DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture 2: Options and Investments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lecture 2: Options and Investments Binnenlandse Franqui leerstoel –VUB December, 2004 Opties André Farber Lecture 2: Options and investments 1. Introduction binomial option pricing – Review 1-period binomial option pricing formulas: σ ∆t u = e d = 1/u -r∆t f = [ p fu + (1-p) fd ] e p = (er∆t – d)/(u - d) 2. Black Scholes formula (European option on non dividend paying stock) -rT European call: C = S N(d1) – K e N(d2) European put: P = K N(-d2) – S N(-d1) S ln( ) Ke −rT d1 = + .5σ T σ T S ln( ) Ke −rT d 2 = − .5σ T = d1 −σ T σ T Note: Using put call parity: P = C – S + K e-rT -rT -rT = S N(d1) – K e N(d2) – S + K e -rT = K e [1 – N(d2)] – S [1 – N(d1)] -rT = K e N(-d2)] – S N(-d1) If stock pays continuous dividend yield q: replace S by S e-qT Illustration: Excel Lecture 2 worksheet B&S formula 3. American options Non dividend paying stock Call: Black Scholes formula (no early exercise) Put: No closed form solution – use binomial model -r∆t f = Max(K-S, [ p fu + (1-p) fd ] e ) Dividend paying stock (assume constant dividend yield q) No closed form solution – Use binomial model Put-Call parity: C + PV(K) = P + Se-qT Risk neutral probability of up: p = (e(r-q)∆t – d)/(u - d) Illustration: Excel Lecture 2 Binomial model 3. The Greek letters ∂f Slope Delta : δ = = f ' ∂S S -qT Black Scholes: Delta Call = N(d1) e -q∆t Binomial model: Delta = (fu – fd) / [(u-d)Se ] 1 ∂δ ∂²f Convexity Gamma: Γ = = = f " ∂S ∂S ² SS ∂f Time Theta: Θ = = f ' ∂T T ∂f Volatility Vega: = ∂σ ∂f Interest rate Rho: = ∂r Illustration: Excel Lecture 2 worksheet B&S Formula 4. Strategies involving options (list not exhaustive) Single option + stock or index Protective put: S + P = PV(K)+C convertible bond, ELN Example: Lehman Brother Equity Linked Notes: An Introduction Illustration: Excell worksheet Equity-LinkedNote Synthetic protective put: portfolio insurance V = S + P same value as with put V = n S + B n shares + bond 1 + δPut = n Dynamic hedging LOR and the crash of October 19, 1987: see Rubinstein 1999 Illustration: Excell worksheet PorfolioInsurance Covered call: S – C = PV(K) Examples Discount certificate (Boom time for structured product? Risk Feb 2004) Reverse convertible (Robeco Reverse Convertible op beleggingsfond) Illustration: Excel worksheet Reverse convertible Combinations Straddle: C + P Application: What is the market value of perfect forecasting? Perfect forecaster: Long shares if expects V0(1+R)>V(1+rf) V1 = Max(V0+V0R,V0+V0rf) = V0(1+rf) + Max(0, V0(R-rf) Exotic (source: www.riskglossary.com) For pricing exotic options: see Rubinstein’s website: www.inthemoney.com Cliquet options A forward start option is an advance purchase of a put or call option that will become active at some specified future time. A premium is paid in advance, and the underlier and time to expiration are specified at that time. The strike price is determined when the option becomes active. Typically, it is set at-the-money based upon the underlier value at that time. Alternatively, it can be set a pre- determined percentage in-the-money or out-of-the-money. A ratchet option (or cliquet option) is a series of consecutive forward start options. The first is active immediately. The second becomes active when the 2 first expires, etc. Each option is struck at-the-money when it becomes active. The effect of the entire instrument is of an option that periodically "locks in" profits. Ratchet features can be incorporated into other structures. For example, there are ratchet caps or ratchet floors. Barrier options A barrier option is a path dependent option that has one of two features: A knockout feature causes the option to immediately terminate if the underlier reaches a specified barrier level, or A knock-in feature causes the option to become effective only if the underlier first reaches a specified barrier level. Premiums are paid in advance. Due to the contingent nature of the option, they tend to be lower than for a corresponding vanilla option. Consider a knock-in call option with a strike price of EUR 100 and a knock-in barrier at EUR 110. Suppose the option was purchased when the underlier was at EUR 90. If the option expired with the underlier at EUR 