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FWS Region #

ENDAYGERED INFORMATION SYSTEM

SPECIES WORKBOOK

PART II - SPECIES BIOLOGY

§Pecies Naze:

Common Name: Killifish Pahrump

Empetcichthys latos latos Miller Scientific Name:

Workbook Compiler:

Name: James E. Deacon

Address: Department of Biological Sciences University of , Las Vegas

4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154

(702) 739-3275 Phone:

Date: November 12. 1985

0******************44***4*****111**************************************0411*****

Verified:

Regional Advisor:

Date:

1.

1.A. Taxonomy - Nomenclature

Federal Register Common Name: Killifish, Pahrump

Federal Register Scientific Name ( species subsp./var./author): For plants use complete trinomial with subspecies/variety indicated. For use complete binomial with subspecies/variety followed by taxonomic author and date. latos Miller

Phylum/Division: Chordata

Class: Osteichthys

Order:

Family:

1.B. Taxonomy - Narrative

Begin this narrative with a brief morphological description of the species. Follow this with a discussion on any variations or disagreements on species identification, classification, and/or nomenclature. Include common synonyms found in literature (past or present) or used in other data bases. For animals, indicate taxonomic author and date with the binomial. Provide the appropriate reference codes for all information, and record the complete citation in Section 5. Finally, record locations of type specimens and/or references to descriptions, photographs, drawings, or collections which may be useful for species identification. Type the narrative beginning in the space below.

This species was originally described by Miller (19) who states that "there are 143 paratypes, U.M.M.Z. No. 140489, 15 to 48mm. long, taken with the holotype at Manse Ranch, and 34 paratypes, U.M.M.Z., 10-50 mm., collected by R.R. Miller and Alex J. Calhoun on July 16, 1938, from the outlet of the main spring pool" at Manse Ranch. These and additional specimens are maintained at the Uni- versity of Michigan Museum of Zoology. The species was originally not recognized as distinct and was therefore included by Gilbert (12) in his description of E. merriami.

According to Miller (19), this species is relatively slender "with a gently sloping to convex predorsal profile, a relatively short and slender head, a comparatively broad mouth, a weak mandible, and usually 31 or 32 scales in the lateral series." The sides are marked by a narrow axial streak and there are 12-13 anal rays.

" differs from E. merriami principally in mouth structure, body shape and color pattern." In E. latos the mouth is wider and the bones of the premaxillary and mandible are weaker and less firmly connected. The head Taxonomy Narrative (cont.) of E. latos is not as deep and the body not as thick as in E. merriami. As is -- true ori few other isolated desert , E. latos has lost TIT-TiMe fin.

While specific and subspecific definitions of E. latos latos Miller have not changedsince they were described (19), placement of the genus in higher taxonomic categories has been an unsolved problem for years. When described, Empetrichthys were placed in the Cyprinodontidae. Jordan and Evermann (13) in- cluded the genus within their expanded family Poeciliidae. Eigenmann (11) placed Empetrichthys in the distinct family Orestiidae. Jordan, Evermann and Clark (14) placed the genus in the new family Empetrichthyidae. Myers (18) returned the genus to the Cyprinodoatidae where it remained until 1981 when Parenti (21) placed the genus into family Goodeidae. The species is illustrated in Soltz and Naiman (23).

11-3 (cont.) 2.REASONS FOR STATUS

Check the general reasons for the status of this species.

Habitat destruction or alteration Overutilization by man Disease or predation Inadequate regulatory mechanisms Other natural or manmade factors

2.A. Reasons for Status - Narrative:

Develop a narrative describing the past and present reasons for the current status of the species; that is, those factors that are or have been 'detrimental to the species. Indicate which factors are still considered threatening to the population. Describe variations over .Ame as well as any significant variations by geographic region.

