DOCSLIB.ORG

Refinement Types for Secure Implementations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Refinement Types for Secure Implementations Refinement Types for Secure Implementations Jesper Bengtson Karthikeyan Bhargavan Uppsala University Microsoft Research Cedric´ Fournet Andrew D. Gordon Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Sergio Maffeis Imperial College London Revision of November 2010 Technical Report MSR–TR–2008–118 Microsoft Research Roger Needham Building 7 J.J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge, CB3 0FB United Kingdom Refinement Types for Secure Implementations Jesper Bengtson Karthikeyan Bhargavan Cedric´ Fournet Andrew D. Gordon Uppsala University Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Sergio Maffeis Imperial College London Abstract minimize the gap between executable and verified code. # We present the design and implementation of a typechecker for They automatically extract models from F code and, af- verifying security properties of the source code of cryptographic ter applying various program transformations, pass them to protocols and access control mechanisms. The underlying type ProVerif, a cryptographic analyzer [Blanchet, 2001, Abadi theory is a l-calculus equipped with refinement types for express- and Blanchet, 2005]. Their approach yields verified secu- ing pre- and post-conditions within first-order logic. We derive rity for very detailed models, but also demands considerable formal cryptographic primitives and represent active adversaries care in programming, in order to control the complexity of within the type theory. Well-typed programs enjoy assertion-based global cryptographic analysis for giant protocols. Even if security properties, with respect to a realistic threat model includ- ProVerif scales up remarkably well in practice, beyond a ing key compromise. The implementation amounts to an enhanced few message exchanges, or a few hundred lines of F#, veri- typechecker for the general purpose functional language F#; type- checking generates verification conditions that are passed to an fication becomes long (up to a few days) and unpredictable SMT solver. We describe a series of checked examples. This is (with trivial code changes leading to divergence). the first tool to verify authentication properties of cryptographic protocols by typechecking their source code. Cryptographic Verification meets Program Verification In parallel with the development of specialist tools for cryp- 1 Introduction tography, verification tools in general are also making rapid progress, and can deal with much larger programs [see for The goal of this work is to verify the security of imple- example Flanagan et al., 2002, Filliatreˆ and Marche´, 2004, mentation code by typing. Here we are concerned particu- Barnett et al., 2005,R egis-Gianas´ and Pottier, 2008]. To larly with authentication and authorization properties. verify the security of programs with some cryptography, we We develop an extended typechecker for code written would like to combine both kinds of tools. However, this in F# (a variant of ML) [Syme et al., 2007] and annotated integration is delicate: the underlying assumptions of cryp- with refinement types that embed logical formulas. We use tographic models to account for active adversaries typically these dependent types to specify access-control and crypto- differ from those made for general-purpose program veri- graphic properties, as well as desired security goals. Type- fication. On the other hand, modern applications involve checking then ensures that the code is secure. a large amount of (non-cryptographic) code and extensive We evaluate our approach on code implementing autho- libraries, sometimes already verified; we’d rather benefit rization decisions and on reference implementations of se- from this effort. curity protocols. Our typechecker verifies security proper- ties for a realistic threat model that includes a symbolic at- Authorization by Typing Logic is now a well established tacker, in the style of Dolev and Yao[1983], who is able tool for expressing and reasoning about authorization poli- to create arbitrarily many principals, create arbitrarily many cies. Although many systems rely on dynamic authorization instances of each protocol roles, send and receive network engines that evaluate logical queries against local stores of traffic, and compromise arbitrarily many principals. facts and rules, it is sometimes possible to enforce policies statically. Thus, Fournet et al.[2007a,b] treat policy en- Verifying Cryptographic Implementations In earlier forcement as a type discipline; they develop their approach work, Bhargavan et al.[2008b] advocate the crypto- for typed p-calculi, supplemented with cryptographic prim- graphic verification of reference implementations of pro- itives. Relying on a “says” modality in the logic, they also tocols, rather than their handwritten models, in order to account for partial trust (in logic specification) in the face of This is the November 2010 revision of technical report MSR-TR-2008-118, which ap- peared first in September 2008. An abridged, preliminary version appears in the pro- ceedings of the 21st IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF 2008). partial compromise (in their implementations). The present is safe when no assertion can ever fail at run time. By anno- work is an attempt to develop, apply, and evaluate this ap- tating programs with suitable formulas, we formalize secu- proach for a general-purpose programming language. rity properties, such as authentication and authorization, as expression safety. # Outline of the Implementation Our prototype tool, Our F code is written in a functional style, so pre- and named F7, takes as input module interfaces (similar to F# post-conditions concern data values and events represented module interfaces but with extended types) and module im- by logical