103, but the underlier never reached the barrier level of EUR 110 during the life of the option, the option would expire worthless. On the other hand, if the underlier first rose to the EUR 110 barrier, this would cause the option to knock-in. It would then be worth EUR 3 when it expired with the underlier at EUR103. This is illustrated in Exhibit 1: Example: Up-And-In Barrier Call Option Exhibit 1 An up-and-in barrier call option expires worthless unless the underlier value hits the barrier at some time during the life of the option. The particular option in this example is known as an "up-and-in" option because the underlier must first go "up" to the barrier before the option knocks "in." In all, there are eight flavors of barrier options comprising European puts or calls having barriers that are: • up-and-in, • down-and-in, • up-and-out, or • down-and-out. Of the eight, four either knock-in or knockout when they are in-the-money. These are called reverse barrier options. They can pose significant hedging challenges for the issuer. 3 Lookback A lookback option is a path dependent option settles based upon the maximum or minimum underlier value achieved during the entire life of the option. Essentially, at expiration, the holder can "look back" over the life of the option and exercise based upon the optimal underlier value achieved during that period. Lookbacks can be structured as puts or calls and come in two basic forms: • A fixed strike lookback option is cash settled and has a strike set in advance. It is exercised based upon the optimal underlier value achieved during the life of the option. In the case of a call, this is the highest underlier value achieved, so the call has a payoff equal to the greater of: zero or the difference between that highest value and the fixed strike. In the case of a put, the optimal value is the lowest underlier value achieved, and the payoff is the greater of: zero or the difference between the strike and that lowest value. • A floating strike lookback option can have cash or physical settled. It settles based upon a strike that is set equal to the optimal value achieved by the underlier over the life of the option. In the case of a call, that optimal value is the lowest value achieved by the underlier, so the call has a payoff equal to the difference between the value of the underlier at expiration and the lowest value achieved by the underlier over the life of the option. In the case of a put, the payoff is the difference between the highest value achieved by the underlier and the value of the underlier at expiration. Lookback options have obvious appeal, but they are expensive. Their structure doesn't mimic typical business liabilities, so they are largely a speculative device. 7. Market timing as an option 8. Hedge funds References Lehman-Brother, Equity-Linked Notes – An Introduction, Rubinstein, M., The Real-World Pitfalls of Portfolio Insurance Derivative Strategy, September 1999 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pricing and Hedging of Lookback Options in Hyper-Exponential Jump Diffusion Models
    Pricing and hedging of lookback options in hyper-exponential jump diffusion models Markus Hofer∗ Philipp Mayer y Abstract In this article we consider the problem of pricing lookback options in certain exponential Lévy market models. While in the classic Black-Scholes models the price of such options can be calculated in closed form, for more general asset price model one typically has to rely on (rather time-intense) Monte- Carlo or P(I)DE methods. However, for Lévy processes with double exponentially distributed jumps the lookback option price can be expressed as one-dimensional Laplace transform (cf. Kou [Kou et al., 2005]). The key ingredient to derive this representation is the explicit availability of the first passage time distribution for this particular Lévy process, which is well-known also for the more general class of hyper-exponential jump diffusions (HEJD). In fact, Jeannin and Pistorius [Jeannin and Pistorius, 2010] were able to derive formulae for the Laplace transformed price of certain barrier options in market models described by HEJD processes. Here, we similarly derive the Laplace transforms of floating and fixed strike lookback option prices and propose a numerical inversion scheme, which allows, like Fourier inversion methods for European vanilla options, the calculation of lookback options with different strikes in one shot. Additionally, we give semi-analytical formulae for several Greeks of the option price and discuss a method of extending the proposed method to generalised hyper- exponential (as e.g. NIG or CGMY) models by fitting a suitable HEJD process. Finally, we illustrate the theoretical findings by some numerical experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Discrete-Time Approach to Evaluate Path-Dependent Derivatives in a Regime-Switching Risk Model
