ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES non-confidential report

Legal name of applicant(s): DEZA, a.s.

Submitted by: DEZA a.s.

Substance: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)

Use title: Use in ceramic sheets and printing pastes for production of capacitors and lambda sensor elements

Use number: Use 3 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY ...... 1

1.1. Background to this Application for Authorisation ...... 1 1.1.1. Applicant and Uses ...... 1 1.1.2. The role of ...... 2

1.2. Summary of Issues Considered When Determining the Approach to the AoA ...... 2

2. ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE FUNCTION...... 3

2.1. Background of the use of DEHP in the manufacture of ceramic sheets and printing pastes ...... 3

2.2. Descriptions of the use of DEHP ...... 4

2.3. Conditions of DEHP use ...... 9 2.3.1. Technical requirements for DEHP and alternative substances ...... 11

3. IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ...... 11

3.1. Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives ...... 11 3.1.1. Research and development ...... 11 3.1.2. Data searches ...... 11 3.1.3. Consulting ...... 13

3.2. List of potential alternatives ...... 13

4. SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ...... 16

4.1. ALTERNATIVE 1 ...... 16

4.2. ALTERNATIVE 2 ...... 16

4.3. ALTERNATIVE 3 ...... 16

4.4. ALTERNATIVE 4 ...... 16

4.5. ALTERNATIVE 5 ...... 16

4.6. ALTERNATIVE 6 ...... 17

5. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ON SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES FOR USE 3 ...... 18

5.1. Conclusion on the technical feasibility of commercially proven alternatives ...... 18

5.2. Conclusion on the economic feasibility of commercially proven alternatives ...... 18

5.3. Conclusion on risk reduction potential of commercially proven alternatives ...... 18

5.4. Overall conclusion...... 19 ii

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

FIGURES Figure 1: Description of production ceramic chip capacitors-part 1 (Johanson Dielectrics) ...... 4 Figure 2 Description of production ceramic chip capacitors-part 2 (Johanson Dielectrics) ...... 4 Figure 3: Description of production ceramic chip capacitors (Lee, 2008) ...... 5 Figure 4: The principle of ceramic slurry preparing ...... 6 Figure 5: Manufacture dielectric paste and sheet formation (TDK, 2008) ...... 6 Figure 6: Electrode printing and sheet layering (TDK, 2008) ...... 7 Figure 7: Cutting and sintering ...... 7 Figure 8: Application of terminal electrode, inspection and packaging (TDK, 2008) ...... 8 Figure 9: The structure of ceramic capacitor (With, 1993; He, 2004) ...... 8

TABLE Table 1. Parameters for DEHP use in the manufacture of ceramic types ...... 10 Table 2. Key information sources used in the identification of potential alternatives ...... 12 Table 3. Key information sources used in the collection of information on the properties of potential alternatives ...... 12 Table 4. Identities and REACH registration status of alternative substances ...... 14 Table 5. Comparison of selected potential alternative substances against key technical comparison criteria ...... 15

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1. SUMMARY

1.1. Background to this Application for Authorisation 1.1.1. Applicant and Uses This Analysis of Alternatives constitutes part of the Application for Authorisation (AoA) submitted by DEZA, a.s. The substance of concern is bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (hereafter referred to as DEHP), EC Number 204-211-0, CAS Number 117-81-7. The manufacture of DEHP takes place at DEZA, a.s., Valašské Mezi říčí, The Czech Republic. DEHP is used as a plasticiser in slurry for ceramic sheets and printing pastes manufacture and the uses for which Authorisation is sought is:

1. Use in ceramic sheets and printing pastes for production of capacitors and lambda sensor elements.

The hazard profile of DEHP, together with the potential risks that this substance may pose, has been the subject of extensive expert assessment including a European risk assessment report (EU RAR 2008, Danish EPA 2011). This assessment reached a number of conclusions which indicated that concern was warranted with regard to human exposures (including workers, consumers and from exposure via the environment) and some environmental compartments. DEHP was included in the candidate list for Authorisation following ECHA’s decision ED/67/2008 on 28 October 2008, based upon its classification as Toxic to Reproduction, Category 2 (i.e. Category 1B, under CLP); this was based largely on information from the EU RAR, supplemented by limited additional information (ECHA 2008). DEHP was further reviewed in a background document prepared in support of its inclusion in Annex XIV (ECHA 2009), again drawing on the EU RAR together with data submitted by COWI, IOM and Entec and RCOM. Since DEHP met the criteria in Article 57(c) and, according to available information, it was possible to determine a toxicological threshold, it was noted that if the risks to human health from the use of the substance arising from its toxicity to reproduction were to be demonstrated to be adequately controlled in accordance with Section 6.4 of Annex I and that this was documented in the applicant’s chemical safety report (CSR), an authorisation would be granted in accordance with Article 60(2) (‘adequate control route’); if not, an authorisation would be granted in accordance with Article 60(4) (‘socio-economic route’). Alongside the Authorisation process, the Danish authorities submitted in 2011 a proposal for a restriction (together with the justification and background information documented in an Annex XV dossier) on the placing on the market and use of certain articles containing four classified (DEHP, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)) in articles that are intended for indoor use, or in articles that come into contact with skin or mucous membranes, on the grounds of the aforementioned Toxic to Reproduction, Category 1B CLP classification. The Annex XV report conforming to the requirements of the REACH Regulation was made publicly available by ECHA on 16/09/2011. The final opinions of the ECHA Committees (i.e. the Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC), and the Committee for Socio-Economic Analysis (SEAC)) were reached, by consensus, on 12/06/2012 and 05/12/2012, respectively. These are summarised below: “RAC considers that the proposed restriction is not justified because the available data do not indicate that currently (2012) there is a risk from combined exposure to the four phthalates. The regulatory requirements and consequent reduction in use are further