Briefly describe in a separate paragraph any future preceived threats to the species. Do not mark these future threats on the checklist on the following page. Provide appropriate reference codes for all information, and record the citations in Section 5. Type the narrative in the space below. Habitat destruction is regarded as the primary reason for the endangered status of the Pahrump killifish. Excess pumping of groundwater for irrigation is seen as the primary cause of habitat destruction (03,20,23). Development of ground- water for irrigation in Pahrump Valley began in the early 1900's. Flow of the three major springs in the valley (each containing a distinct subspecies of Pahrump killifish) declined as groundwater pumping increased. Two of the three springs ceased to flow in the mid-1950's and their contained populations of Pahrump killifish became extinct. The third spring, Manse Spring, ceased flow in 1975 (23). In August, 1971,29 Pahrump killifish from Manse Spring were transplanted into Corn Creek Spring in the Las Vegas Valley (03). With continued management, this population has been sustained since that time (03,04,05,06,07). On March 9, 1972, 16 Pahrump killifish (from Corn Creek or Manse Spring?) were introduced into one (middle?) of the nearly-completed ponds at Shoshone Ponds, White Pine Co., Nevada, about 50 km S.E. of Ely, Nevada, in the NE i of S2, T12NR57E. Eight of these were transferred to the south pond on 26 September 1972, but the fish were not observed in either pond after Spring 1974 (17): On August 31, 1976, 50 Pahrump killifish were transferred from Corn Creek Spring into Shoshone North Pond (15). Subsequently, the species was transferred into two other ponds in the Shoshone Ponds complex. It presently maintains repro- ducing populations in 3 of the 5 Shoshone Ponds.

On June 9, 1983, 426 Pahrump killifish from Corn Creek Spring were introduced into the irrigation reservoir at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park, Clark Co., Nevada(05). The population reproduced and has maintained itself through at least May, 1985 (02).

All native habitats of the Pahrump killifish have been destroyed. Transplanted populations of the species persist at Corn Creek, Shoshone Ponds and Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. All of these habitats are likely to require 2.A. Reasons for Status - Narrative: (continued) management intervention to maintain healthy populations. at Corn Creek were the apparent cause of an extremely depressed population of Pahrump killifish on at least two occasions. They have been eliminated at present, but could be reintroduced at any time. An artesian well supplies water to the Shoshone Ponds. It must be maintained to insure that the water supply remains reliable. At Spring Moun...ain Ranch State Park reintroduction of other fishes must be prevented. In addition, the winter cooling of water renders the killifish inactive for extended periods and presumably could, under extreme conditions, result in winter mortality.

11-5 (continued) 3. HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS

3.A. Habitat Associations - Narrative

The object of this section is to describe the habitats in which this snecies occurs and also those which if disturbed would adverselv immact the species. Develop a complete and concise narrative on this species' habitat associations and preferences. Specifically describe its associations with forests, rangelands, agriculture lands, wetlands, unique features, etc. Be sure to describe any significant variations which may occur in different life stages, seasons, or geographic regions.

Devote a section OF the narrative to the specific environmental parameters required by the species; e.g., temperature, pH, alkalinity, turbidity, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, flow rates, velocity, salinity, depth/ trophogenic zone, elevation, slope, aspect, soil texture/moisture, soil profile, burrow or cavity requirements, continuous forest stand size, percentage ground cover, canopy closure, cover height.

Provide the appropriate reference codes for all information, and record the citations in Section 5. Also, indicate areas where the information is unknown to the scientific community. Type the narrative beginning in the space below.

Note: In developing this narrative, it may be useful to be aware of the types of information that will be required by the summary checklists in Section 3.B.

The Pahrump killifish no longer exists in the type 0-locality at Manse Ranch, Nye County, Nevada, having been extirpated from that site in the mid-1970's. Two other natural habitats in Pahrump Valley, Nevada, were destroyed in the

This species is now maintained in three refugia, Corn Creek Springs, Spring Mountain Ranch State Park and Shoshone Ponds. All three areas are bordered by natural desert vegetation and are protected from excessive public disturbance. Corn Creek Springs on the desert Game Range is located about 40 miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. The aquatic system is composed of a concrete trough about 100 meters long from the spring sources to the first and largest of three ponds. Submerged and emergent vegetattpn in the trough is restricted to some willow roots and a small growth of Myrbphyllum sp. about midway along the channel.

The first pond is roughly 80 meters long by about 25 meters wide and terminates. in a flume which drains into a stream about 150 meters long. The stream subsequently drains into a middle pond which is roughly 8 meters in circum- ference. The middle pond drains directly into a third and final pond which is roughly 25 meters in circumference. The northwest bank of this pond is heavily colonized by Typha. About 50% of this pond is, however, free of emergent vegetation.. Submergent vegetation occupies the area not colonized by emergents and is composed mainly of Potamogeton. Habitat Associations Narrative (cont.)

Water temperatures at Corn Creek Springs were taken on 12/21/83 (01) and were as follows:

Location °C

Spring Outflow 25 Upper Pond Inflow 25 Upper Pond Outflow 19.4 Midstream 19.4 Middle Pond Inflow 18.9 Middle Pond Outflow 15.6 Lower Pond Inflow 13.9

The aquatic site at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park is composed of an irrigation impoundment of about 21 acre feet. The east bank is colonized by Typha along about one-half of its relatively .2-mile length. The west bank is heavily colonized by Typha to an average estimated distance of about 30 feet from shore. Each February or March, the water in the impoundment is lowered and the dry Typha is burned. Chara covers about 70% of the submerged rocky-sandy substrate.