    risks Article A Discrete-Time Approach to Evaluate Path-Dependent Derivatives in a Regime-Switching Risk Model Emilio Russo Department of Economics, Statistics and Finance, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci cubo 1C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; [email protected] Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 25 January 2020 ; Published: 29 January 2020 Abstract: This paper provides a discrete-time approach for evaluating financial and actuarial products characterized by path-dependent features in a regime-switching risk model. In each regime, a binomial discretization of the asset value is obtained by modifying the parameters used to generate the lattice in the highest-volatility regime, thus allowing a simultaneous asset description in all the regimes. The path-dependent feature is treated by computing representative values of the path-dependent function on a fixed number of effective trajectories reaching each lattice node. The prices of the analyzed products are calculated as the expected values of their payoffs registered over the lattice branches, invoking a quadratic interpolation technique if the regime changes, and capturing the switches among regimes by using a transition probability matrix. Some numerical applications are provided to support the model, which is also useful to accurately capture the market risk concerning path-dependent financial and actuarial instruments. Keywords: regime-switching risk; market risk; path-dependent derivatives; insurance policies; binomial lattices; discrete-time models 1. Introduction With the aim of providing an accurate evaluation of the risks affecting financial markets, a wide range of empirical research evidences that asset returns show stochastic volatility patterns and fatter tails with respect to the standard normal model.
    [Show full text]
  • Quanto Lookback Options
    Quanto lookback options Min Dai Institute of Mathematics and Department of Financial Mathematics Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (e-mails: [email protected]) Hoi Ying Wong Department of Statistics, Chinese University of HongKong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (e-mail: [email protected]) Yue Kuen Kwoky Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China (e-mail: [email protected]) Date of submission: 1 December, 2001 Abstract. The lookback feature in a quanto option refers to the payoff structure where the terminal payoff of the quanto option depends on the realized extreme value of either the stock price or the exchange rate. In this paper, we study the pricing models of European and American lookback option with the quanto feature. The analytic price formulas for two types of European style quanto lookback options are derived. The success of the analytic tractability of these quanto lookback options depends on the availability of a succinct analytic representation of the joint density function of the extreme value and terminal value of the stock price and exchange rate. We also analyze the early exercise policies and pricing behaviors of the quanto lookback option with the American feature. The early exercise boundaries of these American quanto lookback options exhibit properties that are distinctive from other two-state American option models. Key words: Lookback options, quanto feature, early exercise policies JEL classification number: G130 Mathematics Subject Classification (1991): 90A09, 60G44 y Corresponding author 1 1. Introduction Lookback options are contingent claims whose payoff depends on the extreme value of the underlying asset price process realized over a specified period of time within the life of the option.
