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Kent – Gehirnwaesche Im Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Behörde für Inneres - Arbeitsgruppe Scientology und Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Gehirnwäsche im Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF) der Scientology-Organisation Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Behörde für Inneres - Arbeitsgruppe Scientology und Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Gehirnwäsche im Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF) der Scientology-Organisation Herausgeber: Behörde für Inneres - Arbeitsgruppe Scientology und Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Eiffestraße 664, 20537 Hamburg Telefon: 0 40/4 28 86 64 44 Telefax: 0 40/4 28 86 64 45 Auflage: 1.000 Oktober 2000 Druck: Stamp Media GmbH, Ringstraße 19, 24114 Kiel 2 Vorwort Nach wie vor beschäftigen die Scientology-Organisation, ihre Methoden, ihre Ge­ schäftspraktiken und vor allem ihre Opfer und deren Schicksale die Öffentlichkeit. In den letzten Jahren ist auch über die Berichterstattung in den Medien ein besonderes Augenmerk auf eine Einrichtung der Organisation gefallen: das sog. „Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF)". Insbesondere durch die Berichte ehemaliger Mitglieder, die das RPF in den USA, in Großbritannien und in Dänemark durchlitten haben, wurde es dem Autor dieser Bro­ schüre, Prof. Stephen A. Kent, möglich, die für mich menschenverachtenden Prakti­ ken im RPF zu beschreiben. Wenn der häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Scientology- Organisation in der Öffentlichkeit geprägte Begriff „Gehirnwäsche" zutrifft, dann, so belegt diese Broschüre, im RPF. Das RPF ist Teil der sog. ,,Sea Organization" oder auch ,,Sea-Org" der Scientology- Organisation. Die 1967 geschaffene Sea-Org sei - so der Gründer der Scientology Organisation, L. Ron Hubbard - die „einzige Garantie des Überlebens der Scientolo- gy-Technologie auf diesem Planeten". Mitglieder der Sea-Org tragen Pseudo-Marine- dienstgrade und - uniformen und die Einheit ist militärisch durchorganisiert. Laut Ei­ gendarstellung soll die Sea-Org die „Scientology funktionsträchtig erhalten" und die Mitglieder - so heißt es in der Eigenwerbung - haben „einen Vertrag für ewigen Dienst an Scientology und deren Ziele unterzeichnet." Ewiger Dienst ist wörtlich ge­ meint: Wer Mitglied dieser Einheit wird, unterschreibt einen Vertrag über eine Milli­ arde Jahre. Bei der so formulierten Bedeutung der Sea-Org innerhalb der Scientology-Organisati­ on wundert es nicht, dass Hubbard für aus seiner Sicht kritische oder ungehorsame Mitglieder dieser Einheit besondere Strafen vorsah, mit denen diese Mitglieder sich „rehabilitieren" können. Damit soll das ideologische Engagement der Mitglieder zu­ rückgewonnen werden. Demnach ist das von Hubbard geschaffene RPF seiner Natur nach offenbar nichts anderes als ein „education camp", ein Erziehungslager, wie wir es aus totalitären Systemen kennen. Mit der vorliegenden Broschüre wird die Aufklärungsarbeit der Behörde für Inneres zur Scientology-Organisation fortgesetzt. Das RPF zeigt wie keine andere Einheit die­ ser Organisation das wahre Gesicht der Scientology. Nur wer weiß, was alles in der Scientology-Organisation mit Menschen passiert oder passieren kann, wird sich von deren Hochglanz-Broschüren nicht mehr anlocken lassen. Ich wünsche daher dieser Informationsschrift viele interessierte Leserinnen und Leser. /S^f^^ Ursula Caberta Leiterin der Arbeitsgruppe Scientology in der Behörde für Inneres 3 4 13. September 2000 GEHIRNWÄSCHE IM REHABILITATION PROJECT FORCE (RPF) Übersetzung der überarbeiteten und erweiterten Fassung einer Präsentation 2 bei der Society for the Scientifi:ntificc Study of ReligioReligü n San Diego, Kalifornien (7. November 1997). Stephen A. Kent (PhD) Professor am Fachbereich Soziologie University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H4 (780) 492-2204 (Anrufbeantworter - 24 Stunden am Tag eingeschaltet) Rehabilitationsprojekt-Gruppe; der Übers. Gesellschaft für die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung der Religion; der Übers., 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7 Einführung 7 Die ,,Debatte über Gehirnwäsche" innerhalb der Sozialwissenschaften 8 RPF-Darstellungen in den Gerichten und den Medien 10 Methodologische Fragen 13 Die Entwicklung des RPF-Bildes 14 Hubbards Handbuch über Gehirnwäsche und Psychopolitik 15 Hubbards Diskussionen der Gehirnwäsche Ende der 60er Jahre 16 Organisatorische Vorläufer des RPF 18 Die Schaffung des RPF 21 Die Schaffung des RPF im RPF 23 Übereinstimmung und Unterschiede in RPF-Schilderungen 25 1. Freiheitsentzug 25 2. Berichte über körperliche Misshandlung 30 A. Exzessive körperliche Beanspruchung - das Laufprogramm 30 B. Körperlich schwierige und ermüdende Pflichtaufgaben 32 C. Mangelhafte Ernährung 34 D. Fragen der Hygiene und ärztlichen Versorgung 35 E. Die Schlafbedingungen 36 3. Soziale Misshandlung 38 A. Overalls; formelle Anrede von „Vorgesetzten"; Armbinden 38 B. Beschränkungen der Kommunikation in Wort und Schrift 38 C. Beschränkungen bei Medien und Büchern 39 D. Gehälter 42 4. Intensives Studium der Ideologie 42 5. Erzwungene Beichten 43 6. Erfolgsgeschichten 44 Kinder und Teenager im RPF 46 1. Frühere erwachsene Mitglieder berichten über Kinder und Teenager ... 