The aquatic site used by this species at Shoshone Ponds is composed of three of the five ponds extant at the site. Shoshone North Pond is the only pond which has had extensive investigation (08). This man-made pond is about 7 x 9 meters with a depth of about 1.2 meters. Surface dissolved oxygen varies from 9.6-12.0 ppm between June and July. Surface water temperature varies from 26.0-27.0°C, pH varies from 8.5-9.35, hardness varies from 52-53, and alkalinity varies from 51-55. Mark Barber of the Bureau of Land Management (pers. comm.) reports the following chemical and physical characteristics of the water at Shoshone North Pond:

pH 7.5 Turbidity (JTU) 3.4 Dissolved Solids 97.0 Nitrate-N mg/1 0.06 Chloride mg/1 4.2 Calcium mg/1 14.0 Magnesium .35 Manganese 1.5 Potassium 10.0 Sodium 7.0 Sulfate 70.0 Habitat Associations Narrative (cont.)

Selby (22) determined critical thermal limits for Pahrump killifish of less than 1.5°C to 40°C. Acclimation temperatures influence these limits so that cold-acclimated fish show a critical thermal maximum at 30°C and a CT minimum below 1.5°C, while comparable limits for warm-acclimated fish are 40° and 6.9°C. Limits of temperature tolerance are substantial and in natural waters, are unlikely to be exceeded. Experimental results indicated that the species does not have a preferred temperature and does not appear to behaviorally thermo- regulate. This conclusion is supported by catch data from Corn Creek Spring.

Selby (22) also examined oxygen tolerance of Pahrump killifish and noted that behavioral stress was not apparent until oxygen levels fell to near 1 ppm at .22-25°C. Distribution of the population in Corn Creek Spring, however, suggests a slight preference for waters containing a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. 4. LIFE HISTORY

I.A. Life History - Animals

Complete Section 4.A for species only.

(1) Food Habits a. Food Habits - Narrative

Beginning in the space below, develop a complete and concise description of the food items consumed by this species. If available, give specific information on the foods and food parts (leaves, bark, flower petal, stem, blood, etc.) consumed during each life stage of the species; i.e., the food required for survival by the egg, larva, pupa, fry, juvenile, and adult. Also, devote a section to the seasonal variation in the foods or food types (including the food parts) consumed, as well as the preferred food types and those foods essential to the survival of the species as a whole. Provide reference codes for all information.

Deacon et al. (08) present the following evaluation of the food habits of adult Empetrichthys latos latos at Manse Ranch for the period 1961-1963:

% Frequency Mean Number Mean % Food Item of Occurrence per Fish Volume

Debris 78.3 55.7 Insect parts 38.3 1.13 10.69 Sand 35.8 9.13 Insect larvae 15.0 1.54 8.0 Eggs 11.1 .20 3.13 Snails 14.1 1.98 3.05 Plant 5.0 2.2 Baetidae 5.0 1.67 1.60 Coleoptera 6.6 .39 1.53 lnsecta 9.1 .09 1.13 Physa 5.0 .55 1.25 Ephemeroptera 2.5 .54 .59 Hydrobioid 5.9 .31 .33 Cladocera 3.3 4.0 .10 Ostracod 3.3 .22 .09 Food Habits Narrative (cont.)

In summary, debris constitutes 55.7% of the diet, with the following items appearing in lesser amounts in the diet:

Insect parts 10.7% Sand 9.1% • Insect larvae 8.0% Other insecta 4.8% Snails 4.6% Eggs 3.1% Plants 2.2%

Juveniles and young probably depend on zooplankton algae and debris as their primary food sources. (2) Home Range/Territory

Indicate below whether this species is territorial or nonterritorial. Describe its home range and territorial behavior; including details on home range/territory size, seasonal variations in territory size and territorial behavior, social or solitary life habits in each territory and in home range, territory the species defends (roosting, feeding, nesting, mating), etc. * Provide reference codes for all information. The social behavior of this species has not been investigated.

(3) Periodicity

Describe any periodicity exhibited *lr this species; e.g., diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular, seasonally active. 'Provide reference codes for all information.

