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Darknet: Mýtus a Realita Kybernetického Prostoru Bakalářská Diplomová Práce

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Darknet: Mýtus a Realita Kybernetického Prostoru Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií Vojtěch Drbola Darknet: mýtus a realita kybernetického prostoru Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Martin Flašar, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně, dne 9. 12. 2016 .................................................. Vojtěch Drbola Poděkování Chtěl bych poděkovat především PhDr. Martinu Flašarovi Ph.D. za vedení práce, cenné rady a podporu během jejího psaní. Obsah 1 Úvod ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Evil media ............................................................................................................................. 6 3 Darknet vs. Deep web ........................................................................................................... 8 4 Darknet .................................................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Mýty o Darknetu ........................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Kybernetické tržiště na Darknetu ................................................................................. 11 4.3 Filozofie Silkroad a Strašlivý pirát Roberts ................................................................. 15 5 Tor ....................................................................................................................................... 24 6 Kryptoměny ......................................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Bitcoin .......................................................................................................................... 27 6.1.1 Nákup Bitcoinu ...................................................................................................... 28 6.1.2 Bitcoin a anonymita ............................................................................................... 29 6.1.3 Cena Bitcoinu a jeho množství .............................................................................. 30 6.2 Litecoin ......................................................................................................................... 32 6.3 Monero.......................................................................................................................... 32 7 Rozcestníky ......................................................................................................................... 34 8 Temná místa Darknetu ........................................................................................................ 36 9 Praktická část ....................................................................................................................... 39 9.1 Dotazník pro neuživatele Darknetu .............................................................................. 39 9.2 Dotazník pro uživatele Darknetu. ................................................................................. 51 9.3 Srovnání odpovědí. ....................................................................................................... 63 9.3.1 Společné otázky: .................................................................................................... 63 9.4 Shrnutí: ......................................................................................................................... 67 10 Závěr .................................................................................................................................. 69 11 Resumé .............................................................................................................................. 71 12 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 71 13 Seznam použitých pramenů a literatury ............................................................................ 72 1 Úvod Tématem bakalářské práce je skrytý virtuální prostor Darknet, který je hned z počátku práce zařazen do konceptu Evil media. Definuje pojem Darknet a poukazuje na rozdíly mezi Darknetem, Deepwebem a Surfacewebem. Rozebírá internetový prohlížeč Tor fungující na systému onion routingu a ukazuje rozdíly oproti běžnému prohlížeči. Práce dále rozebírá kryptoměny Bitcoin, Litecoin a Monero, které jsou dnes nedílnou součástí internetových plateb a jsou běžně využívané na Darknetu k provádění transakcí. Dále pak ukazuje způsoby, jak se na Darknetu orientovat a úspěšně najít požadovaný obsah. Cílem práce je co nejvíce popsat Darknet a způsoby, jakými se dá připojit k tomuto virtuálnímu prostoru. Dále pak poukázat na mýty, které jsou o Darknetu šířeny, a