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reducing the risk, as will the authorisation requirements imposed on these phthalates in the next few years” (ECHA, 2012c). and “Taking into account RAC’s conclusions that the proposed restriction is not justified because the available data do not indicate that currently (2012) there is a risk from combined exposure to the four phthalates and that the regulatory requirements and consequent reduction in use are further reducing the risk, as will the authorisation requirements imposed on these phthalates in the next few years, SEAC has no basis to support the proposed restriction” (ECHA, 2012c). This Application for Authorisation takes into consideration and expands upon the discussions held at the time of the scrutiny of the Danish restriction proposal. It must be noted, however, that the scope of this Application is significantly different as it covers the industrial use of DEHP in closed system and that the final article does not contain DEHP.

1.1.2. The role of plasticizers A plasticiser is a substance which when added to a material, usually a plastic, produces a product which is flexible, resilient and easier to handle. They are an important additive to ceramic slurry and the majority of ceramic sheet products are plasticised. In modern applications plasticisers are produced by complete solubility in a toluene/ethanol solvent mix with an acid such as phthalic anhydride, adipic acid, , etc. They are developed to satisfy demanding technical and economic requirements and, due to their technical performance, versatility and cost- effectiveness, phthalate-based plasticisers are the most widely used type within the EU and globally. Plasticisers are liquids of low or negligible volatility or low molecular weight solids and, in addition to the processability, end-product softness, flexibility and extensibility (Sen, 2008) of a polymer, they deliver a series of other concomitant effects. These include lowering of the glass transition temperature (T g) and softening temperature, reduction of strength, and increased impact resistance. A plasticiser acts by lowering the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains and should be compatible with the polymer or exudation will occur (Sen, 2008).

1.2. Summary of Issues Considered When Determining the Approach to the AoA The key factors considered by the applicant, when determining how to assess substance function and, hence, the overall feasibility and suitability of potential alternatives are summarised below. • Importantly, for an alternative to be suitable it must be technically and economically feasible from the applicant’s (DEZA, a.s. and downstream users) perspective. In terms of technical feasibility, it must be technically possible for the applicant to manufacture the alternative taking into account their existing plant or the potential for investment in new plant, taking into account any constraints on moving to a new technology as a result of patent restrictions or the availability of the precursor raw materials in sufficient quantities. In addition, manufacture of the alternative must be economically feasible for the applicant (especially for downstream users), taking into account requirements for returns on new investments and the size of the downstream market for an alternative plasticiser.

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• The size of the downstream market will be determined by the technical and economic feasibility of alternatives for downstream users. These aspects therefore must be considered from the perspective of the applicant’s supply chain, as well as in terms of more general considerations.

• In terms of assessing the substance’s function, the technical requirements for the use of an alternative plasticiser in an industrial setting have been combined with the performance requirements of polymer articles during the service life of those articles. This increases the complexity of the technical criteria each alternative must meet before it is considered a feasible alternative.

• The scope of what a company further down the supply chain are limited a potentially feasible alternative considered as technically or economically feasible from the perspective of the applicant as well.

2. ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE FUNCTION

2.1. Background of the use of DEHP in the manufacture of ceramic sheets and printing pastes Plasticizers containing phthalates, such as DEHP, are commonly used in small amounts ( ≤ 6%) for the fabrication of ceramic components. This is used to make ceramic sheets and printing pastes from which the ceramic sensor elements for lambda sensor elements are produced. With DEHP it is possible to produce tapes which are more flexible, allowing it to be handled in manufacturing operations with less mechanical damage. After the ceramic article is fabricated, it undergoes a lengthy high temperature firing process (>1200°C) that eliminates all the organic materials including the plasticizer. Because of the temperatures required to eliminate the organics, phthalate is thermally decomposed, so no phthalate compound is discharged to the atmosphere. Likewise, the final ceramic product after firing contains no phthalate. The final product - ceramic sheets and printing pastes are used also for the manufacturing of capacitors. Capacitors are devices that store energy in the form of an electric field. They can also be used to filter signals of different frequencies. The capacitance value is an indicator of how much electrical charge the capacitor can hold. This trend is attributed to the fact that large-scale high density multilayer ceramic capacitors relies on the performance of ceramic types and high reliable multilayer ceramic capacitors are easily realized using ceramic sheets and printing pastes. Conductive layers of multilayer ceramic substrates are made by printing and connected through fine through holes. Chip capacitors made by laminating green sheets need fine printing technique. The firing shrinkage of ceramic sheets depends not only on the characteristics of ceramic powder but rather on the void generated in the green sheets in the manufacturing process. When insufficient mixing causes non-uniform distribution of ceramic powder, many voids are created because the ceramic powder in green sheets remains as an agglomerated particle. These voids lower the density of green sheets and increase the firing shrinkage, resulting in less dimensional reproducibility. Therefore, in order to obtain high precision ceramics, it is important, other than quality of ceramic materials and powder characteristics, to use green sheets to uniform mixture of ceramic powder, binder and solvent, having little void in it. Using this technique, agglomerated particles can be pulverized to primary particles without mechanical destruction. This technique is available to manufacture good quality ceramic sheets with little pore (Ueyama at all, 1986).