46 2. Erwähnung von Kindern im RPF in einem Scientology-Dokument 46 3. Fernseh- und Presseberichte über Teenager im RPF 47 Die Auswirkung auf einige Scientologen, die den RPF-Betrieb beobachtet haben 49 Die Gehirnwäsche als Praktik bei Scientology und als Konzept in der Soziologie 51 NACHTRAG 52 Das RPF und die Hollywood-Stars von Scientology 52 Das RPF und die amerikanischen Ordnungsbehörden 55 Das RPF und Menschenrechtsfragen 56 ANMERKUNGEN 58 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 61 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Diese Studie untersucht die Programme und Lager für den Freiheitsentzug, die bei Scientology Maßnahmen und Einrichtungen sind, die angeblich der Rehabilitation „abweichlerischer" Mitglieder ihrer Sea-OrganizationA-,,Elite" dienen. In diesen Pro­ grammen, die insgesamt als „Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF)" bezeichnet werden, durchlaufen die zur Teilnahme gezwungenen Mitglieder Aktionen strenger körperli­ cher Bestrafung, erzwungener Selbstbezichtigungen, sozialer Isolierung, der Zwangs­ arbeit und intensiver Studien ihrer Lehre - dies alles als Bestandteil der von der Füh­ rung ersonnenen Anstrengungen, das ideologische Engagement der Mitglieder zurück zu gewinnen. Der Freiheitsentzug, dem die Teilnehmer unterworfen werden, ermög­ licht es Sozialwissenschaftlern - in Verbindung mit den Formen körperlicher Miss­ handlung, intensiver Ideologiestudien und erzwungener Geständnisse - vom RPF als einem „Gehirnwäsche-" Programm zu sprechen. GEHIRNWÄSCHE IM REHABILITATION PROJECT FORCE (RPF) VON SCIENTOLOGY Einführung Als internationale Einrichtung, die von ihren inhaftierten Mitgliedern totale Unterwer­ fung fordert, hat das Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF) von Scientology nur wenige Parallelen unter den gegenwärtigen ideologischen Organisationen, die in der westli­ chen Welt tätig sind. Während die umstrittenen Organisationen, die unter der Bezeich­ nung „The Family" oder „The Children of God"3 bekannt sind, seit den 80er Jahren mit analogen Programmen arbeiten (s. Kent und Hall, 1997), gibt es das RPF seit fast einem Vierteljahrhundert. Das RPF wurde im Januar 1974 eingerichtet und ist ein Programm, das harte körperliche Arbeit, erzwungene Geständnisse und intensive Ideologiestudien zum Inhalt hat. Scientology beharrt darauf, das Programm sei mit dem Zweck eingerichtet worden, die Probleme von Personalangehörigen zu lösen, da­ mit sie in der Sea-Org(anization)-Elite von Scientology bleiben und leistungsfähig dort arbeiten können. Kritiker und viele frühere Mitglieder betonen, dass ihr Zweck darin besteht, den Willen der Inhaftierten so zu brechen, dass die Fähigkeiten der Be­ troffenen für eine Arbeit außerhalb der ideologischen Einengungen durch der Organi­ sation auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Sie führen auch an, dass das Programm Scientology billige Arbeitskräfte liefert, weil seine (freiwilligen und unfreiwilligen) Teilnehmer fast keine Bezahlung erhalten. Auf jeden Fall hat die Presse zumindest seit 1984 über das Programm mit Artikeln in amerikanischen, britischen, dänischen und deutschen Medien berichtet. Wissenschaftliche Darstellungen darüber gibt es bis jetzt jedoch noch nicht, obwohl es direkt mit einer Frage im Zusammenhang steht, die viele Sozialwissenschaftler für gelöst halten - das Ausmaß, in dem einige ideologische Gruppen bei ihren Mitgliedern Verfahren der „Gehirnwäsche" einsetzen. ,,Die Familie" oder ..Die Kinder Gottes"; der Übers. 7 Diese Studie führt an, dass die Gehirnwäsche - „die systematische, wissenschaftliche und erzwungene Auslöschung der Individualität des Geistes eines Menschen" (Sche- flin und Opton 1978, 40) - tatsächlich ein sozialwissenschaftlich geeignetes Konzept dafür ist, die Ausführung von Re-Indoktrinierungsprogrammen unter den Haftbedin­ gungen zu analysieren, denen sich die Insassen des RPF und seines noch strengeren Ablegers, des RPF im RPF, gegenübersehen. Zur Erarbeitung dieses Argumentes be­ nutzt die Studie Primärdokumente, die der Scientology-Begründer L. Ron Hubbard entweder geschrieben oder verbreitet hat, sowie rechtliche Unterlagen, Interviewauf­ zeichnungen und Artikel in den Medien. Diese Dokumente und andere Faktoren hel­ fen die Zusammenhänge in Werdegang und Organisation von Scientology zu erken­ nen, aus denen das RPF hervorgegangen ist, und sie erlauben einen ausführlicheren Blick in die tatsächlichen RPF-Vorgänge an verschiedenen Orten über bestimmte Zeiträume. Von besonderem Interesse für Wissenschaftler und die informationshung­ rige Öffentlichkeit ist die Verwendung von Scientology-Veröffentlichungen
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