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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Vývoj Stíhacích

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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Vývoj Stíhacích VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ LETECKÝ ÚSTAV FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING VÝVOJ STÍHACÍCH LETOUNŮ DO ROKU 1950 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT UNTIL 1950 BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR'S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE MICHAL SMÝKAL AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Ing. KAROL BENCALÍK SUPERVISOR BRNO 2012 Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta strojního inženýrství Letecký ústav Akademický rok: 2011/2012 ZADÁNÍ BAKALÁŘSKÉ PRÁCE student(ka): Michal Smýkal který/která studuje v bakalářském studijním programu obor: Strojní inženýrství (2301R016) Ředitel ústavu Vám v souladu se zákonem č.111/1998 o vysokých školách a se Studijním a zkušebním řádem VUT v Brně určuje následující téma bakalářské práce: Vývoj stíhacích letounů do roku 1950 v anglickém jazyce: The development of fighter aircraft until 1950 Stručná charakteristika problematiky úkolu: Od počátku první světové války byly letouny používány pro vojenské účely. Stíhací letouny byly vždy na vrcholu vývoje v této oblasti. Technologie použité k vývoji stíhacích strojů začaly dříve či později pronikat do oblasti civilního letectví a následně i do běžných aplikací. Cíle bakalářské práce: Zpracujte přehled základních charakteristik stíhacích letounů jednotlivých vývojových etap. Uveďte typy používaných konstrukcí a materiálů pro jejich stavbu. Seznam odborné literatury: [1] GREEN W., SWANBOROUGH G.: Encyklopedie stíhacích letounů, Svojtka & Co., 2002,608s [2] CROSBY F.: Stíhací letouny, Rebo Productions CZ, 2002, 256s [3] SULŽENKO M.N.: Konstrukce letadel, Státní nakladatelství technické literatury, Praha 1953, 420s [4] BENEŠ P., SCHINDLER J.: Letectví dnes a zítra, Nakladatelství Mladá Fronta, Praha 1959, 402s Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Ing. Karol Bencalík Termín odevzdání bakalářské práce je stanoven časovým plánem akademického roku 2011/2012. V Brně, dne 21.11.2011 L.S. _______________________________ _______________________________ doc. Ing. Jaroslav Juračka, Ph.D. prof. RNDr. Miroslav Doupovec, CSc. Ředitel ústavu Děkan fakulty ABSTRAKT Tato bakalářská práce zpracovává historii vývoje stíhacích letounů v období od počátku první světové války do roku 1950. Jsou zkoumány hlavní vývojové směry specifické pro daná období, použité konstrukce a materiály. Důležité vlastnosti letounů jsou poté vyneseny do grafů. ABSTRACT This bachelor thesis deal with history of fighter aircrafts in the period since start of World War I until 1950. There are examined the main developement sources of the period, used constructions and materials. The most important characteristics of the aircrafs are showed in the graphs. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Stíhací letoun, trup, křídlo, podvozek, motor, poloskořepina, příhrada, nosník, potah, Fokker, Soptwith, Albatros, SPAD, Nieuport, Avia, Mitsubishi, Nakajima, Messerschmitt, Polikarpov, Boeing, Grumman, Hawker, Supermarine, Focke-Wulf, Mikojan-Gurjevič, Jakovlev, Lavočkin, Curtiss, North American, Republic, Vought, Gloster, Lockheed KEY WORDS Fighter aircraft, airframe, wing, landing gear, engine, semi-monocoque, panel, spar, sheet, Fokker, Soptwith, Albatros, SPAD, Nieuport, Avia, Mitsubishi, Nakajima, Messerschmitt, Polikarpov, Boeing, Grumman, Hawker, Supermarine, Focke-Wulf, Mikojan-Gurjevič, Jakovlev, Lavočkin, Curtiss, North American, Republic, Vought, Gloster, Lockheed BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ CITACE SMÝKAL, M. Vývoj stíhacích letounů do roku 1950. Brno: Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. 58 s. Vedoucí bakalářské práce Ing. Karol Bencalík. PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma Vývoj stíhacích letounů do roku 1950 vypracoval samostatně s použitím odborné literatury a pramenů, uvedených v seznamu, který tvoří přílohu této práce. V Brně dne 20. května 2012 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Tímto bych chtěl poděkovat svému vedoucímu bakalářské práce Ing. Karolu Bencalíkovi za pomoc a cenné rady při zpracování daného tématu, dále svým rodičům, kteří mě podporovali během celého studia OBSAH ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1. PRVNÍ SVĚTOVÁ VÁLKA ........................................................................................... 11 1.1. Stíhací jednoplošníky první světové války ................................................................ 11 1.2. Stíhací dvouplošníky ................................................................................................. 12 1.3. Stíhací trojplošníky .................................................................................................... 15 1.4. Zhodnocení pokroku během 1. světové války ........................................................... 16 1.4.1. Konstrukce letadel .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.2. Motory ................................................................................................................ 19 1.4.3. Použité materiály ................................................................................................ 19 2. MEZIVÁLEČNÉ OBDOBÍ ............................................................................................. 20 2.1. Československo ......................................................................................................... 20 2.2. Francie ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Německo .................................................................................................................... 23 2.4. SSSR .......................................................................................................................... 24 2.5. USA ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.6. Velká Británie ............................................................................................................ 25 2.7. Vyhodnocení vývoje během meziválečného období ................................................. 25 2.7.1. Konstrukce stíhacích letounů v meziválečném období ...................................... 28 2.7.2. Motory ................................................................................................................ 28 2.7.3. Výzbroj ............................................................................................................... 29 3. DRUHÁ SVĚTOVÁ VÁLKA ......................................................................................... 30 3.1. Německo .................................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Velká Británie ............................................................................................................ 33 3.3. Sovětský Svaz ............................................................................................................ 35 3.4. USA ........................................................................................................................... 37 3.4.1. Letadla USAAF .................................................................................................. 37 3.4.2. Stíhací letouny USN a USMC ............................................................................ 39 3.5. Japonsko .................................................................................................................... 41 3.6. Zhodnocení vývoje .................................................................................................... 44 3.6.1. Konstrukce stíhacích letounů ............................................................................. 46 3.6.2. Pohonné jednotky ............................................................................................... 47 3.6.3. Materiály ............................................................................................................ 47 4. POVÁLEČNÉ OBDOBÍ .................................................................................................. 48 4.1. Velká Británie ............................................................................................................ 48 4.2. USA ........................................................................................................................... 48 4.3. SSSR .......................................................................................................................... 50 4.4. Zhodnocení vývoje .................................................................................................... 50 5. ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................. 53 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY ...................................................................................... 54 SEZNAM GRAFŮ ................................................................................................................... 57 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH .................................................................................................................. 58 PŘÍLOHY ................................................................................................................................. 59 ÚVOD Stíhací letouny se objevují teprve po začátku první světové války a od té doby se staly významnou součástí armád celého světa. Od prvních stíhacích letounů Fokker ke stíhacím letounům páté generace F-22 Raptor uběhlo již 90 let. Během této doby se z
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