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2.2. Descriptions of the use of DEHP Current use of DEHP is in the manufacture of ceramic sheets and printing pastes for production of capacitors and lambda sensor elements. The principle of manufacture by downstream user is described in confidential annex. Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use3, Section 2: 2.1, pages 1 - 3.

According to literature research is described the principle of manufacture in non-confidential part of AoA, mentioned below.

Figure 1: Description of production ceramic chip capacitors-part 1 (Johanson Dielectrics)

Figure 2 Description of production ceramic chip capacitors-part 2 (Johanson Dielectrics)

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According to literature research were also published another types of this manufacture, see figure below.

Figure 3: Description of production ceramic chip capacitors (Lee, 2008)

Frequently ceramic multilayer capacitor materials are based upon BaTiO 3. Many titanates have the perovskite structure. Titanates show a phase transformation at the temperature about 125°C. Above this temperature the material is cubic and paraelectric. Below this temperature the material is tetragonal and ferroelectric. In almost all cases substitutions are made to control the Curie temperature. Also additives are used which modify the dielectric and electric behaviour. The dielectric permittivity versus temperature is highly dependent on the microstructure, that is, main composition, second phases and grain size (distribution) of the material. It is probably superfluous to state that these materials have been largely optimized with respect to their functional behaviour without considering their structural behaviour. Finally, it is important to note that the tetragonal and cubic phases have different thermo-physical properties, e.g. thermal expansion coefficient, specific volume and elastic constants (With, 1993). One of the most critical material processing parameters is the degree of homogeneous mixing of additives in the slurry. The binder distribution in the ceramic sheet is investigated to produce high density, defect free layers. The degree of surface roughness is becoming a more serious problem with thinner dielectric sheets. The roughness of 5 µm thick sheets must be controlled to less than 0.5 µm to provide a smooth contact surface with the inner nickel electrodes. This is very important

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES factor in avoiding the concentration of electric field at asperities, where the charge emission from the electrode is accelerated, resulting in short failure. For the same reason, the nickel metal powder for the electrode paste must also be very fine, typically less than 0.5 µm and well dispersed in the paste (Sakabe, 1997).

Figure 4: The principle of ceramic slurry preparing The process of making ceramic capacitors involves following steps (Lee at all, 2006; Johanson Dielectrics, 2013) Manufacture of Dielectric Paste Ceramic powder is mixed with binder and solvents to create the slurry; this makes it easy to process the material.

Barium titanate and other metal oxides are dispersed into a toluene/ethanol solvent blend and mixed thoroughly (step1) to produce low viscosity slurry. In step 2, high molecular weight binders are added to increase the viscosity of the slurry and approximately 5-6% by weight, of DEHP is added to add plasticity. DEHP has the correct properties to: a) Dissolve effectively into the slurry mixture and b) Provide the correct level of plasticity to allow further processing.

Sheet Formation The slurry is poured onto conveyor belt inside a drying oven, resulting in the dry ceramic tape. This is then cut into square pieces called sheets. The thickness of the sheet determines the voltagerating of the capacitor.

Figure 5: Manufacture dielectric paste and sheet formation (TDK, 2008)

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Internal Electrode Printing The electrode ink is made from a metal powder that is mixed with solvents and ceramic material to make the electrode ink. The electrodes are now printed onto the ceramic sheets using a screen printing process. This is similar to a t-shirt printing process. After that the sheets are stacked to create a multilayer structure. Sheet Layering and Pressing Pressure is applied to the stack to fuse all the separate layers, this created a monolithic structure. This is called a bar.

Figure 6: Electrode printing and sheet layering (TDK, 2008)

Cutting Multilayer Sheets and Chip Formation The bar is cut into all the separate capacitors. The parts are now in what is called a ‘green’ state. The smaller the size, the more parts there are in a bar. Sintering The parts are fired in kilns with slow moving conveyor belts. The temperature profile is very important to the characteristics of the capacitors.

Figure 7: Cutting and sintering

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Application of Terminal Electrode Paste, Baking and Plating The termination provides the first layer of electrical and mechanical connection to the capacitor. Metal powder is mixed with solvents and glass frit to create the termination ink. Each terminal of the capacitor is then dipped in the ink and the parts are fired in kilns. Using an electroplating process, the termination is plated with a layer of nickel and then a layer of tin. The nickel is a barrier layer between the termination and the tin plating. The tin is used to prevent the nickel from oxidizing. Inspection and Packaging The parts are tested and sorted to their correct capacitance tolerances. At this point the capacitor manufacturing is complete. The parts could be packaged on tape and reel after this process or shipped as bulk.

Figure 8: Application of terminal electrode, inspection and packaging (TDK, 2008)

The structure of final ceramic capacitor is viewed below:

Figure 9: The structure of ceramic capacitor (With, 1993; He, 2004)

After the ceramic article is fabricated, it undergoes a lengthy high temperature firing process that eliminates all the organic materials including plasticizer. Because of the temperatures required to eliminate the organics, any phthalate is thermally decomposed, so no phthalate compounds are discharged to the atmosphere. Likewise, the final ceramic product after firing contains no DEHP.

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Off-gases from the clean-rooms where the phthalates are handled during manufacturing are cooled, and the organics are separated from the air. Gases from production equipment - ovens, dryers, etc. are burned in the incinerator.