formulas; our type system does not (and need not plementations (in plain F#). It typechecks implementations for our purposes) directly support reasoning about mutable against interfaces, and also generates plain F# interfaces by state, such as heap-allocated structures. erasure. Using the F# compiler, generated interfaces and verified implementations can then be compiled as usual. Contributions First, we formalize our approach within Our tool performs typechecking and partial type infer- a typed concurrent l-calculus. We develop a type system ence, relying on an external theorem prover for discharging with refinement types that carry logical formulas, building the logical conditions generated by typing. We currently use on standard techniques for dependent types, and establish plain first-order logic (rather than an authorization-specific its soundness. logic) and delegate its proofs to Z3 [de Moura and Bjørner, Second, we adapt our type system to account for active 2008], a solver for Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). (untyped) adversaries, by extending subtyping so that all Thus, in comparison with previous work, we still rely on an values manipulated by the adversary can be given a spe- external prover, but this prover is being developed for gen- cial universal type (Un). Our calculus has no built-in cryp- eral program verification, not for cryptography; also, we use tographic primitives. Instead, we show how a wide range this prover locally, to discharge proof obligations at various of cryptographic primitives can be symbolically coded (and program locations, rather than rely on a global translation typed) in the calculus, using a seal abstraction [Morris, to a cryptographic model. 1973, Sumii and Pierce, 2007]. The corresponding robust Reflecting our assumptions on cryptography and other safety properties then follow as a corollary of type safety. system libraries, some modules have two implementations: Third, experimentally, we implement our approach as an a symbolic implementation used for extended typing and extension of F#, and develop a new typechecker (with par- symbolic execution, and a concrete implementation used tial type inference) based on Z3 (a fast, incomplete, first- for plain typing and distributed execution. We have ac- order logic prover). cess to a collection of F# test programs already analyzed us- ing dual implementations of cryptography [Bhargavan et al., Fourth, we evaluate our approach on a series of program- 2008b], so we can compare our new approach to prior work ming examples, involving authentication and authorization on model extraction to ProVerif. Unlike ProVerif, type- properties of protocols and applications; this indicates that checking requires annotations that include pre- and post- our use of refinement types is an interesting alternative to conditions. On the other hand, these annotations can ex- global verification tools for cryptography, especially for the press general authorization policies, and their use makes verification of executable reference implementations. typechecking more compositional and predictable than the global analysis performed by ProVerif. Moreover, type- Contents The paper is organized as follows. Section2 checking succeeds even on code involving recursion and presents our core language with refinement types, and il- complex data structures. lustrates it by programming access control policies. Sec- tion3 adds typed support for cryptography, using an en- Outline of the Theory We justify our extended type- coding based on seals, and illustrates it by implementing checker by developing a formal type theory for a core of F#: MAC-based authentication protocols. Section4 describes a concurrent call-by-value l-calculus named RCF. our type system and its main properties. Sections5 and6 To represent pre- and post-conditions, our
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gradual Liquid Type Inference
    Gradual Liquid Type Inference NIKI VAZOU, IMDEA, Spain ÉRIC TANTER, University of Chile, Chile DAVID VAN HORN, University of Maryland, USA Refinement types allow for lightweight program verification by enriching types with logical predicates. Liquid typing provides a decidable refinement inference mechanism that is convenient but subject to two major issues: (1) inference is global and requires top-level annotations, making it unsuitable for inference of modular code components and prohibiting its applicability to library code, and (2) inference failure results in obscure error messages. These difficulties seriously hamper the migration of existing code to use refinements. This paper shows that gradual liquid type inferenceśa novel combination of liquid inference and gradual refinement typesśaddresses both issues. Gradual refinement types, which support imprecise predicates that are optimistically interpreted, can be used in argument positions to constrain liquid inference so that the global inference process effectively infers modular specifications usable for library components. Dually, when gradual refinements appear as the result of inference, they signal an inconsistency in the use of static refinements. Because liquid refinements are drawn from a finite set of predicates, in gradual liquid type inference wecan enumerate the safe concretizations of each imprecise refinement, i.e., the static refinements that justify why a program is gradually well-typed. This enumeration is useful for static liquid type error explanation, since the safe concretizations exhibit all the potential inconsistencies that lead to static type errors. We develop the theory of gradual liquid type inference and explore its pragmatics in the setting of Liquid 132 Haskell. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we develop an interactive tool, GuiLT, for gradual liquid type inference in Liquid Haskell that both infers modular types and explores safe concretizations of gradual refinements.
