of the charts being used for drywell level prediction. There are many different charts being used but this one seems to give a good high level overview.

CX 840 of 1170 CX 841 of 1170 From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 7:00 PM Huffert. Antho To: IMoore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; (b)(6) Norwood, D'onald'; Gepford, Heather;, Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Reid Tanaka; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: FW: April 20 briefing notes and excel spreadsheet Attachments: TEPCO Sumarry Rev.94 Final April 20.xls; April 20 Ryan 6 pm briefing notes.doc

Sorry these are sent later than usual. Email/computer issues on my end.

CX 842 of 1170 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI

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Fukushima-Daiichi Current Status and Planned Work

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OXN)

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CX 848 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent Wednesday, April 20, 2011 5:33 PM To: RST01 Hoc; Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: FOR YOUR REVIEW AND APPROVAL Attachments: APRIL 21 SITREP INPUT.docx

Your write up looks fine

From: Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 5:09 AM To: Wittick, Brian; Garchow, Steve; Moore, Carl Subject: FOR YOUR REVIEW AND APPROVAL

Will appreciate your time and consideration for review and approval. I won't bother you after this Saturday. Thanks for your help and kindness.

Riaz Awan

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CX 852 of 1170 From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 7:36 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: FYI - IAEA Technical Briefing Summary for April 19, 2011 (attached and pasted below). Attachments: IAEA Technical Briefing 04192011.docx

For your info. Let me know if you already receive these documents from IAEA. DOEs sitrep this morning noted a 23 degree C rise in the temp of SFP #2 from yesterdays temp readings. I have asked our RST to look at.

Jeff Temple Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

From: Zimmerman, Roy Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 7:33 AM To: OST01 HOC; LIA08 Hoc Cc: RST01 Hoc; Hoc, PMT12 Subject: FW: FYI - IAEA Technical Briefing Summary for April 19, 2011 (attached and pasted below).

Do we send this report to the site team? If not, we should start, thx

From: Weber, Michael Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 6:49 AM To: OST01 HOC; Zimmerman, Roy Cc: Virgilio, Martin; Merzke, Daniel; Hoc, PMT12; LIA08 Hoc; RST01 Hoc Subject: FYI - IAEA Technical Briefing Summary for April 19, 2011 (attached and pasted below).

From: Shaffer, Mark R [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 3:08 AM To: Shaffer, Mark R; Scheland, Mark DL; IAEA Vienna; Davies, GIln T Cc: LIA02 Hoc; Schwartzman, Jennifer; r(-b)(6) " [email protected]; (b)(6)

(b)(6) fWeber, Michael; Collins, Elmo; [email protected]; [email protected]; ET01 Hoc; ET02 THo- O-102 HOC; LIA02 Hoc Subject: IAEA Technical Briefing Summary for April 19, 2011 (attached and pasted below).

IAEA Technical Briefing on Fukushima Accident - April 19, 2011

The IAEA Technical Briefing today was led by Deputy Director General Denis Flory, and supported by Mr. Miro Lipar, from the Division of Nuclear Installation Safety; Ms. Elena Buglova, Acting Director for the Incident & Emergency Center; Rethy Cchem, from IAEA Division of Human Health, and Hartmuth Mies, from IAEA's Marine Environmental Laboratories in Monaco.

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This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 856 of 1170 IAEA Technical Briefing on Fukushima Accident - April 19. 2011

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CX 860 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 6:35 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: Re: Request ENAC login information

Please add another 0 in the UN below.

Sent from NRC BlackBerry l(b)(6)Rrinn WAitfifirV

From: Wittick, Brian To: Liaison Japan Sent: Wed Apr 20 05:18:30 2011 Subject: Request ENAC login information

If you desire to view information on the IAEA emergency website use the following link: https://www- emergency.iaea.org/loqin.asp?NextURL=%2FDefault%2Easp

With the following logins: Pwt(bX)(6UN: US00095

CX 861 of 1170 From: Gepford, Heather Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 3:58 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject- FW: covering for me next week

FYI

From: Walcott, Naomi [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 3:50 AM To: Gepford, Heather Cc: Gabor, Robert R Subject: covering for me next week

Heather,

As you requested, my colleague who will cover for me next week is Robert Gabor (copied here). His e-mail is GaborRR(.state.uov, and his extension is 5024. As I mentioned, we stand by to assist!

Naomi

Naomi Walcott Second Secretary Environment, Science, Technology and Health Unit Economic Section U.S. Embassy Tokyo Tel: (03) 3224-5315 Fax: (03) 3224-5019 Email: walcottn•,state.oov

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 862 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Wednesday, April 20, 2011 12:55 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: meeting today at 14:15 to discuss agenda for today's Working Group meeting Attachments: Agenda for Nuclear Assistance Working Group Meeting 04-20-2011.docx

Importance: High

From: Cipullo, Timothy L [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 11:17 PM To: Aaron Leong; Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE); Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Boger, Bruce; Cherry, Ronald C; Tracy, Glenn; Howard, E. Bruce; James McKenna; Jay Tilden; Garchow, Steve; Wall, Marc M; Spurlock, Kenneth CAPT USN MDAO Subject: meeting today at 14:15 to discuss agenda for today's Working Group meeting Importance: High

Attached is a draft agenda for this afternoon's Working Group meeting with the GOJ. Please share this with others in your section who will be attending and look it over to see if we need to add any items.

We will plan to meet at 14:15 in Marc Wall's office in the Economic Section, 5F to discuss the agenda and who will raise which issues at our 15:00 Working Group meeting.

Regards,

Tim

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 863 of 1170 Guide for Discussion April 20,2011

Updates on Specific Items:

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CX 864 of 1170 From: Johnston, Katherine Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 10:22 AM To: Norwood, Donald Cc: travel; McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA); Bloom, Steven Subject Updated Tokyo Per Diem Attachments: Norwood-TA Amend 1-Japan-April 2011.pdf

Hi Donald,

Attached is a copy of your amended TA reflecting the per diem rate for Tokyo. Sorry for the inconvenience.

Best,

Katie Johnston Travel Coordinator USAID IOffice of US Foreign Disaster Assistance 529 14th St. NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20045 travel tel: 202.661.9388 te1:202.661.9363 BB/CeII (b)(6) j fax 202.330.5452

CX 865 of 1170 E2 Travel Authorization

19 Apr 2011 @ 08:46:43 PRIVACY ACT NOTICE: The following information is provided to comply with the Privacy Act of 1974(P.S. 93-579). The information requested on the form is required under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Chapter 57(as amended), Executive Orders 11609 of July 22. 1971, and 1102 of March 27, 1962, for the purpose of facilitating authorization action and the request for advance of funds for travel and other expenses to be incurred under administrative. The information contained in this form will be used by the Federal agency officers and employees who have a need for such information in the performance of their duties. Information will be transferred to appropriate Federal, State, local, or foreign agencies when relevant to civil, criminal or regulatory investigations, or prosecutions. Failure to provide the information required will result in delay or suspension of the processing of this form.

Authorization Information

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CX 873 of 1170 FOIA Resource

From: McLaughlin, Jonathan [[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 12:09 PM To: FOIA Resource Cc: Fettus, Geoffrey Subject: FOIA Request for Records Regarding Information on Nuclear Incident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Attachments: FOIA Request NRC Fukushima April 2011.PDF

Dear FOIA Officer:

Attached is a FOIA request from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) for records regarding information on the nuclear incident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The paper copy, along with a CD with documents in support of our request for a fee waiver, was sent via FedEx today, and should be arriving next week. Please do not hesitate to call or email with questions.

Thank you.

Sincerely,

Jonathan McLaughlin Program Assistant, Nuclear Program/International Program Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 1200 New York Avenue NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 289-2385 Fax: (202) 289-1060 Email: imclauqhlin anrdc.orq http://switch board. nrdc.orqblobos/mmcla uq hlin/

CX 874 of 1170 Munroe, Stacey

From: FOIAPAR4 Resource [[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 7:37 AM To: Munroe, Stacey Subject: FW: Action Item/Instructions: FOIAIPA-2011-00189 FEE WAIVER GRANTED

From: Culleen, Barbara[SMTP FOIA.RESOURCEUNRC GOVI Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 7:37:23 AM To: RidsEdoMailCenter Resource; RidsNmssOd Resource, NRO_FOIA Resource; RidsNrrMailCenter Resource; FOIAPANSIR Resource; RidsOcaMailCenter Resource; FOIAPAOIP Resource; Shannon, Valerie; RidsResPmdaMail Resource; R1FOIAPA RESOURCE; FOIAPAR2 Resource; RIIIFOIAPA Resource; FOIAPAR4 Resource; FOIAPASECY Resource Cc: Blaney, Stephanie; FOIA Resource Subject: Action Item/Instructions: FOIA/PA-2011-00189 FEE WAIVER GRANTED Auto forwarded by a Rule

You have been assigned action on the incoming FOIA request available at: ADAMS ACCESSION # MLl 1 108AI35

Offices Assigned Action on April 19, 2011 EDO;NMSS;NRO;NRR;NSIR;OCA;OIP;OPA;RES;RI;RII;RIII;RIV;SECY

NOTE: Similar to 2011-0147 and 2011-0184 except for longer time period (March 11 - April 18)

The OIS FOIA/PA Specialist for this request is indicated in the "cc" to this e-mail.

The FOIA/PA request should be processed in accordance with the standard instructions (How to Respond to an Initial FOIA Request) at ML060590485. You are encouraged to ask for a scoping discussion with the requester when you believe it will be beneficial. You are encouraged to ask for assistance in performing adequate ADAMS searches if you are having difficulty doing a search.

Since the requesterhas been grantedafee waiver, your initialestimates are not required.

NRC Form 496, "Report of Staff Resources for Processing FOIA/PA Requests" is now available on Informs for your use.

CX 875 of 1170 From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) Sent Tuesday, April 19, 2011 4:56 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected]; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: April 19 Updates Attachments: 20110419 0700 Unit 1 Drywell Pressure[1].pdf; 20110419 0700 Water Levels[1].pdf; 20110419 0700 Plant Parameters[1].pdf; 4 18 dry well levels.pdf

Latest information on Nitrogen purge, building water levels and temperature / pressure graphs. I have also included information on drywell level

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T CX 906 of 1170 From: Norwood, Donald Sent Tuesday, April 19, 2011 2:01 AM To: '[email protected]' Cc: Norwood, Donald Subject: Assistance Tracker Distribution

Please ensure that you put me on distribution for the US-Japan Nuclear-Related Assistance Tracker spreadsheet.

My E-mail address is Donald.Norwood(•nrc..qov

Thanks, Norwood

CX 907 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 1:17 AM To: Norwood, Donald Subject FW: 04-05 0938 GEH Q324 NRC Part 3 Nitrogen Purge Alternatives.docx Attachments: 04-05 0938 GEH Q324 NRC Part 3 Nitrogen Purge Alternatives.docx

From: Blarney, Alan Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 12:58 PM To: Garchow, Steve Subject: FW: 04-05 0938 GEH Q324 NRC Part 3 Nitrogen Purge Alternatives.docx

Steve there is a item on the GOJ tracker for this item. I am not sure that it is closed. If it is not then you can forward the information to NISA and close the item.

From: RSTO1 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 7:38 PM To: Blarney, Alan Subject: FW: 04-05 0938 GEH Q324 NRC Part 3 Nitrogen Purge Alternatives.docx

Alan,

Attached is the N2 purge alternatives for you to close the loop on the GOJ tracker.

RST cn/az

From: RST09 Hoc Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 7:34 PM To: RSTO1 Hoc Subject: 04-05 0938 GEH Q324 NRC Part 3 Nitrogen Purge Alternatives.docx

CX 908 of 1170 Question 324:

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CX 910 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 8:39 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: foreign travel reimbursement question

As noted below, the FTR does not require reduction in per diem allowances for the breakfast coupons. I recommend you keep the below for reference in case there is debate when you submit your voucher.

Thanks to Tony for this. Brian

From: Walker, John Sent: Wednesday, April 13, 2011 4:48 PM To: Huffert, Anthony Subject: RE: foreign travel reimbursement question

No, you do not have to take a deduction from your meals & incidental expenses for these coupons.

From the Federal Travel Regulation -

301-11.17 If my agency authorizes per diem reimbursement, will it reduce my M&IE allowance for a meal(s) provided by a common carrier or for a complimentary meal(s) provided by a hotel/motel? No. A meal provided by a common carrieror a complimentary meal provided by a hotel/motel does not affect your per diem.

CX 911 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent. Monday, April 18, 2011 7:58 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject FW: Today's Consortium Conference Call will be in the NRC Huddle Room on IF at 9:00 AM

Importance: High

From: Cipullo, Timothy L [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 7:50 PM To: Cipullo, Timothy L; Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE); Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Cherry, Ronald C; DART DOE Liaison; Duncan, Aleshia D; Howard, E. Bruce; Joint Support Force; Wall, Marc M; Spurlock, Kenneth CAPT USN MDAO; [email protected]; Garchow, Steve Cc: Basalla, Suzanne I Subject: Today's Consortium Conference Call will be in the NRC Huddle Room on 1F at 9:00 AM Importance: High

Because of another conference call with OMB taking place at the same time in the BACC room, we will hold our Consortium conference call in the NRC Huddle Room on the first floor today.