The use of ceramic capacitors is very large, especially in automotive industry. One of the most uses is in manufacture of oxygen sensors. An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor) is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. The original sensing element is made with a thimble-shaped zirconia ceramic coated on both the exhaust and reference sides with a thin layer of platinum and comes in both heated and unheated forms. The planar-style sensor entered the market in 1998 (pioneered by Bosch) and significantly reduced the mass of the ceramic sensing element as well as incorporating the heater within the ceramic structure. This resulted in a sensor that started sooner and responded faster. The most common application is to measure the exhaust gas concentration of oxygen for internal combustion engines in automobiles and other vehicles. It is necessary to mention that TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor market 2011-2015 to grow at a CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) of 17.23 percent over the period 2011-2015. One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the increasing demand for MLCCs in smartphones. The availability of cost-effective MLCCs is also contributing to the growth of the Global Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor market.

2.3. Conditions of DEHP use The following table summarises the role of DEHP in the manufacture of ceramic types and provides an overview of how the substance has to be used in the manufacture of ceramic types.

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Table 1. Parameters for DEHP use in the manufacture of ceramic types Task(s) Plasticizer to make an intermediate ceramic slurry performed by the substance Physical Liquid form of product Concentratio DEHP is used as a processing aid and is not detectable routine manufacturing quality control n of methods in the final product substance in the product Critical Key properties of DEHP include: properties 1. Boiling point and quality 2. Solubility in organic solvents criteria it 3. Vapour pressure at the temperatures used must fulfil 4. Thermal stability The most important effect is the behaviour of the tapes and pastes in the process. The diluents influence the green and sinter density of the tapes. In the same way, the type and amount of porosity is influenced. The diluents system must be the same in pastes and tapes and influences the behaviour of the tapes, the printing shrinkage during the several printing steps (up to 30). Too much porosity leads to less mechanical stability à insufficient life time. To much more to less sinter shrinkage leads to bad functional values. Function Continuous use; Exposure Scenario covers daily exposures up to 8 hours per shift; operation conditions 365/days/y (frequency of Consumption of DEHP is variable, depending on the slurry output of the plant. Design use and conditions allow for a consumption of < 6% (maximal use of DEHP < 20 tonne/year) quantity used) Process and Temperature at which the lean solvent is introduced into the absorption step is below 75°C, performance ideally 30-40 °C, to minimize overhead losses of the solvent constraints Conditions Use of DEHP could only be eliminated if a suitable substitute could be used or the plant under which using DEHP converted to an alternative ceramic type manufacturing technology. The the use of the functionality of DEHP cannot be eliminated, the ceramic type manufacturing needs to have substance plasticizer of this property. The only known potential alternative substances which currently could be find commercial application are not suitable. Currently available alternative technologies are eliminated considered far inferior in technical, commercial, economic and environmental impact terms.

Customer DEHP user: for the user of DEHP, the critical properties referred to above apply. requirements associated Ceramic type user: DEHP is not incorporated into sintered ceramic type and is not detectable with the use according to routine manufacturing quality control testing. Thus the use of DEHP in the of the manufacture of ceramic type is of no consequence to downstream users. substance Industry Downstream industry is largely oblivious to use of DEHP as it is generally absent from the sector and final product and does not affect its performance. legal requirements for technical acceptability that must be met and function must deliver

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2.3.1. Technical requirements for DEHP and alternative substances The technical requirements are described in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 2: 2.2, page 4.

3. IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES

3.1. Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives 3.1.1. Research and development

Activities of downstream users of DEHP As downstream users formulate their products for a particular function and thus choose an appropriate plasticiser to achieve that effect, they are not tied to a particular substance unless it is the only one that is suitable in terms of its customers’ requirements and/or provides qualities that other substances do not. There is, therefore, an incentive for flexible slurry compounders to trial alternative substances in order to leverage potential improvements in product properties or savings in processing or purchase price. Developing more cost-effective compounds for their customers should provide a relative market advantage. Downstream users therefore are not allied to a particular substance and hence manufacturer (the applicants in this case). It is clear from the responses to the consultation carried out to support this application that most companies that carry out formulating and compounding activities have tried and tested a range of plasticisers. It is also clear that those companies that produce ceramic sheets and printing pastes have also tested alternatives to DEHP. As a result, these downstream users have a good understanding of whether the alternatives that they have tested (and perhaps others that they have researched) are capable of delivering the properties that they or their customers require. In the past was processed a development of change DEHP for alternative substance, which could be technically suitable, more information in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 3: 3.2, pages 4 - 5.

3.1.2. Data searches A literature review by compiler was undertaken for potential alternatives. The open literature has been searched for information on both potential alternative substances of manufacture of ceramic types using keywords as “ ceramic types ”, “ ceramic green sheet ” and “ ceramic chip capacitors ”. Once some information had been collected, the data searches were expanded to include additional relevant keywords. Information was sought on: • the identities of potential alternative substances (including acronyms, EC numbers and CAS numbers for substances, where available);

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• information on technical parameters of alternative technologies, in particular information from those licensing or using the available technologies; and • information on the technical feasibility, economic feasibility and human health and environmental impacts profile of alternative substances and technologies.

The table below provides the main sources of information used, although as new leads were being found a much larger number of individual Internet sites were visited when looking for information. Table 2. Key information sources used in the identification of potential alternatives Source Details Description Google https://www.google.com Search engine Science direct http://www.sciencedirect.com Scientific articles Google Books http://www.google.com/advanced_book_search Books

With regards to the characteristics and properties of potential alternative substances, a range of specialist websites have been systematically consulted. The following Table gives an overview of some of the most important information sources that were used in the preparation of this analysis of alternatives. Table 3. Key information sources used in the collection of information on the properties of potential alternatives Source Details Description Google https://www.google.com Search engine Scirus http://www.scirus.com Scientific search engine Science direct http://www.sciencedirect.com Scientific articles ESIS http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu Chemical substance inventory ChemIDPlus http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus Chemical substance inventory US EPA Substance http://semanticommunity.info/EPA/EPA_Substance_Registry_System Chemical substance Registry Services inventory TOXNET http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov Human health and environmental data ChemSpider http://www.chemspider.com Properties of chemical substances ChemNet http://www.chemnet.com Properties of chemical substances Chemical Book http://www.chemicalbook.com Properties of chemical substances TRC http://www.trc-canada.com/index.php Properties of chemical substances NIOSH http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH Properties of chemical substances ECHA http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/registered- Properties of substances chemical substances Pubchem http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Properties of chemical substances Sigma-aldrich http://www.sigmaaldrich.com Properties of chemical substances

The core of the literature research was undertaken in the period May 2013 – June 2013.

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3.1.3. Consulting Consultation with the manufacturer of DEHP

DEZA was asked to indicate whether it manufacturers any of the identified potential alternatives that are either commercially proven or at the research and development stage. The company has provided information on: • whether it manufactures any of the substances identified; • whether specific plans exist to start the manufacture of any substance; • if DEZA was theoretically able to start the manufacture of any substance, what tonnage could potentially be placed on the market; and • if DEZA was unable to manufacture any substance, what were the key reasons and difficulties behind this.

A questionnaire was prepared and submitted to DEZA in 2.5.2013 aimed at collecting the information described above.

Consultation with current user of DEHP Consultation had been undertaken with - in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 3: 3.2.1, page 5.

Written questionnaires: a questionnaire was originally used for the collection of information. This was prepared by compiler and submitted to users in 2.5.2013. The aim of the questionnaire was to collect information on: • the use of DEHP in the manufacture of ceramic types and the downstream applications; • the importance of DEHP in this use; • the most important disadvantageous characteristics of DEHP; • the most important advantageous characteristics of DEHP; • the alternative substance(s) possible for substitute; • the technical suitability and economic feasibility of alternative substances.

Responses started being submitted 3.6.2013 and several additional questions were subsequently added as the questionnaire evolved into a living document that facilitated the exchange of information between compiler and companies (mentioned above). Face-to-face meetings: several meetings were held with DEZA in preparation of this work on the Application for Authorisation. Email corresponding: when necessary, email conversations were held.

3.2. List of potential alternatives The table presents alternative substances which are commonly referred to in the literature but are only a few out of the thousands of potential alternatives investigates by current users. Although this cannot be considered to be a shortlist of the best or most suitable potential alternatives, it provides a useful overview of the families of substances that might be considered as possible for the selection of suitable alternatives, i.e. phthalates, adipates.

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Table 4. Identities and REACH registration status of alternative substances Alternative substance CAS No. EC No. REACH registered 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate 6846-50-0 229-934-9 Yes Acetyl tributyl citrate 77-90-7 201-067-0 Yes Alkylsulphonic phenylester 91082-17-6 293728-5 Yes Butylated hydroxytoluene 128-37-0 204-881-4 Yes Di - isobutyl phthalate 84-69-5 201-553-2 Yes Di – isononyl adipate 33703-08-1 251-646-7 Yes Di - isononyl phthalate 28553-12-0 249-079-5 Yes Di (isononyl) cyclohexan 1,2-dicarboxylate 166412-78-8 431-890-2 Yes Di(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate 103-23-1 203-090-1 Yes Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 298-07-7 206-056-4 Yes Di-butyl adipate 105-99-7 203-350-4 Yes Di-butyl sebacate 109-43-3 203-672-5 Yes Diethylene benzyl benzoate 120-55-8 204-407-6 Yes Diisobutyl adipate 141-04-8 205-450-3 No Dioctyl adipate 123-79-5 204-652-9 No Dioctyl sebacate 122-62-3 204-558-8 Yes Dioctyl terephthalate 6422-86-2 229-176-9 Yes Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate 27138-31-4 248-258-5 Yes Epoxidized soybean oil 8013-07-8 232-391-0 Yes Glycerides, Castor-oil-mono-, hydrogenated, acetates 736150-63-3 451-530-8 Yes Glyceryl triacetate 102-76-1 203-051-9 Yes O-toluene sulfonamide 88-19-7 201-808-8 Yes Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 78-42-2 201-116-6 Yes Tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate 3319-31-1 222-020-0 Yes

For each of the selected potential alternatives listed in Table below boiling point, flash point values and solubility are presented. On the other hand, for solubility in slurry, a relative value in comparison to DEHP is generally given. The data in the Table have largely been provided by literature research. The following points must be noted:

• values given in red colour indicate that the selected potential alternative substance does not meet the relevant technical performance criterion; • for vapour pressure, for which a specific threshold has not been set, only values that are well above the vapour pressure of DEHP are marked in red colour; • the Table also contains (on the ride side) commentary on specific shortcomings of the selected substances.

The Table clearly demonstrates that each of the selected solvents under investigation fail one or more of the technical criteria established for DEHP and therefore cannot be considered technically feasible and, hence, realistic alternatives, at least at the present time.