    [Show full text]
  • Relatively Complete Refinement Type System for Verification of Higher-Order Non-Deterministic Programs
    Relatively Complete Refinement Type System for Verification of Higher-Order Non-deterministic Programs HIROSHI UNNO, University of Tsukuba, Japan YUKI SATAKE, University of Tsukuba, Japan TACHIO TERAUCHI, Waseda University, Japan This paper considers verification of non-deterministic higher-order functional programs. Our contribution is a novel type system in which the types are used to express and verify (conditional) safety, termination, non-safety, and non-termination properties in the presence of 8-9 branching behavior due to non-determinism. 88 For instance, the judgement ` e : u:int ϕ(u) says that every evaluation of e either diverges or reduces 98 to some integer u satisfying ϕ(u), whereas ` e : u:int ψ (u) says that there exists an evaluation of e that either diverges or reduces to some integer u satisfying ψ (u). Note that the former is a safety property whereas the latter is a counterexample to a (conditional) termination property. Following the recent work on type-based verification methods for deterministic higher-order functional programs, we formalize theideaon the foundation of dependent refinement types, thereby allowing the type system to express and verify rich properties involving program values, branching behaviors, and the combination thereof. Our type system is able to seamlessly combine deductions of both universal and existential facts within a unified framework, paving the way for an exciting opportunity for new type-based verification methods that combine both universal and existential reasoning. For example, our system can prove the existence of a path violating some safety property from a proof of termination that uses a well-foundedness termination 12 argument.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinement Types for ML
    Refinement Types for ML Tim Freeman Frank Pfenning [email protected] [email protected] School of Computer Science School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890 Abstract tended to the full Standard ML language. To see the opportunity to improve ML’s type system, We describe a refinement of ML’s type system allow- consider the following function which returns the last ing the specification of recursively defined subtypes of cons cell in a list: user-defined datatypes. The resulting system of refine- ment types preserves desirable properties of ML such as datatype α list = nil | cons of α * α list decidability of type inference, while at the same time fun lastcons (last as cons(hd,nil)) = last allowing more errors to be detected at compile-time. | lastcons (cons(hd,tl)) = lastcons tl The type system combines abstract interpretation with We know that this function will be undefined when ideas from the intersection type discipline, but remains called on an empty list, so we would like to obtain a closely tied to ML in that refinement types are given type error at compile-time when lastcons is called with only to programs which are already well-typed in ML. an argument of nil. Using refinement types this can be achieved, thus preventing runtime errors which could be 1 Introduction caught at compile-time. Similarly, we would like to be able to write code such as Standard ML [MTH90] is a practical programming lan- case lastcons y of guage with higher-order functions, polymorphic types, cons(x,nil) => print x and a well-developed module system.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Liquid information flow control Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0t20j69d Journal Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, 4(ICFP) ISSN 2475-1421 Authors Polikarpova, Nadia Stefan, Deian Yang, Jean et al. Publication Date 2020-08-02 DOI 10.1145/3408987 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Type-Driven Repair for Information Flow Security Nadia Polikarpova Jean Yang Shachar Itzhaky Massachusetts Institute of Technology Carnegie Mellon University Armando Solar-Lezama [email protected] [email protected] Massachusetts Institute of Technology shachari,[email protected] Abstract We present LIFTY, a language that uses type-driven program repair to enforce information flow policies. In LIFTY, the programmer Policies specifies a policy by annotating the source of sensitive data with a refinement type, and the system automatically inserts access