Hope to see you there.

Tim

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 912 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 7:57 PM To: Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: latest update to the Nuclear Assistance Tracker matrix Attachments: Nuclear Team Asks and Offers Tracker 04-18-2011.xlsx

From: Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 7:31 PM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: Cipullo, Timothy L Subject: FW: latest update to the Nuclear Assistance Tracker matrix

Steve - please note the latest update.

Tim - could you please include Steve (NRC) on the distribution for updates.

Thanks

Riaz

From: Cipullo, Timothy L Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:05 PM To: Awan, Riaz X (Sofia - DOE); Basalla, Suzanne I; Berger, William (RDMA/OFDA); Cherry, Ronald C; DART DOE Liaison; Duncan, Aleshia D; Howard, E. Bruce; Joint Support Force; NRC Liaison Office; Wall, Marc M Cc: Tokyo, BACC Subject: latest update to the Nuclear Assistance Tracker matrix

Attached is the latest version of the Nuclear Assistance Tracker matrix. It includes feedback from the GOJ from the 4/15 Working Group meeting, plus updates from DOE and NRC. Please take a look at the second worksheet tab, "Other USG Offers." It includes the offer for lead blankets from Atsugi. We plan to pass this sheet to the GOJ at the 4/19 Cabinet meeting.

Regards,

Tim

Timothy L. Cipullo Environment/Energy Officer Environment, Science and Technology Unit U.S. Embassy Tokyo

+81 3-3224-5495 [email protected]

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

CX 913 of 1170 2 US-Japan Nudear-Related Assistance Tracker

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CX 926 of 1170 From: Mitman, Jeffrey Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 7:24 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject FW: SFP4 water sampling

If you follows the link below it will take you to a TEPCO website with images and video.

Jeff

From: Salay, Michael Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 5:58 AM To: Garchow, Steve; Meighan, Sean; Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl Cc: Bernhard, Rudolph; Blarney, Alan Subject: SFP4 water sampling

TEPCO has footage of the water sampling of SFP4 on this page: http://www.tepco.co.ip/en/news/1 10311/

This is different from the water sampling video that we obtained from TEPCO. It seems that the sampler can be seen entering the pool.

-Mike

CX 927 of 1170 From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:58 PM To: UA08 Hoc; Liaison Japan Subject: My response: question about remote helicopter pictures

Jeff,

Some of the team members say a video last week that appears to have been taken from a remote helicopter. We currently do not have a copy but we will try to get one. Once we get one, we will try to determine if we can send it back electronically or need to hand carry it back.

I think you will be getting a similar email from Brian.

Thanks, Steve

From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Tuesday, April 19, 2011 6:12 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: question about remote helicopter pictures

Thanks for any info you can provide.

Jeff Temple Liaison Team Coordinator 301-816-5800

CX 928 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 5:53 PM To: Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Scanned PDFs -two pages each for SFP fill and N2 inject systems Attachments: SFP Injection.pdf; N2 Injection.pdf

From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 2:58 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Card; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitman, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: FW: Scanned PDFs -two pages each for SFP fill and N2 inject systems in case you don't have these.

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CX 933 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent Monday, April 18, 2011 5:38 PM To: Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject FW: 18 April Updates Attachments: 20110418 0600 Unit I Drywell Pressure[1].pdf; 4 18 1100 Building Water Levels[l].pdf; 20110418 0600 Plant Parameters[1].pdf; Units 1, 2 drywell level.pdf; Silt fences.pdf

From: Gard, Lee A (INPO) [mailto:[email protected]]. Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 1:09 AM To: Huffert, Anthony; Moore, Carl; Casto, Chuck; Gepford, Heather; Mitrnan, Jeffrey; Hay, Michael; Salay, Michael; Meighan, Sean; Garchow, Steve; [email protected] Subject: FW: 18 April Updates

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CX 952 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 5:26 PM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Emailing: NEI 05-07 Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline Phase 3 Guideline Rev 0 - clean.doc Attachments: NEI 05-07 Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline Phase 3 Guideline Rev 0 - clean.doc

Please review.