Deacon and Minckley (10) report that the Pahrump killifish exhibit daily activity cycles similar to those shown for other desert fishes. They are active during the day with a mid-day depression of activity and more inactive at night. Selby (22) suggested that low oxygen concentrations in dense vegetation during hours of darkness may force the species to move into more open waters where oxygen concentrations remain above 1 ppm. This response was especially notable at colder temperatures when fish appeared to move about only at night when apparently forced out of the vegetation by lower oxygen concentration. At temperatures above 20°C the species was primarily diurnal. (4) VIgration Patterns

Indicate below whether this species is migratory or nonmigratory. Describe details of the migration pattern, including time and duration of migration, whether the migration is daily or seasonal, distances covered, routes, principal stopovers, flight lanes, concentration of animals along the routes and flight lanes, etc. Provide reference codes for all information.

Isolated in desert springs, this is a non-migratory species.

(5) Cover/Shelter Reouirements

Describe below the specific features of the cover and shelter needed for this species' continued survival, including dimensions of den or tree cavities, depth of pool or riffle, presence or absence of particular vegetation, minimum area of cover required, etc. Provide reference codes for all information.

Selby (22) indicates that the Pahrump killifish moves away from areas of extremely low ( >1.0 ppm) oxygen concentration which may occur especially at night in areas of dense aquatic vegetation.

Deacon (05)and Baugh et al. (02) show that fry prefer densely-vegetated shallow water at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. Vegetation at that location consisted primarily of cattails (Typha) and Chara. (6) eproductive Site Requirements

Describe in the space below the detailed requirements of this species' display, breeding, and nursery areas, including type of site (pool, riffle, dry cave, treetop, sand beach, etc.), exact placement of nest (height above ground, etc.), nest building materials, cover (aquatic and terrestrial vegetation), substrate (sand, gravel, etc.), and water depth, temperature, velocity, and turbidity. Provide reference codes for all information.

Pahrump poolfish have been spawned successfully in aquaria depositing eggs on Living World Spawning Grass at a temperature of 23°C (16). In nature, they may deposit eggs on aquatic vegetation, but no detailed observations have been made. Fry were observed in abundance in shallow, densely-vegetated areas at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park on 6-7 June, 1984 at a water temperature of 16.4°C (05).

(7) Reproductive Characteristics

Describe in the space below the details of the breeding behavior, age of sexual maturity, minimum and maximum breeding ages, receptive period of female, breeding season, average number of reproductive periods per year, mating relationshipa (pair bond, promiscuity, polygamy), duration of pairing, length of gestation/incubation, clutch/litter size, etc. Provide reference codes for all information.

Spawning of Pahrump killifish in constant temperature natural springs probably can occur throughout the year, as is common with desert spring fishes (10). In Manse Spring, the peak of the reproductive season probably was the spring of the year (February-April) (16). Spawining did occur in the variable thermal environment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park during late May to early June at water temperatures that were probably near 15°C but with diet variation (05). In laboratory aquaria at UNLV, eleven female Pahrump killifish produced an average of 14 eggs, each over a 24-hour spawning period. One attempt suggests that a single female may not be ready to spawn again within a month of her first spawning. It also appears that females of about 45 mmTL and above are mature and capable of producing a full complement of eggs. Females of smaller sizes are less frequently capable of spawning (16). 3 Eggs hatch in 7-9 days at 2°C. Larvae are about 6-11 mm TL at hatching. Young grow to an average size of about 20 mm TL in 112 days, but exhibit increasing size variation with time. Females probably grow faster than males (16). (8) /Arental Care

In the space provided below, describe the parental care of the species, including length of time in development (from day of birth/hatching until young are independent of parental care), nest guarding (male or female), development of young (altricial, precocial), duration of family bond, etc. Provide reference codes for all information.

Pahrump killifish do not protect eggs or fry.

(9) Population Biology

In the space provided below, describe the population biology of the species, including current limiting factors (food supply, cover, predation, disease, competition, territorial behavior, natural catastrophes, etc.), survival rate, mortality rate, rate of increase, sex ratio, recovery potential, turnover rate, longevity, and population density objective under management. Provide reference codes for all information.

. Pahrump killifish maintain their powilations in desert spring containing no other fish species. They survive and reproduce wellin these stable habitats with a diversity of plant and invertebrate species (08,23). In the natural habitat, Manse Spring, introduction of was soon followed by a rapid decline in the killifish population (03,09). At Corn Creek a similar population crash followed re-establishment of the mosquitofish population (03,15). The Manse Spring population recovered and appeared to maintain a good population along with goldfish. The indication was that the species may not have recovered from the impacts of the mosquitofish without management intervention. Interaction with introduced fishes thus appears to be a serious threat to a Pahrump killifish population. Sex ratios have varied from 1 male to 1.2 females at the middle Corn Creek pond to 1:7.9 at the lower pond at Corn Creek. Females outnumber males in every population (04).