checks Program Program Verify necessary to enforce this policy across the code. This is a significant with Repair with Program improvement over current practice, where programmers manually holes checks implement access checks, and any missing check can cause an information leak. To support this programming model, we have developed (1) an encoding of information flow security in terms of decidable refine- ment types that enables fully automatic verification and (2) a pro- gram repair algorithm that localizes unsafe accesses to sensitive data and replaces them with provably secure alternatives. We for- ✓ ✗ malize the encoding and prove its noninterference guarantee. Our experience using LIFTY to implement a conference management Specification Core program Program hole system shows that it decreases policy burden and is able to effi- ciently synthesize all necessary access checks, including those re- Policy check Tool component quired to prevent a set of reported real-world information leaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Umltmprofile for Schedulability, Performance, and Time Specification
    UMLTM Profile for Schedulability, Performance, and Time Specification September 2003 Version 1.0 formal/03-09-01 An Adopted Specification of the Object Management Group, Inc. Copyright © 2001, ARTiSAN Software Tools, Inc. Copyright © 2001, I-Logix, Ind. Copyright © 2003, Object Management Group Copyright © 2001, Rational Software Corp. Copyright © 2001, Telelogic AB Copyright © 2001, TimeSys Corporation Copyright © 2001, Tri-Pacific Software USE OF SPECIFICATION - TERMS, CONDITIONS & NOTICES The material in this document details an Object Management Group specification in accordance with the terms, conditions and notices set forth below. This document does not represent a commitment to implement any portion of this specification in any company's products. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. LICENSES The companies listed above have granted to the Object Management Group, Inc. (OMG) a nonexclusive, royalty-free, paid up, worldwide license to copy and distribute this document and to modify this document and distribute copies of the modified version. Each of the copyright holders listed above has agreed that no person shall be deemed to have infringed the copyright in the included material of any such copyright holder by reason of having used the specification set forth herein or having conformed any computer software to the specification. Subject to all of the terms and conditions below, the owners of the copyright in this specification hereby grant you a fully- paid up, non-exclusive, nontransferable,
    [Show full text]
  • Refinement Session Types
    MENG INDIVIDUAL PROJECT IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING Refinement Session Types Supervisor: Prof. Nobuko Yoshida Author: Fangyi Zhou Second Marker: Dr. Iain Phillips 16th June 2019 Abstract We present an end-to-end framework to statically verify multiparty concurrent and distributed protocols with refinements, where refinements are in the form of logical constraints. We combine the theory of multiparty session types and refinement types and provide a type system approach for lightweight static verification. We formalise a variant of the l-calculus, extended with refinement types, and prove their type safety properties. Based on the formalisation, we implement a refinement type system extension for the F# language. We design a functional approach to generate APIs with refinement types from a multiparty protocol in F#. We generate handler-styled APIs, which statically guarantee the linear usage of channels. With our refinement type system extension, we can check whether the implementation is correct with respect to the refinements. We evaluate the expressiveness of our system using three case studies of refined protocols. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Nobuko Yoshida, Dr. Francisco Ferreira, Dr. Rumyana Neykova and Dr. Raymond Hu for their advice, support and help during the project. Without them I would not be able to complete this project. I would like to thank Prof. Paul Kelly, Prof. Philippa Gardner and Prof. Sophia Drossopoulou, whose courses enlightened me to explore the area of programming languages. Without them I would not be motivated to discover more in this area. I would like to thank Prof. Paul Kelly again, this time for being my personal tutor.