    [Show full text]
  • Static Replication of Exotic Options Andrew Chou JUL 241997 Eng
    Static Replication of Exotic Options by Andrew Chou M.S., Computer Science MIT, 1994, and B.S., Computer Science, Economics, Mathematics, Physics MIT, 1991 Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1997 () Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1997. All rights reserved. Author ................. ......................... Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science April 23, 1997 Certified by ................... ............., ...... .................... Michael F. Sipser Professor of Mathematics Thesis Supervisor Accepted by .................................. A utlir C. Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students .OF JUL 241997 Eng. •'~*..EC.•HL-, ' Static Replication of Exotic Options by Andrew Chou Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on April 23, 1997, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract In the Black-Scholes model, stocks and bonds can be continuously traded to replicate the payoff of any derivative security. In practice, frequent trading is both costly and impractical. Static replication attempts to address this problem by creating replicating strategies that only trade rarely. In this thesis, we will study the static replication of exotic options by plain vanilla options. In particular, we will examine barrier options, variants of barrier options, and lookback options. Under the Black-Scholes assumptions, we will prove the existence of static replication strategies for all of these options. In addition, we will examine static replication when the drift and/or volatility is time-dependent. Finally, we conclude with a computational study to test the practical plausibility of static replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Discretely Monitored Look-Back Option Prices and Their Sensitivities in Levy´ Models
    Discretely Monitored Look-Back Option Prices and their Sensitivities in Levy´ Models Farid AitSahlia1 Gudbjort Gylfadottir2 (Preliminary Draft) May 22, 2017 Abstract We present an efficient method to price discretely monitored lookback options when the underlying asset price follows an exponential Levy´ process. Our approach extends the random walk duality results of AitSahlia and Lai (1998) originally developed in the Black- Scholes set-up and exploits the very fast numerical scheme recently developed by Linetsky and Feng (2008, 2009) to compute and invert Hilbert transforms. Though Linetsky and Feng (2009) do apply these transforms to price lookback options, they require an explicit transition probability density of the Levy´ process and impose a condition that excludes the pure jump variance gamma process, among others. In contrast, our approach is much simpler and makes use of only the characteristic function of the log-increment, which is central to Levy´ processes. Furthermore, by focusing our approach on determining the distribution function of the maximum of the Levy´ process we can also determine price sensitivities with minimal additional computational effort. 1: Department of Finance, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Tel: 352.392.5058. Fax: 352.392.0301. email: [email protected] . (Corresponding author) 2: Bloomberg L.P., 731 Lexington Ave., New York, 10022. Email: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Lookback options provide the largest payoff potential because their holders can choose (in hindsight) the exercise date with the advantage of having full path information. Lookback options were initially devised mainly for speculative purposes but starting with currency mar- kets, their adoption has been increasing significantly, especially in insurance and structured products during the past decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Pricing Lookback Option Under Stochastic Volatility
    PRICING LOOKBACK OPTION UNDER STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY TEFERI DEREJE WIRTU MASTER OF SCIENCE (Mathematics - Financial Option) PAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF BASIC SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION 2018 Pricing Lookback Option under Stochastic Volatility Teferi Dereje Wirtu MF300-0001/2016 A Thesis submitted to Pan African University Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Mathematics (Financial Option) 2018 DECLARATION I, Teferi Dereje Wirtu, declare that this thesis entitled: "Pricing lookback option under stochastic volatility" is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any University. I also confirm that this work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this noble University. The work was done under the guidence of both Dr. Philip Ngare and Dr. Ananda Kube. Signature .............................................. date.......................................... Name: Teferi Dereje Wirtu (Registration number MF 300-0001/16) This thesis has been submitted for final thesis with my approval as University Supervisors. Signature ........................................... Date ............................................ Name: Dr. Philip Ngare (Supervisor) This thesis has been submitted for final thesis with my approval as University Supervisors Signature ............................................ date ......................................... Name: Dr. Ananda Kube (Supervisor) i DEDICATION To my mother Yashi Mokonon, my father Dereje Wirtu, my brother Sekata Asefa, Fikire Dereje and Tesfaye Dereje my sister Aberash Dereje my friends Megersa Tadesse, Solomon Teshome, Abriham Mengesha and Yosef Hamba. ii Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to God. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr.Philip Ngare and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Barrier Options in the Black-Scholes Framework
    Barrier Options This note is several years old and very preliminary. It has no references to the literature. Do not trust its accuracy! Note that there is a lot of more recent literature, especially on static hedging. 0.1 Introduction In this note we discuss various kinds of barrier options. The four basic forms of these path- dependent options are down-and-out, down-and-in, up-and-out and up-and-in. That is, the right to exercise either appears (‘in’) or disappears (‘out’) on some barrier in (S, t) space, usually of the form S = constant. The barrier is set above (‘up’) or below (‘down’) the asset price at the time the option is created. They are also often called knock-out, or knock-in options. An example of a knock-out contract is a European-style option which immediately expires worthless if, at any time before expiry, the asset price falls to a lower barrier S = B−, set below S(0). If the barrier is not reached, the holder receives the payoff at expiry. When the payoff is the same as that for a vanilla call, the barrier option is termed a European down-and-out call. Figure 1 shows two realisations of the random walk, of which one ends in knock-out, while the other does not. The second walk in the figure leads to a payout of S(T ) − E at expiry, but if it had finished between B− and E, the payout would have been zero. An up-and-out call has similar characteristics except that it becomes worthless if the asset price ever rises to an upper barrier S = B+.