---- Original Message--- From: Blarney, Alan Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 11:43 AM To: [email protected] Cc: RST01 Hoc; Garchow, Steve; Reynolds, Steven Subject: FW: Emailing: NEI 05-07 Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline Phase 3 Guideline Rev 0 - clean.doc

-Original Message- From: RST09 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 1:09 AM To: Blarney, Alan Subject: FW: Emailing: NEI 05-07 Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline Phase 3 Guideline Rev 0 - clean.doc

Alan,

(b)(5)

Larry Criscione RST Accident Analyst

-Original Message- From: Zoulis, Antonios Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 11:14 PM To: RST09 Hoc Subject: Emailing: NEI 05-07 Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline Phase 3 Guideline Rev 0 - clean.doc

The message is ready to be sent with the following file or link attachments:

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CX 953 of 1170 Note: To protect against computer viruses, e-mail programs may prevent sending or receivin attachments. Check your e-mail securit "° a ac ments are handled.

CX 954 of 1170 Limited Distribut*En Not FOr Public Disclosure

NEI 05-07

Industry Mitigation Strategy Study Guideline

NEI NUCLEAR ENERGY INSTITUTE

REVISION 0

September 2005

Prepared by:

rw MI11E Engineering and Research, Inc. An SKF Group Company 2105 South Bascom Avenue Suite 350 Campbell, CA 95008-3278

5UIE'/q001776 / 5IREFT, N1W WA5141ING TOAI DC 20006-3708 202"739-8000

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FOREWORD

The plant conditions evaluated in this guideline are beyond design basis and outside of the regulatory scope. This guideline and the plant-specific results generated through its application are not generally considered Safeguards Information. However, some of the intermediate and final results are sensitive and should be handled in accordance with 10 CFR § 2.390.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1.0 Introduction

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Figure F-2

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CX 1033 of 1170 From: Salay, Michael Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 9:27 AM To: Liaison Japan Cc: Stahl, Eric; Scott, Michael; Taylor, Robert; Giessner, John

(b)(5)

-Mike

CX 1034 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:21 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: OSC: J~i: High Radiation Detected Inside Fukushima Reactor Buildings

From: OSClNFO(arccb.osis.qov Date: April 18, 2011 3:19:47 PM GMT+09:00 Subject: OSC: Jiji: High Radiation Detected Inside Fukushima Reactor Buildings Reply-To: OSGINFO•,rccb.osis.pov

Note: The following OSC material is being emailed to you based on a subscription.

UNCLASSIFIED

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CX 1035 of 1170 (b)(5)

Access OpenSource.gov from anywhere, anytime. All you need is the internet. Go to https://www.opensource.gov or contact our OSC Customer Center at OSCinfobrccb.osis.gov.

UNCLASSIFIED

CX 1036 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:21 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: OSC: Kyodo: Refiling: Updatel: up To 57 Millisieverts Measured at Nos. 1, 3 Reactor Buildings

From: OSClNFO(,rccb.osis.cov Date: April 18, 2011 3:23:42 PM GMT+09:00 Subject: OSC: Kyodo: Refiling: Updatel: up To 57 Millisieverts Measured at Nos. 1, 3 Reactor Buildings Reply-To: OSCIN FO(crccb.osis.qov

Note: The following OSC material is being emailed to you based on a subscription.

UNCLASSIFIED

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CX 1038 of 1170 to https://www.opensource.gov, or contact our OSC Customer Center at OSCinfob(irccb.osis.gov.

UNCLASSIFIED

CX 1039 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:20 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: OSC: Nikkei: Japan's Robots Flunk Nuclear Test

From: OSClNFO(crcCb.osis..qov Date: April 18, 2011 3:58:06 PM GMT+09:00 Subject: OSC: Nikkei: Japan's Robots Flunk Nuclear Test Reply-To: OSClNFO•,rccb.osis.qov

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UNCLASSIFIED

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CX 1041 of 1170 Access OpenSource.gov from anywhere, anytime. All you need is the intemet. Go to https://www.opensource.gov, or contact our OSC Customer Center at OSCinfo(drccb.osis.gov.

UNCLASSIFIED

CX 1042 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 6:16 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: OSC: Nikkei: Tepco Starts Using Us Robots at Fukushima Plant

From: OSClNFO(@,rccb.osis.qov Date: April 18, 2011 3:45:55 PM GMT+09:00 Subject: OSC: Nikkei: Tepco Starts Using Us Robots at Fukushima Plant Reply-To: OSClNFO(crccb.osis.qov

Note: The following OSC material is being emailed to you based on a subscription.