    [Show full text]
  • Generative Contracts
    Generative Contracts by Soheila Bashardoust Tajali B.C.S., M.C.S. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Computer Science School of Computer Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario November, 2012 © Copyright 2012, Soheila Bashardoust Tajali Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94208-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94208-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Refinement Typing
    Local Refinement Typing BENJAMIN COSMAN, UC San Diego RANJIT JHALA, UC San Diego 26 We introduce the Fusion algorithm for local refinement type inference, yielding a new SMT-based method for verifying programs with polymorphic data types and higher-order functions. Fusion is concise as the programmer need only write signatures for (externally exported) top-level functions and places with cyclic (recursive) dependencies, after which Fusion can predictably synthesize the most precise refinement types for all intermediate terms (expressible in the decidable refinement logic), thereby checking the program without false alarms. We have implemented Fusion and evaluated it on the benchmarks from the LiqidHaskell suite totalling about 12KLOC. Fusion checks an existing safety benchmark suite using about half as many templates as previously required and nearly 2× faster. In a new set of theorem proving benchmarks Fusion is both 10 − 50× faster and, by synthesizing the most precise types, avoids false alarms to make verification possible. Additional Key Words and Phrases: Refinement Types, Program Logics, SMT, Verification ACM Reference format: Benjamin Cosman and Ranjit Jhala. 2017. Local Refinement Typing. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 1, 1, Article 26 (September 2017), 31 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3110270 1 INTRODUCTION Refinement types are a generalization of Floyd-Hoare logics to the higher-order setting. Assertions are generalized to types by constraining basic types so that their inhabitants satisfy predicates drawn from SMT-decidable refinement logics. Assertion checking can then be generalized toa form of subtyping, where subtyping for basic types reduces to checking implications between their refinement predicates [Constable 1986; Rushby et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Substructural Typestates
    Substructural Typestates Filipe Militao˜ Jonathan Aldrich Lu´ıs Caires Carnegie Mellon University & Carnegie Mellon University Universidade Nova de Lisboa Universidade Nova de Lisboa [email protected] [email protected] fi[email protected] Abstract tocols, of the kind captured by typestate systems [6, 16, 40, 41], are Finding simple, yet expressive, verification techniques to reason a considerable obstacle to producing reliable code. For instance, about both aliasing and mutable state has been a major challenge in Java a FileOutputStream type represents both the open and for static program verification. One such approach, of practical closed states of that abstraction by relying on dynamic tests to de- relevance, is centered around a lightweight typing discipline where tect incorrect uses (such as writing to a closed stream) instead of types denote abstract object states, known as typestates. statically tracking the changing properties of the type. In this paper, we show how key typestate concepts can be pre- A diverse set of techniques (such as alias types [2, 13, 15, 39], cisely captured by a substructural type-and-effect system, exploit- typestate [6, 16, 34], behavioral types [10], and others [20, 26, 44, ing ideas from linear and separation logic. Building on this foun- 45, 47]; discussed in more detail in Section 4) have been proposed dation, we show how a small set of primitive concepts can be com- to tackle this problem, with various degrees of expressiveness. posed to express high-level idioms such as objects with multiple In this work, we reconstruct several core concepts introduced in independent state dimensions, dynamic state tests, and behavior- practical typestate systems (e.g., [6]), by modeling them in a oriented usage protocols that enforce strong information hiding.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinement Type Inference Via Horn Constraint Optimization⋆