This species, in the undisturbed desert spring habitats into which it has been transplanted, is maintaining excellent populations, under approriate and con- tinuous management. At Corn Creek, encroachment of emergent aquatic vegetation must be controlled (04). At Shoshone Ponds, the water system must be maintained. At Spring Mountain Ranch the inflowing water as well as the dam must be main- tained. At all locations, introduced fishes must be kept out or, if introduced, they must be removed. (10) Species Interrelationships

Certain species have a direct causal relationship in that a change in one species has a direct impact on another species; e.g., a host-parasite or predator-prey relationship. If this species has such a relationship with another species, in the space provided below, give the nature of the relationship (food, prey, habitat, reproduction, symbiont, host, parasite, etc.), the common name/scientific name of the other species, and any additional details of the relationship. Provide reference codes for all information.

Species interrelationships were discussed under "Population Biology."

(11) Other Life History Descriptors

Describe below the pertinent parameters not included in the previous life history sections. Provide referenc -. codes for all information.

5. REFERENCES

Record the complete citations of the references you used to complete this workbook. The suggested format for the citations is the Council of Biological Editors Style Manual (Fourth Edition). If the information was from verbal communication with a recognized expert, record the individual's name and address, as well as the date of the communication. Assign each citation a numerical code for use in completing the narrative portions of this workbook.

2ESIL Citation Baugh, T.M. and J.!. _Deacon 1984 Pahrumo killifish. interim report. Report to Nev. Dept. Wildlife, 17 Jan., 1984. 14 DD.

02 Baugh, T.M., J. Pedretti and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Status of the Pahrump poolfish_npEt etrich_th_v_s laths latos in the irrigation impounriment at Spring Mountain Ranch State_ Park_ Report to Nev_ Deg_ Wildlife in completion of report requirements of Obiective 1. Anb 3_ Project E-1-1. pp. 1-9.

03 Deacon, J.E. 1979. Endangered and threatened fishes of the west. Gt. Basin Nat. Mem. 3:41-64.

04 Deacon, J.E. 1984a. Report of June U-15,1984 survey of Empetrirhtttys . S . I I • I Wdldlife, 27 June, lgRd 9 91) — - - --- 05 13g0517:717 1984b. Status of Empetrichthvs Latos latos in the irri- gation impoundment at Spring_ 'Mountain Ranch_ State Park_ Report to Nev. Dept. Wildlife, 21 June, 1984. 7 DD. 06 Deacon. J.E. 1984c, Status of the Pahrumn ppolfich_ Tmpetr* lithyc

07 Deacon, J.E. 1984d. Recovery efforts for the Pahrumo killifish: Shoshone North Pond. Report to Nev. Dept. Wildlife, 24 Aug., 1984. a pp.

00 Deacon J.E. T.B. H t • . 11 - • I ' 1980. Environmental analysis of four aquatic habitats in East- Central Nevada - June-July, 1980. Interim Summary Report to HDR Sciences. 218 pp. 09 Deacon, .E., C. Hubbs and h.J. Zahuranec. 1964. Some effects of introduced fishes ,nn the native fish fauna_nf srltri- hrn Npvada Copeia, 19642):384-388.

ratil Citation 10 Deacon, J.E. and W.L. Minckley. 1974- Desert fishes- _pp. 385-487. In: Desert Biology. G.W. Brown, Jr., et., Vol. 2. Academic Press. N.Y.

11 Eigenmann, C.H. 1920. Qn the Qenera Orestias and Empetrichthys. Iopeia, No. 89:103-106.

12 ilbert C.M. 1893. Report on the fishes of the Beath Valley expedition -----ili outhernCalifornia and Nevada in 1891, with descriptions of new species. N. American Fauna, No. 7, Pt. 11:229-234.

13 Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1896- The fishes of North and Middie America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47, Pt. 1:1-1240.

14 Jordan D.S. B.W. Everm • 1 • II. I is es an is i e vertebrates of North and Middle American North ot the Northern boundary of Venezuela and Colombia. Rept. U.S. Comm. Fish. 1928, Pt. 2:1-670_ 15 Kobetich, G. 1983. Nevada Interior Basins- aa_ 289-290._ In E.P. Pister (ed.). Proc. Desert Fishes Council 3-9. 363 pp.