    [Show full text]
  • Lookback Options
    Lookback options Simone Calogero February 12, 2020 Lookback options are non-standard European style derivatives whose pay-off depends on the minimum or maximum of the stock price within a given time period until maturity. There exists four main types of lookback options. • A lookback call option with floating strike and maturity T > 0 gives to the owner the right to buy the underlying stock at maturity for the minimum price of the stock in the interval [0;T ]. Thus the pay-off for this lookback option is float YLC = S(T ) − minfS(t); t 2 [0;T ]g: • A lookback put option with floating strike and maturity T > 0 gives to the owner the right to sell the underlying stock at maturity for the maximum price of the stock in the interval [0;T ]. Thus the pay-off for this lookback option is float YLP = maxfS(t); t 2 [0;T ]g − S(T ): • A lookback call option with fixed strike K > 0 and maturity T > 0 pays the buyer the difference between the maximum of the stock price in the interval [0;T ] and the strike K, provided this difference is positive. Hence the pay-off for this lookback option is fixed YLC = (maxfS(t); t 2 [0;T ]g − K)+: • A lookback put option with fixed strike K > 0 and maturity T > 0 pays the buyer the difference between the strike price K and the minimum of the stock price in the interval [0;T ], provided this difference is positive. Hence the pay-off for this lookback option is fixed YLP = (K − minfS(t); t 2 [0;T ]g)+: In the following section we focus on the lookback call option with floating strike in a Black- Scholes market.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Procedure for Valuing American Lookback Put Options
    Efficient Procedure for Valuing American Lookback Put Options by Xuyan Wang A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Mathematics in Actuarial Science Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2007 c Xuyan Wang, 2007 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Lookback option is a well-known path-dependent option where its payoff depends on the historical extremum prices. The thesis focuses on the binomial pricing of the American floating strike lookback put options with payoff at time t (if exercise) characterized by max Sk St, k=0,...,t − where St denotes the price of the underlying stock at time t. Build upon the idea of Reiner Babbs Cheuk and Vorst (RBCV, 1992) who proposed a transformed binomial lat- tice model for efficient pricing of this class of option, this thesis extends and enhances their binomial recursive algorithm by exploiting the additional combinatorial properties of the lattice structure. The proposed algorithm is not only computational efficient but it also significantly reduces the memory constraint. As a result, the proposed algorithm is more than 1000 times faster than the original RBCV algorithm and it can compute a binomial lattice with one million time steps in less than two seconds. This algorithm enables us to extrapolate the limiting (American) option value up to 4 or 5 decimal accuracy in real time.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk-Neutral Asset Pricing
    Risk-Neutral Asset Pricing David Siˇ skaˇ School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh Academic Year 2016/17∗ Contents 1 Essentials From Stochastic Analysis 3 1.1 Probability Space . 3 1.2 Stochastic Processes, Martingales . 3 1.3 Integration Classes and Ito’sˆ Formula . 4 1.4 Theorems of Levy´ and Girsanov, Martingale Representation . 5 1.5 Exercises . 6 2 Arbitrage Theory in a Model Market 8 2.1 Model of a Financial Market . 8 2.2 Martingale Measures and Arbitrage . 9 2.3 Pricing Contingent Claims . 17 2.4 Complete Markets and Replication . 19 2.5 Replication of Simple Claims in Complete Markets . 21 2.6 Complete Market Example: Multi-dimensional Black–Scholes . 23 2.7 Complete Market Example: Option on an Asset in Foreign Currency . 24 2.8 Exercises . 26 3 Numeraire Pairs and Change of Numeraire 31 3.1 Martingales Under Change of Measure . 32 3.2 Numeraire Pairs . 33 3.3 Margrabe formula: Numeraire Change Example . 35 3.4 Exercises . 37 4 Interest Rate Derivatives 38 ∗Last updated 28th March 2018 1 4.1 Some Short Rate Models . 40 4.2 Affine Term Structure Short Rate Models . 42 4.3 Calibration to Market ZCB Prices . 45 4.4 Options on ZCBs in Some Short Rate Models . 48 4.5 The Heath–Jarrow–Morton Framework . 53 4.6 The Libor Market Model . 57 4.7 Exercises . 61 A Useful Results from Other Courses 63 A.1 Linear Algebra . 63 A.2 Real Analysis and Measure Theory . 63 A.3 Conditional Expectation . 64 A.4 Multivariate normal distribution . 67 A.5 Stochastic Analysis Details .