srovnat je s reálným obsahem. Prezentuje nejnavštěvovanější stránky na Darknetu, kterými jsou virtuální tržiště, převážně určená k ilegální činnosti, a popisuje je. Práce dále rozebírá nejznámější tržiště Silkroad od jeho vzniku až po stáhnutí z provozu. Poukazuje na striktní filozofii, kterou je zajímavé nejen tohle tržiště, ale také osoba Strašlivého piráta Robertse, který je považován za zakladatele Silkroad. Uvádí kauzu týkající se Strašlivého piráta Robertse spolu s otázkami týkajícími se legislativy této kauzy. Klade důraz na uvědomění si možností monitoringu veškerých kroků jakéhokoliv uživatele při připojování k internetu a na spojitosti mezi žádanou online anonymitou a možným monitoringem. Práce je rozdělena na část teoretickou a praktickou. V praktické části předkládá kvalitativní dotazníky ohledně internetové bezpečnosti, anonymity aj. uživatelům i neuživatelům Darknetu. Závěrem práce vyhodnocuje odpovědi od obou druhů respondentů, srovnává a interpretuje odpovědi u společných otázek. Na podobné téma byla napsána bakalářská práce s názvem Darknet: fikce či realita skrytých služeb Tor a systému Bitcoin1 od Roberta Volejníka. V této práci byla hlavním tématem anonymita uživatelů Darknetu a popis nutných programů k jejímu docílení, dále pak podrobně rozebraná kryptoměna Bitcoin. Bakalářská práce Darknet: Mýtus či realita kybernetického prostoru se naopak zabývá především Darknetem a mýty, které jsou o tomto virtuálním prostoru zveřejňovány. Poukazuje na realitu, že Darknet je využíván i legálními 1 VOLEJNÍK, Robert (2016). Darknet: fikce či realita skrytých služeb Tor a systému Bitcoin. Brno, 2016. Bakalářská práce. Masarykova univerzita. 4 způsoby a tyto způsoby prezentuje. Dále se liší v praktické části, ve které analyzuje a interpretuje odpovědi z kvalitativních dotazníků od uživatelů a neuživatelů Datknetu. Téma práce jsem si vybral především z důvodu dlouhodobého zájmu o Darknet a mýty, které ohledně tohoto virtuálního prostoru kolují. Veškeré informace, které tato bakalářská práce obsahuje, slouží pouze k výzkumným a studijním účelům. 5 2 Evil media Pojem Evil media vznikl současně s rozvíjejícími se novými médii, která jsou primárně založena na digitálním kódování dat. Vznik nových médií sahá již do počátku 19. století, ovšem začal se razantně rozšiřovat právě s příchodem digitálního kódu a internetu, k nimž se váže prudké šíření digitálních technologií. Matthew Fuller a Andrew Goffey, autoři knihy Evil media píší: „Evil media studies is not a discipline, nor is it the description of a category of particularly unpleasant media objects. It is a manner of working with a set of informal practices and bodies of knowledge, characterized as stratagems, which pervade contemporary networked media and which straddle the distinction between the work of theory and of practice.“2 Digitální technologie jsou nyní nezbytnou součástí našich životů. Evil media jsou taková, která porušují hranici mezi teorií a praxí způsobem, jež není společností akceptován. V mnohých případech společnost o existenci zlých médií nemá ani tušení, jelikož se netváří, jako média zlá nebo se maskují za zastaralý model. Zlá média mohou být také spojována se stářím daného média. Příkladem toho je internet. Se spuštěním v devadesátých letech 20. století se internet stává hlavním proudem inovací, a to nejen karierním. Lidé v té době vlastně ještě pořádně nevěděli, co je to internet, jaké možnosti může skrývat. V počátku mohl být internet potencionálně více zlým médiem, než je tomu dnes. Rozšířily se technologie blokující dětem pornografické stránky, programy dostatečně chránící běžného uživatele proti útokům hackerů, první virtuální tržiště na Darknetu byly zabaveny FBI atd. Darknet je nedílnou součástí internetu, který původně, jako internet samotný, nebyl stvořen k porušování zákonů, ale k vládním a akademickým účelům. I přesto, že Darknet můžeme datovat souběžně s internetem, je pro veřejnost mnohem novější. Mluvit se o něm začalo až díky kauze tržiště Silkroad, virtuálnímu obchodu s drogami a dalším zbožím. Do provozu bylo tržiště uvedeno v roce 2011. Tato část internetu je známa především pro vykonávání ilegální činnosti, ovšem Darknet obsahuje mnohem širší spektrum možností, ať už se jedná o využití vládou, institucemi a médii, Darknet spadá do konceptu zlých médií velmi podobně jako internet samotný, jelikož je jeho součástí. Ovšem boj proti sociálně neakceptovatelné činnosti je na Darknetu mnohem více náročný (v mnoha případech nemožný) 2 FULLER, Matthew – GOFFEY, Andrew. Towards an Evil Media Studies [online]. New Jersey: Hampton Press, 2007, s. 141 [cit. 19. 10. 2016]. Dostupné z: <http://xenopraxis.net/readings/fuller_goffey_evilmediaSHORT.pdf>.
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