Electrochemical Deposition of Green Rust
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Pack Rust Identification and Mitigation Strategies for Steel Bridges (Joint Transpor- Tation Research Program Publication No
JOINT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND PURDUE UNIVERSITY Pack Rust Identification and Mitigation Strategies for Steel Bridges Chintan Hitesh Patel Mark D. Bowman SPR-4121 • Report Number: FHWA/IN/JTRP-2018/16 • DOI: 10.5703/1288284316788 RECOMMENDED CITATION Patel, C. H., & Bowman, M. D. (2018). Pack rust identification and mitigation strategies for steel bridges (Joint Transpor- tation Research Program Publication No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2018/16). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University. https:// doi.org/10.5703/1288284316788 AUTHORS Chintan Hitesh Patel Graduate Research Assistant Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University Mark D. Bowman, PhD Professor of Civil Engineering Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University (765) 494-2220 [email protected] Corresponding Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research team is most grateful to the following Research Study Advisory Committee members who provided outstanding support during this study: Tim Wells, Stephanie Wagner, Christopher Wheeler, Jose Ortiz, Michael Black, and Nathaniel Pfeiffer. Thanks are also extended to Ms. Mona Davis for helping to set up access to the BIAS system, and to Mark Anderson of INDOT for providing information on salt usage in the various INDOT districts. Thanks also to Mr. Darryl Sexton for assisting with the evaluation of the bridge inspection reports. Also, the efforts of Jose Ortiz are recognized for his assistance in obtaining a Pennsylvania bridge inspection report. JOINT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM The Joint Transportation Research Program serves as a vehicle for INDOT collaboration with higher education in- stitutions and industry in Indiana to facilitate innovation that results in continuous improvement in the planning, https://engineering.purdue.edu/JTRP/index_html design, construction, operation, management and economic efficiency of the Indiana transportation infrastructure. -
Skillet Essentials Guide
Skillet Essentials Guide How to use and look after your Ooni Skillet, plus handy tips and recipes. Say hello to Ooni Cast Iron! Ooni’s versatile Cast Iron Series takes cooking to a whole new level. Fire up a huge range of dishes such as grilled meats, baked fish and flash-fried vegetables Cast iron has been used for centuries and it has always been a popular choice among chefs worldwide. Ooni Cast Iron’s durability and ability to withstand extremely high temperatures make it your perfect cooking partner for years to come. The Ooni Cast Iron Series is affordable and ultra long-lasting, without compromising on quality. Designed for maximum flexibility, the innovative Cast Iron Series is perfect for use with Ooni ovens, outdoor barbecues, open-fire cooking and domestic ovens and hobs, including induction. Welcome to the world of cast iron cooking - we know that you will love it. Thank you, Kristian and the Ooni Team 1 Seasoning Cast Iron Why should you season your Seasoning your cast iron will produce a bond between the oil and the surface that gives a non- cast iron? stick quality. It will also protect against long term rust. We highly recommend that you clean and season your cast iron before your first use. Before your first cook 1. Hand wash your cast iron with warm, soapy water. 2. Dry thoroughly with a paper towel or a lint free cloth. 3. Rub a thin layer of oil on to all surfaces, inside and out, using paper towels or lint free cloth. For best results use vegetable, canola or flaxseed oil. -
Products of Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Green Rust Sodium Sulfate and Associated Reaction Mechanisms
Article Products of Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Green Rust Sodium Sulfate and Associated Reaction Mechanisms Andrew N. Thomas 1,*, Elisabeth Eiche 1, Jörg Göttlicher 2, Ralph Steininger 2, Liane G. Benning 3,4 , Helen M. Freeman 3,† , Knud Dideriksen 5 and Thomas Neumann 6 1 Institute for Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, Building 50.40, 76135 Karlsruhe, Germany; [email protected] 2 Institute for Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Herman-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (R.S.) 3 GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; [email protected] (L.G.B.); [email protected] (H.M.F.) 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Free University of Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany 5 Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] 6 Department of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current address: School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK. Received: 28 September 2018; Accepted: 25 October 2018; Published: 29 October 2018 Abstract: The efficacy of in vitro Cr(VI) reduction by green rust sulfate suggests that this mineral is potentially useful for remediation of Cr-contaminated groundwater. Previous investigations studied this reaction but did not sufficiently characterize the intermediates and end products at 2− chromate (CrO4 ) concentrations typical of contaminant plumes, hindering identification of the dominant reaction mechanisms under these conditions. -
Reduction of Ferric Green Rust by Shewanella Putrefaciens F
Reduction of ferric green rust by Shewanella putrefaciens F. Jorand, A. Zegeye, F. Landry, C. Ruby To cite this version: F. Jorand, A. Zegeye, F. Landry, C. Ruby. Reduction of ferric green rust by Shewanella putrefaciens. Letters in Applied Microbiology, Wiley, 2007, 45 (5), pp.515-521. 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02225.x. hal-03210484 HAL Id: hal-03210484 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03210484 Submitted on 28 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Letters in Applied Microbiology ISSN 0266-8254 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reduction of ferric green rust by Shewanella putrefaciens F. Jorand, A. Zegeye, F. Landry and C. Ruby Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-UHP, rue de Vandœuvre, Villers-le` s-Nancy, France Keywords Abstract biomineralization, green rust, iron reduction, Shewanella. Aims: To reduce carbonated ferric green rust (GR*) using an iron respiring bacterium and obtain its reduced homologue, the mixed FeII–FeIII carbonated Correspondence green rust (GR). Fre´ de´ ric Jorand, Laboratoire de Chimie Methods and Results: The GR* was chemically synthesized by oxidation of the Physique et Microbiologie pour GR and was incubated with Shewanella putrefaciens cells at a defined [FeIII] ⁄ l’Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 [cell] ratio. -
Is Your Stainless Steel Rusting?
Ornamental & Miscellaneous Shop Talk Metal Fabricator Official publication of the National Ornamental & Miscellaneous Metals Association Is your stainless steel rusting? n Iron contamination is not the only cause of rust problems. In This stainless steel this article, we explore additional bank sources of corrosion as well as depository is showing sig- solutions. nificant rust stains. See the related article on page 46 to learn how the By John Campbell author helped to restore the metal to look Like the words “cruel kindness,” stainless like new. steel appears to be an oxymoron, especial- ly when NOMMA members relate some of their experiences with staining and rusting on fabrications like stainless gates and handrails. The causes are often puzzling. Why does a stainless steel tubular handrail show a pattern of rusting like a barber- What makes an alloy stainless? For your pole? Why does a stainless steel gate information exposed to a seawater atmosphere bleed An iron base alloy with 12 percent or rust? What caused the rust on a stainless more chromium is considered a stainless steel bicycle rack? To find the answers to steel. Although there are five types of About the author: Mr. these questions would take the sleuthing stainless alloys (ie. ferritic, martensitic, Campbell was skills of our finest forensic detectives. austenitic, precipitation hardening, and formerly self- duplex) the austenitic AISI 300 series employed for 26 years with Two major alloys make up over 75 percent of all cor- Castings possibilities rosion resistant applications from Consultants The experts on stainless alloys conclude handrails to commercial kitchen appli- Inc. -
Report 7333.56-73, Rusting of Welded Joints in Stainless Steel Piping
Report Issued: MQP ] $ 1973 Report 7333.56-73 PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH RUSTING OF WELDED JOINTS IN STAINLESS STEEL PIPING DIABLO CANYON F. J D DD, En sneer W.. HAYi, metallurgical Engineer Di ibution: WJLindbl ad Enclosures: Figures 1 through 10 sm/t RSBain Appendix A, AGWalther GVRichards WRForbes l 1 4 Y I Report 7333.56-73 I NTRODUCT ION Concern has recently been shown over rusting observed on welded joints in stainless steel piping for the Diablo Canyon project. The material has been stored in a coastal environment at the plant site. The appearance of the rusting ranges from a thin, light brown film over the weld area to darker, uneven streaks. Some examples of this condition are shown in Fioures 1 and 2. In all cases observed, rusting was limited to the area of postweld cleaning. CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STAINLESS STEELS Corrosion phenomena consist of electrochemical reactions between an electrolyte and a metal surface. Iron base alloys generally show a tendency to corrode in the environments encountered in most engineering applications. The surface condition which inhibits the corrosion reaction of stainless steels is called passivity. Chromium, in a minimum proportion of 12 to 15 percent, confers a state of passivity on the iron based alloys called stainless steels. Steels with a chromium content exceeding this limit will form a protective surface film when exposed to oxygen under the proper conditions. The film is believed to be formed by a complex process called chemisorption, and to be responsible for the passivity of the stainless steels. -
WHY DO PARTS RUST? Rust Is a Lot Like Death and Taxes
WHY DO PARTS RUST? Rust is a lot like death and taxes. It is always lurking in the background. It must be factored in as part of the manufacturing processes, with standard operational procedures set-up for its prevention. Many variables in the manufacturing processes can become contributing factors capable of causing rusting or staining of piece parts and components. Four common ones can be identified as: 1) Environmental Conditions 2) Nesting of Parts Processed with Water Extendable Lubricants 3) Interaction of Active Lubricants on Sensitive Surfaces 4) Inter-Plant and Long Distance Shipping of Parts ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS There are various ways that both raw metal stock and finished piece parts can rust due to environmental conditions. The most obvious involve in-house finishing operations such as plating lines and pickling tanks that often result in release of chemicals into air, which subsequently can cause rust. Salts from heat treating operations can also contribute to rust. Storing materials and parts in a high humidity environment without rust protection is another factor. This problem can be due to certain weather conditions, particularly when plant doors and windows are open, allowing contaminated air (pickling and plating fumes) into the plant. Another situation that deserves attention is “wash off” conditions that exist on edges of coil stock and on the surface of finished parts stored in open containers - especially the top layer. Along these lines, snap condensation can occur when the plant heat is turned off or lowered on holidays and weekends. The change in temperature condenses moisture on 4300 SOUTH TRIPP AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60632 USA OFFICE: (773) 927-6161FAX: (773) 927-3105WEBSITE: www.toweroil.com material surfaces. -
Color, Taste, and Odor: What You Should Know
Color, Taste, and Odor: What you should know From time to time the MassDEP receives consumer questions or complaints regarding the look, taste or the odor of drinking water. Listed below are common problems with drinking water and their most common causes. Please note that a particular problem in your drinking water may be the result of a cause not listed here; the only way to confirm a cause is to have a certified lab analyze the water and discuss the results with drinking water professional. If you receive water from a public drinking water system it is important to contact the Public Water Supply (PWS) before having a laboratory analyze the water. Information on private water testing is available. Filtering or treating the water may remedy persistent problems; however MassDEP does not recommend filtering or treating your water supply if your water is supplied by a MassDEP- approved PWS. MassDEP also does not regulate or recommend specific treatment systems for private home use. If you decide to use a filtration or treatment device in your home, the Department strongly encourages you to contact National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) for a list of approved devices. If you purchase a treatment device for private home use MassDEP also strongly recommends that it is maintained and provide active maintenance according to the manufacturer's instructions. Failure to maintain the equipment properly may make treatment ineffective and/or may create the potential for contamination. Common problems with drinking water are grouped into three categories: Color problems Taste / odor problems Particles in water If the problem with your water is not described here, if you are on a public water system please contact the public water department in your city or town or the MassDEP Drinking Water Program at your nearest regional MassDEP office. -
Effect of Molybdenum on the Corrosion of Low Alloy Steels in Synthetic Seawater
Materials Transactions, Vol. 57, No. 12 (2016) pp. 2116 to 2121 ©2016 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials Effect of Molybdenum on the Corrosion of Low Alloy Steels in Synthetic Seawater Su-Bin Shin1, Sol-Ji Song1, Young-Woong Shin1, Jung-Gu Kim1,*, Byung-Joon Park2 and Yong-Chan Suh2 1Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea 2Heavy Plate R&D Team of R&D Center, Hyundai-Steel Company, 167–32 Kodae-Ri, Songak-Eup, Dangjin 343–823, South Korea The alloying effect of Mo on the seawater immersion corrosion for low alloy steel was investigated using weight loss tests and electro- chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in seawater. The Mo-containing low alloy steel showed an excellent corrosion resistance by the long immersion test due to the formation of homogeneous rust layer preventing active dissolution. SEM and XPS analyses were conducted to observe cross-sectional images of rust layer and indentify chemical composition of oxide formed on the surface after immersion test. The results revealed 2− that the MoO4 ions which were oxidized from Mo form the compounds which disturb the approach of aggressive ions. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2016222] (Received June 17, 2016; Accepted September 15, 2016; Published October 21, 2016) Keywords: corrosion resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, molybdenum, seawater, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 1. Introduction gen reduction reaction which occurs at the interface of oxide and electrolyte is decreased.16) In other words, the electronic High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, which provides properties of the oxide affect the rate of oxygen reduction high mechanical properties, weldability and corrosion resis- reaction and corrosion rate.17) Therefore, the study on the rust tance, are widely used as structural material such as bridge, layer is important for the design of the corrosion-resistant building, pipe line and so on. -