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Table 5. Comparison of selected potential alternative substances against key technical comparison criteria Boiling Vapour Flash Solubility Solvent CAS EC No point pressure point in organic Comments name No (°C) (kPa) (°C) solvents

Bis(2- -7 Optimal combination of 117-81- 204- 6 * 10 at 374.15 215 Yes properties from physical- ethylhexyl) 7 211-0 20°C phthalate chemical perspective 109-43- 203- 4.69 * 10 -6 Optimal only within 344.5 178 Yes Dibutyl 3 672-5 at 25°C solubility. sebacate Di(2- 103-23- 203- Optimal only within vapour 417 3*10 -7 196 Yes ethylhexyl) 1 090-1 pressure. adipate 28553- 249- Optimal only within flash point 341 6 * 10 -5 236 Yes Diisononyl 12-0 079-5 and solubility. phthalate 166412 431- 397 2.2*10 -7 224 Yes Optimal for substitution. DINCH -78-8 890-2 Di-isobutyl 141-04- 205- 280 0.00563 ?? Yes Optimal only within solubility adipate 8 450-3 6422- 229- 375 <0.001 212 Yes Optimal for substitution. DOTP 86-2 176-9 105-99- 203- Di-butyl 183 0.021 113 Yes Optimal only within solubility 7 350-4 adipate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : CSR Dibutyl sebacate : HSDB: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~Wxy7yi:1 Chemspider.com http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8737502.htm Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate : ECHA Dissemination Portal http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-a134506c-6383-58e2-e044-00144f67d031/DISS- a134506c-6383-58e2-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-a134506c-6383-58e2-e044-00144f67d031.html Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/gED0311e.pdf : ECHA Dissemination Portal http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-828e025b-9dd6-1b22-e044-00144fd73934/AGGR- cb83eb9f-a441-4d41-9102-00d52b67b510_DISS-828e025b-9dd6-1b22-e044-00144fd73934.html#AGGR-cb83eb9f- a441-4d41-9102-00d52b67b510 Australian Government Internet site: http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Consultations/Draft%20PEC%20Assessment%20Report_DINP.pdf

Di-butyl adipate : NIOSH http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1705.html IUCLID http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/IUCLID/data_sheets/105997.pdf NIOSH http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1705.html IUCLID http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/IUCLID/data_sheets/105997.pdf National Centre for Biotechnology Information http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835133

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

4. SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES The use of DEHP is this case is unique, so no potential alternative can be disclosed to the public. The number of companies producing the same or similar articles worldwide is very low, so even disclosure of the name of alternative can harm downstream users of Applicant and could break the position of these companies on the market.

4.1. ALTERNATIVE 1 Alternative 1 is described in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.1: 4.1.1 – 4.1.6, pages 6 – 12.

4.2. ALTERNATIVE 2 Alternative 2 is described in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.2: 4.2.1 – 4.2.6, pages 12 - 15.

4.3. ALTERNATIVE 3 Alternative 3 is described in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.3: 4.3.1 – 4.3.6, pages 16 – 18.

4.4. ALTERNATIVE 4 Alternative 4 is described in confidential annex. Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.4: 4.4.1 – 4.4.6, pages 19 – 21.

4.5. ALTERNATIVE 5 Alternative 5 is described in confidential annex. Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.5: 4.5.1 – 4.5.6, pages 22 - 24.

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

4.6. ALTERNATIVE 6 Alternative 6 is described in confidential annex. Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 4.6: 4.6.1 – 4.6.6, pages 25 – 28.

Overview table of desired properties for potential alternatives

Desired property Range, figure Comment

Physical state, melting point, Liquid, working temperature: Handling and transport in winter boiling point -35°C to 200°C in country of origin, transit and target destination for low limit

Process operation for high limit

Density (at 20°C) 0,98 – 1,1 g/cm3 Handling, pumping, analysis

Vapour pressure (20°C) Lower than 10e -5 k Pa Safety requirement

Flash point >180°C Safety requirement

Affinity to metallic oxide powders Process requirement and precious metal powders

Solubility in organo metallic Process requirement substances

Water solubility 10,7 – 12,1 mg/L Needed for processing of the mixture

Long -term stability at 20°C More than 6 months Needed for storage, handling

Note: all properties should be met for one potential alternative

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ON SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES FOR USE 3 Six commercially proven alternatives have been considered in this analysis: the alternative substances.

5.1. Conclusion on the technical feasibility of commercially proven alternatives Six commercially proven alternatives cannot be considered technically feasible for downstream users, some of them also not for applicant. In terms of technical feasibility for the downstream user they are not useful because of deficiency in the process. The deficiencies are described in confidential annex. Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 5: 5.1, page 29.

Technically, neither of eight alternatives can match the performance of DEHP-based ceramic sheet and the need for prolonged, complex and costly plant modifications render these alternatives technically unfeasible and unrealistic for the applicant and the downstream user, particularly given that the CSR has demonstrated that risks to workers health are adequately controlled.

5.2. Conclusion on the economic feasibility of commercially proven alternatives Six commercially proven alternatives are not available to the downstream users of DEHP (the manufactured of ceramic sheets and printing pastes) from the perspective of technical feasibility. The refused authorisation would have impacts for downstream users in loss of production, loss of annual turnover etc. From the perspective of the downstream user, the economic impact of loss DEHP in production is summarised in confidential annex.

Additional confidential information is presented in: Confidential Annex AoA Use 3, Section 5: 5.2, pages 29 - 30.

The estimated annualised costs represent a very substantial proportion of the turnover of the downstream users. Under either alternative, the cost of conversion is prohibitive, thus rendering these alternatives economically unfeasible and entirely unrealistic, particularly since exposure of workers to DEHP is strictly controlled below the effects threshold.

5.3. Conclusion on risk reduction potential of commercially proven alternatives In terms of risk reduction, it is important to consider the key premise of this Application for Authorization: exposure of workers at the DEZA and downstream user’s plant is kept well below the effect threshold. Adequate control of risk is demonstrated in the CSR, thus there is no unacceptable risk for the endpoint of concern (reproductive toxicity). Therefore, the replacement of DEHP by an alternative substance would not confer any discernible benefit to workers health. The information on alternative substances was taken from REACH registration dossiers. These substances are not dangerous for human health and environment. The externalities of the release because of using alternative substances were not established.