16 Fitzpatrick, P., T.M. Baugh and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Age and orowth of the Pahrump Poolfish, Empetrichthvs laths laths_ in thP laboratory. Report to Nev. Dept.Wildlift. 1985.

17 Logan, Wayne. 1983. Pr=ress rPport on ShrishnnP Ponds_ ,pp. 138-139. In: E.P. Pister (ed.). Proc. Desert Fishes Council 3-9. 363 DD.

18 Myers, G.S. 1931. The primary groups of oviparous cyprinotont fishes. Stanford Univ. Publ. Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci. 6(3):1-14.

19 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cvprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.

20 Minckley, W.L. and J.E. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and the enigma of "." Science 159(3822):1424-1432.

21 Parenti, Lynne. 1984. A phvlogenetic and biog.eogramlic_ _analysis of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Antherinomorpha). Bull- Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 168 4 :335-557.

22 Selby, D.A. 1977. Thermal ecology of the Pahrumo killifish. Empetrichthys laths laths_ Miller M.S. thesis. Univ. Nev.. Las Vegas. 55 pp. Code Citation 23 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of native fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles, LA., Sci. Ser. 3U:1-/6.

24 United State Department of the Interior- 1980. Recovery Plan: Pahrump poolfish. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Unit 1, Denver, CO. 6. COMPILERS

Record the names and addresses of all technical individuals (including yourself) who played a significant role in completing this workbook. If appropriate, indicate the sections or geographic areas for which each person was responsible.

James E. Deacon

Department of Biological Sciences

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Las Vegas, Nevada 89154

Thomas M. Baugh

Department of Biological Sciences

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Las Vegas, Nevada 89154

11-42 DISTRIBUTION NARRATIVE (cont.)

The Pahrump poolfish Empetrichthys latos is presently located in three different refugia. One population is maintained in spring-pools at the Desert Game Range, Clark County, Nevada on land managed by the USDI-Fish and Wildlife Service, a second population is maintained in the irrigation impoundment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park, Clark County, Nevada on land managed by the Nevada State Park System, and the third population is located in a pond in the Shoshone Ponds system, White Pine County, Nevada on land managed by the USDI-Bureau of Land Management (Deacon 1984 a,b,c, Baugh et al. 1985, Fitzpatrick et al. 1985). Past distribution of the species included three spring systems in Pahrump Valley, southern Nye County, Nevada (Miller 1948). All of these original habitats are now • devoid of fishes as a result of failure of the springs (Minckley and Deacon 1968, Soltz and Naiman 1978).

3. REFERENCES

Record the complete citations for the references you used to complete this workbook and associated maps. The suggested format for the citations is the Council of Biological Editors Style Manual (Fourth Edition). If the information was from verbal communication with a recognized expert, record the individual's name and address, as well as tbe date of the communication. assign each citation a numerical code for completing the narrative description in this workbook.

Code Citation

Baugh, T.M.. J. Pedretti- and J.E.__Deacam. 1985. "Status of the Pahrump poolfish Empetrichthys latos latos in the _irrigation impoundment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. Report to Nevada Department of Wildlife and also on file at The Endemic Fishes Research Center, Dept. of Biol. Sc., UNLV, Las Veas, Nv. 89154.

02 Deacon, J.E. 1984a. Pahrump poolfish, Contract E-1-1, Job 3. _ interim Report, 6/ /784. Report to Nevada Dept. of Wildlife: n June, 1984.

• Deacon, J.E, 1984b Interim report, Project E-1-1, Job 3, Corn Creek, 6/18/84. Report to Nevada Dept. of Wildlife. 27 June, 1984.

04 - Deacon, J.E. 1984c. Recovery efforts for the Pahrump killifish. Report to Nev. Dept. Wildlife. 24 Aug., 1984.

05 Fitzpatrick, P., T.M. Baugh and J-1.- Deacon_ 192,5_ Age and 9rowth of the Pahrump poolfish, Empetrichthys latos latos in the laboratory. Report to Nev. Dept. WiIdliret-

06 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system ot eastern Lalifornia and southwestern Nevada. Misc. us. oo . Univ. ic . I. •

07 Minckley, W.L. and J.E. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and enigma ot "endangered species." Science 159:1424-1432.

08 Soltz, U.L. and -T.J. Naimon. 1978. The natural history of native tishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Anqeles County and Death Valley Natural History Assoc., Science Series No. 30, 76 pp.