UNCLASSIFIED

(b)(5)

CX 1043 of 1170 (b)(5)

Access OpenSource.gov from anywhere, anytime. All you need is the internet. Go to https://www.opensource.gov, or contact our OSC Customer Center at OSCinfob(rccb.osis.gov.

UNCLASSIFIED

CX 1044 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 9:17 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: NRC Meetings for 18 April 2011

Please note below the shielding meeting scheduled for today at 1400 at METI. Whomever will be attending please annotate on the adhoc meeting list.

Thanks, Brian

--- Original Message--- From: kA *,;_. [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 9:02 PM To: Wittick, Brian; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; koyama- [email protected] Cc: Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven; [email protected] Subject: RE: NRC Meetings for 18 April 2011

Dear Brian

Thank you for your mail about the NRC schedule today. Let me inform you that the Shielding Project meeting will be held from 14:00 to 15:00 at 1042 of the Annex building of METI today. Many thank you for your support.

Best regards,

Toshiyuki Oshima NISA

>---Original Message---- > From: Wittick, Brian [mailto:[email protected]] > Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 8:17 AM > To: '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; > '[email protected]'; '[email protected]'; > '[email protected]' > Cc: Casto, Chuck; Reynolds, Steven; '[email protected]' > Subject: NRC Meetings for 18 April 2011

> Dear Bannai-san and Satoh-san,

> Please find the schedule for NRC meetings today (attached). If you > have any questions or concerns, please let me know.

> Best regards,

CX 1045 of 1170 > Brian Wittick

> U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

> Japan Team International Liaison

> Tel: 81-33-22-45-066

> Mob: [(b)(6)

CX 1046 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 9:09 PM To: Lupold, Timothy; Moore, Carl; Norwood, Donald; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: FW: TEPCO roadmap Hisanori Nei,NISA Attachments: pressrelease.pdf; roadmap image.pdf; roadmap summaryl.pdf; roadmap summary2.pdf

--- Original Message ----- From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 2:37 AM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: Reynolds, Steven; Casto, Chuck; [email protected]; [email protected]; bannai- [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: TEPCO roadmap Hisanori Nei,NISA

Dear Mr. Garchow

Here I send you the roadmap created by tepco which is released at 1500 by this e-mail.

We plan to discuss about it briefly tomorrow 1100 meeting.

See you tomorrow.

Regards, Hisanori Nei

(See attached file: pressrelease.pdf)(See attached file: roadmap image.pdf) (See attached file: roadmap summaryl.pdf)(See attached file: roadmap summary2.pdf)

CX 1047 of 1170 Roadmap towards Restoration from the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

April 17th, 2011 Tokyo Electric Power Company

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CX 1054 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 7:26 PM To: Liaison Japan Cc: LIA08 Hoc; 'McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA)' Subject: FW: JAPAN TRAVELER-ContactInfolist.doc Attachments: JAPAN TRAVELER-ContactInfolist.doc

Updated contact information.

Surin, please pass to Tim

Thanks Brian Wittick

CX 1055 of 1170 Last updated pages: 411112011

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CX 1060 of 1170 EVERYBODY ISSTAYING AT HOTEL INTOKYO

CX 1061 of 1170 From: Reynolds, Steven Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 7:23 PM To: LIA08 Hoc; Liaison Japan Subject: RE: US Embassy email Addresses

Marc Wall: WallMM(E.state.gov

Suzanne Bassala: basallaSi(6state.qov

From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 6:31 PM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: US Embassy email Addresses

Please see the request below.

Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

From: LIA08 Hoc Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 4:56 AM To: Wittick, Brian Subject: US Embassy email Addresses

Brian,

The ET Director would like to get the email addresses for two US embassy people they are, Marc Wall and Susan / Suzanne Bacillus (not sure of the spelling).

Thanks, Milt Murray Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

CX 1062 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 7:09 PM To: Mitman, Jeffrey; Moore, Carl; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject: FW: Nitrogen Question for 03:00 am Industry Consortium Call

From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 12:54 PM To: Garchow, Steve Cc: RST08 Hoc- RST09 Hoc; FOIA Response.hoc Resource; Ruland, William- Hiland, Patrick; Skeen, David; RST01 Hoc; RST09 Hoc; (b)(6) Caponiti DOE;

(b)(6)

Subject: Nitrogen Question for 03:00 am Industry Consortium Call

Steve,

(b)(5)

Please plan to discuss the above at the 0300 EST (4/18) call.

For those copied, if you have any additional input or questions, please contact [email protected] or bring it up at the 0300 call so that we can continue the discussion with the consortium at the 1100 EST (4/18) call.