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.4. Overall conclusion It is clear that DEZA and downstream users of DEHP for the manufacture of ceramic sheets and printing pastes for production of capacitors and lambda sensor elements would have very little incentive to switch to either of the two commercially proven alternatives. These alternatives: • would not confer any discernible benefit to workers health as the risks from exposure to DEHP are adequately controlled as demonstrated in CSR; • can be detrimental to the quality of ceramic sheets product; • would require plant conversions which modification of the plant, would require very long downtime of 48 months. It is estimated that additional 20 months would be required for obtaining agreement of the company owners/ shareholders, drawing up of engineering plans, cost estimation and raising capital and another 24 months to get EIA, certification of the product etc.; • would be accompanied by much poorer economics that would make the manufacture of ceramic types unprofitable . In general terms, alternative substances cannot be considered to be available. Some of them could not be produced by the Applicant. From the downstream user’s perspective, alternative substances are unlikely to be available at the required tonnage. The availability of commercially unproven alternatives has not been examined in detail. DEZA was asked about its ability to manufacture and supply any of the theoretical alternative substances that have been identified in the open literature. In general terms, DEZA manufacturers some phthalates and adipates but has no knowledge or expertise in the manufacture of potential alternatives that belong to other group of substances. Downstream users are not currently involved in the manufacture or import of any of the identified potential alternative substances. It is expected that availability will vary amongst the substances. Making the commercially proven alternatives suitable is considered impossible with the current level of knowledge. Indeed, it is considered unwise to invest time, effort and funds in attempting to make the alternative. Any effort concentrated on them would be a backward step towards inefficient processes with worse economics, which the applicant and the downstream users would not consider. It is more realistic and practical to focus instead on the development of a suitable new alternative, which even if commercially unproven at present, it can be properly researched and adapted to the downstream technology of manufacture of ceramic types. Downstream user is committed continuing its research and development work with the aim of identifying and developing technical suitable and economically feasible alternatives which can be obtained from the market in sufficient quantities.

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

APPENDIXES

Annex 1: List of data sources

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Chemical Book. (2010) Diisononyl adipate. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB6258137.htm Chemical book. (2010). Dibutyl Sebacate . Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8737502.htm Chemical Book. (2008). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB8737502_EN.htm Chemicalland21. (undate). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/plasticizer/DIBUTYL%20SEBACATE.htm Chemicalland21. (undate). Diisononyl phthalate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/plasticizer/DINP.htm ChemSpider. (undate). Diisobutyl adipate . Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8499.html ChemSpider. (undate). DINCH . Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://www.chemspider.com/9699466 Danish EPA. (2011). Proposal for a restriction Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Benzyl butyl phthalate, Dibutyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate. Retrieved May 26, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/c6781e1e-1128-45c2-bf48-8890876fa719 ECHA. (2008). VHC Support Document. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Member State Committee Support Document for Identification of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP) as a Substance of Very High Concern. Retrieved 2013 26, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/doc/candidate_list/svhc_supdoc_dehp_publication.pdf ECHA. (2009). Background document for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Retrieved February 26, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/doc/authorisation/annex_xiv_rec/subs_spec_background_docs/dehp.pd f ECHA. (undate). C&L Inventory. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://clpinventory.echa.europa.eu/SummaryOfClassAndLabelling.aspx?SubstanceID=1722 7 9&HarmOnly=no?DisclaimerAgr=Agree&Index=670241-72- 2&ExecuteSearch=true&fc=true&lang=cs ECHA. (2009). Justification for the draft recommendation of inclusion in Annex XIV. Retrieved May 26, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/justif_draft_annex_xiv_recom_en.pdf ECHA. (2011). Guidance on the preparation of an application for authorisation. Retrieved March 26, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13637/authorisation_application_en.pdf ECHA. (2012). Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC), Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (SEAC) - Background document to the Opinion on the Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on four phthalates. Retrieved April 8,2013, from http://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/3bc5088a-a231-498e-86e6-8451884c6a4f ECHA. (2012c). Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC), Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (SEAC) - Opinion on an Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on four phthalates. Retrieved May 27, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/58050be8-f7be- 4b55-b106-76dda4989dd6 21

