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Home , Borneo, Brunei, East Malaysia, Kuching, Labuan, Majapahit

Grids & Datums Ne g a r a Br u n e i Da r u s s a l a m by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S.

East has been settled from circa 1st century B.C. by Hindu geodetic reference system known as Borneo Triangulation 1948 and Pallavas from southeast . Chinese and records indicate was established with the origin at Bukit Timbalai, where:

that this ancient trading kingdom existed at the mouth of the Φo = 05° 17' 03.55" North, Λo = 115° 10' 56.41" East of Greenwich. River as early as the seventh or eighth century A.D. This early kingdom The reference ellipsoid used for the BT 1948 is the Modified Everest 1 was apparently conquered by the Sumatran Hindu of where a = 6,377,298.556 m and /f = 300.8017. The BT68 results in the early ninth century, which later controlled northern Borneo and from the readjustment of the primary control of East (, the . It was subjugated briefly by the -based plus Brunei) made by DOS, and the old Borneo West Coast Empire but soon regained its and once again rose to Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah (1930-1942), the Borneo East Coast prominence. In the early , with the decline of the Majapa- Triangulation of Sarawak and extension of the West Coast Triangula- hit kingdom and widespread conversion to , Brunei became an tion in Sabah (1955-1960), and some new points surveyed between independent sultanate. It was a powerful state from the 16th to the 1961 and 1968. The Hotine Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) 19th century, ruling over the northern part of Borneo and adjacent defining parameters for BT 1948 and for BT68 consist of: Conversion island chains. But Brunei fell into decay and lost Sarawak in 1841, Factor (1 chain = 20.11676512 m, from Sears, Jolly, & Johnson, 1927),

becoming a British in 1888 and a British dependency in projection origin jo = 4º 00’ N, λo = 115º 00’ E, Scale Factor at Ori-

1905. Set up as the Union of in 1946, Brunei later formed the gin (mo) = 0.99984, basic or initial line of projection passes through 1 of Malaya which became independent in 1957. Malaysia the Skew Origin at an azimuth of (γo) = Sin‑ (0.8) or 53º 19’ 56.9537”, was formed in 1963 when the former British of False Easting = False Northing = zero. The new GDM2000 RSO for and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern Borneo and the Geocentric Datum of Brunei Darussalam 2009 (Roel coast of Borneo joined the Federation (Background Notes, U.S. Dept. Nicolai, Principal Geodesist, Shell Global Solutions International, The of State, 2011). Hague, The Netherlands - personal communication, 1 November 2011) . Bordered by Malaysia (381 km) (PE&RS, 2009), Brunei is (GDBD2009) for Brunei retains the exact same parameters as for BT slightly smaller than Delaware. The lowest point is the South 1948 and BT 68 except for the basic or initial line of projection that ‑1 (0 m), and the highest point is Bukit Pagon (1,850 m) which is on passes through the Skew Origin at an azimuth of (γo) = Sin (– 0.8) or the border with Sarawak, Malaysia. 53º 18’ 56.91582, and the fact that the new ellipsoid of revolution is 1 The Borneo Triangulation network in Sabah and Sarawak consists of the GRS 80 where: a = 6,378,137 m, and /f = 298.2572221. Accord- the Borneo West Coast Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah (1930-1942). ing to TR 8350.2, the transformation parameters from “Timbalai 1948 “In 1934 it was decided to cooperate with the Survey of Brunei and to Datum” to WGS 84 Datum (Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei) are: ΔX = –679 establish the second Sarawak base line near Marudi, some 330 miles m ±10 m, ΔY = +669 m ±10 m, ΔZ = –48m ±12 m, and the solution from the baseline, and to rely on a future connection to the is based on eight stations. According to the EPSG Database, Jesselton () base to provide a check on the work north version 7.6, from BT48 to GDBD2009, the Coordinate Frame Rotation east of Marudi. The Marudi base line was measured jointly by Officers Transformation is: ΔX = –689.594 m, ΔY = +623.840 m, ΔZ = –65.936

of the Sarawak and Brunei Surveys. The base net was observed and m, Rx = +0.02331”, R y = –1.17094”, Rz = +0.80054”, δs = 5.88536 extended southwestwards towards by Sarawak, while Brunei ppm. Brunei Shell (BSP) uses: ΔX = –678 m, ΔY = +670 m, carried it northeastwards to the North Borneo Border and established ΔZ = –48 m (op. cit., Roel Nicolai). stations in the Fifth Division of Sarawak. The Triangulation of Brunei, published by the Surveyor General, Federated States and  , explains how this section of the chain is based on The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is astronomical observations at Labuan (Island – Ed), and is computed responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. in terms of the Sarawak Eastern Meridian of Reference” (The Primary The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of Triangulation of Sarawak, W. Harnack, Empire Survey Review, no. 42, the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/ or the Louisiana State University Center for GeoInformatics (C4G). pp. 206-214). The Eastern System is in terms of the Marudi Base 1 (probable error ± /1,000,000), the latitude and longitude observed at Labuan and the azimuth observed at Timbali (Labuan). The azimuth observed at agrees within 0.04” (op. cit., Harnack). In 1947, readjustment of this triangulation was undertaken by the Director- ate of Overseas Surveys (DOS), to establish a local

1196 December 2011 Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing