This is an original manuscript / preprint of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the International Journal for the Psychology of Religion on 30 Jul 2020, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508619.2020.1774206 The Attitudes of Deconverted and Lifelong Atheists towards Religious Groups: The Role of Religious and Spiritual Identity Teemu Pauhaa*, Tuuli Anna Renvika, Viivi Eskelinena, Jolanda Jettenb, Jolanda van der Nollc, Jonas R. Kunstd, Anette Rohmannc, and Inga Jasinskaja-Lahtia a University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; b, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; c, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany; d, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway *Teemu Pauha (
[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-7538), Faculty of Theology, P.O 4 (Vuorikatu 3), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland This is an original manuscript / preprint of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the International Journal for the Psychology of Religion on 30 Jul 2020, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10508619.2020.1774206 The Attitudes of Deconverted and Lifelong Atheists towards Religious Groups: The Role of Religious and Spiritual Identity Increasing atheism, or the view that there is no God, is a major trend affecting the Western religious landscape. Scholarly interest in atheists has grown together with their number, but unanswered questions abound. In this study, we present survey data (N = 758) collected from deconverted and lifelong atheists in four countries (Australia, Finland, Germany, and Norway), and investigate the relationships between deconversion, religious/spiritual identity, and attitudes towards the national religious majority, religious minorities in general, and Muslims in particular.