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

ECHA. (undate). bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate . Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-a134506c-6383-58e2-e044- 00144f67d031/DISS-a134506c-6383-58e2-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-a134506c-6383- 58e2-e044-00144f67d031.html ECHA. (undate). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-9c7eba3b-31b2-3fd1-e044- 00144f67d249/DISS-9c7eba3b-31b2-3fd1-e044-00144f67d249_DISS-9c7eba3b-31b2-3fd1- e044-00144f67d249.html ECHA. (undate). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate . Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-9eb0e894-2a52-5415-e044- 00144f67d031/DISS-9eb0e894-2a52-5415-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-9eb0e894-2a52- 5415-e044-00144f67d031.html ECHA. (undate). Dibutyl adipate. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-dced8d5e-fce6-221d-e044- 00144f67d031/DISS-dced8d5e-fce6-221d-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-dced8d5e-fce6-221d- e044-00144f67d031.html#section_1.1 ECHA. (undate). Dibutyl sebacate. Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-dcee366b-031f-6eff-e044- 00144f67d031/DISS-dcee366b-031f-6eff-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-dcee366b-031f-6eff- e044-00144f67d031.html ECHA. (undate). Diisononyl adipate. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-85acff19-5ada-4ed5-e044- 00144fd73934/DISS-85acff19-5ada-4ed5-e044-00144fd73934_DISS-85acff19-5ada-4ed5- e044-00144fd73934.html ECHA. (undate). Diisononyl phthalate . Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-828e025b-9dd6-1b22-e044- 00144fd73934/AGGR-cb83eb9f-a441-4d41-9102-00d52b67b510_DISS-828e025b-9dd6- 1b22-e044-00144fd73934.html#AGGR-cb83eb9f-a441-4d41-9102-00d52b67b510 ECHA. (undate). Hexamoll DINCH. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-bead5478-f3f2-1ea2-e044- 00144f67d031/DISS-bead5478-f3f2-1ea2-e044-00144f67d031_DISS-bead5478-f3f2-1ea2- e044-00144f67d031.html ECHA. (undate). Hexamoll DINCH. Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered- substances?p_auth=Q89RzGuk&p_p_id=registeredsubstances_WAR_regsubsportlet&p_p_l ifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column- 1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=6&_registeredsubstances_WAR_regsubsportlet_javax.p ortlet.action=registeredSubstancesAction ECHA. (undate). Nonylbenzoate, branched and linear . Retrieved August 8, 2013, from http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/data/dossiers/DISS-a64ee3b2-b1fa-2475-e044- 00144f67d249/DISS-a64ee3b2-b1fa-2475-e044-00144f67d249_DISS-a64ee3b2-b1fa-2475- e044-00144f67d249.html ESIS. (undate). Dibutyl adipate . Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/IUCLID/data_sheets/105997.pdf 22

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Evonik. (2013). GPS Safety Summary-Isononylbenzoate . Retrieved August 8, 2013, from http://www13.evonik.com/asp/documents/safetysummary/2982_Safety_Summary_Report.p df Evonik. (2012). Safety Data Sheet-Vestinol INB . Retrieved August 8, 2013, from http://oxo- alcohols.evonik.com/sites/dc/Downloadcenter/Evonik/Product/Oxo- Alcohols/en/110726_vestinol-inb.pdf European chemicals bureau. (2008). bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/e614617d-58e7-42d9-b7fb-d7bab8f26feb He, Y. (2004). Heat Capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of barium titanate-based ceramics. Thermochimica Acta. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603104000942 INCHEM. (undate) Diioctyl adipate. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1292.htm InsideView. (2013). AVX Corporation . Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://www.insideview.com/directory/avx-corporation Johanson Dielectrics. Basics of Ceramic Chip Capacitors . Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://www.johansondielectrics.com/technical-notes/product-training/basics-of-ceramic- chip-capacitors.html#.UcraeL5Ivmh Lee, Y.-C. (2006). A study of ceramic addition in end termination of multilayer ceramics capacitors with cofiring process. Materials chemistry and Physics. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058406000150 Lee, Y.-C. (2008). Investigation of thin film end-termination on multilayer ceramic capacitors . Materials chemistry and Physics. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058408000278

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Plasticizer BASF. (2013). HEXAMOLL DINCH . Retrieved July 20, 2013, from http://www.plasticizers.basf.com/portal/5/en/dt.jsp?setCursor=1_233146 Polytrans S.A. (undate). Dibutyl sebacate. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.polytrans.be/p_esters_dibutyl.htm Polytrans S.A. (undate). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.polytrans.be/p_esters_dibutyl.htm Pubchem. (2013). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=7986#x27 PubChem. (undate). Dibutyl sebacate - Compound Summary . Retrieved June 30, 2013, from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=7986 Sakabe, Y. (1997). Multilayer ceramic capacitors. Current opinion in solid state and materials science. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359028697800496 Santa Cruz biotechnology. (2013). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://www.scbt.com/datasheet-214876-dibutyl-sebacate.html Sen, A. (2008). Coated Textiles: Principles and Applications, Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press - Taylor & Francis. Sigma Aldrich. (2013). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate. Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/525189?lang=en®ion=US Sigma Aldrich. (2013). Dibutyl adipate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/d49504?lang=en®ion=US Sigma Aldrich. (2013). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/d49504?lang=en®ion=US Sigma Aldrich. (2013). Diisononyl phthalate . Retrieved June 20, 2013, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/376663?lang=en®ion=CZ Sigma Aldrich. (2013).Diisobutyl adipate. Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/450588?lang=en®ion=US TDK (2008). Capacitors world. Retrieved June 26, 2013, from http://www.global.tdk.com/news_center/publications/capacitors_world/pdf/aaa60500.pdf#pa ge=1 Toronto research chemicals. (2013). Dibutyl sebacate . Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.trc-canada.com/detail.php?CatNum=D429525&CAS=109-43- 3&Chemical_Name=Dibutyl%20Sebacate&Mol_Formula=C18H34O4&Synonym=Decane dioic%20Acid%201,10- Dibutyl%20Ester;%20Decanedioic%20Acid%20Dibutyl%20Ester;%20Sebacic%20Acid%2 0Dibutyl%20Ester;%20Bis%28n-butyl%29%20Sebacate;%20DBS;%20Di-n- Butyl%20Sebacate;%20Dibutyl%20Decanedioate;%20Ergoplast%20SDB;%20Kodaflex%2 0DBS;%20NSC%203893;%20PX%20404;%20Polycizer%20DBS;%20Reomol%20DBS;% 20Sebacic%20Acid%20Di-n-butyl%20Ester;%20Staflex%20DBS;%20Uniflex%20DBS

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