Thank you, Larry Criscione NRC Reactor Safety Team From: RST01 Hoc Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 3:44 AM To: 'Accident Analyst; 11 (b)(6) ] 'Caponiti DOE';

CX 1063 of 1170 (b)(6)

Cc: 'BWR Analysist'; RST09 Hoc; FOIA Response.hoc Resource; Garchow, Steve; Ruland, William; Hiland, Patrick; Skeen, David Subject: ACTION: Nitrogen Question for 11:00 am Industry Consortium Call

Members,

Per the discussion held at the 0300 call, below is the most recent question regarding securing inerting:

(b)(5)

Should you have any questions or concerns, please contact the NRC Reactor Safety Team by e-mail or at (301) 816-5100.

Thanks for your continued support.

Eva Brown, BWR Systems and Ops Analyst Reactor Safety Team Nuclear Regulatory Commission

CX 1064 of 1170 From: Powell, Amy Sent Monday, April 18, 2011 4:28 PM To: Schmidt, Rebecca Subject: FW: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response- Task Tracker 4706 Attachments: 04-14-11answers to Congressman Markey Questions Rev 1 with MF followups.docx

FYI

From: Riley (OCA), Timothy Sent: Monday, April 18, 2011 4:17 PM To: Johnson, Michael; LIA08 Hoc Cc: RST01 Hoc; Powell, Amy; Virgilio, Martin; Zimmerman, Roy; Weber, Michael Subject: RE: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response- Task Tracker 4706

Timothy Riley Congressional Affairs Officer U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Congressional Affairs Phone: 301-415-8492 Blackberry: (b)(6)

From: Johnson, Michael Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 3:56 AM To: LIA08 Hoc; Riley (OCA), Timothy Cc: RST01 Hoc; Powell, Amy; Virgilio, Martin; Zimmerman, Roy; Weber, Michael Subject: RE: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response- Task Tracker 4706

OCA, please advise.

From: LIAO8 Hoc Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 3:12 AM To: Riley (OCA), Timothy Cc: RSTO1 Hoc; Johnson, Michael; Powell, Amy Subject: FW: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response- Task Tracker 4706 Importance: High

Hi Tim,

(b)(5) I Thanks,

CX 1065 of 1170 Rani Franovich Liaison Team Coordinator US Nuclear Regulatory Commission email: [email protected] Desk Ph: 301-816-5185

From: RST08 Hoc Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 1:54 AM To: LIA08 Hoc Cc: RSTO1 Hoc Subject: FW: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response- Task Tracker 4706

Per your request.

From: RST01 Hoc [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 6:51 PM To: RST09 Hoc; RST07 Hoc; RST08 Hoc Subject: FW: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response

From: GE Hitachi Nuclear Response Team (GE Power & Water)[SMTP:GE.H ITACHINUCLEARRESPONSETEAM(.GE.COM1 Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 6:50:50 PM To: RST01 Hoc Subject: GEH Nuclear Response Team Response Auto forwarded by a Rule

Attached please find our NRC Postulated Core Breach 1F2 Review.

Rich Rusin

Technical Services

GE Hitachi Nuclear Response Team

CX 1066 of 1170 Answers to Michal Freedhoff's questions 4/13/11

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CX 1068 of 1170 April 15, 2011 Confidential - GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy LLC Withhold Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4 Information is Unverified

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CX 1069 of 1170 April 15, 2011 Confidential - GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy LIC Withhold Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4 Information is Unverified

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CX 1070 of 1170 April 15, 2011 Confidential - GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy LLC Withhold Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4 Information is Unverified

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CX 1071 of 1170 April 15, 2011 Confidential - GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy LLC Withhold Pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4 Information is Unverified

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CX 1072 of 1170 From: Mitman, Jeffrey Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 6:13 AM To: Liaison Japan Cc: Bernhard, Rudolph Subject FW: Earthquake intensity vs G force japan Attachments: Power_GridofoLJa pan.PNG

Rudy requested that I forward this on to the RST team. I will add this to a new directory on the N drive called seismic.

Jeff Mitman

From: Bernhard, Rudolph Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 7:10 PM To: Reynolds, Steven; Casto, Chuck; Mitman, Jeffrey Subject: Earthquake intensity vs G force japan

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CX 1073 of 1170 Attachment Power Grid of Japan.PNG(162759 bytes ) cannot be converted to PDF format.