The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion
© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Corrosion: Understanding the Basics (#06691G) CHAPTER 1 The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion CORROSION is a natural process. Just like water flows to the lowest level, all natural processes tend toward the lowest possible energy states. Thus, for example, iron and steel have a natural tendency to com- bine with other chemical elements to return to their lowest energy states. In order to return to lower energy states, iron and steel frequently combine with oxygen and water, both of which are present in most natu- ral environments, to form hydrated iron oxides (rust), similar in chemi- cal composition to the original iron ore. Figure 1 illustrates the corro- sion life cycle of a steel product. Finished Steel Product Air & Moisture Corrode Steel & Form Smelting & Rust Refining Adding Giving Up Energy Energy Mining Ore Iron Oxide (Ore & Rust) Fig. 1 The corrosion cycle of steel © 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Corrosion: Understanding the Basics (#06691G) 2 Corrosion: Understanding the Basics The Definition of Corrosion Corrosion can be defined in many ways. Some definitions are very narrow and deal with a specific form of corrosion, while others are quite broad and cover many forms of deterioration. The word corrode is de- rived from the Latin corrodere, which means “to gnaw to pieces.” The general definition of corrode is to eat into or wear away gradually, as if by gnawing. For purposes here, corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its proper- ties. -
Historical Iron by CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS by LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR
The Care and Preservation Of Historical Iron BY CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS BY LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR Introduction Historical iron can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to its preservation. The conservation staff of The Henry Ford have compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of collections is to understand and minimize conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. Please note - this fact sheet will present a brief overview of the care of iron objects, stressing good storage as the best method of preservation. It does not address the serious problems of preserving archaeological metals excavated from land or marine sites. People who collect Un conserved archaeological artifacts should be aware that those types of objects are rarely stable if left untreated and require significant specialist intervention. Please contact a conservator if you need assistance with conservation of these materials. Iron is a common metal in historical collections. It is found in a variety of alloys, known as "ferrous metals", including wrought iron, cast iron and steel. Galvanized or tin-plated sheet is also a familiar material in historical collections. Ferrous metals are magnetic so the presence of iron can, therefore, be easily identified with the use of a magnet. Types of Damage Poor handling and inappropriate storage are the major causes of damage to iron artifacts and can result in corrosion and physical damage to the object. -
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments: Role of the Corrosion Product Layer
corrosion and materials degradation Review Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Marine Environments: Role of the Corrosion Product Layer Philippe Refait 1,*, Anne-Marie Grolleau 2, Marc Jeannin 1, Celine Rémazeilles 1 and René Sabot 1 1 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur pour l’Environnement (LaSIE), UMR 7356 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Av. Michel Crépeau, CEDEX 01, F-17042 La Rochelle, France; [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (C.R.); [email protected] (R.S.) 2 Naval Group Research, BP 440, CEDEX 50104 Cherbourg-Octeville, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-5-46-45-82-27 Received: 5 May 2020; Accepted: 30 May 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: This article presents a synthesis of recent studies focused on the corrosion product layers forming on carbon steel in natural seawater and the link between the composition of these layers and the corrosion mechanisms. Additional new experimental results are also presented to enlighten some important points. First, the composition and stratification of the layers produced by uniform corrosion are described. A focus is made on the mechanism of formation of the sulfate green rust because this compound is the first solid phase to precipitate from the dissolved species produced by the corrosion of the steel surface. Secondly, localized corrosion processes are discussed. In any case, they involve galvanic couplings between anodic and cathodic zones of the metal surface and are often associated with heterogeneous corrosion product layers. The variations of the composition of these layers with the anodic/cathodic character of the underlying metal surface, and in particular the changes in magnetite content, are thoroughly described and analyzed to enlighten the self-sustaining ability of the process.