    [Show full text]
  • Valuation of American Strangle Option: Variational Inequality Approach
    DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2018206 DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS SERIES B Volume 24, Number 2, February 2019 pp. 755{781 VALUATION OF AMERICAN STRANGLE OPTION: VARIATIONAL INEQUALITY APPROACH Junkee Jeon Department of Mathematical Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea Jehan Oh∗ Fakult¨atf¨urMathematik Universit¨atBielefeld Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany (Communicated by Bei Hu) Abstract. In this paper, we investigate a parabolic variational inequality problem associated with the American strangle option pricing. We obtain the 2;1 existence and uniqueness of Wp;loc solution to the problem. Also, we analyze the smoothness and monotonicity of two free boundaries. Finally, numerical results of the model based on this problem are described and used to show the boundary properties and the price behavior. 1. Introduction. Various strategies have been studied to reduce the risk of options since the financial crisis. According to Chaput and Ederington [1], strangle and straddle account for more than 80% of options strategies. A strangle option is a strategy that holds a position at the same time in both a call and a put with different strike prices but with the same expiry. If we are expecting large movements in underlying assets, but are not sure which direction the movement will be, we can buy or sell them to reduce the risk exposed by a European call or put option. In particular, a straddle option is one of strangle options where the strike price of the call portion is the same as the strike price of the put portion. Here we focus on American strangle options.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 4 Path Dependent Options
    CHAPTER 4 Path Dependent Options The competition pressure for financial products push financial institutions to design and develop more innovative financial derivatives, many of which are tended toward specific needs of customers. Recently, there has been a growing popularity for path dependent options, so called since their payouts are related to the underlying asset price path history during the whole or part of the life of the option. The barrier option is the most popular path dependent option that is either nullified, activated or exercised when the underlying asset price breaches a barrier during the life of the option. The capped stock-index options, based on Standard and Poor's (S & P) 100 and 500 Indexes, are barrier options now traded in option exchanges (they were launched in the Chicago Board of Exchange in 1991). These capped options will be exercised automatically when the index value exceeds the cap at the close of the day. The payoff of a lookback option depends on the minimum or maximum price of the underlying asset attained during certain period of the life of the option, while the payoff of an average option (usually called an Asian option) depends on the average asset price over some period within the life of the option. An interesting example is the Russian option, which is in fact a perpetual American lookback option. The owner of a Russian option on a stock receives the historical maximum value of the asset price when the option is exercised and the option has no pre-set expiration date. In this chapter, we present details of the product nature of barrier options, lookback options and Asian options, together with the analytic procedures for their valuation.
    [Show full text]