CX 1074 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 4:31 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: orders

(b)(5)

Thanks

From: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 4:26 AM To: Wittick, Brian Subject: Re: orders

Can u give their names so I can check with our travel office?

Thanks Surin

From: Wittick, Brian To: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) Sent: Sun Apr 17 01:08:58 2011 Subject: orders Surin,

(b)(5)

Thanks Brian

CX 1075 of 1170 From: Mitman, Jeffrey Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 4:29 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: Website for tracking radiation levels and earthquake frequency

The below link may be of interest.

Jeff

http://fleep.com/earthquake/

CX 1076 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Sunday, April 17, 2011 1:15 AM To: Liaison Japan Cc: LIA08 Hoc Subject: Phone numbers for Japan Team #4

Chuck Casto 404-580-3967; 240-393-7759

Steve Reynolds 240-461-5241

Steve Garchow 240-461-6050

Heather Gepford 240-460-7715

Tony Huffert 301-204-2078

Jeff Mitman 240-381-1538

Carl Moore 240-381-6862

Tim Lupold 202-368-5498

Sean Meighan 240-731-1119; 202-374-1599

Brian Wittick 202-285-6128

Duty Phone 090-8876-0905

CX 1077 of 1170 From: Garchow, Steve Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 8:42 PM To: OST01 HOC; Reynolds, Steven Cc: Moore, Carl; Mitman, Jeffrey; Lupold, Timothy; Norwood, Donald Subject Inerting Question Attachments: N2 Inerting Question.docx

Find attached the question we posed with regard to inerting the pc.

CX 1078 of 1170 Question:

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CX 1079 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Saturday, April 16, 2011 4:26 AM To: Liaison Japan Subject: FW: Japan guides

httpr)://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/-qlobal-etiquette/mapan-country-profiles.html http:l/www.iapan-,uide.com/e/e622.html htt:l//www.buyusa..ov/iapan/en/customs.html http://www.lingvozone.com/main.isp?do=phrasebook- book&lanpuage id from=5&Wanquacqe id to=13&x=41&v=10

CX 1080 of 1170 From: Wittick, Brian Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 7:04 PM To: Norwood, Donald Cc: Reynolds, Steven Subject: FW: One More NRC Traveler - Request for Hotel Reservation

Donald (Don?),

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Thanks, Brian

From: Byland, Yoko [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 4:14 AM To: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) Cc: Wittick, Brian Subject: RE: One More NRC Traveler - Request for Hotel Reservation

Surin,

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CX 1081 of 1170 (b)(5)

Kindest regards,

Shirakawa Front Manager Hotel Okura Tokyo

This email is UNCLASSIFIED.

From: McKenna, Surin (DCHA/OFDA) [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 3:22 PM To: Byland, Yoko Cc: [email protected] Subject: One More NRC Traveler - Request for Hotel Reservation

(b)(5)

Surin McKenna Administrative Officer Pacific Tsunami and Japan Earthquake DART USAID/DCHA/OFDA Office: (81) (3) 3224 5016 BB: [b)(6) Emawl: smIcKennam•oida.qov

CX 1082 of 1170 From: [email protected] Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 4:08 PM To: Norwood, Donald; [(b)(6) Subject: Your FSAFEDS Claim Activity

(b)(5)

For more information, go to www.FSAFEDS.com and click on My Account Summary near the top center of the page - log in and click on the "My Claims" button near the top left of the page to view additional details on the claim(s) that we processed. My Account Summary is always open and safeguards your personal information.

Have a question? Call an FSAFEDS Benefits Counselor at 1-877-FSAFEDS (372-3337), TTY: 1-800-952-0450, Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. until 9:00 p.m., Eastern Time, or contact us via email at FSAFEDSO-shps.com.

REMINDER! FSAFEDS Claims Deadline is April 30, 2011 for the 2010 Benefit Period. Eligible expenses MUST have been incurred from 1/1/2010 through 3/15/2011. Expenses incurred after March 15, 2011 CANNOT be reimbursed from your 2010 account(s).

CX 1083 of 1170 From: UA07 Hoc Sent: Friday, April 15, 2011 12:18 PM To: LIA07 Hoc; Liaison Japan Subject: OUO -- Status Update - 1200 EDT, April 15, 2011 Attachments: USNRC Earthquake-Tsunami Update.041511.1200EDT.docx

Attached is the latest Status Update. Please let me know if you have any changes for the next issue (1200 EDT, April 16).

Jim

CX 1084 of 1170 -OFFJeiAt-lJSE-ONLY--