    Refinement Type Inference via Horn Constraint Optimization? Kodai Hashimoto and Hiroshi Unno University of Tsukuba fkodai, [email protected] Abstract. We propose a novel method for inferring refinement types of higher-order functional programs. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it can infer maximally preferred (i.e., Pareto optimal) refinement types with respect to a user-specified preference order. The flexible optimization of refinement types enabled by the proposed method paves the way for interesting applications, such as inferring most-general characterization of inputs for which a given program satisfies (or vi- olates) a given safety (or termination) property. Our method reduces such a type optimization problem to a Horn constraint optimization problem by using a new refinement type system that can flexibly rea- son about non-determinism in programs. Our method then solves the constraint optimization problem by repeatedly improving a current solu- tion until convergence via template-based invariant generation. We have implemented a prototype inference system based on our method, and obtained promising results in preliminary experiments. 1 Introduction Refinement types [5, 20] have been applied to safety verification of higher-order functional programs. Some existing tools [9, 10, 16{19] enable fully automated verification by refinement type inference based on invariant generation tech- niques such as abstract interpretation, predicate abstraction, and CEGAR. The goal of these tools is to infer refinement types precise enough to verify a given safety specification. Therefore, types inferred by these tools are often too specific to the particular specification, and hence have limited applications. To remedy the limitation, we propose a novel refinement type inference method that can infer maximally preferred (i.e., Pareto optimal) refinement types with respect to a user-specified preference order.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Refinement Types
    1 Refinement Types This section is primarily based on Principles of Type Refinement, Noam Zeil- berger, OPLSS 2016 The concept of refinement types is quite general. So general, in fact, that it is not immediately obvious that the various publications claiming to present refinment type systems are founded upon a common framework. Nonetheless, Noam Zeilberger recently published a tutorial presenting such a framework. Before shifting to a more historical perspective, we will examine Zeilberger’s framework so that we understand the presented systems as refinement type systems rather than ad-hoc ones. Definition 1.1. Refinement type system: An extra layer of typing on an exist- ing type system. Remark 1.2. Type refinement systems are conservative: they preserve the properties of the underlying type system. The framework to be presented as- sumes the existing type system does not include subtyping. Definition 1.3 (Type syntax). T,S,U (types) ::= Int | Bool | T → T ρ,π,σ (refinements) ::= rInt | rBool | ρ → ρ Remark 1.4. A refinement type system decomposes each base type of the underlying system into a preordered set of base refinement types. In our example system, these sets (rInt and rBool) happen to be lattices. Definition 1.5 (Base refinements). Preorder h rInt, ≤Inti Preorder h rBool, ≤Booli 1Int NN NP 1Bool Z True False 0Int 0Bool Remark 1.6 (Type semantics). Recall that a type T can be interpreted as a set of closed values; e.g., JBoolK = {true,false} where true and false are values in a term language. For distinct S and T the underlying system should have JT K ∩ JSK = ∅.
    [Show full text]
  • Refinement Types for Secure Implementations
    Refinement Types for Secure Implementations Jesper Bengtson Karthikeyan Bhargavan Cedric´ Fournet Andrew D. Gordon Uppsala University Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Sergio Maffeis Imperial College London and University of California at Santa Cruz Abstract automatically extract models from F# code and, after We present the design and implementation of a typechecker for applying various program transformations, pass them to verifying security properties of the source code of cryptographic ProVerif, a cryptographic analyzer [Blanchet, 2001, Abadi protocols and access control mechanisms. The underlying type and Blanchet, 2005]. Their approach yields verified secu- theory is a l-calculus equipped with refinement types for express- rity for very detailed models, but also demands considerable ing pre- and post-conditions within first-order logic. We derive care in programming, in order to control the complexity of formal cryptographic primitives and represent active adversaries global cryptographic analysis for giant protocols. Even if within the type theory. Well-typed programs enjoy assertion-based ProVerif scales up remarkably well in practice, beyond a security properties, with respect to a realistic threat model includ- few message exchanges, or a few hundred lines of F#, veri- ing key compromise. The implementation amounts to an enhanced fication becomes long (up to a few days) and unpredictable typechecker for the general purpose functional language F#; type- checking generates verification conditions that are passed to an (with trivial code changes leading to divergence). SMT solver. We describe a series of checked examples. This is the first tool to verify authentication properties of cryptographic Cryptographic Verification meets Program Verification protocols by typechecking their source code.
    [Show full text]